1
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Gruijters WTM. A new eye lens structure associated with capsule/basement membrane growth. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.000828. [PMID: 39139582 PMCID: PMC11320119 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Eye lens capsules contained a previously overlooked structure possibly derived from the Zonule of Zinn or lens epithelium. Sheep lens capsule inner surface revealed periodic stripes spaced at about 8µm over an area of more than 200µm long and wide. Ultra thin sections of a similar area revealed the periodic insertion of cell feet into the lens capsule with numerous vesicles. Cryosections of entire mouse eyes confirmed a similar looking structure. The structure appears in an area of basement membrane growth. A stylized foot-feet model is offered to help visualize the structure in 3D.
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2
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Hu HT, Nishimura T, Kawana H, Dante RAS, D’Angelo G, Suetsugu S. The cellular protrusions for inter-cellular material transfer: similarities between filopodia, cytonemes, tunneling nanotubes, viruses, and extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422227. [PMID: 39035026 PMCID: PMC11257967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for transferring bioactive materials between cells and play vital roles in both health and diseases. Cellular protrusions, including filopodia and microvilli, are generated by the bending of the plasma membrane and are considered to be rigid structures facilitating various cellular functions, such as cell migration, adhesion, and environment sensing. Compelling evidence suggests that these protrusions are dynamic and flexible structures that can serve as sources of a new class of EVs, highlighting the unique role they play in intercellular material transfer. Cytonemes are specialized filopodia protrusions that make direct contact with neighboring cells, mediating the transfer of bioactive materials between cells through their tips. In some cases, these tips fuse with the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, creating tunneling nanotubes that directly connect the cytosols of the adjacent cells. Additionally, virus particles can be released from infected cells through small bud-like of plasma membrane protrusions. These different types of protrusions, which can transfer bioactive materials, share common protein components, including I-BAR domain-containing proteins, actin cytoskeleton, and their regulatory proteins. The dynamic and flexible nature of these protrusions highlights their importance in cellular communication and material transfer within the body, including development, cancer progression, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ting Hu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamako Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Rachelle Anne So Dante
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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3
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Granados-Aparici S, Yang Q, Clarke HJ. SMAD4 promotes somatic-germline contact during murine oocyte growth. eLife 2024; 13:RP91798. [PMID: 38819913 PMCID: PMC11142639 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of the mammalian oocyte requires physical contact with the surrounding granulosa cells of the follicle, which provide it with essential nutrients and regulatory signals. This contact is achieved through specialized filopodia, termed transzonal projections (TZPs), that extend from the granulosa cells to the oocyte surface. Transforming growth factor (TGFβ) family ligands produced by the oocyte increase the number of TZPs, but how they do so is unknown. Using an inducible Cre recombinase strategy together with expression of green fluorescent protein to verify Cre activity in individual cells, we examined the effect of depleting the canonical TGFβ mediator, SMAD4, in mouse granulosa cells. We observed a 20-50% decrease in the total number of TZPs in SMAD4-depleted granulosa cell-oocyte complexes, and a 50% decrease in the number of newly generated TZPs when the granulosa cells were reaggregated with wild-type oocytes. Three-dimensional image analysis revealed that TZPs of SMAD4-depleted cells were longer than controls and more frequently oriented towards the oocyte. Strikingly, the transmembrane proteins, N-cadherin and Notch2, were reduced by 50% in SMAD4-depleted cells. SMAD4 may thus modulate a network of cell adhesion proteins that stabilize the attachment of TZPs to the oocyte, thereby amplifying signalling between the two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Granados-Aparici
- Research Institute, McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
- Present address: Cancer CIBER (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
- Present address: Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVAValenciaSpain
| | - Qin Yang
- Research Institute, McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
| | - Hugh J Clarke
- Research Institute, McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
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4
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Cai FF, Blanquer A, Costa MB, Schweiger L, Sarac B, Greer AL, Schroers J, Teichert C, Nogués C, Spieckermann F, Eckert J. Hierarchical Surface Pattern on Ni-Free Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass to Control Cell Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310364. [PMID: 38109153 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Ni-free Ti-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are exciting materials for biomedical applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility and advantageous mechanical properties. The glassy nature of BMGs allows them to be shaped and patterned via thermoplastic forming (TPF). This work demonstrates the versatility of the TPF technique to create micro- and nano-patterns and hierarchical structures on Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 BMG. Particularly, a hierarchical structure fabricated by a two-step TPF process integrates 400 nm hexagonal close-packed protrusions on 2.5 µm square protuberances while preserving the advantageous mechanical properties from the as-cast material state. The correlations between thermal history, structure, and mechanical properties are explored. Regarding biocompatibility, Ti40Zr10Cu34Pd14Sn2 BMGs with four surface topographies (flat, micro-patterned, nano-patterned, and hierarchical-structured surfaces) are investigated using Saos-2 cell lines. Alamar Blue assay and live/dead analysis show that all tested surfaces have good cell proliferation and viability. Patterned surfaces are observed to promote the formation of longer filopodia on the edge of the cytoskeleton, leading to star-shaped and dendritic cell morphologies compared with the flat surface. In addition to potential implant applications, TPF-patterned Ti-BMGs enable a high level of order and design flexibility on the surface topography, expanding the available toolbox for studying cell behavior on rigid and ordered surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fan Cai
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Andreu Blanquer
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel B Costa
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Lukas Schweiger
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Baran Sarac
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - A Lindsay Greer
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Jan Schroers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Christian Teichert
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Chair of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Strasse 18, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Florian Spieckermann
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, Leoben, A-8700, Austria
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5
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Constanty F, Wu B, Wei KH, Lin IT, Dallmann J, Guenther S, Lautenschlaeger T, Priya R, Lai SL, Stainier DYR, Beisaw A. Border-zone cardiomyocytes and macrophages contribute to remodeling of the extracellular matrix to promote cardiomyocyte invasion during zebrafish cardiac regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584570. [PMID: 38559277 PMCID: PMC10980021 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in our understanding of zebrafish cardiac regeneration, an aspect that remains less studied is how regenerating cardiomyocytes invade, and eventually replace, the collagen-containing fibrotic tissue following injury. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the process of cardiomyocyte invasion using live-imaging and histological approaches. We observed close interactions between protruding cardiomyocytes and macrophages at the wound border zone, and macrophage-deficient irf8 mutant zebrafish exhibited defects in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and cardiomyocyte protrusion into the injured area. Using a resident macrophage ablation model, we show that defects in ECM remodeling at the border zone and subsequent cardiomyocyte protrusion can be partly attributed to a population of resident macrophages. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of cells at the wound border revealed a population of cardiomyocytes and macrophages with fibroblast-like gene expression signatures, including the expression of genes encoding ECM structural proteins and ECM-remodeling proteins. The expression of mmp14b , which encodes a membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinase, was restricted to cells in the border zone, including cardiomyocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endocardial/endothelial cells. Genetic deletion of mmp14b led to a decrease in 1) macrophage recruitment to the border zone, 2) collagen degradation at the border zone, and 3) subsequent cardiomyocyte invasion. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of mmp14b was sufficient to enhance cardiomyocyte invasion into the injured tissue and along the apical surface of the wound. Altogether, our data shed important insights into the process of cardiomyocyte invasion of the collagen-containing injured tissue during cardiac regeneration. They further suggest that cardiomyocytes and resident macrophages contribute to ECM remodeling at the border zone to promote cardiomyocyte replenishment of the fibrotic injured tissue.
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6
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Suarez C, Winkelman JD, Harker AJ, Ye HJ, McCall PM, Morganthaler AN, Gardel ML, Kovar DR. Reconstitution of the transition from a lamellipodia- to filopodia-like actin network with purified proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151367. [PMID: 37890285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells utilize complex mixtures of actin binding proteins to assemble and maintain functionally diverse actin filament networks with distinct architectures and dynamics within a common cytoplasm is a longstanding question in cell biology. A compelling example of complex and specialized actin structures in cells are filopodia which sense extracellular chemical and mechanical signals to help steer motile cells. Filopodia have distinct actin architecture, composed of long, parallel actin filaments bundled by fascin, which form finger-like membrane protrusions. Elongation of the parallel actin filaments in filopodia can be mediated by two processive actin filament elongation factors, formin and Ena/VASP, which localize to the tips of filopodia. There remains debate as to how the architecture of filopodia are generated, with one hypothesis proposing that filopodia are generated from the lamellipodia, which consists of densely packed, branched actin filaments nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and kept short by capping protein. It remains unclear if different actin filament elongation factors are necessary and sufficient to facilitate the emergence of filopodia with diverse characteristics from a highly dense network of short-branched capped filaments. To address this question, we combined bead motility and micropatterning biomimetic assays with multi-color Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy imaging, to successfully reconstitute the formation of filopodia-like networks (FLN) from densely-branched lamellipodia-like networks (LLN) with eight purified proteins (actin, profilin, Arp2/3 complex, Wasp pWA, fascin, capping protein, VASP and formin mDia2). Saturating capping protein concentrations inhibit FLN assembly, but the addition of either formin or Ena/VASP differentially rescues the formation of FLN from LLN. Specifically, we found that formin/mDia2-generated FLNs are relatively long and lack capping protein, whereas VASP-generated FLNs are comparatively short and contain capping protein, indicating that the actin elongation factor can affect the architecture and composition of FLN emerging from LLN. Our biomimetic reconstitution systems reveal that formin or VASP are necessary and sufficient to induce the transition from a LLN to a FLN, and establish robust in vitro platforms to investigate FLN assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Winkelman
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alyssa J Harker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alisha N Morganthaler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Gilloteaux J, De Swert K, Suain V, Nicaise C. Thalamic Neuron Resilience during Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) Is Revealed by Primary Cilium Outgrowth and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B Labeling in Axon Initial Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16448. [PMID: 38003639 PMCID: PMC10671465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A murine osmotic demyelinating syndrome (ODS) model was developed through chronic hyponatremia, induced by desmopressin subcutaneous implants, followed by precipitous sodium restoration. The thalamic ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) relay nuclei were the most demyelinated regions where neuroglial damage could be evidenced without immune response. This report showed that following chronic hyponatremia, 12 h and 48 h time lapses after rebalancing osmolarity, amid the ODS-degraded outskirts, some resilient neuronal cell bodies built up primary cilium and axon hillock regions that extended into axon initial segments (AIS) where ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B)-immunolabeled rod-like shape content was revealed. These AIS-labeled shaft lengths appeared proportional with the distance of neuronal cell bodies away from the ODS damaged epicenter and time lapses after correction of hyponatremia. Fine structure examination verified these neuron abundant transcriptions and translation regions marked by the ARL13B labeling associated with cell neurotubules and their complex cytoskeletal macromolecular architecture. This necessitated energetic transport to organize and restore those AIS away from the damaged ODS core demyelinated zone in the murine model. These labeled structures could substantiate how thalamic neuron resilience occurred as possible steps of a healing course out of ODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George’s University School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 JG8, UK
| | - Kathleen De Swert
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Valérie Suain
- Laboratoire d’Histologie Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Charles Nicaise
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
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8
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Belian S, Korenkova O, Zurzolo C. Actin-based protrusions at a glance. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261156. [PMID: 37987375 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions are at the base of many fundamental cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, migration and intercellular communication. In recent decades, the discovery of new types of actin-based protrusions with unique functions has enriched our comprehension of cellular processes. However, as the repertoire of protrusions continues to expand, the rationale behind the classification of newly identified and previously known structures becomes unclear. Although current nomenclature allows good categorization of protrusions based on their functions, it struggles to distinguish them when it comes to structure, composition or formation mechanisms. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we discuss the different types of actin-based protrusions, focusing on filopodia, cytonemes and tunneling nanotubes, to help better distinguish and categorize them based on their structural and functional differences and similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan Belian
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olga Korenkova
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, F-75015 Paris, France
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9
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Shrestha R, McCann T, Saravanan H, Lieberth J, Koirala P, Bloomekatz J. The myocardium utilizes a platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra)-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade to steer toward the midline during zebrafish heart tube formation. eLife 2023; 12:e85930. [PMID: 37921445 PMCID: PMC10651176 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cell movement is a fundamental process in organ formation. During heart development, bilateral myocardial precursors collectively move toward the midline (cardiac fusion) to form the primitive heart tube. Extrinsic influences such as the adjacent anterior endoderm are known to be required for cardiac fusion. We previously showed however, that the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) is also required for cardiac fusion (Bloomekatz et al., 2017). Nevertheless, an intrinsic mechanism that regulates myocardial movement has not been elucidated. Here, we show that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling pathway has an essential intrinsic role in the myocardium directing movement toward the midline. In vivo imaging further reveals midline-oriented dynamic myocardial membrane protrusions that become unpolarized in PI3K-inhibited zebrafish embryos where myocardial movements are misdirected and slower. Moreover, we find that PI3K activity is dependent on and interacts with Pdgfra to regulate myocardial movement. Together our findings reveal an intrinsic myocardial steering mechanism that responds to extrinsic cues during the initiation of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Shrestha
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
| | - Tess McCann
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
| | - Harini Saravanan
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
| | - Jaret Lieberth
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
| | - Prashanna Koirala
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
| | - Joshua Bloomekatz
- Department of Biology, University of MississippiUniversityUnited States
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10
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Li W, Chung WL, Kozlov MM, Medalia O, Geiger B, Bershadsky AD. Chiral growth of adherent filopodia. Biophys J 2023; 122:3704-3721. [PMID: 37301982 PMCID: PMC10541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent filopodia are elongated finger-like membrane protrusions, extending from the edges of diverse cell types and participating in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and environmental sensing. The formation and elongation of filopodia are driven by the polymerization of parallel actin filaments, comprising the filopodia cytoskeletal core. Here, we report that adherent filopodia, formed during the spreading of cultured cells on galectin-8-coated substrates, tend to change the direction of their extension in a chiral fashion, acquiring a left-bent shape. Cryoelectron tomography examination indicated that turning of the filopodia tip to the left is accompanied by the displacement of the actin core bundle to the right of the filopodia midline. Reduction of the adhesion to galectin-8 by treatment with thiodigalactoside abolished this filopodia chirality. By modulating the expression of a variety of actin-associated filopodia proteins, we identified myosin-X and formin DAAM1 as major filopodia chirality promoting factors. Formin mDia1, actin filament elongation factor VASP, and actin filament cross-linker fascin were also shown to be involved. Thus, the simple actin cytoskeleton of filopodia, together with a small number of associated proteins are sufficient to drive a complex navigation process, manifested by the development of left-right asymmetry in these cellular protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wen-Lu Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Calisi A, Giordano ME, Dondero F, Maisano M, Fasulo S, Lionetto MG. Morphological and functional alterations in hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed in high-impact anthropogenic sites. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:105988. [PMID: 37080092 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The work aimed to study the induction of morphological alterations in M. galloprovincialis in the field and its suitability to be integrated into a sensitive, simple, and cost-effective cell-based multimarker approach for the detection of the stress status induced by pollution in coastal marine environments in view of ecotoxicological biomonitoring and assessment application. Cellular morphometric alterations was paralleled by the analysis of standardized biomarkers such as lysosomal membrane destabilization, and genotoxocity biomarkers such as micronuclei and binuclated cells frequencies were investigated. The study was carried out by means of a transplanting experiment in the field, using caged organisms from an initial population exposed in the field in two multi-impacted coastal sites of the central Mediterranean area, Bagnoli in the eastern Tyrrhenian Sea and Augusta-Melilli-Priolo in the western Ionian Sea. Capo Miseno (NA) for the Tyrrhenian area and Brucoli (ME) for the Ionian area were chosen as control sites. Hemocyte enlargement and filopodial elongation increased frequencies were observed in organisms exposed to the impacted sites. These morphometric alterations showed strong agreement with the lysosomal membrane destabilization and biomarkers of genotoxicity, suggesting their usefulness in detecting the pollutant-induced stress syndrome related to genotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Calisi
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale-Vercelli, Novara, Alessandria, Viale Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Giordano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, Universita del Salento, Via prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Dondero
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale-Vercelli, Novara, Alessandria, Viale Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, Universita del Salento, Via prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
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12
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Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of actin cytoskeleton regulation in cell migration using cryo-EM. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:87-99. [PMID: 36695514 PMCID: PMC9987995 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in cell migration and cellular morphodynamics in most eukaryotes. The ability of the actin cytoskeleton to assemble and disassemble in a spatiotemporally controlled manner allows it to form higher-order structures, which can generate forces required for a cell to explore and navigate through its environment. It is regulated not only via a complex synergistic and competitive interplay between actin-binding proteins (ABP), but also by filament biochemistry and filament geometry. The lack of structural insights into how geometry and ABPs regulate the actin cytoskeleton limits our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that define actin cytoskeleton remodeling and, in turn, impact emerging cell migration characteristics. With the advent of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and advanced computational methods, it is now possible to define these molecular mechanisms involving actin and its interactors at both atomic and ultra-structural levels in vitro and in cellulo. In this review, we will provide an overview of the available cryo-EM methods, applicable to further our understanding of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically in the context of cell migration. We will discuss how these methods have been employed to elucidate ABP- and geometry-defined regulatory mechanisms in initiating, maintaining, and disassembling cellular actin networks in migratory protrusions.
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13
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Wit CB, Hiesinger PR. Neuronal filopodia: From stochastic dynamics to robustness of brain morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:10-19. [PMID: 35397971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain development relies on dynamic morphogenesis and interactions of neurons. Filopodia are thin and highly dynamic membrane protrusions that are critically required for neuronal development and neuronal interactions with the environment. Filopodial interactions are typically characterized by non-deterministic dynamics, yet their involvement in developmental processes leads to stereotypic and robust outcomes. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how filopodial dynamics contribute to neuronal differentiation, migration, axonal and dendritic growth and synapse formation. Many of these advances are brought about by improved methods of live observation in intact developing brains. Recent findings integrate known and novel roles ranging from exploratory sensors and decision-making agents to pools for selection and mechanical functions. Different types of filopodial dynamics thereby reveal non-deterministic subcellular decision-making processes as part of genetically encoded brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Wit
- Devision of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Devision of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Shrestha R, McCann T, Saravanan H, Lieberth J, Koirala P, Bloomekatz J. The myocardium utilizes Pdgfra-PI3K signaling to steer towards the midline during heart tube formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522612. [PMID: 36712046 PMCID: PMC9881939 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated cell movement is a fundamental process in organ formation. During heart development, bilateral myocardial precursors collectively move towards the midline (cardiac fusion) to form the primitive heart tube. Along with extrinsic influences such as the adjacent anterior endoderm which are known to be required for cardiac fusion, we previously showed that the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) is also required. However, an intrinsic mechanism that regulates myocardial movement remains to be elucidated. Here, we uncover an essential intrinsic role in the myocardium for the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling pathway in directing myocardial movement towards the midline. In vivo imaging reveals that in PI3K-inhibited zebrafish embryos myocardial movements are misdirected and slower, while midline-oriented dynamic myocardial membrane protrusions become unpolarized. Moreover, PI3K activity is dependent on and genetically interacts with Pdgfra to regulate myocardial movement. Together our findings reveal an intrinsic myocardial steering mechanism that responds to extrinsic cues during the initiation of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Shrestha
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Tess McCann
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Harini Saravanan
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Jaret Lieberth
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Prashanna Koirala
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Joshua Bloomekatz
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
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15
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Clarke HJ. Transzonal projections: Essential structures mediating intercellular communication in the mammalian ovarian follicle. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:509-525. [PMID: 36112806 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of germ cells relies on contact and communication with neighboring somatic cells that provide metabolic support and regulatory signals. In females, contact is achieved through thin cytoplasmic processes that project from follicle cells surrounding the oocyte, extend through an extracellular matrix (ECM) that lies between them, and reach its surface. In mammals, the ECM is termed the zona pellucida and the follicular cell processes are termed transzonal projections (TZPs). TZPs become detectable when the zona pellucida is laid down during early folliculogenesis and subsequently increase in number as oocyte growth progresses. They then rapidly disappear at the time of ovulation, permanently breaking germ-soma contact. Here we review the life cycle and functions of the TZPs. We begin with an overview of the morphology and cytoskeletal structure of TZPs, in the context of actin- and tubulin-based cytoplasmic processes in other cell types. Next, we review the roles played by TZPs in mediating progression through successive stages of oocyte development. We then discuss two mechanisms that may generate TZPs-stretching at pre-existing points of granulosa cell-oocyte contact and elaboration of new processes that push through the zona pellucida-as well as gene products implicated in their formation or function. Finally, we describe the signaling pathways that cause TZPs to be retracted in response to signals that also trigger meiotic maturation and ovulation of the oocyte. The principles and mechanisms that govern TZP behavior may be relevant to understanding communication between physically separated cells in other physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Clarke
- Program in Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Tu Y, Pal K, Austin J, Wang X. Filopodial adhesive force in discrete nodes revealed by integrin molecular tension imaging. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4386-4396.e3. [PMID: 36084647 PMCID: PMC9613586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are narrow cell extensions involved in various physiological processes. Integrins mediate filopodia adhesion and likely transmit adhesive force to regulate filopodia formation and functions, but the force is extremely weak to study and remains poorly understood. Using integrative tension sensor (ITS), we imaged filopodia adhesive force at the single molecular tension level and investigated the force dynamics and sources. Results show that filopodia integrin tension (FIT) is generated in discrete foci (force nodes) along single filopodia with a spacing of ∼1 μm. Inhibitions of actin polymerization or myosin II activity markedly reduced FIT signals in force nodes at filopodia tips and at filopodia bases, respectively, suggesting differential force sources of FIT in the distal force nodes and proximal ones in filopodia. Using two ITS constructs with different force thresholds for activation, we showed that the molecular force level of FIT is greater at filopodia bases than that at filopodia tips. We also tested the role of vinculin and myosin X in the FIT transmission. With vinculin knockout in cells, filopodia and associated force nodes were still formed normally, suggesting that vinculin is dispensable for the formation of filopodia and force nodes. However, vinculin is indeed required for the transmission of strong FIT (capable of rupturing DNA in a shear conformation), as the strong FIT vanished in filopodia with vinculin knockout. Co-imaging of FIT and myosin X shows no apparent co-localization, demonstrating that myosin X is not directly responsible for generating FIT, despite its prominent role in filopodium elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jacob Austin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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17
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Lee HN, Hyeon SJ, Kim H, Sim KM, Kim Y, Ju J, Lee J, Wang Y, Ryu H, Seong J. Decreased FAK activity and focal adhesion dynamics impair proper neurite formation of medium spiny neurons in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:521-536. [PMID: 35857122 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the protein huntingtin (HTT) [55]. While the final pathological consequence of HD is the neuronal cell death in the striatum region of the brain, it is still unclear how mutant HTT (mHTT) causes synaptic dysfunctions at the early stage and during the progression of HD. Here, we discovered that the basal activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is severely reduced in a striatal HD cell line, a mouse model of HD, and the human post-mortem brains of HD patients. In addition, we observed with a FRET-based FAK biosensor [59] that neurotransmitter-induced FAK activation is decreased in HD striatal neurons. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging revealed that the reduced FAK activity causes the impairment of focal adhesion (FA) dynamics, which further leads to the defect in filopodial dynamics causing the abnormally increased number of immature neurites in HD striatal neurons. Therefore, our results suggest that the decreased FAK and FA dynamics in HD impair the proper formation of neurites, which is crucial for normal synaptic functions [52]. We further investigated the molecular mechanism of FAK inhibition in HD and surprisingly discovered that mHTT strongly associates with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate, altering its normal distribution at the plasma membrane, which is crucial for FAK activation [14, 60]. Therefore, our results provide a novel molecular mechanism of FAK inhibition in HD along with its pathological mechanism for synaptic dysfunctions during the progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Nim Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Sim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunha Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Ju
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihye Seong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Heckman CA, Ademuyiwa OM, Cayer ML. How filopodia respond to calcium in the absence of a calcium-binding structural protein: non-channel functions of TRP. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:130. [PMID: 36028898 PMCID: PMC9414478 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For many cell types, directional locomotion depends on their maintaining filopodia at the leading edge. Filopodia lack any Ca2+-binding structural protein but respond to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Methods SOCE was induced by first replacing the medium with Ca2+-free salt solution with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This lowers Ca2+ in the ER and causes stromal interacting molecule (STIM) to be translocated to the cell surface. After this priming step, CPA was washed out, and Ca2+ influx restored by addition of extracellular Ca2+. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured by calcium orange fluorescence. Regulatory mechanisms were identified by pharmacological treatments. Proteins mediating SOCE were localized by immunofluorescence and analyzed after image processing. Results Depletion of the ER Ca2+ increased filopodia prevalence briefly, followed by a spontaneous decline that was blocked by inhibitors of endocytosis. Intracellular Ca2+ increased continuously for ~ 50 min. STIM and a transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) protein were found in separate compartments, but an aquaporin unrelated to SOCE was present in both. STIM1- and TRPC1-bearing vesicles were trafficked on microtubules. During depletion, STIM1 migrated to the surface where it coincided with Orai in punctae, as expected. TRPC1 was partially colocalized with Vamp2, a rapidly releasable pool marker, and with phospholipases (PLCs). TRPC1 retreated to internal compartments during ER depletion. Replenishment of extracellular Ca2+ altered the STIM1 distribution, which came to resemble that of untreated cells. Vamp2 and TRPC1 underwent exocytosis and became homogeneously distributed on the cell surface. This was accompanied by an increased prevalence of filopodia, which was blocked by inhibitors of TRPC1/4/5 and endocytosis. Conclusions Because the media were devoid of ligands that activate receptors during depletion and Ca2+ replenishment, we could attribute filopodia extension to SOCE. We propose that the Orai current stimulates exocytosis of TRPC-bearing vesicles, and that Ca2+ influx through TRPC inhibits PLC activity. This allows regeneration of the substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), a platform for assembling proteins, e. g. Enabled and IRSp53. TRPC contact with PLC is required but is broken by TRPC dissemination. This explains how STIM1 regulates the cell’s ability to orient itself in response to attractive or repulsive cues. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00927-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Heckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0001, USA.
| | - O M Ademuyiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 217 Life Science Building, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-0001, USA
| | - M L Cayer
- Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
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19
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Glutamate Signaling and Filopodiagenesis of Astrocytoma Cells in Brain Cancers: Survey and Questions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172657. [PMID: 36078065 PMCID: PMC9454653 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the CNS that can cause life-threatening astrocytoma tumors when they transform to cancerous cells. Perturbed homeostasis of the neurotransmitter glutamate is associated with astrocytoma tumor onset and progression, but the factors that govern this phenomenon are less known. Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. Converging reports suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels expressed in astrocytes may be responsible for the abnormal filopodiagenesis or process extension leading to astrocytoma cells’ infiltration throughout the brain.
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20
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Svec KV, Howe AK. Protein Kinase A in cellular migration—Niche signaling of a ubiquitous kinase. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:953093. [PMID: 35959460 PMCID: PMC9361040 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.953093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires establishment and maintenance of directional polarity, which in turn requires spatial heterogeneity in the regulation of protrusion, retraction, and adhesion. Thus, the signaling proteins that regulate these various structural processes must also be distinctly regulated in subcellular space. Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase involved in innumerable cellular processes. In the context of cell migration, it has a paradoxical role in that global inhibition or activation of PKA inhibits migration. It follows, then, that the subcellular regulation of PKA is key to bringing its proper permissive and restrictive functions to the correct parts of the cell. Proper subcellular regulation of PKA controls not only when and where it is active but also specifies the targets for that activity, allowing the cell to use a single, promiscuous kinase to exert distinct functions within different subcellular niches to facilitate cell movement. In this way, understanding PKA signaling in migration is a study in context and in the elegant coordination of distinct functions of a single protein in a complex cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V. Svec
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alan K. Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, V T, United States
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan K. Howe,
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21
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Palankar R, Sachs L, Wesche J, Greinacher A. Cytoskeleton Dependent Mobility Dynamics of FcγRIIA Facilitates Platelet Haptotaxis and Capture of Opsonized Bacteria. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101615. [PMID: 35626650 PMCID: PMC9139458 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet adhesion and spreading at the sites of vascular injury is vital to hemostasis. As an integral part of the innate immune system, platelets interact with opsonized bacterial pathogens through FcγRIIA and contribute to host defense. As mechanoscavangers, platelets actively migrate and capture bacteria via cytoskeleton-rich, dynamic structures, such as filopodia and lamellipodia. However, the role of human platelet FcγRIIA in cytoskeleton-dependent interaction with opsonized bacteria is not well understood. To decipher this, we used a reductionist approach with well-defined micropatterns functionalized with immunoglobulins mimicking immune complexes at planar interfaces and bacteriamimetic microbeads. By specifically blocking of FcγRIIA and selective disruption of the platelet cytoskeleton, we show that both functional FcγRIIA and cytoskeleton are necessary for human platelet adhesion and haptotaxis. The direct link between FcγRIIA and the cytoskeleton is further explored by single-particle tracking. We then demonstrate the relevance of cytoskeleton-dependent differential mobilities of FcγRIIA on bacteria opsonized with the chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) and patient-derived anti-PF4/polyanion IgG. Our data suggest that efficient capture of opsonized bacteria during host-defense is governed by mobility dynamics of FcγRIIA on filopodia and lamellipodia, and the cytoskeleton plays an essential role in platelet morphodynamics at biological interfaces that display immune complexes.
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22
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Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262058. [PMID: 35482731 PMCID: PMC9049534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how a human cell reacts to external physical stimuli is essential to understanding why vibration can elicit localized pain reduction. Stimulation of epithelial cells with external vibration forces has been shown to change cell shape, particularly in regards to structures involved in non-muscle cell motility. We hypothesized that epithelial cells respond to vibration transduction by altering proteins involved in remodeling cytoskeleton. Epithelial cells were exposed to vibration and assessed by microscopy, cytoskeletal staining, immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR. Here, we report that epithelial cell lines exposed to 15 minutes of vibration retract filopodia and concentrate actin at the periphery of the cell. In particular, we show an increased expression of the calcium-dependent, cysteine protease, calpain. The discovery that cell transitions are induced by limited exposure to natural forces, such as vibration, provides a foundation to explain how vibrational treatment helps migraine patients.
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23
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Liu M, Yan R, Wang J, Yao Z, Fan X, Zhou K. LAPTM4B-35 promotes cancer cell migration via stimulating integrin beta1 recycling and focal adhesion dynamics. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2022-2033. [PMID: 35381120 PMCID: PMC9207373 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer patients' death despite tremendous efforts invested in developing the related molecular mechanisms. During cancer cell migration, cells undergo dynamic regulation of filopodia, focal adhesion, and endosome trafficking. Cdc42 is imperative for maintaining cell morphology and filopodia, regulating cell movement. Integrin beta1 activates on the endosome, the majority of which distributes itself on the plasma membrane, indicating that endocytic trafficking is essential for this activity. In cancers, high expression of lysosome‐associated protein transmembrane 4B (LAPTM4B) is associated with poor prognosis. LAPTM4B‐35 has been reported as displaying plasma membrane distribution and being associated with cancer cell migration. However, the detailed mechanism of its isoform‐specific distribution and whether it relates to cell migration remain unknown. Here, we first report and quantify the filopodia localization of LAPTM4B‐35: mechanically, that specific interaction with Cdc42 promoted its localization to the filopodia. Furthermore, our data show that LAPTM4B‐35 stabilized filopodia and regulated integrin beta1 recycling via interaction and cotrafficking on the endosome. In our zebrafish xenograft model, LAPTM4B‐35 stimulated the formation and dynamics of focal adhesion, further promoting cancer cell dissemination, whereas in skin cancer patients, LAPTM4B level correlated with poor prognosis. In short, this study establishes an insight into the mechanism of LAPTM4B‐35 filopodia distribution, as well as into its biological effects and its clinical significance, providing a novel target for cancer therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Ruyu Yan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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24
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Application of piconewton forces to individual filopodia reveals mechanosensory role of L-type Ca 2+ channels. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121477. [PMID: 35395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to be mechanosensitive, force-dependent activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be linked to filopodia's mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types using optical tweezers. Results show that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Several known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx, while L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key player in the discovered phenomenon. As previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.
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25
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Talamás-Lara D, Lagunes-Guillen A, Chávez-Munguía B, Salazar-Villatoro L, Acosta-Virgen K, Omaña-Molina M, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Martínez-Palomo A. Acanthamoeba castellanii: Effect of neuroactive substances on trophozoite migration. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Miyata K, Hayashi K. The Difference in the Cytoskeletal Machinery of Growth Cones of Growing Axons and Leading Processes. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:455-465. [PMID: 35100584 DOI: 10.1159/000522200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration and axon elongation in the developing brain are essential events for neural network formation. Leading processes of migrating neurons and elongating axons have growth cones at their tips. Cytoskeletal machinery for advance of growth cones of the two processes has been thought the same. In this study, we compared axonal-elongating growth cones and leading-process growth cones in the same conditions that manipulated filopodia, lamellipodia, and drebrin, the latter mediates actin filament-microtubule interaction. Cerebral cortex (CX) neurons and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) neurons from embryonic mice were cultured on less-adhesive cover glasses. Inhibition of filopodia formation by triple knockdown of mammalian-enabled, Ena-VASP-like, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein or double knockdown of Daam1 and fascin affected axon formation of CX neurons but did not affect the morphology of leading process of MGE neurons. On the other hand, treatment with CK666, to inhibit lamellipodia formation, did not affect axons but destroyed the leading-process growth cones. When drebrin was knocked down, the morphology of CX neurons remained unchanged, but the leading processes of MGE neurons became shorter. In vivo assay of radial migration of CX neurons revealed that drebrin knockdown inhibited migration, while it did not affect axon elongation. These results showed that the filopodia-microtubule system is the main driving machinery in elongating growth cones, while the lamellipodia-drebrin-microtubule system is the main system in leading-process growth cones of migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Miyata
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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Čada Š, Bryja V. Local Wnt signalling in the asymmetric migrating vertebrate cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:26-36. [PMID: 34896020 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is known to generate cellular asymmetry via Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway (Wnt/PCP). Wnt/PCP acts locally (i) to orient membrane polarity and asymmetric establishment of intercellular junctions via conserved set of PCP proteins most specifically represented by Vangl and Prickle, and (ii) to asymmetrically rearrange cytoskeletal structures via downstream effectors of Dishevelled (Dvl). This process is best described on stable phenotypes of epithelial cells. Here, however, we review the activity of Wnt signalling in migratory cells which experience the extensive rearrangements of cytoskeleton and consequently dynamic asymmetry, making the localised effects of Wnt signalling easier to distinguish. Firstly, we focused on migration of neuronal axons, which allows to study how the pre-existent cellular asymmetry can influence Wnt signalling outcome. Then, we reviewed the role of Wnt signalling in models of mesenchymal migration including neural crest, melanoma, and breast cancer cells. Last, we collected evidence for local Wnt signalling in amoeboid cells, especially lymphocytes. As the outcome of this review, we identify blank spots in our current understanding of this topic, propose models that synthesise the current observations and allow formulation of testable hypotheses for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Čada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Fauser J, Brennan M, Tsygankov D, Karginov AV. Methods for assessment of membrane protrusion dynamics. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 88:205-234. [PMID: 34862027 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protrusions are a critical facet of cell function. Mediating fundamental processes such as cell migration, cell-cell interactions, phagocytosis, as well as assessment and remodeling of the cell environment. Different protrusion types and morphologies can promote different cellular functions and occur downstream of distinct signaling pathways. As such, techniques to quantify and understand the inner workings of protrusion dynamics are critical for a comprehensive understanding of cell biology. In this chapter, we describe approaches to analyze cellular protrusions and correlate physical changes in cell morphology with biochemical signaling processes. We address methods to quantify and characterize protrusion types and velocity, mathematical approaches to predictive models of cytoskeletal changes, and implementation of protein engineering and biosensor design to dissect cell signaling driving protrusive activity. Combining these approaches allows cell biologists to develop a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of membrane protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Fauser
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Martin Brennan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrei V Karginov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Adebowale K, Gong Z, Hou JC, Wisdom KM, Garbett D, Lee HP, Nam S, Meyer T, Odde DJ, Shenoy VB, Chaudhuri O. Enhanced substrate stress relaxation promotes filopodia-mediated cell migration. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1290-1299. [PMID: 33875851 PMCID: PMC8390443 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration on two-dimensional substrates is typically characterized by lamellipodia at the leading edge, mature focal adhesions and spread morphologies. These observations result from adherent cell migration studies on stiff, elastic substrates, because most cells do not migrate on soft, elastic substrates. However, many biological tissues are soft and viscoelastic, exhibiting stress relaxation over time in response to a deformation. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of substrate stress relaxation on cell migration on soft substrates. We observed that cells migrate minimally on substrates with an elastic modulus of 2 kPa that are elastic or exhibit slow stress relaxation, but migrate robustly on 2-kPa substrates that exhibit fast stress relaxation. Strikingly, migrating cells were not spread out and did not extend lamellipodial protrusions, but were instead rounded, with filopodia protrusions extending at the leading edge, and exhibited small nascent adhesions. Computational models of cell migration based on a motor-clutch framework predict the observed impact of substrate stress relaxation on cell migration and filopodia dynamics. Our findings establish substrate stress relaxation as a key requirement for robust cell migration on soft substrates and uncover a mode of two-dimensional cell migration marked by round morphologies, filopodia protrusions and weak adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolade Adebowale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay C Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katrina M Wisdom
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Damien Garbett
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Pyo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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30
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Thakur A, Ke X, Chen YW, Motallebnejad P, Zhang K, Lian Q, Chen HJ. The mini player with diverse functions: extracellular vesicles in cell biology, disease, and therapeutics. Protein Cell 2021; 13:631-654. [PMID: 34374936 PMCID: PMC9233731 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30-1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids. The classification of EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, dependent on various factors such as size, markers, and biogenesis pathways. The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways. EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication, contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer. This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche, and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology. In addition, it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research, especially the microfluidics systems. Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review. This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions, and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Finally, we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Ke
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Pedram Motallebnejad
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kui Zhang
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,Prenatal Diagnostic Center and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. .,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Pereira AR, Lipphaus A, Ergin M, Salehi S, Gehweiler D, Rudert M, Hansmann J, Herrmann M. Modeling of the Human Bone Environment: Mechanical Stimuli Guide Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4431. [PMID: 34442954 PMCID: PMC8398413 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering, the design of in vitro models able to recreate both the chemical composition, the structural architecture, and the overall mechanical environment of the native tissue is still often neglected. In this study, we apply a bioreactor system where human bone-marrow hMSCs are seeded in human femoral head-derived decellularized bone scaffolds and subjected to dynamic culture, i.e., shear stress induced by continuous cell culture medium perfusion at 1.7 mL/min flow rate and compressive stress by 10% uniaxial load at 1 Hz for 1 h per day. In silico modeling revealed that continuous medium flow generates a mean shear stress of 8.5 mPa sensed by hMSCs seeded on 3D bone scaffolds. Experimentally, both dynamic conditions improved cell repopulation within the scaffold and boosted ECM production compared with static controls. Early response of hMSCs to mechanical stimuli comprises evident cell shape changes and stronger integrin-mediated adhesion to the matrix. Stress-induced Col6 and SPP1 gene expression suggests an early hMSC commitment towards osteogenic lineage independent of Runx2 signaling. This study provides a foundation for exploring the early effects of external mechanical stimuli on hMSC behavior in a biologically meaningful in vitro environment, opening new opportunities to study bone development, remodeling, and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Lipphaus
- Biomechanics Research Group, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Mert Ergin
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science (TAO), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science (TAO), University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | | | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany; (A.R.P.); (M.E.)
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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32
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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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33
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Cheng Y, Zhu S, Pang SW. Directing osteoblastic cell migration on arrays of nanopillars and nanoholes with different aspect ratios. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2206-2216. [PMID: 33876172 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To realize highly directional guidance for cell migration, both micro- and nano-scale topographies were studied to better understand and mimic the complex extracellular matrix environment. Polydimethylsiloxane-based platforms with micro- and nano-topographies were developed to systematically study their guidance effects on cell migration behaviors. Compared to microtopography such as flat surface or grating, nanotopographies such as nanoholes and nanopillars could promote the generation of filopodia and extension of long protrusions with increased migration speed for MC3T3-E1 cells. Although cells on the grating structures showed lower migration speed, more directional cell migration was achieved due to their anisotropic topography compared to nanohole or nanopillar arrays with isotropic structures. To further enhance the cell migration directionality, the nanotopographies were patterned in grating arrangements and the results showed that both nanoholes and nanopillars in grating arrangements introduced more directional cell migration compared to gratings. The effects of physical dimensions of the nanotopographies on cell migration were studied and the results showed that there was less cell elongation and less directional migration of the nanoholes in grating arrangements with increasing depth of nanoholes. However, the nanopillars in grating arrangements showed more cell elongation, more directional migration, and higher migration speed with increasing height of the nanopillars. Platforms with nanopillars in grating arrangements and large height could be used to control cell migration speed and directionality, which could potentially lead to cell sorting and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuyan Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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34
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Arthur AL, Crawford A, Houdusse A, Titus MA. VASP-mediated actin dynamics activate and recruit a filopodia myosin. eLife 2021; 10:68082. [PMID: 34042588 PMCID: PMC8352590 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin-based structures that cells use to interact with their environments. Filopodia initiation requires a suite of conserved proteins but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The actin polymerase VASP and a MyTH-FERM (MF) myosin, DdMyo7 in amoeba, are essential for filopodia initiation. DdMyo7 is localized to dynamic regions of the actin-rich cortex. Analysis of VASP mutants and treatment of cells with anti-actin drugs shows that myosin recruitment and activation in Dictyostelium requires localized VASP-dependent actin polymerization. Targeting of DdMyo7 to the cortex alone is not sufficient for filopodia initiation; VASP activity is also required. The actin regulator locally produces a cortical actin network that activates myosin and together they shape the actin network to promote extension of parallel bundles of actin during filopodia formation. This work reveals how filopodia initiation requires close collaboration between an actin-binding protein, the state of the actin cytoskeleton and MF myosin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Arthur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Amy Crawford
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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Abstract
Filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia represent an important group of plasma membrane protrusions. These specialized projections are supported by parallel bundles of actin filaments and have critical roles in sensing the external environment, increasing cell surface area, and acting as mechanosensors. While actin-associated proteins are essential for actin-filament elongation and bundling in these protrusions, myosin motors have a surprising role in the formation and extension of filopodia and stereocilia and in the organization of microvilli. Actin regulators and specific myosins collaborate in controlling the length of these structures. Myosins can transport cargoes along the length of these protrusions, and, in the case of stereocilia and microvilli, interactions with adaptors and cargoes can also serve to anchor adhesion receptors to the actin-rich core via functionally conserved motor-adaptor complexes. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the diverse roles myosins play in filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Cheng H, Huang Y, Chen W, Che J, Liu T, Na J, Wang R, Fan Y. Cyclic Strain and Electrical Co-stimulation Improve Neural Differentiation of Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624755. [PMID: 34055769 PMCID: PMC8150581 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the combinatorial effect of cyclic strain and electrical stimulation on neural differentiation potential of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) inductions in vitro. We developed a prototype device which can provide cyclic strain and electrical signal synchronously. Using this system, we demonstrated that cyclic strain and electrical co-stimulation promote the differentiation of BMCSs into neural cells with more branches and longer neurites than strain or electrical stimulation alone. Strain and electrical co-stimulation can also induce a higher expression of neural markers in terms of transcription and protein level. Neurotrophic factors and the intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) are also upregulated with co-stimulation. Importantly, the co-stimulation further enhances the calcium influx of neural differentiated BMSCs when responding to acetylcholine and potassium chloride (KCl). Finally, the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 and protein kinase B (AKT) was elevated under co-stimulation treatment. The present work suggests a synergistic effect of the combination of cyclic strain and electrical stimulation on BMSC neuronal differentiation and provides an alternative approach to physically manipulate stem cell differentiation into mature and functional neural cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jifei Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Taidong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Na
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Auguste M, Mayall C, Barbero F, Hočevar M, Alberti S, Grassi G, Puntes VF, Drobne D, Canesi L. Functional and Morphological Changes Induced in Mytilus Hemocytes by Selected Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:470. [PMID: 33673220 PMCID: PMC7918069 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) show various properties depending on their composition, size, and surface coating, which shape their interactions with biological systems. In particular, NPs have been shown to interact with immune cells, that represent a sensitive surveillance system of external and internal stimuli. In this light, in vitro models represent useful tools for investigating nano-bio-interactions in immune cells of different organisms, including invertebrates. In this work, the effects of selected types of NPs with different core composition, size and functionalization (custom-made PVP-AuNP and commercial nanopolystyrenes PS-NH2 and PS-COOH) were investigated in the hemocytes of the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. The role of exposure medium was evaluated using either artificial seawater (ASW) or hemolymph serum (HS). Hemocyte morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and different functional parameters (lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytosis, and lysozyme release) were evaluated. The results show distinct morphological and functional changes induced in mussel hemocytes depending on the NP type and exposure medium. Mussel hemocytes may represent a powerful alternative in vitro model for a rapid pre-screening strategy for NPs, whose utilization will contribute to the understanding of the possible impact of environmental exposure to NPs in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Craig Mayall
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.F.P.)
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Institute of Metals and Technology (IMT), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Grassi
- Department of Physical, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (F.B.); (V.F.P.)
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy;
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Eliaz Y, Nedelec F, Morrison G, Levine H, Cheung MS. Insights from graph theory on the morphologies of actomyosin networks with multilinkers. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:062420. [PMID: 33466104 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the influence of microscopic details on the dynamics of development of the overall structure of a filamentous network is important in a number of biologically relevant contexts, but it is not obvious what order parameters can be used to adequately describe this complex process. In this paper we investigated the role of multivalent actin-binding proteins (ABPs) in reorganizing actin filaments into higher-order complex networks via a computer model of semiflexible filaments. We characterize the importance of local connectivity among actin filaments, as well as the global features of actomyosin networks. We first map the networks into local graph representations and then, using principles from network-theory order parameters, combine properties from these representations to gain insight into the heterogeneous morphologies of actomyosin networks at a global level. We find that ABPs with a valency greater than 2 promote filament bundles and large filament clusters to a much greater extent than bivalent multilinkers. We also show that active myosinlike motor proteins promote the formation of dendritic branches from a stalk of actin bundles. Our work motivates future studies to embrace network theory as a tool to characterize complex morphologies of actomyosin detected by experiments, leading to a quantitative understanding of the role of ABPs in manipulating the self-assembly of actin filaments into unique architectures that underlie the structural scaffold of a cell relating to its mobility and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Eliaz
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Francois Nedelec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Greg Morrison
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Senra D, Páez A, Gueron G, Bruno L, Guisoni N. Following the footprints of variability during filopodial growth. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:643-659. [PMID: 33141270 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-built finger-like dynamic structures that protrude from the cell cortex. These structures can sense the environment and play key roles in migration and cell-cell interactions. The growth-retraction cycle of filopodia is a complex process exquisitely regulated by intra- and extra-cellular cues, whose nature remains elusive. Filopodia present wide variation in length, lifetime and growth rate. Here, we investigate the features of filopodia patterns in fixed prostate tumor cells by confocal microscopy. Analysis of almost a thousand filopodia suggests the presence of two different populations: one characterized by a narrow distribution of lengths and the other with a much more variable pattern with very long filopodia. We explore a stochastic model of filopodial growth which takes into account diffusion and reactions involving actin and the regulatory proteins formin and capping, and retrograde flow. Interestingly, we found an inverse dependence between the filopodial length and the retrograde velocity. This result led us to propose that variations in the retrograde velocity could explain the experimental lengths observed for these tumor cells. In this sense, one population involves a wider range of retrograde velocities than the other population, and also includes low values of this velocity. It has been hypothesized that cells would be able to regulate retrograde flow as a mechanism to control filopodial length. Thus, we propound that the experimental filopodia pattern is the result of differential retrograde velocities originated from heterogeneous signaling due to cell-substrate interactions or prior cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Páez
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geraldine Gueron
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nara Guisoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
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40
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Brosig A, Fuchs J, Ipek F, Kroon C, Schrötter S, Vadhvani M, Polyzou A, Ledderose J, van Diepen M, Holzhütter HG, Trimbuch T, Gimber N, Schmoranzer J, Lieberam I, Rosenmund C, Spahn C, Scheerer P, Szczepek M, Leondaritis G, Eickholt BJ. The Axonal Membrane Protein PRG2 Inhibits PTEN and Directs Growth to Branches. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2028-2040.e8. [PMID: 31722215 PMCID: PMC6856728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing neurons, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control axon growth and branching by positively regulating PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3, but how neurons are able to generate sufficient PI(3,4,5)P3 in the presence of high levels of the antagonizing phosphatase PTEN is difficult to reconcile. We find that normal axon morphogenesis involves homeostasis of elongation and branch growth controlled by accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 through PTEN inhibition. We identify a plasma membrane-localized protein-protein interaction of PTEN with plasticity-related gene 2 (PRG2). PRG2 stabilizes membrane PI(3,4,5)P3 by inhibiting PTEN and localizes in nanoclusters along axon membranes when neurons initiate their complex branching behavior. We demonstrate that PRG2 is both sufficient and necessary to account for the ability of neurons to generate axon filopodia and branches in dependence on PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3 and PTEN. Our data indicate that PRG2 is part of a neuronal growth program that induces collateral branch growth in axons by conferring local inhibition of PTEN. Neuronal axon growth and branching is globally regulated by PI3K/PTEN signaling PRG2 inhibits PTEN and stabilizes PIP3 and F-actin PRG2 localizes to nanoclusters on the axonal membrane and coincides with branching PRG2 promotes axonal filopodia and branching dependent on PI3K/PTEN
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brosig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatih Ipek
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, T.H. Chan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Mayur Vadhvani
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiel van Diepen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College, London, UK
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Spahn
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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41
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Electro‐Stimulation, a Promising Therapeutic Treatment Modality for Tissue Repair: Emerging Roles of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Electro‐Regulatory Mediators of Intrinsic Repair Processes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Royal North Shore Hospital St. Leonards NSW 2065 Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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42
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Bernier LP, Bohlen CJ, York EM, Choi HB, Kamyabi A, Dissing-Olesen L, Hefendehl JK, Collins HY, Stevens B, Barres BA, MacVicar BA. Nanoscale Surveillance of the Brain by Microglia via cAMP-Regulated Filopodia. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2895-2908.e4. [PMID: 31167136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, maintain homeostasis and sense pathological changes by continuously surveying the parenchyma with highly motile large processes. Here, we demonstrate that microglia also use thin actin-dependent filopodia that allow fast nanoscale sensing within discrete regions. Filopodia are distinct from large processes by their size, speed, and regulation mechanism. Increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) by activating norepinephrine Gs-coupled receptors, applying nitric oxide, or inhibiting phosphodiesterases rapidly increases filopodia but collapses large processes. Alternatively, Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor activation collapses filopodia but triggers large processes extension with bulbous tips. Similar control of cytoskeletal dynamics and microglial morphology by cAMP is observed in ramified primary microglia, suggesting that filopodia are intrinsically generated sensing structures. Therefore, nanoscale surveillance of brain parenchyma by microglia requires localized cAMP increases that drive filopodia formation. Shifting intracellular cAMP levels controls the polarity of microglial responses to changes in brain homeostasis and alters the scale of immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Bernier
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elisa M York
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hyun B Choi
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alireza Kamyabi
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jasmin K Hefendehl
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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43
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Caruso S, Atkin-Smith GK, Baxter AA, Tixeira R, Jiang L, Ozkocak DC, Santavanond JP, Hulett MD, Lock P, Phan TK, Poon IKH. Defining the role of cytoskeletal components in the formation of apoptopodia and apoptotic bodies during apoptosis. Apoptosis 2020; 24:862-877. [PMID: 31489517 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During apoptosis, dying cells undergo dynamic morphological changes that ultimately lead to their disassembly into fragments called apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Reorganisation of the cytoskeletal structures is key in driving various apoptotic morphologies, including the loss of cell adhesion and membrane bleb formation. However, whether cytoskeletal components are also involved in morphological changes that occur later during apoptosis, such as the recently described generation of thin apoptotic membrane protrusions called apoptopodia and subsequent ApoBD formation, is not well defined. Through monitoring the progression of apoptosis by confocal microscopy, specifically focusing on the apoptopodia formation step, we characterised the presence of F-actin and microtubules in a subset of apoptopodia generated by T cells and monocytes. Interestingly, targeting actin polymerisation and microtubule assembly pharmacologically had no major effect on apoptopodia formation. These data demonstrate apoptopodia as a novel type of membrane protrusion that could be formed in the absence of actin polymerisation and microtubule assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Lanzhou Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Dilara C Ozkocak
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jascinta P Santavanond
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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44
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Gao P, Mu M, Chen Y, He J, Tao X, Song C. Yes-associated protein upregulates filopodia formation to promote alveolar epithelial-cell phagocytosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 225:44-49. [PMID: 32554050 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells engulf particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter by phagocytosis, which is driven by cytoskeletal rearrangements. Phagocytosis by alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) helps to maintain the alveolar homeostasis. Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, affects proliferation, differentiation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement of AECs, but it is not clear whether YAP regulates phagocytosis. In this study, interference with YAP expression inhibited phagocytosis in MLE-12 cells and in primary cultures of AEC. Filopodia formation promoted phagocytosis in AECs, and YAP enhanced filopodia formation in AECs. Blocking PI3K signaling resulted in reduced YAP protein expression and inhibition of phagocytosis. The results indicate that YAP expression was regulated by PI3K signaling and promoted phagocytosis in AECs by upregulating filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Mimi Mu
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Tao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China.
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45
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Topographic cues reveal filopodia-mediated cell locomotion in 3D microenvironment. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031001. [PMID: 32366106 DOI: 10.1116/1.5141051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In cell-material interactions, the formation and functioning of filopodia have been demonstrated to be very sensitive to topographic cues. However, substrate-exploring functions of filopodia in a 3D microenvironment remain elusive. In this study, the silk fibroin film with a micropillar structure was prepared to reveal a filopodial-mediated cell response to 3D topographic cues. The micropillars provided a confined space for cell spreading by a simplified 3D structure, allowing initial cells to settle on the bottom of substrates rather than on the top of micropillars. Shortly after cell adhesion, the authors describe how cells transform from a filopodia-rich spherical cell state to a lamellipodia-dominated state that enables cell to climb along micropillars and spread on the top of the micropillars. The authors found that filopodia not only served as sensors for pathfinding but also provided nucleation scaffolds for the formation and orientation of minilamellipodia on the micropillar substrate. On the route of long filopodial extension following micropillars, all three functional filopodial adhesions have the ability to form veil-like minilamellipodium, simply by tethering the filopodium to the micropillars. Stable filopodia contacts consistently stimulated the local protrusion of a lamellipodium, which ultimately steered cell migration. Their results suggest the filopodia-mediated cell locomotion in the 3D microenvironment using a filopodia-to-minilamellipodium transformation mechanism.
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Yoshihara M, Yamakita Y, Kajiyama H, Senga T, Koya Y, Yamashita M, Nawa A, Kikkawa F. Filopodia play an important role in the trans-mesothelial migration of ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112011. [PMID: 32339607 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer cells shed from primary tumors can spread easily to the peritoneum via the peritoneal fluid. To allow further metastasis, the cancer cells must interact with the mesothelial cell layer, which covers the entire surface of the peritoneal organs. Although the clinical importance of this interaction between cancer and mesothelial cells has been increasingly recognized, the molecular mechanisms utilized by cancer cells to adhere to and migrate through the mesothelial cell layer are poorly understood. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cancer cell trans-mesothelial migration, we set up an in vitro trans-mesothelial migration assay using primary peritoneal mesothelial cells. Using this method, we found that downregulation of filopodial protein fascin-1 or myosin X expression in ES-2 cells significantly inhibited the rate of trans-mesothelial migration of cancer cells, whereas upregulation of fascin-1 in SK-OV-3 cells enhanced this rate. Furthermore, downregulation of N-cadherin or integrin β1 inhibited the rate of cancer cell trans-mesothelial migration. Conversely, downregulation of cortactin or TKS5 or treatment with the MMP inhibitor GM6001 or the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin did not have any effect on cancer cell trans-mesothelial migration. These results suggest that filopodia, but not lamellipodia or invadopodia, play an important role in the trans-mesothelial migration of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yoshihiko Yamakita
- Bell Research Center-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Tsushima, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshihiro Koya
- Bell Research Center-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Tsushima, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yamashita
- Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Tsushima, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nawa
- Bell Research Center-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan; Bell Research Center for Reproductive Health and Cancer, Tsushima, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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47
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Ingle NP, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polyplexes Are Endocytosed by and Trafficked within Filopodia. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1379-1392. [PMID: 32118406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of nonviral gene therapies relies to a large extent on understanding many fundamental physical and biological properties of these systems. This includes interactions of synthetic delivery systems with the cell and mechanisms of trafficking delivery vehicles, which remain poorly understood on both the extra- and intracellular levels. In this study, the mechanisms of cellular internalization and trafficking of polymer-based nanoparticle complexes consisting of polycations and nucleic acids, termed polyplexes, have been observed in detail at the cellular level. For the first time evidence has been obtained that filopodia, actin projections that radiate out from the surface of cells, serve as a route for the direct endocytosis of polyplexes. Confocal microscopy images demonstrated that filopodia on HeLa cells detect external polyplexes and extend into the extracellular milieu to internalize these particles. Polyplexes are observed to be internalized into membrane-bound vesicles (i.e., clathrin-coated pits and caveolae) directly within filopodial projections and are subsequently transported along actin to the main cell body for potential delivery of the nucleic acids to the nucleus. The kinetics and speed of polyplex trafficking have also been measured. The polyplex-loaded vesicles were also discovered to traffic between two cells within filopodial bridges. These findings provide novel insight into the early events of cellular contact with polyplexes through filopodial-based interactions in addition to endocytic vesicle trafficking-an important fundamental discovery to enable advancement of nonviral gene editing, nucleic acid therapies, and biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh P Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Optimized filopodia formation requires myosin tail domain cooperation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22196-22204. [PMID: 31611382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901527116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-filled protrusions employed by cells to interact with their environment. Filopodia formation in Amoebozoa and Metazoa requires the phylogenetically diverse MyTH4-FERM (MF) myosins DdMyo7 and Myo10, respectively. While Myo10 is known to form antiparallel dimers, DdMyo7 lacks a coiled-coil domain in its proximal tail region, raising the question of how such divergent motors perform the same function. Here, it is shown that the DdMyo7 lever arm plays a role in both autoinhibition and function while the proximal tail region can mediate weak dimerization, and is proposed to be working in cooperation with the C-terminal MF domain to promote partner-mediated dimerization. Additionally, a forced dimer of the DdMyo7 motor is found to weakly rescue filopodia formation, further highlighting the importance of the C-terminal MF domain. Thus, weak dimerization activity of the DdMyo7 proximal tail allows for sensitive regulation of myosin activity to prevent inappropriate activation of filopodia formation. The results reveal that the principles of MF myosin-based filopodia formation are conserved via divergent mechanisms for dimerization.
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Sukumar UK, Packirisamy G. Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffold Grafted with Gelatin Functionalized Polystyrene Microspheres for Manifesting Nanomechanical Cues of Stretch Stimulated Fibroblast. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5323-5339. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Alieva NO, Efremov AK, Hu S, Oh D, Chen Z, Natarajan M, Ong HT, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Groves JT, Sheetz MP, Yan J, Bershadsky AD. Myosin IIA and formin dependent mechanosensitivity of filopodia adhesion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3593. [PMID: 31399564 PMCID: PMC6689027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia, dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell-generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we study filopodia induced by overexpression of myosin X, typical for cancer cells. The lifetime of such filopodia positively correlates with the presence of myosin IIA filaments at the filopodia bases. Application of pulling forces to the filopodia tips through attached fibronectin-coated laser-trapped beads results in sustained growth of the filopodia. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA abolishes the filopodia adhesion to the beads. Formin inhibitor SMIFH2, which causes detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produces similar effect. Thus, centripetal force generated by myosin IIA filaments at the base of filopodium and transmitted to the tip through actin core in a formin-dependent fashion is required for filopodia adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Alieva
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore
| | - S Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Oh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Z Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - H T Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A Jégou
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G Romet-Lemonne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - J T Groves
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - J Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - A D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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