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Hara M, Kadoya K, Endo T, Iwasaki N. Peripheral nerve-derived fibroblasts promote neurite outgrowth in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons more effectively than skin-derived fibroblasts. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:621-635. [PMID: 36852508 PMCID: PMC10103893 DOI: 10.1113/ep090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although fibroblasts are involved in the regenerative process associated with peripheral nerve injury, detailed information regarding their characteristics is largely lacking. What is the main finding and its importance? Nerve-derived fibroblasts have a greater neurite-promoting effect than skin-derived fibroblasts, and epineurium-derived fibroblasts can promote neurite outgrowth more effectively than parenchyma-derived fibroblasts. The epineurium-derived fibroblasts and parenchyma-derived fibroblasts have distinctly different molecular profiles, including genes of soluble factors to promote axonal growth. Fibroblasts are molecularly and functionally different depending on their localization in nerve tissue, and epineurium-derived fibroblasts might be involved in axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury more than previously thought. ABSTRACT Although fibroblasts (Fb) are components of a peripheral nerve involved in the regenerative process associated with peripheral nerve injury, detailed information regarding their characteristics is largely lacking. The objective of the present study was to investigate the capacity of Fb derived from peripheral nerves to stimulate the outgrowth of neurites from adult dorsal root ganglion neurons and to clarify their molecular characteristics. Fibroblasts were prepared from the epineurium and parenchyma of rat sciatic nerves and skin. The Fb derived from epineurium showed the greatest effect on neurite outgrowth, followed by the Fb derived from parenchyma, indicating that Fb derived from nerves promote neurite outgrowth more effectively than skin-derived Fb. Although both soluble and cell-surface factors contributed evenly to the neurite-promoting effect of nerve-derived Fb, in crush and transection injury models, Fb were not closely associated with regenerating axons, indicating that only soluble factors from Fb are available to regenerating axons. A transcriptome analysis revealed that the molecular profiles of these Fb were distinctly different and that the gene expression profiles of soluble factors that promote axonal growth are unique to each Fb. These findings indicate that Fb are molecularly and functionally different depending on their localization in nerve tissue and that Fb derived from epineurium might be involved more than was previously thought in axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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2
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Argetsinger LS, Flores A, Svezhova N, Ellis M, Reynolds C, Cote JL, Cline JM, Myers MG, Carter-Su C. Role of the Beta and Gamma Isoforms of the Adapter Protein SH2B1 in Regulating Energy Balance. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad032. [PMID: 36799031 PMCID: PMC10282918 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human variants of the adapter protein SH2B1 are associated with severe childhood obesity, hyperphagia, and insulin resistance-phenotypes mimicked by mice lacking Sh2b1. SH2B1β and γ isoforms are expressed ubiquitously, whereas SH2B1α and δ isoforms are expressed primarily in the brain. Restoring SH2B1β driven by the neuron-specific enolase promoter largely reverses the metabolic phenotype of Sh2b1-null mice, suggesting crucial roles for neuronal SH2B1β in energy balance control. Here we test this hypothesis by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to delete the β and γ isoforms from the neurons of mice (SH2B1βγ neuron-specific knockout [NKO] mice) or throughout the body (SH2B1βγ knockout [KO] mice). While parameters of energy balance were normal in both male and female SH2B1βγ NKO mice, food intake, body weight, and adiposity were increased in male (but not female) SH2B1βγ KO mice. Analysis of long-read single-cell RNA seq data from wild-type mouse brain revealed that neurons express almost exclusively the α and δ isoforms, whereas neuroglial cells express almost exclusively the β and γ isoforms. Our work suggests that neuronal SH2B1β and γ are not primary regulators of energy balance. Rather, non-neuronal SH2B1β and γ in combination with neuronal SH2B1α and δ suffice for body weight maintenance. While SH2B1β/γ and SH2B1α/δ share some functionality, SH2B1β/γ appears to play a larger role in promoting leanness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anabel Flores
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Caitlin Reynolds
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jessica L Cote
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joel M Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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3
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Xie T, Du K, Liu W, Liu C, Wang B, Tian Y, Li R, Huang X, Lin J, Jian H, Zhang J, Yuan Y. LHX2 facilitates the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via activation of the FGF1/FGFR axis. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1239-1253. [PMID: 35864158 PMCID: PMC9519904 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distant metastasis and recurrence remain the main obstacle to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC growth and metastasis are poorly understood. METHODS LHX2 expression was examined in NPC cell lines and NPC tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and Immunohistochemistry assay. NPC cells overexpressing or silencing LHX2 were used to perform CCK-8 assay, colony-formation assay, EdU assay, wound-healing and invasion assays in vitro. Xenograft tumour models and lung metastasis models were involved for the in vivo assays. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), ELISA assay, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and Luciferase reporter assay were applied for the downstream target mechanism investigation. RESULTS LIM-homeodomain transcription factor 2 (LHX2) was upregulated in NPC tissues and cell lines. Elevated LHX2 was closely associated with poor survival in NPC patients. Ectopic LHX2 overexpression dramatically promoted the growth, migration and invasion of NPC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LHX2 transcriptionally increased the fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) expression, which in turn activated the phosphorylation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), ERK1/2 (extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2) and AKT signalling pathways in an autocrine and paracrine manner, thereby promoting the growth and metastasis of NPC. Inhibition of FGF1 with siRNA or FGFR inhibitor blocked LHX2-induced nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth, migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies the LHX2-FGF1-FGFR axis plays a key role in NPC progression and provides a potential target for NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Jian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Province, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Li R, Wang B, Wu C, Li D, Wu Y, Ye L, Ye L, Chen X, Li P, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Xie L, Li X, Xiao J, Wang J. Acidic fibroblast growth factor attenuates type 2 diabetes-induced demyelination via suppressing oxidative stress damage. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:107. [PMID: 33479232 PMCID: PMC7819983 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) produces a common complication, peripheral neuropathy, which is accompanied by nerve fiber disorder, axon atrophy, and demyelination. Growing evidence has characterized the beneficial effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and shown that it relieves hyperglycemia, increases insulin sensitivity, and ameliorates neuropathic impairment. However, there is scarce evidence on the role of aFGF on remodeling of aberrant myelin under hyperglycemia condition. Presently, we observed that the expression of aFGF was rapidly decreased in a db/db T2DM mouse model. Administration of exogenous aFGF was sufficient to block acute demyelination and nerve fiber disorganization. Furthermore, this strong anti-demyelinating effect was most likely dominated by an aFGF-mediated increase of Schwann cell (SC) proliferation and migration as well as suppression of its apoptosis. Mechanistically, the beneficial biological effects of aFGF on SC behavior and abnormal myelin morphology were likely due to the inhibition of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress activation, which was most likely activated by kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid-derived-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Thus, this evidence indicates that aFGF is a promising protective agent for relieving myelin pathology through countering oxidative stress signaling cascades under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Research Center, Affiliated Xiangshang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 315700 Ningbo, Zhejiang China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Beini Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Research Center, Affiliated Xiangshang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 315700 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Duohui Li
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Libing Ye
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Luxia Ye
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Peifeng Li
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Xie
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Xiao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
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Folic Acid Deficiency Enhances the Tyr705 and Ser727 Phosphorylation of Mitochondrial STAT3 in In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:829-843. [PMID: 33037575 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. The stroke patients with an inadequate intake of folic acid tend to have increased brain injury and poorer prognosis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of folic acid deficiency (FD) in ischemic stroke is still elusive. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial localized STAT3 (mitoSTAT3) expression may be involved in the process of neuronal damage induced by FD in in vivo and in vitro models of ischemic stroke. Our results exhibited that FD increased infarct size and aggravated the damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure in ischemic brains. Meanwhile, FD upregulated the phosphorylation levels of mitoSTAT3 at Tyr705 (Y705) and Ser727 (S727) sites in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model and oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion (OGD/R) N2a cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of JAK2 by AG490 led to a significant decrease in FD-induced phosphorylation of Y705, while S727 phosphorylation was unaffected. Conversely, U0126 and LY294002, which respectively inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, partially prevented S727 phosphorylation, but had limited effects on the level of pY705, suggesting that phosphorylation of Y705 and S727 is regulated via independent mechanisms in FD-treated brains.
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7
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Zhang X, Yang Q, Ding T, Xu J, Yan Z, Men Y, Xin W, Xu H. Retracted Article: Gm5820, an antisense RNA of FGF1, suppresses FGF1 expression at the posttranscriptional level to inactivate the ERK/STAT3 pathway and alleviates neuropathic pain in mice. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28364-28376. [PMID: 35529622 PMCID: PMC9071159 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence reveals that lncRNAs play important roles in various pathological processes, but precious little indicates their regulatory role in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pain
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Pain
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Zeng Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Yanhua Men
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Wenqi Xin
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
- Kaifeng 475000
- China
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8
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Phosphorylation of the Unique C-Terminal Tail of the Alpha Isoform of the Scaffold Protein SH2B1 Controls the Ability of SH2B1α To Enhance Nerve Growth Factor Function. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00277-17. [PMID: 29229648 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00277-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein SH2B1, a major regulator of body weight, is recruited to the receptors of multiple cytokines and growth factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF). The β isoform but not the α isoform of SH2B1 greatly enhances NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Here, we asked how the unique C-terminal tails of the α and β isoforms modulate SH2B1 function. We compared the actions of SH2B1α and SH2B1β to those of the N-terminal 631 amino acids shared by both isoforms. In contrast to the β tail, the α tail inhibited the ability of SH2B1 to both cycle through the nucleus and enhance NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, gene expression, phosphorylation of Akt and phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ), and autophosphorylation of the NGF receptor TrkA. These functions were restored when Tyr753 in the α tail was mutated to phenylalanine. We provide evidence that TrkA phosphorylates Tyr753 in SH2B1α, as well as tyrosines 439 and 55 in both SH2B1α and SH2B1β. Finally, coexpression of SH2B1α but not SH2B1α with a mutation of Y to F at position 753 (Y753F) inhibited the ability of SH2B1β to enhance neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the C-terminal tails of SH2B1 isoforms are key determinants of the cellular role of SH2B1. Furthermore, the function of SH2B1α is regulated by phosphorylation of the α tail.
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9
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Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiate into a Schwann Cell Phenotype and Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111867. [PMID: 27834852 PMCID: PMC5133867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), which produce neurotropic factors and adhesive molecules, have been reported previously to contribute to structural support and guidance during axonal regeneration; therefore, they are potentially a crucial target in the restoration of injured nervous tissues. Autologous SC transplantation has been performed and has shown promising clinical results for treating nerve injuries and donor site morbidity, and insufficient production of the cells have been considered as a major issue. Here, we performed differentiation of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) into SC-like cells (T-MSC-SCs), to evaluate T-MSC-SCs as an alternative to SCs. Using SC markers such as CAD19, GFAP, MBP, NGFR, S100B, and KROX20 during quantitative real-time PCR we detected the upregulation of NGFR, S100B, and KROX20 and the downregulation of CAD19 and MBP at the fully differentiated stage. Furthermore, we found myelination of axons when differentiated SCs were cocultured with mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. The application of T-MSC-SCs to a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury produced marked improvements in gait and promoted regeneration of damaged nerves. Thus, the transplantation of human T-MSCs might be suitable for assisting in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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10
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Zhang G, Guo L, Yang C, Liu Y, He Y, Du Y, Wang W, Gao F. A novel role of breast cancer-derived hyaluronan on inducement of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages formation. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1172154. [PMID: 27471651 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1172154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental signals determine the differentiation types and distinct functions of macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) constitute major infiltrates around solid tumor cells and accelerate tumor progression due to their immunosuppressive functions. However, the mechanisms through which tumor microenvironment modulates macrophages transition are not completely elucidated. Hyaluronan (HA), a prominent component in tumor microenvironment, is a notable immunoregulator and its high level is often related to poor prognosis. Herein, we found that the number of M2 macrophages was highly correlated with HA expression in tumor tissues from breast cancer patients. Experimental data showed that breast cancer-derived HA stimulated M2-like TAM formation in a mouse model and had multiple effects on macrophages transformation in vitro, including upregulating CD204, CD206, IL-10 and TGF-β, activating STAT3 signal, and suppressing killing capacity. These data indicate that HA derived from breast cancer activates macrophages in an alternative manner. Further mechanism study revealed that HA-CD44-ERK1/2-STAT3 pathway served as an important regulator in M2-like TAM formation. Therefore, targeting TAM by abrogating HA-CD44 interaction may be a potential strategy for breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Oncology Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai, P. R. China
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11
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Hensel N, Schön A, Konen T, Lübben V, Förthmann B, Baron O, Grothe C, Leifheit-Nestler M, Claus P, Haffner D. Fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling in hippocampal cells: impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. J Neurochem 2016; 137:756-69. [PMID: 26896818 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is predominantly secreted by osteocytes and facilitates renal phosphate excretion. However, FGF23 is also present in cerebrospinal fluid. In chronic kidney disease, FGF23 serum levels are excessively elevated and associated with learning and memory deficits. Structural plasticity of the hippocampus such as formation of new synapses or an altered dendritic arborization comprises a cellular and morphological correlate of memory formation. Therefore, we hypothesize that FGF23 alters hippocampal neuron morphology and synapses. To address this, we prepared primary murine hippocampal cultures and incubated them with recombinant FGF23 alone or together with a soluble isoform of its co-receptor α-Klotho. Neuronal expression of a fluorescent reporter allowed for a detailed evaluation of the neuronal morphology by Sholl analysis. Additionally, we evaluated synaptic density, identified by stainings, for synaptic markers. We show an enhanced number of primary neurites combined with a reduced arborization, resulting in a less complex morphology of neurons treated with FGF23. Moreover, FGF23 enhances the synaptic density in a FGF-receptor (FGF-R) dependent manner. Finally, we addressed the corresponding signaling events downstream of FGF-R employing a combination of western blots and quantitative immunofluorescence. Interestingly, FGF23 induces phospholipase Cγ activity in primary hippocampal neurons. Co-application of soluble α-Klotho leads to activation of the Akt-pathway and modifies FGF23-impact on neuronal morphology and synaptic density. Compared with other FGFs, this alternative signaling pattern is a possible reason for differential effects of FGF23 on hippocampal neurons and may thereby contribute to learning and memory deficits in chronic kidney disease patients. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits neuronal ramification and enhances the synaptic density in primary hippocampal cultures accompanied by phospholipase Cγ-activation. Co-application of the co-receptor α-Klotho leads to an Akt-activation and further modifies neuronal morphology and number of synapses. Those effects provide a mechanistic basis for memory deficits in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by excessively elevated FGF23 levels as well as memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Schön
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo Konen
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Lübben
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Olga Baron
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Chen KW, Chang YJ, Chen L. SH2B1 orchestrates signaling events to filopodium formation during neurite outgrowth. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1044189. [PMID: 26479731 PMCID: PMC4594490 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1044189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis during development is fundamental to the differentiation of several cell types. As neurite outgrowth marks neuritogenesis, formation of filopodia precede the formation of dendrites and axons. While the structure of filopodia is well-known, the initiation of filopodia during neurite outgrowth is not clear. SH2B1 is known to promote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, hippocampal and cortical neurons. As a signaling adaptor protein, SH2B1 interacts with several neurotrophin receptors, and regulates signaling as well as gene expression. Our recent findings suggest that SH2B1 can be recruited to the plasma membrane and F-actin fractions by IRSp53. IRSp53 bends plasma membrane and facilitates actin bundling to set the stage for filopodium formation. We further demonstrate that SH2B1-IRSp53 complexes enhance the formation of filopodia, dendrites and dendritic branches of hippocampal and cortical neurons. While the molecular mechanism underlying filopodium initiation is not clear, we propose that SH2B1-neurotrophin interacting sites may mark the putative sites of filopodium initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Brain Research Center; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Department of Medical Science; National Tsing Hua University ; Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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13
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Tsai MJ, Tsai SK, Huang MC, Liou DY, Huang SL, Hsieh WH, Huang WC, Huang SS, Cheng H. Acidic FGF promotes neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons and improves neuroprotective effect in a cerebral ischemic rat model. Neuroscience 2015; 305:238-47. [PMID: 26241340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a neurotrophic factor which is a powerful neuroprotective and neuroregenerative factor of the nervous system. Prior study had shown that levels of FGFs significantly increase following ischemic injury, reflecting a physiological protection mechanism. However, few reports demonstrated the efficacy of applying aFGF in cerebral ischemia. A recent report showed that the intranasal aFGF treatment improved neurological functional recovery; however, it did not significantly reduce the lesion size in ischemic rats. The present study examines the neuroprotective effect of aFGF on cortical neuron-glial cultures under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell damage and investigates whether epidural application of slow-released aFGF could improve benefit on ischemic stroke injury in conscious rats. We used a topical application of aFGF mixed in fibrin glue, a slow-release carrier, over the peri-ischemic cortex and examined such treatment on cerebral infarction and behavioral impairments of rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Results demonstrate that aFGF effectively protected cortical neuron-glial cultures from OGD-induced neuronal damage. Neurite extension from cortical neurons was significantly enhanced by aFGF, mediated through activation of AKT and ERK. In addition, topical application of fibrin glue-mixed aFGF dose-dependently reduced ischemia-induced brain infarction and improved functional restoration in ischemic stroke rats. Slow-released aFGF not only protected hippocampal and cortical cell loss but reduced microglial infiltration in FCI rats. Our results suggest that aFGF mixed in fibrin glue could prolong the protective/regenerative efficacy of aFGF to the damaged brain tissue and thus improve the functional restorative effect of aFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - S K Tsai
- Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - M C Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - D Y Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - S L Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - W H Hsieh
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - W C Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - S S Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - H Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Hensel N, Rademacher S, Claus P. Chatting with the neighbors: crosstalk between Rho-kinase (ROCK) and other signaling pathways for treatment of neurological disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:198. [PMID: 26082680 PMCID: PMC4451340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ROCK inhibition has been largely applied as a strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and promising results have been obtained in the recent years. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood and different models have been proposed for neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we aim to review the current knowledge obtained for NDDs identifying common mechanisms as well as disease-specific models. In addition to the role of ROCK in different cell types such as neurons and microglia, we focus on the molecular signaling-pathways which mediate the beneficial effects of ROCK. Besides canonical ROCK signaling, modulation of neighboring pathways by non-canonical ROCK-crosstalk is a recurrent pattern in many NDD-model systems and has been suggested to mediate beneficial effects of ROCK-inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy Hannover, Germany ; Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rademacher
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy Hannover, Germany ; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy Hannover, Germany ; Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology Hannover, Germany ; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Germany
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15
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Expression of early growth response 1 affects miR-106a/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 regulating cognitive impairment in ovariectomized mice. Menopause 2015; 21:1143-50. [PMID: 24686449 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of early growth response 1 (Egr1) on miR-106a/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulating cognitive impairment in an ovariectomy model. METHODS Using the Morris water maze test, we assessed escape latency and time spent in a quadrant among mice at 6, 8, and 12 weeks after ovariectomy and their age-matched controls (n = 15 each group). Egr1, miR-106a, and STAT3 messenger RNA expression (n = 7) in the hippocampus and cortex of mice at 6, 8, and 12 weeks after ovariectomy was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas Egr1, phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3), and STAT3 protein expression (n = 8) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Moreover, alterations in miR-106a and STAT3 expression were investigated in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells transfected with a human Egr1 interference fragment (si-Egr1) or an Egr1-overexpressing plasmid (GV141-Egr1), respectively. RESULTS Escape latency was significantly increased and time spent in a platform quadrant was reduced in mice at 12 weeks after ovariectomy compared with age-matched controls. Egr1 and miR-106a expression was obviously increased in the hippocampus and cortex at 12 weeks after ovariectomy, whereas STAT3 levels were decreased compared with 12-week controls. After SH-SY5Y cell transfection with the si-Egr1 fragment, miR-106a levels decreased and STAT3/p-STAT3 levels increased, whereas cotransfection of the miR-106a mimic caused a significant decrease in STAT3 levels. MiR-106a messenger RNA expression was significantly increased and STAT3/p-STAT3 protein levels were decreased by Egr1 overexpression, whereas simultaneous transfection with the miR-106a inhibitor inhibited alterations in STAT3 levels. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Egr1 decreases STAT3 expression via miR-106a in ovariectomized mice with cognitive impairment, indicating that Egr1 represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention in postmenopausal cognitive decline.
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16
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Chen CJ, Shih CH, Chang YJ, Hong SJ, Li TN, Wang LHC, Chen L. SH2B1 and IRSp53 proteins promote the formation of dendrites and dendritic branches. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6010-21. [PMID: 25586189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2B1 is an adaptor protein known to enhance neurite outgrowth. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that the SH2B1 level is increased during in vitro culture of hippocampal neurons, and the β isoform (SH2B1β) is the predominant isoform. The fact that formation of filopodia is prerequisite for neurite initiation suggests that SH2B1 may regulate filopodium formation and thus neurite initiation. To investigate whether SH2B1 may regulate filopodium formation, the effect of SH2B1 and a membrane and actin regulator, IRSp53 (insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate p53), is investigated. Overexpressing both SH2B1β and IRSp53 significantly enhances filopodium formation, neurite outgrowth, and branching. Both in vivo and in vitro data show that SH2B1 interacts with IRSp53 in hippocampal neurons. This interaction depends on the N-terminal proline-rich domains of SH2B1. In addition, SH2B1 and IRSp53 co-localize at the plasma membrane, and their levels increase in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction of developing neurons. These findings suggest that SH2B1-IRSp53 complexes promote the formation of filopodia, neurite initiation, and neuronal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, China
| | - Linyi Chen
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, China
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17
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SH2B1 increases the numbers of IRSp53-induced filopodia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3335-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Papanikolaou NA, Tillinger A, Liu X, Papavassiliou AG, Sabban EL. A systems approach identifies co-signaling molecules of early growth response 1 transcription factor in immobilization stress. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:100. [PMID: 25217033 PMCID: PMC4363937 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Adaptation to stress is critical for survival. The adrenal medulla, the major source of epinephrine, plays an important role in the development of the hyperadenergic state and increased risk for stress associated disorders, such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. The transcription factor Egr1 plays a central role in acute and repeated stress, however the complexity of the response suggests that other transcription factor pathways might be playing equally important roles during acute and repeated stress. Therefore, we sought to discover such factors by applying a systems approach. Results Using microarrays and network analysis we show here for the first time that the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) gene is activated in acute stress whereas the prolactin releasing hormone (Prlh11) and chromogranin B (Chgb) genes are induced in repeated immobilization stress and that along with Egr1 may be critical mediators of the stress response. Conclusions Our results suggest possible involvement of Stat3 and Prlh1/Chgb up-regulation in the transition from short to repeated stress activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Hellas (Greece).
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA. .,Current Address: Clyde and Helen Wu Center of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Hellas (Greece).
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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19
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A Network Map of FGF-1/FGFR Signaling System. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2014; 2014:962962. [PMID: 24829797 PMCID: PMC4009234 DOI: 10.1155/2014/962962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is a well characterized growth factor among the 22 members of the FGF superfamily in humans. It binds to all the four known FGF receptors and regulates a plethora of functions including cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival in different cell types. FGF-1 is involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes such as development, angiogenesis, wound healing, adipogenesis, and neurogenesis. Deregulation of FGF-1 signaling is not only implicated in tumorigenesis but also is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Given the biomedical significance of FGFs and the fact that individual FGFs have different roles in diverse physiological processes, the analysis of signaling pathways induced by the binding of specific FGFs to their cognate receptors demands more focused efforts. Currently, there are no resources in the public domain that facilitate the analysis of signaling pathways induced by individual FGFs in the FGF/FGFR signaling system. Towards this, we have developed a resource of signaling reactions triggered by FGF-1/FGFR system in various cell types/tissues. The pathway data and the reaction map are made available for download in different community standard data exchange formats through NetPath and NetSlim signaling pathway resources.
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Hsu YC, Chen SL, Wang YJ, Chen YH, Wang DY, Chen L, Chen CH, Chen HH, Chiu IM. Signaling adaptor protein SH2B1 enhances neurite outgrowth and accelerates the maturation of human induced neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:713-22. [PMID: 24736401 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming have highlighted the plasticity of the somatic epigenome, particularly through demonstrations of direct lineage reprogramming of adult mouse and human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neurons (iNs) under defined conditions. However, human cells appear to be less plastic and have a higher epigenetic hurdle for reprogramming to both iPSCs and iNs. Here, we show that SH2B adaptor protein 1β (SH2B1) can enhance neurite outgrowth of iNs reprogrammed from human fibroblasts as early as day 14, when combined with miR124 and transcription factors BRN2 and MYT1L (IBM) under defined conditions. These SH2B1-enhanced iNs (S-IBM) showed canonical neuronal morphology, and expressed multiple neuronal markers, such as TuJ1, NeuN, and synapsin, and functional proteins for neurotransmitter release, such as GABA, vGluT2, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Importantly, SH2B1 accelerated mature process of functional neurons and exhibited action potentials as early as day 14; without SH2B1, the IBM iNs do not exhibit action potentials until day 21. Our data demonstrate that SH2B1 can enhance neurite outgrowth and accelerate the maturation of human iNs under defined conditions. This approach will facilitate the application of iNs in regenerative medicine and in vitro disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Su-Liang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jean Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yen Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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SH2B1β interacts with STAT3 and enhances fibroblast growth factor 1-induced gene expression during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1003-19. [PMID: 24396070 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00940-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is an essential process during neuronal differentiation as well as neuroregeneration. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular control of neurite outgrowth will benefit patients with neurological diseases. We have previously shown that overexpression of the signaling adaptor protein SH2B1β promotes fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1)-induced neurite outgrowth (W. F. Lin, C. J. Chen, Y. J. Chang, S. L. Chen, I. M. Chiu, and L. Chen, Cell. Signal. 21:1060-1072, 2009). SH2B1β also undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and regulates a subset of neurotrophin-induced genes. Although these findings suggest that SH2B1β regulates gene expression, the nuclear role of SH2B1β was not known. In this study, we show that SH2B1β interacts with the transcription factor, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in neuronal PC12 cells, cortical neurons, and COS7 fibroblasts. By affecting the subcellular distribution of STAT3, SH2B1β increased serine phosphorylation and the concomitant transcriptional activity of STAT3. As a result, overexpressing SH2B1β enhanced FGF1-induced expression of STAT3 target genes Egr1 and Cdh2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further reveal that, in response to FGF1, overexpression of SH2B1β promotes the in vivo occupancy of STAT3-Sp1 heterodimers at the promoter of Egr1 and Cdh2. These findings establish a central role of SH2B1β in orchestrating signaling events to transcriptional activation through interacting and regulating STAT3-containing complexes during neuronal differentiation.
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22
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Chen JH, Lee DC, Chiu IM. Cytotoxic effects of acrylamide in nerve growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 1-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:769-80. [PMID: 24318646 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a neurological and reproductive toxicant in humans and laboratory animals; however, the neuron developmental toxicity of acrylamide remains unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition of acrylamide in nerve growth factor (NGF)- or fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1)-mediated neural development of PC12 cells. MTS assay showed that acrylamide treatment suppresses NGF- or FGF1-induced PC12 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Quantification of neurite outgrowth demonstrated that 0.5 mM acrylamide treatment resulted in significant decrease in differentiation of NGF- or FGF1-stimulated PC12 cells. This decrease is accompanied with the reduced expression of growth-associated protein-43, a neuronal marker. Moreover, relative levels of pERK, pAKT, pSTAT3 and pCREB were increased within 5-10 min when PC12 cells were treated with NGF or FGF1. Acrylamide (0.5 mM) decreases the NGF-induced activation of AKT-CREB but not ERK-STAT3 within 20 min. Similarly, acrylamide (0.5 mM) decreases the FGF1-induced activation of AKT-CREB within 20 min. In contrast to the NGF treatment, the ERK-STAT3 activation that was induced by FGF1 was slightly reduced by 0.5 mM acrylamide. We further showed that PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), but not MEK inhibitor (U0126), could synergize with acrylamide (0.5 mM) to reduce the cell viability and neurite outgrowth in NGF- or FGF1-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, acrylamide (0.5 mM) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) activities in NGF- or FGF1-stimulated PC12 cells. This increase was reversed by Trolox (an ROS scavenging agent) co-treatment. Together, our findings reveal that NGF- or FGF1-stimulation of the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells is attenuated by acrylamide through the inhibition of PI3K-AKT-CREB signaling, along with the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hang Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Rd, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
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23
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Hensel N, Stockbrügger I, Rademacher S, Broughton N, Brinkmann H, Grothe C, Claus P. Bilateral crosstalk of rho- and extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase (ERK) pathways is confined to an unidirectional mode in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Cell Signal 2013; 26:540-8. [PMID: 24316236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rho-kinase (ROCK) as well as extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) control actin cytoskeletal organization thereby regulating dynamic changes of cellular morphology. In neurons, motility processes such as axonal guidance and neurite outgrowth demand a fine regulation of upstream pathways. Here we demonstrate a bilateral ROCK-ERK information flow in neurons. This process is shifted towards an unidirectional crosstalk in a model of the neurodegenerative disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), ultimately leading to neurite outgrowth dysregulations. As both pathways are of therapeutic relevance for SMA, our results argue for a combinatorial ROCK/ERK-targeting as a future treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Stockbrügger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rademacher
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natasha Broughton
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hella Brinkmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany; Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfection (N-RENNT), Germany.
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24
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Shih CH, Chen CJ, Chen L. New function of the adaptor protein SH2B1 in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79619. [PMID: 24260264 PMCID: PMC3829828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is an essential process for the establishment of the nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) binds to its receptor TrkB and regulates axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons through signal transduction and gene expression. SH2B1 is a signaling adaptor protein that regulates cellular signaling in various physiological processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of SH2B1 in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we show that knocking down SH2B1 reduces neurite formation of cortical neurons whereas overexpression of SH2B1β promotes the development of hippocampal neurons. We further demonstrate that SH2B1β promotes BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth and signaling using the established PC12 cells stably expressing TrkB, SH2B1β or SH2B1β mutants. Our data indicate that overexpressing SH2B1β enhances BDNF-induced MEK-ERK1/2, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Inhibition of MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways by specific inhibitors suggest that these two pathways are required for SH2B1β-promoted BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, SH2B1β enhances BDNF-stimulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 at serine 727. Finally, our data indicate that the SH2 domain and tyrosine phosphorylation of SH2B1β contribute to BDNF-induced signaling pathways and neurite outgrowth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SH2B1β promotes BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth through enhancing pathways involved MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Shih
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Speakman JR. Functional analysis of seven genes linked to body mass index and adiposity by genome-wide association studies: a review. Hum Hered 2013; 75:57-79. [PMID: 24081222 DOI: 10.1159/000353585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a total of about 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show significant linkage to body mass index, a widely utilised surrogate measure of adiposity. However, only 8 of these associations have been confirmed by follow-up GWAS using more sophisticated measures of adiposity (computed tomography). Among these 8, there is a SNP close to the gene FTO which has been the subject of considerable work to diagnose its function. The remaining 7 SNPs are adjacent to, or within, the genes NEGR1, TMEM18, ETV5, FLJ35779, LINGO2, SH2B1 and GIPR, most of which are less well studied than FTO, particularly in the context of obesity. This article reviews the available data on the functions of these genes, including information gleaned from studies in humans and animal models. At present, we have virtually no information on the putative mechanism associating the genes FLJ35779 and LINGO2 to obesity. All of these genes are expressed in the brain, and for 2 of them (SH2B1 and GIPR), a direct link to the appetite regulation system is known. SH2B1 is an enhancer of intracellular signalling in the JAK-STAT pathway, and GIPR is the receptor for an appetite-linked hormone (GIP) produced by the alimentary tract. NEGR1, ETV5 and SH2B1 all have suggested roles in neurite outgrowth, and hence SNPs adjacent to these genes may affect development of the energy balance circuitry. Although the genes have central patterns of gene expression, implying a central neuronal connection to energy balance, for at least 4 of them (NEGR1, TMEM18, SH2B1 and GIPR), there are also significant peripheral functions related to adipose tissue biology. These functions may contribute to their effects on the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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26
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Kao CY, Hsu YC, Liu JW, Lee DC, Chung YF, Chiu IM. The mood stabilizer valproate activates human FGF1
gene promoter through inhibiting HDAC and GSK-3 activities. J Neurochem 2013; 126:4-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Kao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine; Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Liu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Chung
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine; Institute of Molecular Medicine; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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27
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Liu JW, Hsu YC, Kao CY, Su HL, Chiu IM. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor-Induced Stat3 Signaling Suppresses Fibroblast Growth Factor 1-Induced Erk1/2 Activation to Inhibit the Downstream Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Kao
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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28
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Ahmadiantehrani S, Ron D. Dopamine D2 receptor activation leads to an up-regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor via Gβγ-Erk1/2-dependent induction of Zif268. J Neurochem 2013; 125:193-204. [PMID: 23373701 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent growth factor essential to the development, survival, and function of dopaminergic neurons (Airaksinen and Saarma 2002). The molecular mechanisms underlying GDNF expression remain elusive; thus, we set out to identify a signaling pathway that governs GDNF levels. We found that treatment of both differentiated dopaminergic-like SH-SY5Y cells and rat midbrain slices with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist, quinpirole, triggered an increase in the expression of GDNF that was temporally preceded by an increase in the levels of zinc-finger protein 268 (Zif268), a DNA-binding transcription factor encoded by an immediate-early gene. Moreover, the D2R inhibitor raclopride blocked the increase of both GDNF and Zif268 expression following potassium-evoked dopamine release in SH-SY5Y cells. We used adenoviral delivery of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Zif268 to down-regulate its expression and found that Zif268 is specifically required for the D2R-mediated up-regulation of GDNF. Furthermore, the D2R-mediated induction of GDNF and Zif268 expression was dependent on Gβγ-mediated signaling and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Importantly, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we identified a direct association of Zif268 with the GDNF promoter. These results suggest that D2R activation induces a Gβγ- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent increase in the level of Zif268, which functions to directly up-regulate the expression of GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ahmadiantehrani
- Gallo Research Center, Emeryville, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dorit Ron
- Gallo Research Center, Emeryville, California, USA.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Nerve growth factor scales endocannabinoid signaling by regulating monoacylglycerol lipase turnover in developing cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1935-40. [PMID: 23319656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212563110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid, particularly 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), signaling has recently emerged as a molecular determinant of neuronal migration and synapse formation during cortical development. However, the cell type specificity and molecular regulation of spatially and temporally confined morphogenic 2-AG signals remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that genetic and pharmacological manipulation of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors permanently alters cholinergic projection neuron identity and hippocampal innervation. We show that nerve growth factor (NGF), implicated in the morphogenesis and survival of cholinergic projection neurons, dose-dependently and coordinately regulates the molecular machinery for 2-AG signaling via tropomyosine kinase A receptors in vitro. In doing so, NGF limits the sorting of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), rate limiting 2-AG bioavailability, to proximal neurites, allowing cell-autonomous 2-AG signaling at CB(1) cannabinoid receptors to persist at atypical locations to induce superfluous neurite extension. We find that NGF controls MGL degradation in vitro and in vivo and identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) as a candidate facilitating MGL's elimination from motile neurite segments, including growth cones. BRCA1 inactivation by cisplatin or genetically can rescue and reposition MGL, arresting NGF-induced growth responses. These data indicate that NGF can orchestrate endocannabinoid signaling to promote cholinergic differentiation and implicate BRCA1 in determining neuronal morphology.
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30
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Hsu YC, Kao CY, Chung YF, Chen MS, Chiu IM. Ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF1 gene promoter. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2511-22. [PMID: 22415835 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell division, and neurogenesis. Human FGF1 gene 1B promoter (-540 to +31)-driven green fluorescence (F1BGFP) was shown to recapitulate endogenous FGF1 gene expression. It can also be used to isolate neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SCs) from developing mouse brains and human glioblastoma tissues, respectively. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF-1B promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells are not clear. In this study, we present several lines of evidence to show the roles of ciliogenic RFX transcription factors in the regulation of FGF-1B gene promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells: (i) RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 transcription factors could directly bind the 18-bp cis-element (-484 to -467), and contribute to the regulation of FGF1 promoter and neurosphere formation. (ii) We demonstrated RFX2/RFX3 complex could only be detected in the nuclear extract of FGF-1B positive cells, but not in FGF-1B negative cells. (iii) Protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and rottlerin, could decrease the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency through reducing the RFX2/3 complex. (iv) RNA interference knockdown of RFX2 could significantly reduce the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency whereas overexpression of RFX2 resulted in the opposite effects. Taken together, this study suggests ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF-1B promoter activity and the maintenance of F1BGFP(+) NSPCs and GBM-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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31
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Wu CL, Chou YH, Chang YJ, Teng NY, Hsu HL, Chen L. Interplay between cell migration and neurite outgrowth determines SH2B1β-enhanced neurite regeneration of differentiated PC12 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34999. [PMID: 22539954 PMCID: PMC3335126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of neurite outgrowth is crucial in developing strategies to promote neurite regeneration after nerve injury and in degenerative diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of an adaptor/scaffolding protein SH2B1β promotes neurite re-growth of differentiated PC12 cells, an established neuronal model, using wound healing (scraping) assays. Cell migration and the subsequent remodeling are crucial determinants during neurite regeneration. We provide evidence suggesting that overexpressing SH2B1β enhances protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent cell migration and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-dependent neurite re-growth. Our results further reveal a cross-talk between pathways involving PKC and ERK1/2 in regulating neurite re-growth and cell migration. We conclude that temporal regulation of cell migration and neurite outgrowth by SH2B1β contributes to the enhanced regeneration of differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Han Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nan-Yuan Teng
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Ling Hsu
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Shimada K, Ohno Y, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Suzuki M, Kamikawa A, Terao A, Kimura K. Neuropeptide Y activates phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 in stromal vascular cells from brown adipose tissue, but fails to affect thermogenic function of brown adipocytes. Peptides 2012; 34:336-42. [PMID: 22374387 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increased by norepinephrine (NE) released from sympathetic nerve endings, but the roles of NPY released along with NE are poorly elucidated. Here, we examined effect of NPY on basal and NE-enhanced thermogenesis in isolated brown adipocytes that express Y1 and Y5 receptor mRNA. Treatment of cells with NPY did not influence the basal and NE-enhanced rates of oxygen consumption and cAMP accumulation. Treatment with NPY also failed to induce ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation in the brown adipocytes. In contrast, treatment with NPY increased ERK phosphorylation in cultured stromal vascular cells from the BAT that express Y1 receptor mRNA. In the latter treatment with NPY also increased STAT3 (Ser727) phosphorylation. These results suggest that NPY mainly acts on stromal vascular cells in BAT and plays roles in the regulation of their gene transcription through ERK and STAT3 pathways, while NPY does not affect the thermogenic function of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shimada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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33
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Hensel N, Ratzka A, Brinkmann H, Klimaschewski L, Grothe C, Claus P. Analysis of the fibroblast growth factor system reveals alterations in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31202. [PMID: 22348054 PMCID: PMC3278439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The monogenetic disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is characterized by a progressive loss of motoneurons leading to muscle weakness and atrophy due to severe reduction of the Survival of Motoneuron (SMN) protein. Several models of SMA show deficits in neurite outgrowth and maintenance of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure. Survival of motoneurons, axonal outgrowth and formation of NMJ is controlled by neurotrophic factors such as the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) system. Besides their classical role as extracellular ligands, some FGFs exert also intracellular functions controlling neuronal differentiation. We have previously shown that intracellular FGF-2 binds to SMN and regulates the number of a subtype of nuclear bodies which are reduced in SMA patients. In the light of these findings, we systematically analyzed the FGF-system comprising five canonical receptors and 22 ligands in a severe mouse model of SMA. In this study, we demonstrate widespread alterations of the FGF-system in both muscle and spinal cord. Importantly, FGF-receptor 1 is upregulated in spinal cord at a pre-symptomatic stage as well as in a mouse motoneuron-like cell-line NSC34 based model of SMA. Consistent with that, phosphorylations of FGFR-downstream targets Akt and ERK are increased. Moreover, ERK hyper-phosphorylation is functionally linked to FGFR-1 as revealed by receptor inhibition experiments. Our study shows that the FGF system is dysregulated at an early stage in SMA and may contribute to the SMA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Ratzka
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hella Brinkmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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34
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Wang TC, Chiu H, Chang YJ, Hsu TY, Chiu IM, Chen L. The adaptor protein SH2B3 (Lnk) negatively regulates neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and cortical neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26433. [PMID: 22028877 PMCID: PMC3196555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2B adaptor protein family members (SH2B1-3) regulate various physiological responses through affecting signaling, gene expression, and cell adhesion. SH2B1 and SH2B2 were reported to enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells, a well-established neuronal model system. In contrast, SH2B3 was reported to inhibit cell proliferation during the development of immune system. No study so far addresses the role of SH2B3 in the nervous system. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that SH2B3 is expressed in the cortex of embryonic rat brain. Overexpression of SH2B3 not only inhibits NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells but also reduces neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neurons. SH2B3 does so by repressing NGF-induced activation of PLCγ, MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways and the expression of Egr-1. SH2B3 is capable of binding to phosphorylated NGF receptor, TrkA, as well as SH2B1β. Our data further demonstrate that overexpression of SH2B3 reduces the interaction between SH2B1β and TrkA. Consistent with this finding, overexpressing the SH2 domain of SH2B3 is sufficient to inhibit NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Together, our data demonstrate that SH2B3, unlike the other two family members, inhibits neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. Its inhibitory mechanism is likely through the competition of TrkA binding with the positive-acting SH2B1 and SH2B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsun Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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35
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Zhou L, Too HP. Mitochondrial localized STAT3 is involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21680. [PMID: 21738764 PMCID: PMC3124549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays critical roles in neural development and is increasingly recognized as a major mediator of injury response in the nervous system. Cytokines and growth factors are known to phosphorylate STAT3 at tyrosine705 with or without the concomitant phosphorylation at serine727, resulting in the nuclear localization of STAT3 and subsequent transcriptional activation of genes. Recent evidence suggests that STAT3 may control cell function via alternative mechanisms independent of its transcriptional activity. Currently, the involvement of STAT3 mono-phosphorylated at residue serine727 (P-Ser-STAT3) in neurite outgrowth and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) induced P-Ser-STAT3 in mediating neurite outgrowth. NGF induced the phosphorylation of residue serine727 but not tyrosine705 of STAT3 in PC12 and primary cortical neuronal cells. In PC12 cells, serine but not tyrosine dominant negative mutant of STAT3 was found to impair NGF induced neurite outgrowth. Unexpectedly, NGF induced P-Ser-STAT3 was localized to the mitochondria but not in the nucleus. Mitochondrial STAT3 was further found to be intimately involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusion Taken together, the findings herein demonstrated a hitherto unrecognized novel transcription independent mechanism whereby the mitochondria localized P-Ser-STAT3 is involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heng-Phon Too
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Chemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Wang TC, Li YH, Chen KW, Chen CJ, Wu CL, Teng NY, Chen L. SH2B1β regulates N-cadherin levels, cell-cell adhesion and nerve growth factor-induced neurite initiation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2063-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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The adaptor protein SH2B1β reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. J Mol Signal 2010; 5:17. [PMID: 20868529 PMCID: PMC2954984 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SH2B1β is a signaling adaptor protein that has been shown to promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells and is necessary for the survival of sympathetic neurons. However, the mechanism by which SH2B1β may influence cell survival is not known. Results In this study, we investigated the role of SH2B1β in oxidative stress-induced cell death. Our results suggest that overexpressing SH2B1β reduced H2O2-induced, caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. In response to H2O2, overexpressing SH2B1β enhanced PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas)-AKT (protein kinase B) and MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase)-extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. We further demonstrated that SH2B1β was able to reduce H2O2-induced nuclear localization of FoxO1 and 3a transcription factors, which lie downstream of PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK1/2 pathways. Moreover, overexpressing SH2B1β reduced the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), one of the target genes of FoxOs. Conclusions Overexpressing the adaptor protein SH2B1β enhanced H2O2-induced PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK1/2 signaling, reduced nucleus-localized FoxOs and the expression of a pro-apoptotic gene, FasL.
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Newton VA, Ramocki NM, Scull BP, Simmons JG, McNaughton K, Lund PK. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 gene disruption promotes Apc(Min/+) tumorigenesis and activator protein-1 activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2320-32. [PMID: 20348236 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (SOCS2) may normally limit tumorigenesis in the intestine; however, this theory has not been directly tested. We hypothesized that SOCS2 deficiency promotes spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. Therefore, we quantified tumor number, size, and load in the small intestine and colon using SOCS2(+/+)/Apc(Min/+), SOCS2(+/-)/Apc(Min/+), and SOCS2(-/-)/Apc(Min/+) mice and assayed hematocrit as an indirect marker of disease severity. Biochemical and histological assays were used to assess mechanisms. Heterozygous and homozygous disruption of SOCS2 alleles promoted 166 and 441% increases in tumor load in the small intestine, respectively, accelerated development of colon tumors, and caused severe anemia. SOCS2 deletion promoted significant increases in intestinal insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA but did not affect plasma insulin-like growth factor-I. Western blots and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that tumor and nontumor intestinal tissue of SOCS2(-/-)/Apc(Min/+) mice had increased serine 727 phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 compared with SOCS2(+/+)/Apc(Min/+) mice. Moreover, electromobility shift assays showed that SOCS2 deletion did not alter signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 DNA binding. However, tumors and small intestine from SOCS2(-/-)/Apc(Min/+) showed dramatic increases in activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding, and SOCS2 overexpression in vitro reduced levels of AP-1. These studies indicate that SOCS2 deletion promotes the spontaneous development of intestinal tumors driven by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli/beta-catenin pathway and activates AP-1. Therefore, reduced expression or epigenetic silencing of SOCS2 may serve as a useful biomarker for colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Newton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA.
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Lee DC, Hsu YC, Chung YF, Hsiao CY, Chen SL, Chen MS, Lin HK, Chiu IM. Isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells by using EGF/FGF1 and FGF1B promoter-driven green fluorescence from embryonic and adult mouse brains. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:348-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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