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Li Z, Williams H, Jackson ML, Johnson JL, George SJ. WISP-1 Regulates Cardiac Fibrosis by Promoting Cardiac Fibroblasts' Activation and Collagen Processing. Cells 2024; 13:989. [PMID: 38891121 PMCID: PMC11172092 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension induces cardiac fibrotic remodelling characterised by the phenotypic switching of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and collagen deposition. We tested the hypothesis that Wnt1-inducible signalling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1) promotes CFs' phenotypic switch, type I collagen synthesis, and in vivo fibrotic remodelling. The treatment of human CFs (HCFs, n = 16) with WISP-1 (500 ng/mL) induced a phenotypic switch (α-smooth muscle actin-positive) and type I procollagen cleavage to an intermediate form of collagen (pC-collagen) in conditioned media after 24h, facilitating collagen maturation. WISP-1-induced collagen processing was mediated by Akt phosphorylation via integrin β1, and disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 (ADAMTS-2). WISP-1 wild-type (WISP-1+/+) mice and WISP-1 knockout (WISP-1-/-) mice (n = 5-7) were subcutaneously infused with angiotensin II (AngII, 1000 ng/kg/min) for 28 days. Immunohistochemistry revealed the deletion of WISP-1 attenuated type I collagen deposition in the coronary artery perivascular area compared to WISP-1+/+ mice after a 28-day AngII infusion, and therefore, the deletion of WISP-1 attenuated AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Collectively, our findings demonstrated WISP-1 is a critical mediator in cardiac fibrotic remodelling, by promoting CFs' activation via the integrin β1-Akt signalling pathway, and induced collagen processing and maturation via ADAMTS-2. Thereby, the modulation of WISP-1 levels could provide potential therapeutic targets in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (Z.L.); (H.W.); (M.L.J.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Helen Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (Z.L.); (H.W.); (M.L.J.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Molly L. Jackson
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (Z.L.); (H.W.); (M.L.J.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Jason L. Johnson
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (Z.L.); (H.W.); (M.L.J.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Sarah J. George
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; (Z.L.); (H.W.); (M.L.J.); (J.L.J.)
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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Christopoulou ME, Skandalis SS, Papakonstantinou E, Stolz D, Aletras AJ. WISP1 induces the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human lung fibroblasts through Src kinases and EGFR-activated signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C850-C865. [PMID: 38145300 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Wnt1-inducible signaling protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4) is a secreted matricellular protein that is implicated in lung and airway remodeling. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been associated with chronic lung diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the WISP1 signaling pathway and its ability to induce the expression of MIF in primary cultures of fibroblasts from normal human lungs (HLFs). Our results showed that WISP1 significantly stimulated the expression of MIF in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. In WISP1-induced expression of MIF, αvβ5-integrin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans as well as Src tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, PKC, and NF-κB were involved. WISP1-induced expression of MIF was attenuated in the presence of the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 or the MIF tautomerase activity inhibitor ISO-1. Moreover, WISP1 significantly increased the phosphorylation and activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) through transactivation by Src kinases. WISP1 also induced the expression of MIF receptor CD74 and coreceptor CD44, through which MIF exerts its effects on HLFs. In addition, it was found that MIF induced its own expression, as well as its receptors CD74/CD44, acting in an autocrine manner. Finally, WISP1-induced MIF promoted the expression of cyclooxygenase 2, prostaglandin E2, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 demonstrating the regulatory role of WISP1-MIF axis in lung inflammation and remodeling involving mainly integrin αvβ5, Src kinases, PKC, NF-κB, and EGFR. The specific signaling pathways involved in WISP1-induced expression of MIF may prove to be excellent candidates for novel targets to control inflammation in chronic lung diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates for the first time that Wnt1-inducible signaling protein 1 (WISP1) regulates migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression and activity and identifies the main signaling pathways involved. The newly discovered WISP1-MIF axis may drive lung inflammation and could result in the design of novel targeted therapies in inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elpida Christopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexios J Aletras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Chang YH, Huang YL, Tsai HC, Chang AC, Ko CY, Fong YC, Tang CH. Chemokine Ligand 2 Promotes Migration in Osteosarcoma by Regulating the miR-3659/MMP-3 Axis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2768. [PMID: 37893141 PMCID: PMC10604484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor in children and adolescents, known for its aggressive invasion and distant metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade the extracellular matrix and basement membranes through their proteolytic activity, thereby promoting osteosarcoma metastasis. Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a well-studied chemokine that plays a significant role in the cell motility of many cancers. However, its specific involvement in osteosarcoma metastasis is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to examine the role of miRNAs in CCL2-mediated MMP expression and cell motility in human osteosarcoma. The analysis of immunohistochemistry data and databases associated a positive correlation between CCL2 or MMP-3 levels with the metastasis of osteosarcoma patients. The in vivo lung metastatic osteosarcoma model also demonstrated similar effects, showing higher levels of CCL2 and MMP-3 in lung metastatic osteosarcoma tissues. The stimulation of osteosarcoma cells with CCL2 enhanced migration and invasion abilities through the upregulation of MMP-3 synthesis. Our results also indicate that CCL2 enhances MMP-3-dependent cell motility by inhibiting miR-3659 synthesis. Therefore, CCL2 represents a promising therapeutic target for treating metastasis in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651012, Taiwan;
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111045, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651012, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu 302056, Taiwan
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A Novel Defined RAS-Related Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis and Characterization of Biological Function in Osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:5939158. [PMID: 36052285 PMCID: PMC9427258 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5939158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents with a high incidence and poor prognosis. Activation of the RAS pathway promotes progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma. RAS has been studied in many different tumors; however, the prognostic value of RAS-associated genes in OS remains unclear. On this basis, we investigated the RAS-related gene signature and explored the intrinsic biological features of OS. Methods We obtained RNA transcriptome sequencing data and clinical information of osteosarcoma patients from the TARGET database. RAS pathway-related genes were obtained from the KEGG pathway database. Molecular subgroups and risk models were developed using consensus clustering and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, respectively. ESTIMATE algorithm and ssGSEA analysis were used to assess the tumor microenvironment and immune penetrance between the two groups. A comprehensive review of gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses revealed inherent biological functional differences between the two groups. Results The consistent clustering showed stratification of osteosarcoma patients into two subtypes based on RAS-associated genes and provided a robust prediction of prognosis. A risk model further confirmed that RAS-related genes are the best prognostic indicators for OS patients. GO analysis showed that GDP/GTP binding, focal adhesion, cytoskeletal motor activity, and cell-matrix junctions were associated with the RAS-related model group. Furthermore, RAS signaling in osteosarcoma based on KEGG analysis was significantly associated with cancer progression, with immune function and tumor microenvironment particularly affected. Conclusion We constructed a prognostic model founded on RAS-related gene and demonstrated its predictive ability. Then, furtherly exploration of the molecular mechanisms and immune characteristics proved the role of RAS-related gene in the dysregulation in OS.
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CCN proteins in the musculoskeletal system: current understanding and challenges in physiology and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:545-566. [PMID: 34228239 PMCID: PMC8642527 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The acronym for the CCN family was recently revised to represent “cellular communication network”. These six, small, cysteine-enriched and evolutionarily conserved proteins are secreted matricellular proteins, that convey and modulate intercellular communication by interacting with structural proteins, signalling factors and cell surface receptors. Their role in the development and physiology of musculoskeletal system, constituted by connective tissues where cells are interspersed in the cellular matrix, has been broadly studied. Previous research has highlighted a crucial balance of CCN proteins in mesenchymal stem cell commitment and a pivotal role for CCN1, CCN2 and their alter ego CCN3 in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; CCN4 plays a minor role and the role of CCN5 and CCN6 is still unclear. CCN proteins also participate in osteoclastogenesis and myogenesis. In adult life, CCN proteins serve as mechanosensory proteins in the musculoskeletal system providing a steady response to environmental stimuli and participating in fracture healing. Substantial evidence also supports the involvement of CCN proteins in inflammatory pathologies, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in cancers affecting the musculoskeletal system and bone metastasis. These matricellular proteins indeed show involvement in inflammation and cancer, thus representing intriguing therapeutic targets. This review discusses the current understanding of CCN proteins in the musculoskeletal system as well as the controversies and challenges associated with their multiple and complex roles, and it aims to link the dispersed knowledge in an effort to stimulate and guide readers to an area that the writers consider to have significant impact and relevant potentialities.
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Cheng C, Tian J, Zhang F, Deng Z, Tu M, Li L, Yang H, Xiao K, Guo W, Yang R, Gao S, Zhou Z. WISP1 Protects Against Chondrocyte Senescence and Apoptosis by Regulating αvβ3 and PI3K/Akt Pathway in Osteoarthritis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:629-637. [PMID: 33646053 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed at validating the effect of WISP1 on osteoarthritis (OA) and the pathway involved in the WISP1-induced protection against OA. The expression of WISP1 was measured by immunohistochemical analyses. We found that WISP1 expression was shown to be upregulated within human OA cartilage compared with controls. WISP1 expression was related to knee OA severity. rhWISP1 inhibited OA chondrocyte senescence and apoptosis in vitro, which was reversed by the αvβ3 antibody and PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. WISP1 overexpression induced by knee injection of LiCI could also prevent the senescence and apoptosis of rat chondrocytes. Safranin-O staining and Mankin score revealed that WISP1 overexpression can protect rat chondrocytes from degeneration. Nearly opposite results were obtained in the treatment of ICG-001 and siRNA-WISP1 in vivo. These data strongly suggest that WISP1 can protect against the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes via modulating the αvβ3 receptor and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway within OA. Therefore, the development of specific activators of WISP1 may present the value of an underlying OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangjie Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, China
| | - Liangjun Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
| | - Ruiqi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
| | - Shuguang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.,Clinical Medical Technology Demonstration Base for Minimally Invasive and Digital Orthopaedics in Hunan Province, Yiyang, China
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Zhang X, Zheng Y, Li G, Yu C, Ji T, Miao S. Identifying four DNA methylation gene sites signature for predicting prognosis of osteosarcoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:7299-7309. [PMID: 35117331 PMCID: PMC8798623 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the prognosis prediction of cancer. Identification of novel DNA methylation sites biomarkers could be beneficial for the prognosis of OS patients. In this study, we aim to find an efficient methylated site model for predicting survival in OS. METHODS DNA methylation data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) and the GEO database. Cox proportional hazard regression and random survival forest algorithm (RSFVH) were applied to identify DNA methylated site signature in the samples randomly assigned to the training subset and the other samples as the test subset. By randomizing 71 clinical samples into two individual groups and a series of statistical analyses between the two groups, a DNA methylation signature is verified. RESULTS This signature comprises four methylation sites (cg04533248, cg12401425, cg13997435, and cg15075357) associated with the patient training group from the univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, RSFVH, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed the OS patients in the high-risk group have a poor 5-year overall survival compared with the low-risk group, and this finding was identified in the test data set. A ROC analysis was performed in the current research. The results revealed that this signature was an independent predictor of patient survival by investigating the AUC of the four methylation sites signature in the training data set (AUC =0.861) and test data set, respectively (AUC =0.920). The nomogram described in the current study placed a great guiding value for predicting 1-, 2-, 3-year survival of the OS by combining age, gender, grade, and TNM stage as covariates with the RS of patients' methylation related signatures. CONCLUSIONS Our study proved that this signature might be a powerful prognostic tool for survival rate evaluation and guide tailored therapy for OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory of Jiayuguan City First People’s Hospital, Jiayuguan, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- The 984th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Shangzhuang Township, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoshan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, 968 Hospital of Joint Service Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Jinzhou, China
| | - Changying Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 965 Hospital of the PLA, Jilin, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shenghu Miao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuwei People’s Hospital, Wuwei, China
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Li L, Kong X, Zang M, Hu B, Fang X, Gui B, Hu Y. MicroRNA-584 Impairs Cellular Proliferation and Sensitizes Osteosarcoma Cells to Cisplatin and Taxanes by Targeting CCN2. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2577-2587. [PMID: 32346311 PMCID: PMC7167371 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s246545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS), an aggressive malignant neoplasm, exhibits osteoblastic differentiation. Cisplatin (DDP) and taxanes are among the most effective drugs for OS patients. Nevertheless, the drug resistance remains a main limitation to efficacious chemotherapy in OS. The current report sets to explore the biological function of microRNA-584 (miR-584) and the potential mechanism underlying OS cells resistance to these two drugs. Materials and Methods The expression profiles of miR-584 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) in OS tissue samples and cell lines were tested by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. U2OS and MG63 cell lines were delivered with miR-584 mimic alone or plus CCN2 to excavate theirs functions by cell counting kit-8 and EdU, flow cytometric analysis, as well as transwell assay, severally. Western bot analysis was conducted to examine the expression of IκBα, pIκBα, NF-κB and pNF-κB. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out to assess the targets of miR-584. Results The downregulation of miR-584 was identified in OS tissues and cells, which was closely linked to the dismal prognosis of OS patients. Overexpression of miR-584 repressed cell viability, migration as well as invasion, potentiated apoptosis and sensitized OS cells to DDP and taxanes. Mechanism investigation specified a direct targeting relationship between CCN2 and miR-584 in OS. Conclusion In conclusion, miR-584 has the potency to act as a therapeutic maneuver for OS mainly by inducing the chemosensitivity of OS cells to DDP and taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang'an Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Mousheng Zang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Binjie Gui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Yang L, Xia ZW, Yang SC, Li WH, Liu B, Yu ZQ, Gong PF, Yang YL, Sun WZ, Mo J, Li GS, Wang TY, Wang K. The role of fibroblast activation protein in progression and development of osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:121-130. [PMID: 31745677 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the expression levels of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in human osteosarcoma tissues and its possible correlations with clinical pathological characteristics of patients with osteosarcoma, and to explore the potential effects of FAP on progression and development of osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was initially performed to detect the expression levels of FAP in 66 tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Patients were sequentially divided into two groups based on different expression levels of FAP. The correlations between the expression levels of FAP and the clinical pathological characteristics were investigated, and the role of FAP in proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells was assessed via colony formation, MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The possible effects of FAP on tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated in vivo. We further attempted to reveal the underlying mechanism of FAP involved in tumor growth through bioinformatics and IHC assays. High expression levels of FAP were noted in human osteosarcoma tissues. It also was unveiled that FAP was significantly associated with the tumor size (P = 0.005*) and clinical stage (P = 0.017*). Our data further confirmed that knockdown of FAP remarkably blocked proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in mice via AKT signaling pathway. The possible role of FAP in progression and development of osteosarcoma could be figured out. Our data may be helpful to develop a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Shi-Chang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zi-Qi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Peng-Fei Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Ya-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Wei-Zong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Gui-Shi Li
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 981st Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, 067000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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Xu X, Qiu B, Yi P, Li H. Overexpression of miR-206 in osteosarcoma and its associated molecular mechanisms as assessed through TCGA and GEO databases. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1751-1758. [PMID: 32194668 PMCID: PMC7039051 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor that predominantly occurs in adolescents. Different types of OS tumor are highly malignant, associated with a poor prognosis and are invasive with blood-vessel dissemination characteristics, thus affected patients are prone to early lung metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miR) are small non-coding RNA molecules that act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors during tumor development. The present study investigated the role of miR-206 in OS development. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that miR-206 was upregulated in OS and thus may serve as a risk factor for cancer prognosis. Subsequently, in response to miR-206 overexpression, differentially expressed genes were screened and analyzed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and protein-protein interaction network construction, in order to identify key miR-206 targets. The results demonstrated that high miR-206 expression inhibited OS cell proliferation, which was associated with a good patient prognosis. Thus, miR-206 may serve as a potential target for OS treatment, in order to improve early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Huajie Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Xu X, Yu H. Ras-PI3K pathway promotes osteosarcoma progression via regulating VRK1-mediated H2A phosphorylation at threonine 120. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:4274-4283. [PMID: 31810390 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1687506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ras-PI3K pathway aberrant activation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma. This study investigated the functions of Ras-PI3K pathway specific activation on histone H2A phosphorylation at threonine 120 (H2AT120ph) in osteosarcoma cells, along with the possible internal molecular mechanisms.Methods: Cell transfection was done to alter RasG12V/Y40C, H2AT120ph and vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) expression. Then, cell viability, proliferation, migration and cell cycle distribution were assessed, respectively. qRT-PCR was utilized to measure the VRK1 and Ras-PI3K pathway downstream genes (CYR61, IGFBP3, WNT16B, NT5E, GDF15 and CARD16) expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was conducted to evaluate the input levels of H2AT120ph and VRK1 in the promoter regions of Ras-PI3K pathway downstream genes.Results: Ras-PI3K specific activation promoted histone H2AT120ph. H2AT120ph participated in the oncogenic functions of Ras-PI3K pathway on osteosarcoma by modulating the transcription of Ras-PI3K-targeted genes. Moreover, VRK1 contributed to the Ras-PI3K specific activation-induced up-regulation of H2AT120ph and osteosarcoma progression. Ras-PI3K pathway-specific activation-induced up-regulation of H2AT120ph was achieved by up-regulation of VRK1.Conclusions: Ras-PI3K pathway activation promoted osteosarcoma progression might be via up-regulating VRK1-mediated H2AT120ph. We proposed that VRK1 and H2AT120ph could be the potential targets for osteosarcoma diagnosis and treatment.HighlightsH2AT120ph is specifically promoted by Ras-PI3K pathway activation.H2AT120ph joins in the oncogenic effects of Ras-PI3K pathway on osteosarcoma.H2AT120ph regulates the transcription of Ras-PI3K-targeted genes.VRK1 takes part in the regulatory function of Ras-PI3K pathway on H2AT120ph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlun Xu
- Department of Traumatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China.,Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Traumatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China.,Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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Chang AC, Lien MY, Tsai MH, Hua CH, Tang CH. WISP-1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Via the miR-153-3p/Snail Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121903. [PMID: 31795469 PMCID: PMC6966565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Around half of all patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) present with lymphatic metastasis, a strong predictor of poor survival. Improving survival rates depends on preventing the first step in the “invasion-metastasis cascade,” epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and developing antilymphangiogenesis therapies that antagonize lymphatic metastasis. The extracellular matrix-related protein WISP-1 (WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1) stimulates bone remodeling and tumor progression. We have previously reported that WISP-1 promotes OSCC cell migration and lymphangiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). This investigation sought to determine the role of WISP-1 in regulating EMT in OSCC. Our analysis of oral cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed significant and positive associations between levels of WISP-1 expression and clinical disease stage, as well as regional lymph node metastasis. We also found higher levels of WISP-1 expression in serum samples obtained from patients with OSCC compared with samples from healthy controls. In a series of in vitro investigations, WISP-1 activated EMT signaling via the FAK/ILK/Akt and Snail signaling transduction pathways and downregulated miR-153-3p expression in OSCC cells. Our findings detail how WISP-1 promotes EMT via the miR-153-3p/Snail axis in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Chen Chang
- School and Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (A.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.)
| | - Ming-Yu Lien
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- School and Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (A.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School and Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (A.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gao X, Cheng Z, Yuan H, Zhao H. Retracted
: K‐Ras‐PI3K regulates H3K56ac through PCAF to elevate the occurrence and growth of liver cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3905-3915. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianrui Gao
- Department of General Surgery Juancheng People's Hospital Heze China
| | - Zhaoling Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology Heze Municipal Hospital Heze China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology Heze Municipal Hospital Heze China
| | - Haiwang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Heze Municipal Hospital Heze China
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Deng W, Fernandez A, McLaughlin SL, Klinke DJ. Cell Communication Network Factor 4 (CCN4/WISP1) Shifts Melanoma Cells from a Fragile Proliferative State to a Resilient Metastatic State. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 13:45-60. [PMID: 32030107 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cellular communication network factor 4 (CCN4/WISP1) is a secreted matricellular protein that stimulates metastasis in multiple malignancies but has an unclear impact on phenotypic changes in melanoma. Recent data using cells edited via a double-nickase CRISPR/Cas9 approach suggest that CCN4/WISP1 stimulates invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells. While these data also suggest that loss of CCN4/WISP1 increases cell proliferative, the CRISPR approach used may be an alternative explanation rather than the loss of gene function. Methods To test whether CCN4/WISP1 also influences the proliferative phenotype of melanoma cells, we used mouse melanoma models and knocked out Ccn4 using a homology-directed repair CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate pools of Ccn4-knockout cells. The resulting edited cell pools were compared to parental cell lines using an ensemble of in vitro and in vivo assays. Results In vitro assays using knockout pools supported previous findings that CCN4/WISP1 promoted an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition in melanoma cells and stimulated invasion and metastasis. While Ccn4 knockout also enhanced cell growth in optimal 2D culture conditions, the knockout suppressed certain cell survival signaling pathways and rendered cells less resistant to stress conditions. Tumor cell growth assays at sub-optimal conditions in vitro, quantitative analysis of tumor growth assays in vivo, and transcriptomics analysis of human melanoma cell lines were also used to quantify changes in phenotype and generalize the findings. Conclusions In addition to stimulating invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells, the results suggested that CCN4/WISP1 repressed cell growth and simultaneously enhanced cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Audry Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Sarah L McLaughlin
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- Animal Models and Imaging Facility, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - David J Klinke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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15
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Hsa-miR-889-3p promotes the proliferation of osteosarcoma through inhibiting myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Gaudreau PO, Clairefond S, Class CA, Boulay PL, Chrobak P, Allard B, Azzi F, Pommey S, Do KA, Saad F, Trudel D, Young M, Stagg J. WISP1 is associated to advanced disease, EMT and an inflamed tumor microenvironment in multiple solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1581545. [PMID: 31069142 PMCID: PMC6492985 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1581545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: WNT1-Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP1) is implicated in prostate cancer growth and metastasis and the regulation of inflammation in diverse benign diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the prognostic value of WISP1, its association to inflammation and its relevance as a biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. Methods: Publicly available RNA-seq datasets were used to evaluate the prognostic value of WISP1 gene expression and its association with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, inflamed tumor microenvironment, and anti-PD-1 ICB response. A tissue microarray (TMA) including 285 radical prostatectomy specimens was used to confirm these associations in prostate cancer. The effect of recombinant WISP1 (rWISP1) on inflammatory cytokines was assessed in vitro. Results: High levels of WISP1 correlated with BCR-free survival in prostate adenocarcinoma and overall survival in primary melanoma, low-grade glioma, and kidney papillary cell carcinoma. Some effects could be accounted for by higher WISP1 expression in advanced disease. High WISP1 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma was correlated with CD8+ cells density. In vitro, rWISP1 increased inflammatory cytokine production. High WISP1 gene expression in RNA-seq datasets was correlated with gene signatures of multiple immune cell types as well as an inflammatory cytokine, immune checkpoint, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression. WISP1 mRNA expression was associated with primary resistance to ICB in datasets showing EMT. Conclusions: Our results support an association between WISP1 expression and advanced disease, EMT and an inflamed tumor microenvironment in multiple solid tumors. The consequences of WISP1 expression on cancer immunotherapy remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Gaudreau
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sylvie Clairefond
- Axe Cancer, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caleb A Class
- T. Boone Pickens Academic Tower, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pierre-Luc Boulay
- Département de pharmacologie et de physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pavel Chrobak
- Axe Cancer, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Allard
- Axe Cancer, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Feryel Azzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CRCHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pommey
- Axe Cancer, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- T. Boone Pickens Academic Tower, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fred Saad
- Département d'Urologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal / CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Département de pathologie), Département de pathologie et axe cancer, Université de Montréal (Département de pathologie et de biologie cellulaire) et Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marian Young
- NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal / CRCHUM, Axe Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Deng W, Fernandez A, McLaughlin SL, Klinke DJ. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4) stimulates melanoma invasion and metastasis by promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5261-5280. [PMID: 30723155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides intrinsic changes, malignant cells also release soluble signals that reshape their microenvironment. Among these signals is WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), a secreted matricellular protein whose expression is elevated in several cancers, including melanoma, and is associated with reduced survival of patients diagnosed with primary melanoma. Here, we found that WISP1 knockout increases cell proliferation and represses wound healing, migration, and invasion of mouse and human melanoma cells in multiple in vitro assays. Metastasis assays revealed that WISP1 knockout represses tumor metastasis of B16F10 and YUMM1.7 melanoma cells in both C57BL/6Ncrl and NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice. WT B16F10 cells having an invasion phenotype in a transwell assay possessed a gene expression signature similar to that observed in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including E-cadherin repression and fibronectin and N-cadherin induction. Upon WISP1 knockout, expression of these EMT signature genes went in the opposite direction in both mouse and human cell lines, and EMT-associated gene expression was restored upon exposure to media containing WISP1 or to recombinant WISP1 protein. In vivo, Wisp1 knockout-associated metastasis repression was reversed by the reintroduction of either WISP1 or snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1). Experiments testing EMT gene activation and inhibition with recombinant WISP1 or kinase inhibitors in B16F10 and YUMM1.7 cells suggested that WISP1 activates AKT Ser/Thr kinase and that MEK/ERK signaling pathways shift melanoma cells from proliferation to invasion. Our results indicate that WISP1 present within the tumor microenvironment stimulates melanoma invasion and metastasis by promoting an EMT-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology.,the West Virginia University Cancer Institute
| | - Audry Fernandez
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology.,the West Virginia University Cancer Institute
| | - Sarah L McLaughlin
- the West Virginia University Cancer Institute.,the Animal Models and Imaging Facility, and
| | - David J Klinke
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, .,the West Virginia University Cancer Institute.,the Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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Liu Y, Song Y, Ye M, Hu X, Wang ZP, Zhu X. The emerging role of WISP proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. J Transl Med 2019; 17:28. [PMID: 30651114 PMCID: PMC6335850 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein (WISP) genes, which belong to members of the CCN growth factor family, play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and progression of a broad spectrum of human cancers. Mounting studies have identified that WISP proteins (WISP1-3) exert different biological functions in various human malignancies. Emerging evidence indicates that WISP proteins are critically involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis in cancers. Because the understanding of a direct function of WISP proteins in cancer development and progression has begun to emerge, in this review article, we describe the physiological function of WISP proteins in a variety of human cancers. Moreover, we highlight the current understanding of how the WISP protein is involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss that targeting WISP proteins could be a promising strategy for the treatment of human cancers. Hence, the regulation of WISP proteins could improve treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Peter Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China. .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Dai J, Qin L, Chen Y, Wang H, Lin G, Li X, Liao H, Fang H. Matrix stiffness regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via cytoskeletal remodeling and MRTF-A translocation in osteosarcoma cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 90:226-238. [PMID: 30384218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix stiffness is known to alter cellular behaviors in various biological contexts. Previous investigations have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes the progression and invasion of tumor. Mechanical signaling is identified as a regulator of EMT. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence exerted by matrix stiffness on EMT in osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. Using polyacrylamide hydrogel model, we investigate the effects of matrix stiffness on EMT and migration in osteosarcoma. Our data indicates that high matrix stiffness regulates cell morphology and promotes EMT and migration in osteosarcoma MG63 cell line in vitro. Notably, matrix stiffness promotes polymerization of actin and nuclear accumulation of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A). Furthermore, inhibiting MRTF-A by CCG 203971 significantly reduces EMT and migration on rigid gels. These data suggest that matrix stiffness of the tumor microenvironment actively regulate osteosarcoma EMT and migration through cytoskeletal remodeling and translocation of MRTF-A, which may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guanlin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Abstract
CCN proteins are secreted into the extracellular environment where they interact with both components of the extracellular matrix and with cell surface receptors to regulate cellular function. Through these interactions, CCNs act as extracellular ligands to activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. CCN4/WISP-1, like other CCNs, plays multiple physiologic roles in development and also participates in pathogenesis. CCN4 is of particular interest with respect to cancer, showing promise as a biomarker or prognostic factor as well as a potential therapeutic target. This review focuses on recent work addressing the role of CCN4 in cancer. While CCN4 has been identified as an oncogene in a number of cancers, where it enhances cell migration and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, there are other cancers where CCN4 appears to play an inhibitory role. The mechanisms underlying these differences in cellular response have not yet been delineated, but are an active area of investigation. The expression and activities of CCN4 splice variants are likewise an emerging area for study. CCN4 acts as an autocrine factor that regulates the cancer cells from which it is secreted. However, CCN4 is also a paracrine factor that is secreted by stromal fibroblasts, and can affect the function of vascular endothelial cells. In summary, current evidence is abundant in regard to establishing potential roles for CCN4 in oncogenesis, but much remains to be learned about the functions of this fascinating protein as both an autocrine and paracrine regulator in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Nivison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA,
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA,
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21
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WISP1/CCN4 aggravates cartilage degeneration in experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1900-1911. [PMID: 28735021 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased Wisp1 expression was previously reported in experimental and human osteoarthritis (OA). Moreover, adenoviral overexpression of Wisp1 in naïve mouse knee joints resulted in early OA-like cartilage lesions. Here, we determined how the matricellular protein WISP1 is involved in the pathology that occurs in the complex osteoarthritic environment with aging and experimental OA in wild type (WT) and Wisp1-/- mice. METHODS WT and Wisp1-/- mice were aged or experimental OA was induced with intraarticular collagenase injection, destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) or anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Joint pathology was assessed using histology and microCT. Protease expression was evaluated with qRT-PCR and activity was determined by immunohistochemical staining of the aggrecan neoepitope NITEGE. Protease expression in human end-stage OA synovial tissue was determined with qRT-PCR after stimulation with WISP1. RESULTS With aging, spontaneous cartilage degeneration in Wisp1-/- was not decreased compared to their WT controls. However, we observed significantly decreased cartilage degeneration in Wisp1-/- mice after induction of three independent experimental OA models. While the degree of osteophyte formation was comparable between WT and Wisp1-/- mice, increased cortical thickness and reduced trabecular spacing was observed in Wisp1-/- mice. In addition, we observed decreased MMP3/9 and ADAMTS4/5 expression in Wisp1-/- mice, which was accompanied by decreased levels of NITEGE. In line with this, stimulation of human OA synovium with WISP1 increased the expression of various proteases. CONCLUSIONS WISP1 plays an aggravating role in the development of post-traumatic experimental OA.
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Jia S, Qu T, Feng M, Ji K, Li Z, Jiang W, Ji J. Association of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 with the proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317699755. [PMID: 28618940 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317699755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN family, which has been implicated in mediating the occurrence and progression through distinct molecular mechanisms in several tumor types. However, the association of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 with gastric cancer and the related molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the biological role of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 in the proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cells and further investigated the associated molecular mechanism on these biological functions. We first detected the expression level of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 in gastric cancer, and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction have shown that Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 expression levels were upregulated in gastric cancer tissues. The expression of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 in gastric cancer cell lines was also detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Furthermore, two gastric cancer cell lines with high expression of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 were selected to explore the biological function of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 in gastric cancer. Function assays indicated that knockdown of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in BGC-823 and AGS gastric cancer cells. Further investigation of mechanisms suggested that cyclinD1 was identified as one of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 related genes to accelerate proliferation in gastric cancer cells. In addition, one pathway of Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 induced migration and invasion was mainly through the enhancement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition progression. Taken together, our findings presented the first evidence that Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 was upregulated in gastric cancer and acted as an oncogene by promoting proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Jia
- 1 Laboratory of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.,2 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.,3 Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Qu
- 3 Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.,4 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Feng
- 1 Laboratory of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ke Ji
- 4 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- 4 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- 5 Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jiafu Ji
- 4 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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23
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Wang Q, Liu H, Wang Q, Zhou F, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ding H, Yuan M, Li F, Chen Y. Involvement of c-Fos in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in osteosarcoma cells accompanied by altered expression of Wnt2 and Fzd9. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180558. [PMID: 28665975 PMCID: PMC5493424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor, and proto-oncogene c-Fos is involved in this lethal disease. However, the role and molecular mechanism of c-Fos in the development and progression of OS remain enigmatic. As one of the Wnt family members, Wnt2 is closely associated with the development of several malignant tumors. In the present study, the expression of c-Fos, Wnt2, and its receptor Fzd9 in human OS tissues, MG63 OS cell line, and human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell line was detected by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemical staining, or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The role of c-Fos in the OS was clarified by treating MG63 cells with small interfering RNA to knockdown c-Fos. Then, cell migration and invasion were assayed by transwell assays and wound healing assay; cell proliferation was assayed by MTS method and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine DNA proliferation in vitro detection; cell apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometric method. Co-immunoprecipitation kit was used to confirm the relationship between c-Fos and Wnt2/Fzd9. We found that the expression of c-Fos, Wnt2, and Fzd9 protein was distinctly higher in human OS tissues than that in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and their expression in the MG63 OS cell line was markedly increased compared with that in the human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell line. Knockdown of c-Fos inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MG63 cells, and promoted the apoptosis of MG63 cells. Moreover, knockdown of c-Fos inhibited the expression of Wnt2 and Fzd9 mRNA and protein. Our data enforced the evidence that knockdown of c-Fos inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of OS cells accompanied by altered expression of Wnt2 and Fzd9. These findings offer new clues for OS development and progression, and c-Fos may be a potential therapeutic target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huancai Liu
- Affiliated hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Haoyu Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Tsai HC, Tzeng HE, Huang CY, Huang YL, Tsai CH, Wang SW, Wang PC, Chang AC, Fong YC, Tang CH. WISP-1 positively regulates angiogenesis by controlling VEGF-A expression in human osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2750. [PMID: 28406476 PMCID: PMC5477571 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, much research has focused on the role of angiogenesis in osteosarcoma, which occurs predominantly in adolescents and young adults. The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) pathway is the key regulator of angiogenesis and in osteosarcoma. VEGF-A expression has been recognized as a prognostic marker in angiogenesis. Aberrant WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1) expression is associated with various cancers. However, the function of WISP-1 in osteosarcoma angiogenesis is poorly understood. We demonstrate a positive correlation between WISP-1 and VEGF-A expression in human osteosarcoma. Moreover, we show that WISP-1 promotes VEGF-A expression in human osteosarcoma cells, subsequently inducing human endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration and tube formation. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α signaling pathways were activated after WISP-1 stimulation, while FAK, JNK, and HIF-1α inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished WISP-1-induced VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed down-regulation of microRNA-381 (miR-381) in WISP-1-induced VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis. Our findings reveal that WISP-1 enhances VEGF-A expression and angiogenesis through the FAK/JNK/HIF-1α signaling pathways, as well as via down-regulation of miR-381 expression. WISP-1 may be a promising target in osteosarcoma angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-En Tzeng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yin Huang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Wang LH, Tsai HC, Cheng YC, Lin CY, Huang YL, Tsai CH, Xu GH, Wang SW, Fong YC, Tang CH. CTGF promotes osteosarcoma angiogenesis by regulating miR-543/angiopoietin 2 signaling. Cancer Lett 2017; 391:28-37. [PMID: 28108312 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary solid tumor of bone. It has a high metastatic potential and occurs predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Angiopoietin 2 (Angpt2) is a key regulator in tumor angiogenesis, facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, also known as CCN2), is a cysteine-rich protein that has been reported to promote metastasis of osteosarcoma. However, the effect of CTGF on Angpt2 regulation and angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. We found that overexpression of CTGF in osteosarcoma cells increased Angpt2 production and induced angiogenesis, in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that CTGF-enhanced Angpt2 expression and angiogenesis is mediated by the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKCδ) signaling pathway. Moreover, endogenous microRNA-543 (miR-543) expression was negatively regulated by CTGF via the PLC/PKCδ pathway. We also provide evidence showing clinical significance between CTGF, Angpt2, and miR-543 as well as tumor staging in human osteosarcoma tissue. CTGF may serve as a therapeutic target in the process of osteosarcoma metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongyang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongyang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, China
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan; Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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26
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Lin CC, Chen PC, Lein MY, Tsao CW, Huang CC, Wang SW, Tang CH, Tung KC. WISP-1 promotes VEGF-C-dependent lymphangiogenesis by inhibiting miR-300 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9993-10005. [PMID: 26824419 PMCID: PMC4891098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for nearly 90% of head and neck cancers, is characterized by a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has been implicated in lymphangiogenesis and is correlated with cancer metastasis. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP)-1/CCN4 is an extracellular matrix-related protein that belongs to the CCN family and stimulates many biological functions. Our previous studies showed that WISP-1 plays an important role in OSCC migration and angiogenesis. However, the effect of WISP-1 on VEGF-C regulation and lymphangiogenesis in OSCC is poorly understood. Here, we showed a correlation between WISP-1 and VEGF-C in tissue specimens from patients with OSCC. To examine the lymphangiogenic effect of WISP-1, we used human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to mimic lymphatic vessel formation. The results showed that conditioned media from WISP-1-treated OSCC cells promoted tube formation and cell migration in LECs. We also found that WISP-1-induced VEGF-C is mediated via the integrin αvβ3/integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of microRNA-300 (miR-300) was inhibited by WISP-1 via the integrin αvβ3/ILK/Akt cascade. Collectively, these results reveal the detailed mechanism by which WISP-1 promotes lymphangiogenesis via upregulation of VEGF-C expression in OSCC. Therefore, WISP-1 could serve as therapeutic target to prevent metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chia Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Lein
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kwong-Chung Tung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Li FJ, Wang XJ, Zhou XL. WISP-1 overexpression upregulates cell proliferation in human salivary gland carcinomas via regulating MMP-2 expression. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6539-6548. [PMID: 27799801 PMCID: PMC5085305 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s107166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WISP-1 is a member of the CCN family of growth factors and has been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis by triggering downstream events via integrin signaling. However, little is known about the role of WISP-1 in proliferation of salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) cells. METHODS In this study, we investigated the WISP-1 expression in SGC tissues via immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting assay, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, and then evaluated the regulatory role of WISP-1 in the growth of SGC A-253 cells. In addition, the role of MMP-2 in the WISP-1-mediated growth regulation was also investigated. RESULTS It was demonstrated that the WISP-1 expression was upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in 15 of 21 SGC tumor tissues, compared to the non-tumor tissues (five of 21), associated with the lymph node dissection and bone invasion. The in vitro CCK-8 assay and colony-forming assay demonstrated that the exogenous WISP-1 treatment or the WISP-1 overexpression promoted the growth of A-253 cells. In addition, we confirmed that the WISP-1 overexpression upregulated the MMP-2 expression in A-253 cells with the gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies, and that the MMP-2 knockdown attenuated the WISP-1-mediated growth promotion of A-253 cells. CONCLUSION We found that WISP-1 was overexpressed in the human SGCs, and the WISP-1 overexpression promoted the salivary gland cell proliferation via upregulating MMP-2 expression. Our study recognized the oncogenic role of WISP-1 in human SGCs, which could serve as a potential target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jun Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Juan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
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28
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Xue YL, Meng XQ, Ma LJ, Yuan Z. Plumbagin exhibits an anti-proliferative effect in human osteosarcoma cells by downregulating FHL2 and interfering with Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1095-1100. [PMID: 27446400 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin, a naphthoquinone constituent of Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as an antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. Plumbagin is known to exhibit proapoptotic, antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects in cancer cells. The transcriptional co-factor four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) is a multifunctional adaptor protein that is involved in the regulation of gene expression, signal transduction and cell proliferation and differentiation, and also acts as a tumor suppressor or oncoprotein depending on the tissue microenvironment. The present study investigated the effect of plumbagin on FHL2 expression, Wnt/β-catenin signalling and its anti-proliferative activity in various human osteosarcoma cell lines, including SaOS2, MG63, HOS and U2OS. The cells were exposed to plumbagin and the expression of FHL2 was evaluated using western blot analysis. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative effect of plumbagin was evaluated using a 3-(4,5 dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, since FHL2 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the effect of plumbagin on β-catenin and its primary target genes, including v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) and WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1), was evaluated using western blot analysis. It was observed that plumbagin suppressed the expression of FHL2 and exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity in osteosarcoma cells. It also attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signalling by downregulating β-catenin and its target genes, including c-Myc and WISP-1. In conclusion, plumbagin demonstrated anti-proliferative activity in osteosarcoma cells by downregulating FHL2 and interfering with Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Liang Xue
- Department of Orthopedics of Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Qi Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Long-Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Yangxin, Binzhou, Shandong 251800, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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29
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Williams H, Mill CAE, Monk BA, Hulin-Curtis S, Johnson JL, George SJ. Wnt2 and WISP-1/CCN4 Induce Intimal Thickening via Promotion of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1417-24. [PMID: 27199447 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration leads to intimal thickening which acts as a soil for atherosclersosis, as well as causing coronary artery restenosis after stenting and vein graft failure. Investigating factors involved in VSMC migration may enable us to reduce intimal thickening and improve patient outcomes. In this study, we determined whether Wnt proteins regulate VSMC migration and thereby intimal thickening. APPROACH AND RESULTS Wnt2 mRNA and protein expression were specifically increased in migrating mouse aortic VSMCs. Moreover, VSMC migration was induced by recombinant Wnt2 in vitro. Addition of recombinant Wnt2 protein increased Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1) mRNA by ≈1.7-fold, via β-catenin/T-cell factor signaling, whereas silencing RNA knockdown of Wnt-2 reduced WISP-1 mRNA by ≈65%. Treatment with rWISP-1 significantly increased VSMC migration by ≈1.5-fold, whereas WISP-1 silencing RNA knockdown reduced migration by ≈40%. Wnt2 and WISP-1 effects were integrin-dependent and not additive, indicating that Wnt2 promoted VSMC migration via WISP-1. Additionally, Wnt2 and WISP-1 were significantly increased and colocated in human coronary arteries with intimal thickening. Reduced Wnt2 and WISP-1 levels in mouse carotid arteries from Wnt2(+/-) and WISP-1(-/-) mice, respectively, significantly suppressed intimal thickening in response to carotid artery ligation. In contrast, elevation of plasma WISP-1 via an adenovirus encoding WISP-1 significantly increased intimal thickening by ≈1.5-fold compared with mice receiving control virus. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of Wnt2 expression enhanced WISP-1 and promoted VSMC migration and thereby intimal thickening. As novel regulators of VSMC migration and intimal thickening, Wnt2 or WISP-1 may provide a potential therapy for restenosis and vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Williams
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carina A E Mill
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bethan A Monk
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason L Johnson
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J George
- From the School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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30
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Waresijiang N, Sun J, Abuduaini R, Jiang T, Zhou W, Yuan H. The downregulation of miR‑125a‑5p functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting MMP‑11 in osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4859-64. [PMID: 27081863 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone cancers in juveniles and adults. Increasingly, reports indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) may provide novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of miR‑125a‑5p and to identify its functional significance in osteosarcoma. This indicated that miR‑125a‑5p was downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Following transfection with miR‑125a‑5p mimics or the negative control, cell migration, invasion and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) assays were conducted in osteosarcoma cells. These results indicated that the overexpression of miR‑125a‑5p resulted in inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and EMT in vitro. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that matrix metallopeptidase‑11 (MMP‑11), was a direct target of miR‑125a‑5p in osteosarcoma. Taken together, the data demonstrate that miR‑125a‑5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene and serves an important role in inhibiting osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and EMT by targeting MMP‑11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Waresijiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Jungang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Rewuti Abuduaini
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Tayier Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
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31
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Chuang JY, Chen PC, Tsao CW, Chang AC, Lein MY, Lin CC, Wang SW, Lin CW, Tang CH. WISP-1 a novel angiogenic regulator of the CCN family promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma angiogenesis through VEGF-A expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4239-52. [PMID: 25738362 PMCID: PMC4414186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for nearly 90% of head and neck cancers, is characterized by poor prognosis and a low survival rate. VEGF-A is the most established angiogenic factor involved in the angiogenic-regulated tumor progression. WISP-1/CCN4 is an extracellular matrix-related protein that belongs to the Cyr61, CTGF, Nov (CCN) family and regulates many biological functions, such as angiogenesis. Previous studies indicated the role of WISP-1 in tumor progression. However, the angiogenic property of WISP-1 in the cancer microenvironment has never been discussed. Here, we provide novel insights regarding the role of WISP-1 in the angiogenesis through promoting VEGF-A expression. In this study, the correlation of WISP-1 and VEGF-A was confirmed by IHC staining of specimens from patients with OSCC. In vitro results indicated that WISP-1 induced VEGF-A expression via the integrin αvβ3/FAK/c-Src pathway, which transactivates the EGFR/ERK/HIF1-α signaling pathway in OSCC. This pathway in turn induces the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells and triggers the neovascularization in the tumor microenvironment. Our in vivo data revealed that tumor-secreted WISP-1 promoted the angiogenesis through VRGF expression and increased angiogenesis-related tumor growth. Our study offers new information that highlights WISP-1 as a potential novel therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Tsao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Lein
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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32
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Abstract
Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway-1 (WISP-1), also known as CCN-4, belongs to the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) family. WISP-1 is primarily expressed in embryonic stem cells and is involved in adult organ development. WISP-1 participates in many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and adhesion. In addition, WISP-1 plays an important role in diverse pathophysiological processes, such as embryonic development, inflammation, injury repairs and cancers. Recent studies showed that WISP-1 was highly correlated with tumor progression and malignant transformation, whereas it played an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. However, interestingly, WISP-1 exerts a tumor-suppressing role in lung and prostate cancers. WISP-1 promotes cell proliferation, adhesion, motility, invasion, metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via particular signaling pathways. In this review, we discussed the structure, expression profile, functions, clinical significance and potential mechanisms of WISP-1 in cancer and non-neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Feng
- Laboratory of Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Laboratory of Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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MicroRNA-375 functions as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma by targeting PIK3CA. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8579-84. [PMID: 26036761 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma has become one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors in childhood and adult. Numerous studies have demonstrated that aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression is involved in human disease including cancer. To date, the potential miRNAs regulating osteosarcoma growth and progression are not fully identified yet. Herein, we showed that miR-375 was frequently downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines compared to normal human colon tissues. Overexpression of miR-375 resulted in decreased expression of PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha) at both mRNA and protein levels. We found that miR-375 overexpression markedly suppressed cell proliferation in vitro. And inhibition of miR-375 promotes osteosarcoma growth. Mechanistic studies showed that PIK3CA was a potential target of miR-375 and it mediated reduction of PIK3CA resulted in suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-375 functions as a growth-suppressive miRNA and plays an important role in inhibiting the tumorigenesis through targeting PIK3CA in osteosarcoma.
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The CCN family proteins: modulators of bone development and novel targets in bone-associated tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:437096. [PMID: 24551846 PMCID: PMC3914550 DOI: 10.1155/2014/437096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins is composed of six extracellular matrix-associated proteins that play crucial roles in skeletal development, wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer. Members of the CCN family share four conserved cysteine-rich modular domains that trigger signal transduction in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival through direct binding to specific integrin receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the present review, we discuss the roles of the CCN family proteins in regulating resident cells of the bone microenvironment. In vertebrate development, the CCN family plays a critical role in osteo/chondrogenesis and vasculo/angiogenesis. These effects are regulated through signaling via integrins, bone morphogenetic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, Wnt, and Notch via direct binding to CCN family proteins. Due to the important roles of CCN family proteins in skeletal development, abnormal expression of CCN proteins is related to the tumorigenesis of primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Additionally, emerging studies have suggested that CCN proteins may affect progression of secondary metastatic bone tumors by moderating the bone microenvironment. CCN proteins could therefore serve as potential therapeutic targets for drug development against primary and metastatic bone tumors.
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