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Vašek D, Fikarová N, Marková VN, Honc O, Pacáková L, Porubská B, Somova V, Novotný J, Melkes B, Krulová M. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases the sensitivity of the TRPV1 channel and promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype of capsaicin-activated macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38790047 PMCID: PMC11127439 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is well-established in neuronal function, yet its role in immune reactions remains enigmatic. The conflicting data on its inflammatory role, suggesting both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects upon TRPV1 stimulation in immune cells, adds complexity. To unravel TRPV1 immunomodulatory mechanisms, we investigated how the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes. RESULTS Changes in the surface molecules, cytokine production, and signaling cascades linked to the phenotype of M1 or M2 macrophages of the J774 macrophage cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages, treated with capsaicin before or after the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction were determined. The functional capacity of macrophages was also assessed by infecting the stimulated macrophages with the intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that TRPV1 activation yields distinct macrophage responses influenced by the inflammatory context. LPS pre-treatment followed by capsaicin activation prompted increased calcium influx, accompanied by a shift toward an anti-inflammatory M2b-like polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vašek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Natálie Fikarová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Nagy Marková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Honc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacáková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Bianka Porubská
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Somova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Melkes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Krulová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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Tarique AA, Tuladhar N, Kelk D, Begum N, Lucas RM, Luo L, Stow JL, Wainwright CE, Bell SC, Sly PD, Fantino E. Azithromycin Augments Bacterial Uptake and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization in Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:166. [PMID: 38247856 PMCID: PMC10813867 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azithromycin (AZM) is widely being used for treating patients with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) following clinical trials demonstrating improved lung function and fewer incidents of pulmonary exacerba-tions. While the precise mechanisms remain elusive, immunomodulatory actions are thought to be involved. We previously reported impaired phagocytosis and defective anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in CF. This study systematically analyzed the effect of AZM on the functions of unpolarized and M1/M2 polarized macrophages in CF. METHODS Monocytes, isolated from the venous blood of patients with CF (pwCF) and healthy controls (HCs), were differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and subsequently infected with P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa uptake and killing by MDMs in the presence or absence of AZM was studied. M1 and M2 macrophage polarizations were induced and their functions and cytokine release were analyzed. RESULTS Following AZM treatment, both HC and CF MDMs exhibited a significant increase in P. aeruginosa uptake and killing, however, lysosomal acidification remained unchanged. AZM treatment led to higher activation of ERK1/2 in both HC and CF MDMs. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 using U0126 significantly reduced P. aeruginosa uptake in HC MDMs. M1 macrophage polarization remained unaffected; however, AZM treatment led to increased IL-6 and IL-10 release in both HC and CF M1 macrophages. AZM also significantly increased the phagocytic index for both pHrodo E. coli and S. aureus in CF M1 macrophages. In CF, AZM treatment promoted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization, with an increased percentage of CD209+ M2 macrophages, induction of the M2 gene CCL18, along with its secretion in the culture supernatant. However, AZM d'd not restore endocytosis in CF, another essential feature of M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the cellular functions and molecular targets of AZM which may involve an improved uptake of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, restored anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization in CF. This may in turn shape the reduced lung inflammation observed in clinical trials. In addition, we confirmed the role of ERK1/2 activation for bacterial uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Tarique
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Neeraj Tuladhar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Dean Kelk
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Nelufa Begum
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Richard M. Lucas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Claire E. Wainwright
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Scott C. Bell
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
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Kim J, Hong SK, Yang Y, Lee A, Hoffmeister KM, Gantner BN, Park JI. Prolonged warm ischemia time increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and decreases perfusate cytokine levels in ex vivo rat liver machine perfusion. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1215182. [PMID: 38993858 PMCID: PMC11235240 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Machine perfusion is increasingly being utilized in liver transplantation in lieu of traditional cold static organ preservation. Nevertheless, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during ex vivo perfusion is necessary to improve the viability of liver grafts after transplantation using machine perfusion technology. Since key cellular signaling pathways involved in hepatic IRI may allow a chance for designing a promising approach to improve the clinical outcomes from this technology, we determined how warm ischemia time (WIT) during procurement affects the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and perfusate concentration of cytokines in an ex vivo rat liver machine perfusion model. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent in situ hepatic ischemia with varying WIT (0, 10, 20, 30 min, n = 5 each), and subsequently 3 h of cold ischemia time and 2 h of machine perfusion prior to determining the degree of MAPK activation-phosphorylation and cytokine concentration in liver tissue and perfusates, respectively. Results Our data revealed a strong correlation between incremental WIT and a series of liver injury markers, and that prolonged WIT increases ERK1/2 and p54 JNK phosphorylation during machine perfusion. Notably, specific cytokine levels (MCP-1, MIP-2, GRO/KC, IL-10, and IL-5) were inversely correlated with the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and p46/p54 JNK. Discussion These results suggest that MAPK activation, specifically ERK1/2 and p54 JNK phosphorylation, have potential as a biomarker for hepatic IRI pathophysiology during machine perfusion. Elucidation of their functional significance may lead to designing a novel strategy to increase the clinical benefit of machine perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Seung-Keun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Alice Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Karin M. Hoffmeister
- Versiti Translational Glycomics Center, Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Benjamin N. Gantner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Trofimova ES, Zykova MV, Ligacheva AA, Danilets MG, Sherstoboev EY, Selivanova NS, Belousov MV, Logvinova LA, Zhdanov VV. The Role of Intracellular Signaling Molecules in Macrophage Activation by Peat Humic Acids. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:353-357. [PMID: 37563533 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids isolated by sodium pyrophosphate extraction from various types of peat activate macrophages in the classical proinflammatory pathway and stimulate nitric oxide production by these cells. This effect is mediated by activation of intracellular signaling pathways involving MAPK p38, PI3K, MEK 1/2 kinase, cAMP, and NF-κB via TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Trofimova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - M V Zykova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Ligacheva
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M G Danilets
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Sherstoboev
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N S Selivanova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M V Belousov
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - L A Logvinova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Zhdanov
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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The Synergistic Hepatoprotective Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil and Curcumin: The Role of the MEK/ERK Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248910. [PMID: 36558044 PMCID: PMC9781795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a natural product obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is widely spread in the Mediterranean region. Both Curcumin and rosemary essential oil are natural products of high medicinal and pharmacological significance. The hepatoprotective effect of both natural products is well-established; however, the mechanism of such action is not fully understood. Thus, this study is an attempt to explore the hepatoprotective mechanism of action of these remedies through their effect on MEK and ERK proteins. Furthermore, the effect of rosemary essential oil on the plasma concentration of curcumin has been scrutinized. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major constituents of REO were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by GC/MS and GC/FID, respectively. Curcumin and rosemary essential oil were given to mice in a pre-treatment model, followed by induction of liver injury through a high dose of paracetamol. Serum liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activities, the inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, as well as the MEK and ERK portions, were verified. The plasma levels of curcumin were determined in the presence and absence of rosemary essential oil. RESULTS The major constituents of REO were 1,8-cineole (51.52%), camphor (10.52%), and α-pinene (8.41%). The results revealed a superior hepatoprotective activity of the combination when compared to each natural product alone, as demonstrated by the lowered liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, mitigated inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, and enhanced antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the combination induced the overexpression of MEK and ERK proteins, providing evidence for the involvement of this cascade in the hepatoprotective activity of such natural products. The administration of rosemary essential oil with curcumin enhanced the curcuminoid plasma level. CONCLUSION The co-administration of both curcumin and rosemary essential oil together enhanced both their hepatoprotective activity and the level of curcumin in plasma, indicating a synergistic activity between both natural products.
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Oliveira LG, Souza-Testasicca MC, Ricotta TNQ, Vago JP, dos Santos LM, Crepaldi F, Lima KM, Queiroz-Junior C, Sousa LP, Fernandes AP. Temporary Shutdown of ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Is Associated With Activation of Adaptive Immune Cell Responses and Disease Progression During Leishmania amazonensis Infection in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:762080. [PMID: 35145518 PMCID: PMC8821891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.762080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. infection outcomes are dependent on both host and parasite factors. Manipulation of host signaling pathways involved in the generation of immune responses is thought to be one of the most common mechanisms used by parasites for persistence within the host. Considering the diversity of pathologies caused by different Leishmania spp., it is plausible that significant differences may exist in the mechanisms of host cell manipulation by each parasite species, which may have implications when developing new vaccine or treatment strategies. Here we show that in L. braziliensis-infection in BALB/c mice, a model of resistance, activation of ERK1/2 coincides with the peak of inflammatory responses and resolution of tissue parasitism. In contrast, in the susceptibility model of L. amazonensis-infection, an early silent phase of infection is observed, detected solely by quantification of parasite loads. At this early stage, only basal levels of P-ERK1/2 are observed. Later, after a brief shutdown of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, disease progression is observed and is associated with increased inflammation, lesion size and tissue parasitism. Moreover, the short-term down-regulation of ERK1/2 activation affected significantly downstream inflammatory pathways and adaptive T cell responses. Administration of U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor, confirmed this phenomenon, since bigger lesions and higher parasite loads were seen in infected mice that received U0126. To investigate how kinetics of ERK1/2 activation could affect the disease progression, U0126 was administered to L. amazonensis-infected animals earlier than the P-ERK1/2 switch off time-point. This intervention resulted in anticipation of the same effects on inflammatory responses and susceptibility phenotype seen in the natural course of infection. Additionally, in vitro inhibition of ERK1/2 affected the phagocytosis of L. amazonensis by BMDMs. Collectively, our findings reveal distinct temporal patterns of activation of inflammatory responses in L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis in the same animal background and a pivotal role for a brief and specific shutdown of ERK1/2 activation at late stages of L. amazonensis infection. Since activation of inflammatory responses is a crucial aspect for the control of infectious processes, these findings may be important for the search of new and specific strategies of vaccines and treatment for tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G. Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Nery Queiroga Ricotta
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Liliane M. dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico Crepaldi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia M. Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula Fernandes,
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Knockdown of PAK1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through the ERK Pathway. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 28:602-610. [PMID: 31394555 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine kinases plays a pivotal role in various human tumors, as supported by our previous report on the overexpressed PAK isoforms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To better understand the role of PAKs in tumorigenesis, the authors examined PAK1 expression patterns and its significance in NSCLC. It was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining that PAK1 was increased and localized in the cytoplasm in 151 of 207 cases. High levels of PAK1 expression correlated with a histologic type of tumor (squamous cell carcinoma), tumor node metastasis stage, and lymph nodal status. We also examined the biological role of PAK1 in lung cancer cell lines transfected with PAK1-small interfering RNA. Decreased expression of PAK1 inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which is the major cause of lung cancer malignancy. Downregulated expression of PAK1 hampered rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway activity but did not affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our findings suggest that PAK1 is an important oncogene in NSCLC, as decreased expression of PAK1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells by blocking the ERK pathway. These results provide evidence for using PAK1 inhibition as potential anticancer therapy.
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Kobpornchai P, Tiffney EA, Adisakwattana P, Flynn RJ. Trichinella spiralis cystatin, TsCstN, modulates STAT4/IL-12 to specifically suppress IFN-γ production. Cell Immunol 2021; 362:104303. [PMID: 33611078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified a cystatin, TsCstN, derived from the L1 stage of Trichinella spiralis and have shown that this protein is internalised in macrophages. Here we sought to address if this macrophage-TsCstN interaction could alter downstream T-cell priming. Using LPS-primed macrophages to stimulate T-cells in a co-culture system with or without TsCstN we assessed the resultant T-cell outcomes. IFN-γ, both protein and mRNA, but not IL-17A was negatively regulated by inclusion of TsCstN during macrophage priming. We identified a cell-cell contact independent change in the levels of IL-12 that led to altered phosphorylated STAT4 levels and translocation. TsCstN also negatively regulated the autonomous response in the myotubule cell line, C2C12. This work identifies a potential pathyway for L1 larvae to evade protective Th1 based immune responses and establish muscle-stage T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntida Kobpornchai
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK; Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ellen-Alana Tiffney
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
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Ohya S, Matsui M, Kajikuri J, Endo K, Kito H. Increased Interleukin-10 Expression by the Inhibition of Ca 2+-Activated K + Channel K Ca3.1 in CD4 +CD25 + Regulatory T Cells in the Recovery Phase in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:75-85. [PMID: 33504590 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract arising from abnormal responses of the innate and adaptative immune systems. Interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play a protective role in the recovery phase of IBD. In the present study, the effects of the administration of the selective Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM-34 on disease activities were examined in chemically induced IBD model mice. IBD disease severity, as assessed by diarrhea, visible fecal blood, inflammation, and crypt damage in the colon, was significantly lower in mice administered 1 mg/kg TRAM-34 than in vehicle-administered mice. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction examinations showed that IL-10 expression levels in the recovery phase were markedly increased by the inhibition of KCa3.1 in mesenteric lymph node (mLN) Treg cells of IBD model mice compared with vehicle-administered mice. Among several positive and negative transcriptional regulators (TRs) for IL-10, three positive TRs-E4BP4, KLF4, and Blimp1-were upregulated by the inhibition of KCa3.1 in the mLN Treg cells of IBD model mice. In mouse peripheral CD4+CD25+ Treg cells induced by lectin stimulation, IL-10 expression and secretion were enhanced by the treatment with TRAM-34, together with the upregulation of E4BP4, KLF4, and Blimp1. Collectively, the present results demonstrated that the pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 decreased IBD symptoms in the IBD model by increasing IL-10 production in peripheral Treg cells and that IL-10high Treg cells produced by the treatment with KCa3.1 inhibitor may contribute to efficient Treg therapy for chronic inflammatory disorders, including IBD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 increased IL-10 expression in peripheral Treg cells, together with the upregulation of the transcriptional regulators of IL-10: Krüppel-like factor 4, E4 promoter-binding protein 4, and/or B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1. The manipulation of IL-10high-producing Treg cells by the pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Matsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Kajikuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyoko Endo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Toll-Like Receptor 2-Tpl2-Dependent ERK Signaling Drives Inverse Interleukin 12 Regulation in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00323-20. [PMID: 33077627 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00323-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated responses to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-driven extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) versus macrophages. TLR2 signaling was induced with Pam3Cys-Ser-Lys4, and the role of ERK signaling was interrogated pharmacologically with MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 or genetically with bone marrow-derived macrophages or DCs from Tpl2-/- mice. We assessed cytokine production via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or V-Plex, and mRNA levels were assessed via reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). In macrophages, blockade of ERK signaling by pharmacologic or genetic approaches inhibited interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression and increased expression of the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23 (IL-12/23p40). In DCs, blockade of ERK signaling similarly inhibited IL-10 expression but decreased IL-12/23p40 expression, which is opposite to the effect of ERK signaling blockade on IL-12/23p40 in macrophages. This difference in IL-12/23p40 regulation correlated with the differential expression of transcription factors cFos and IRF1, which are known to regulate IL-12 family members, including IL-12 and IL-23. Thus, the impact of ERK signaling in response to TLR2 stimulation differs between macrophages and DCs, potentially regulating their distinctive functions in the immune system. ERK-mediated suppression of IL-12/23p40 in macrophages may prevent excessive inflammation and associated tissue damage following TLR2-stimulation, while ERK-mediated induction of IL-12/23p40 in DCs may promote priming of T helper 1 (Th1) responses. A greater understanding of the role that ERK signaling plays in different immune cell types may inform the development of host-directed therapy and optimal adjuvanticity for a number of infectious pathogens.
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Karpova T, de Oliveira AA, Naas H, Priviero F, Nunes KP. Blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reduces oxidative stress and restores phospho-ERK1/2 levels in Leydig cells exposed to high glucose. Life Sci 2020; 245:117365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Talwar H, Bouhamdan M, Bauerfeld C, Talreja J, Aoidi R, Houde N, Charron J, Samavati L. MEK2 Negatively Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated IL-1β Production through HIF-1α Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1815-1825. [PMID: 30710049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
LPS-activated macrophages require metabolic reprogramming and glucose uptake mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 α and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) expression for proinflammatory cytokine production, especially IL-1β. This process is tightly regulated through activation of MAPK kinases, including the MEK/ERK pathway as well as several transcription factors including HIF-1α. Although MAPK kinase (MEK) 2 deficiency had no significant effect on NO, TNF-α, or IL-12 production in response to LPS challenge, MEK2-deficient murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exhibited lower IL-10 production. Importantly, MEK2-deficient BMDMs exhibited a preserved ERK1/2 phosphorylation, higher HIF-1α and Glut1 levels, and substantially increased IL-1β as well as IL-6 production in response to LPS stimulation. Knockdown of HIF-1α expression via short interference RNA decreased the level of HIF-1α expression in MEK2-deficient BMDMs and decreased IL-1β production in response to LPS treatment. Furthermore, we performed gain of function experiments by overexpressing MEK2 protein in RAW264.7 cells. LPS stimulation of MEK2 overexpressed in RAW264.7 cells led to a marked decreased IL-1β production. Finally, we investigated the role of Mek1 and Mek2 double and triple mutation on ERK phosphorylation, HIF-1α expression, and IL-1β production. We found that MEK2 is the major kinase, which inversely proportionally regulates HIF-1α and IL-1β expression independent of ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate a novel regulatory function for MEK2 in response to TLR4 activation in IL-1β production through modulating HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Talwar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Mohamad Bouhamdan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Christian Bauerfeld
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jaya Talreja
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rifdat Aoidi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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Bressan AF, Fonseca GA, Tostes RC, Webb RC, Lima VV, Giachini FR. Interleukin-10 negatively modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 in aorta from hypertensive mouse induced by angiotensin II infusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 33:31-40. [PMID: 30144156 PMCID: PMC6816245 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) pathway promotes increased vascular contractility in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mice. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immune-regulatory cytokine with the ability to prevent vascular hypercontractility during hypertension. We hypothesized that IL-10 would downregulate vascular ERK 1/2 activation during Ang II-induced hypertension. Wild-type (WT) or IL-10 knockout (IL-10-/- ) mice received Ang II infusion (90 ηg.min) or vehicle (saline), via osmotic mini-pumps (0.25 μL/h for 14 days), whereas another WT group were infused with exogenous IL-10 (0.5 ηg/min, 14 days) simultaneously, or not, with Ang II. Aortic rings were mounted in a myograph, and concentration-response curves to phenylephrine were evaluated, in the presence or absence of ERK 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 μm, 40 min). Protein expression of vascular ERK 1/2 was determined by Western blot. Ang II infusion increased the maximal contractile response in both WT and IL-10-/- mice. Concomitant infusion of IL-10 and Ang II prevented hypercontractility in the vasculature. Exogenous IL-10 infusion prevented ERK 1/2 activation and hypercontractility, induced by Ang II. These findings suggest that IL-10 negatively modulates ERK 1/2 activation and prevents hypercontractility during Ang II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecsander F. Bressan
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Gisele A. Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Holzberg M, Boergeling Y, Schräder T, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Vemurafenib Limits Influenza A Virus Propagation by Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2426. [PMID: 29312159 PMCID: PMC5735105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can cause severe global pandemic outbreaks. The currently licensed antiviral drugs are not very effective and prone to viral resistance. Thus, novel effective and broadly active drugs are urgently needed. We have identified the cellular Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade as crucial for IAV replication and suitable target for an antiviral intervention. Since this signaling cascade is aberrantly activated in many human cancers, several clinically approved inhibitors of Raf and MEK are now available. Here we explored the anti-IAV action of the licensed B-RafV600E inhibitor Vemurafenib. Treatment of B-RafWT cells with Vemurafenib induced a hyperactivation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade rather than inhibiting its activation upon IAV infection. Despite this hyperactivation, which has also been confirmed by others, Vemurafenib still strongly limited IAV-induced activation of other signaling cascades especially of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Most interestingly, Vemurafenib inhibited virus-induced apoptosis via impaired expression of apoptosis-inducing cytokines and led to hampered viral protein expression most likely due to the decreased activation of p38 and JNK MAPK. These multiple actions resulted in a profound and broadly active inhibition of viral replication, up to a titer reduction of three orders of a magnitude. Thus, while Vemurafenib did not act similar to MEK inhibitors, it displays strong antiviral properties via a distinct and multi-target mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Holzberg
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Schräder
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Zhuang L, Chen LF, Zhang YB, Liu Z, Xiao XH, Tang W, Wang GC, Song WJ, Li YL, Li MM. Watsonianone A from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Fruit Attenuates Respiratory-Syncytial-Virus-Induced Inflammation In Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3481-3489. [PMID: 28436225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens. Immoderate inflammation plays a great role in causing RSV-induced diseases. In the present study, watsonianone A, isolated from the fruit of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk, was found to show a good inhibitory effect on RSV-induced NO production, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 37.2 ± 1.6 μM. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that watsonianone A markedly reduced both mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in RSV-infected RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, watsonianone A inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation. Further analysis revealed that watsonianone A activated the thioredoxin system and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are closely associated with NF-κB activation in RSV-infected cells. These results reveal that watsonianone A can attenuate RSV-induced inflammation via the suppression of ROS-sensitive inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhuang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hui Xiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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Liu L, Xu M, Tu Y, Du H, Zhou Y, Zhu G. Immunomodulatory effect of protease hydrolysates from ovotransferrin. Food Funct 2017; 8:1452-1459. [PMID: 28275769 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins and bioactive peptides in avian egg white exert diverse biological activities. This study is designed to investigate the effect of protease hydrolysates from ovotransferrin (OVT) on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) maturation. The results show that OVT-derived pepsin hydrolysate effectively inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BMDCs maturation by reducing the expression levels of MHC-II, CD83, CD86 and the production of TNF-α, IL-12p70, and RANTES, but increases the production of IL-10. In addition, OVT-derived pepsin hydrolysate impairs the ability of LPS-stimulated BMDCs to induce allogeneic T lymphocyte proliferation and decreases the production of IFN-γ by activated T cells. In contrast, OVT-derived trypsin hydrolysate induces DCs maturation in terms of increasing the expression levels of MHC-II and the costimulatory molecules CD83 and CD86 and the production of TNF-α, IL-12p70 and RANTES. Furthermore, OVT-derived trypsin hydrolysate improves the ability of LPS-stimulated DCs to induce allogeneic T lymphocyte activation. Blockage of LPS-induced p38 MAPK and JNK activation and inducing ERK activation contribute to the inhibitory effect of OVT-derived pepsin hydrolysate on DCs, whereas OVT-derived trypsin hydrolysate induces DCs maturation through JNK and ERK activation. These results indicate that OVT-derived protease hydrolysate have an immunomodulatory function and could be applied as a potential functional food ingredient to regulate body immunity by modulating DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food of Jiangxi, Nanchang 330045, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bauerfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, USA
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
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18
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Behrendt P, Arnold P, Brueck M, Rickert U, Lucius R, Hartmann S, Klotz C, Lucius R. A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:109-21. [PMID: 27088850 DOI: 10.1159/000444756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether the natural protease inhibitor Av-cystatin (rAv17) of the parasitic nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. METHODS Primary microglia were harvested from the brains of 2-day-old Wistar rats and cultured with or without rAv17 (250 nM). After 6 and 24 h the release of nitric oxide (Griess reagent) and TNF-α (ELISA) was measured in the supernatant. Real-time PCR was performed after 2, 6 and 24 h of culture to measure the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS and IL-10. To address the involved signaling pathways, nuclear NF-x0138;B translocation was visualized by immunocytochemistry. Morphological changes of microglia were analyzed by Coomassie blue staining. Differences between groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test. RESULTS Morphological analysis indicated that LPS-induced microglial transformation towards an amoeboid morphology is inhibited by rAv17. Av-cystatin caused a time-dependent downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression, respectively. This was paralleled by an upregulated expression of IL-10 in resting as well as in LPS-stimulated microglia. Av-cystatin reduced the release of NO and TNF-α in the culture supernatant. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated an attenuated translocation of NF-x0138;B by Av-cystatin in response to LPS. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed a rAv17-dependent reduction of the LPS-induced ERK1/2-pathway activation. CONCLUSION The parasite-derived secretion product Av-cystatin inhibits proinflammatory mechanisms of LPS-induced microglia with IL-10, a potential key mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Behrendt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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