1
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Schenk M, Mörl K, Herzig S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Targeted modulation of gene expression through receptor-specific delivery of small interfering RNA peptide conjugates. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3611. [PMID: 38714526 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a valuable tool to address RNA interference (RNAi) to modulate gene expression also in therapy. However, challenges such as inefficient cell targeting and rapid degradation in biological systems have limited its success. To address these issues, the development of a receptor-specific shuttle system represents a promising solution. [F7,P34]-NPY analogues were modified by solid-phase peptide synthesis, enabling non-covalent conjugation with siRNA. This modification yielded an efficient siRNA vehicle capable of binding and transporting its cargo into target cells without adversely affecting receptor activation or cell viability. Mass spectrometry and gel shift assays confirmed successful and stable siRNA binding under various conditions. Microscopy experiments further demonstrated the co-internalization of labeled peptides and siRNA in Hepa1c1 cells, highlighting the stability of the complex. In vitro quantitative RT-PCR experiments, targeting the TSC22D4 gene to normalize systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, revealed a functional peptide-based siRNA shuttle system with the ability to decrease mRNA expression to approximately 40%. These findings strengthen the potential of receptor-specific siRNA shuttle systems as efficient tools for gene therapy that offer a possibility for reducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Flores-Espinoza E, Thomsen ARB. Beneath the surface: endosomal GPCR signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:520-531. [PMID: 38643023 PMCID: PMC11162320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) located at the cell surface bind extracellular ligands and convey intracellular signals via activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Traditionally, G protein signaling was viewed to occur exclusively at this subcellular region followed by rapid desensitization facilitated by β-arrestin (βarr)-mediated G protein uncoupling and receptor internalization. However, emerging evidence over the past 15 years suggests that these βarr-mediated events do not necessarily terminate receptor signaling and that some GPCRs continue to activate G proteins after having been internalized into endosomes. Here, we review the recently elucidated mechanistic basis underlying endosomal GPCR signaling and discuss physiological implications and pharmacological targeting of this newly appreciated signaling mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Flores-Espinoza
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; NYU Pain Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alex R B Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; NYU Pain Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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3
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Wygas MM, Laugwitz JM, Schmidt P, Elgeti M, Kaiser A. Dynamics of the Second Extracellular Loop Control Transducer Coupling of Peptide-Activated GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12197. [PMID: 37569573 PMCID: PMC10419011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many peptide-activated rhodopsin-like GPCRs share a β-hairpin folding motif in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), which interacts with the peptide ligand while at the same time being connected to transmembrane helix 3 (TM3) via a highly conserved disulfide bond. Currently, it remains unknown whether the coupling of the specifically shaped ECL2 to TM3 influences the activation of peptide-activated GPCRs. We investigated this possibility in a selection of peptide GPCRs with known structures. Most of the receptors with cysteine to alanine mutations folded like the respective wild-type and resided in the cell membrane, challenging pure folding stabilization by the disulfide bridge. G-protein signaling of the disulfide mutants was retained to a greater extent in secretin-like GPCRs than in rhodopsin-like GPCRs, while recruitment of arrestin was completely abolished in both groups, which may be linked to alterations in ligand residence time. We found a correlation between receptor activity of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor and alterations in ECL2 dynamics using engineered disulfide bridges or site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy. These data highlight the functional importance of the TM3-ECL2 link for the activation of specific signaling pathways in peptide-activated GPCRs, which might have implications for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M. Wygas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeannette M. Laugwitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Elgeti
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Haertelstasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Kang H, Park C, Choi YK, Bae J, Kwon S, Kim J, Choi C, Seok C, Im W, Choi HJ. Structural basis for Y2 receptor-mediated neuropeptide Y and peptide YY signaling. Structure 2023; 31:44-57.e6. [PMID: 36525977 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors are expressed in various human tissues including the brain where they regulate appetite and emotion. Upon NPY stimulation, the neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1R and Y2R, respectively) activate GI signaling, but their physiological responses to food intake are different. In addition, deletion of the two N-terminal amino acids of peptide YY (PYY(3-36)), the endogenous form found in circulation, can stimulate Y2R but not Y1R, suggesting that Y1R and Y2R may have distinct ligand-binding modes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the PYY(3-36)‒Y2R‒Gi and NPY‒Y2R‒Gi complexes. Using cell-based assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and structural analysis, we revealed the molecular basis of the exclusive binding of PYY(3-36) to Y2R. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Y2R favors G protein signaling over β-arrestin signaling upon activation, whereas Y1R does not show a preference between these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jungnam Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Sánchez MF, Dietz MS, Müller U, Weghuber J, Gatterdam K, Wieneke R, Heilemann M, Lanzerstorfer P, Tampé R. Dynamic in Situ Confinement Triggers Ligand-Free Neuropeptide Receptor Signaling. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8363-8371. [PMID: 36219818 PMCID: PMC9614963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane receptor clustering is fundamental to cell-cell communication; however, the physiological function of receptor clustering in cell signaling remains enigmatic. Here, we developed a dynamic platform to induce cluster formation of neuropeptide Y2 hormone receptors (Y2R) in situ by a chelator nanotool. The multivalent interaction enabled a dynamic exchange of histidine-tagged Y2R within the clusters. Fast Y2R enrichment in clustered areas triggered ligand-independent signaling as determined by an increase in cytosolic calcium and cell migration. Notably, the calcium and motility response to ligand-induced activation was amplified in preclustered cells, suggesting a key role of receptor clustering in sensitizing the dose response to lower ligand concentrations. Ligand-independent versus ligand-induced signaling differed in the binding of arrestin-3 as a downstream effector, which was recruited to the clusters only in the presence of the ligand. This approach allows in situ receptor clustering, raising the possibility to explore different receptor activation modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Sánchez
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Marina S. Dietz
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe
University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Müller
- School
of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School
of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety &
Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Karl Gatterdam
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Ralph Wieneke
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe
University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Lanzerstorfer
- School
of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
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6
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Fischer TF, Czerniak AS, Weiß T, Schoeder CT, Wolf P, Seitz O, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ligand-binding and -scavenging of the chemerin receptor GPR1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6265-6281. [PMID: 34241650 PMCID: PMC8429170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of cytokines is essential for the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Chemerin, a mediator of innate immunity, mainly acts on chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) to induce the migration of macrophages and dendritic cells. The role of the second chemerin receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that GPR1 shows ligand-induced arrestin3 recruitment and internalization. The chemerin C-terminus triggers this activation by folding into a loop structure, binding to aromatic residues in the extracellular loops of GPR1. While this overall binding mode is shared between GPR1 and CMKLR1, differences in their respective extracellular loop 2 allowed for the design of the first GPR1-selective peptide. However, our results suggest that ligand-induced arrestin recruitment is not the only mode of action of GPR1. This receptor also displays constitutive internalization, which allows GPR1 to internalize inactive peptides efficiently by an activation-independent pathway. Our results demonstrate that GPR1 takes a dual role in regulating chemerin activity: as a signaling receptor for arrestin-based signaling on one hand, and as a scavenging receptor with broader ligand specificity on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne S Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN37212, USA
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN37212, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Braga Emidio N, Meli R, Tran HNT, Baik H, Morisset-Lopez S, Elliott AG, Blaskovich MAT, Spiller S, Beck-Sickinger AG, Schroeder CI, Muttenthaler M. Chemical Synthesis of TFF3 Reveals Novel Mechanistic Insights and a Gut-Stable Metabolite. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9484-9495. [PMID: 34142550 PMCID: PMC8273887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
TFF3 regulates essential
gastro- and neuroprotective functions,
but its molecular mode of action remains poorly understood. Synthetic
intractability and lack of reliable bioassays and validated receptors
are bottlenecks for mechanistic and structure–activity relationship
studies. Here, we report the chemical synthesis of TFF3 and its homodimer via native chemical ligation followed by oxidative folding.
Correct folding was confirmed by NMR and circular dichroism, and TFF3
and its homodimer were not cytotoxic or hemolytic. TFF3, its homodimer,
and the trefoil domain (TFF310-50) were susceptible
to gastrointestinal degradation, revealing a gut-stable metabolite
(TFF37-54; t1/2 >
24
h) that retained its trefoil structure and antiapoptotic bioactivity.
We tried to validate the putative TFF3 receptors CXCR4 and LINGO2,
but neither TFF3 nor its homodimer displayed any activity up to 10
μM. The discovery of a gut-stable bioactive metabolite and reliable
synthetic accessibility to TFF3 and its analogues are cornerstones
for future molecular probe development and structure–activity
relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Braga Emidio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rajeshwari Meli
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hue N T Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hayeon Baik
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 4301, Université d'Orléans, Orleans 45071, France
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sabrina Spiller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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8
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Wanka L, Behr V, Beck-Sickinger AG. Arrestin-dependent internalization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors. Biol Chem 2021; 403:133-149. [PMID: 34036761 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an important mechanism regulating the signal strength and limiting the opportunity of receptor activation. Based on the importance of GPCRs, the detailed knowledge about the regulation of signal transduction is crucial. Here, current knowledge about the agonist-induced, arrestin-dependent internalization process of rhodopsin-like GPCRs is reviewed. Arrestins are conserved molecules that act as key players within the internalization process of many GPCRs. Based on highly conserved structural characteristics within the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the identification of arrestin interaction sites in model systems can be compared and used for the investigation of internalization processes of other receptors. The increasing understanding of this essential regulation mechanism of receptors can be used for drug development targeting rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Here, we focus on the neuropeptide Y receptor family, as these receptors transmit various physiological processes such as food intake, energy homeostasis, and regulation of emotional behavior, and are further involved in pathophysiological processes like cancer, obesity and mood disorders. Hence, this receptor family represents an interesting target for the development of novel therapeutics requiring the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms influencing receptor mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Wanka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Aydin Y, Coin I. Biochemical insights into structure and function of arrestins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2529-2549. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Aydin
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences University of Leipzig Germany
| | - Irene Coin
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences University of Leipzig Germany
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10
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Smith JS, Pack TF. Noncanonical interactions of G proteins and β‐arrestins: from competitors to companions. FEBS J 2021; 288:2550-2561. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Department of Dermatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA
- Dermatology Program Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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11
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Ziffert I, Kaiser A, Hoppenz P, Mörl K, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Shuttling of Peptide-Drug Conjugates by G Protein-Coupled Receptors Is Significantly Improved by Pulsed Application. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:164-178. [PMID: 32700391 PMCID: PMC7818256 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used to shuttle peptide-drug conjugates into cells. But, for efficient therapy, a high concentration of cargo needs to be delivered. To explore this, we studied the pharmacologically interesting neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1 R) in one recombinant and three oncogenic cell systems that endogenously express the receptor. We demonstrate that recycled receptors behave identically to newly synthesized receptors with respect to ligand binding and internalization pathways. Depending on the cell system, biosynthesis, recycling efficiency, and peptide uptake differ partially, but shuttling was efficient in all systems. However, by comparing continuous application of the ligand for four hours to four cycles of internalization and recycling in between, a significantly higher amount of peptide uptake was achieved in the pulsed application (150-250 % to 300-400 %). Accordingly, in this well-suited drug shuttle system pulsed application is superior under all investigated conditions and should be considered for innovative, targeted drug delivery in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ziffert
- Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LeipzigBrüderstraße 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LeipzigBrüderstraße 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Paul Hoppenz
- Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LeipzigBrüderstraße 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LeipzigBrüderstraße 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of LeipzigBrüderstraße 3404103LeipzigGermany
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12
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Kaiser A, Wanka L, Ziffert I, Beck-Sickinger AG. Biased agonists at the human Y 1 receptor lead to prolonged membrane residency and extended receptor G protein interaction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4675-4691. [PMID: 31919571 PMCID: PMC11104783 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functionally selective ligands to address specific cellular responses downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) open up new possibilities for therapeutics. We designed and characterized novel subtype- and pathway-selective ligands. Substitution of position Q34 of neuropeptide Y to glycine (G34-NPY) results in unprecedented selectivity over all other YR subtypes. Moreover, this ligand displays a significant bias towards activation of the Gi/o pathway over recruitment of arrestin-3. Notably, no bias is observed for an established Y1R versus Y2R selective ligand carrying a proline at position 34 (F7,P34-NPY). Next, we investigated the spatio-temporal signaling at the Y1R and demonstrated that G protein-biased ligands promote a prolonged localization at the cell membrane, which leads to enhanced G protein signaling, while endosomal receptors do not contribute to cAMP signaling. Thus, spatial components are critical for the signaling of the Y1R that can be modulated by tailored ligands and represent a novel mode for biased pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lizzy Wanka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabelle Ziffert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Ziffert I, Kaiser A, Babilon S, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Unusually persistent Gα i-signaling of the neuropeptide Y 2 receptor depletes cellular G i/o pools and leads to a G i-refractory state. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:49. [PMID: 32223755 PMCID: PMC7104545 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sensitive balance between receptor activation and desensitization is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Like many other GPCR, the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor (hY2R) undergoes ligand dependent activation and internalization into intracellular compartments, followed by recycling to the plasma membrane. This receptor is involved in the pathophysiology of distinct diseases e.g. epilepsy and cancer progression and conveys anorexigenic signals which makes it an interesting and promising anti-obesity target. However, Y2R desensitization was observed after daily treatment with a selective PYY13-36 analog in vivo by a yet unknown mechanism. MATERIALS We studied the desensitization and activatability of recycled Y2R in transiently transfected HEK293 cells as well as in endogenously Y2R expressing SH-SY5Y and SMS-KAN cells. Results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post test. RESULTS We observed strong desensitization of the Y2R in a second round of stimulation despite its reappearance at the membrane. Already the first activation of the Y2R leads to depletion of the functional cellular Gαi/o protein pool and consequently desensitizes the linked signal transduction pathways, independent of receptor internalization. This desensitization also extends to other Gαi/o-coupled GPCR and can be detected in transfected HEK293 as well as in SH-SY5Y and SMS-KAN cell lines, both expressing the Y2R endogenously. By overexpression of chimeric Gαqi proteins in a model system, activation has been rescued, which identifies a critical role of the G protein status for cellular signaling. Furthermore, Y2R displays strong allosteric coupling to inhibitory G proteins in radioligand binding assays, and loses 10-fold affinity in the G protein-depleted state observed after activation, which can be largely abrogated by overexpression of the Gαi-subunit. CONCLUSION The unusually persistent Gαi-signaling of the Y2R leads to a state of cellular desensitization of the inhibitory Gαi-pathway. The strong allosteric effects of the Y2R-Gαi-interaction might be a mechanism that contributes to the burst of Gαi-signaling, but also serves as a mechanism to limit the Y2-mediated signaling after recycling. Thus, the cell is left in a refractory state, preventing further Gαi-signaling of the Y2R itself but also other Gαi/o-coupled receptors by simply controlling the repertoire of downstream effectors. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ziffert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Babilon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Chastel A, Worm DJ, Alves ID, Vimont D, Petrel M, Fernandez S, Garrigue P, Fernandez P, Hindié E, Beck-Sickinger AG, Morgat C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a multifunctional neuropeptide-Y conjugate for selective nuclear delivery of radiolanthanides. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:16. [PMID: 32124111 PMCID: PMC7052099 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cancer cells with peptide ligands is a promising concept for the selective tumor delivery of therapeutically active cargos, including radiometals for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Recently, the radiolanthanide terbium-161 (161Tb) gained significant interest for TRT application, since it decays with medium-energy β-radiation but also emits a significant amount of conversion and Auger electrons with short tissue penetration range. The therapeutic efficiency of radiometals emitting Auger electrons, like 161Tb, can therefore be highly boosted by an additional subcellular delivery into the nucleus, in order to facilitate maximum dose deposition to the DNA. In this study, we describe the design of a multifunctional, radiolabeled neuropeptide-Y (NPY) conjugate, to address radiolanthanides to the nucleus of cells naturally overexpressing the human Y1 receptor (hY1R). By using solid-phase peptide synthesis, the hY1R-preferring [F7,P34]-NPY was modified with a fatty acid, a cathepsin B-cleavable linker, followed by a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and a DOTA chelator (compound pb12). In this proof-of-concept study, labeling was performed with either native terbium-159 (natTb), as surrogate for 161Tb, or with indium-111 (111In). Results [natTb]Tb-pb12 showed a preserved high binding affinity to endogenous hY1R on MCF-7 cells and was able to induce receptor activation and internalization similar to the hY1R-preferring [F7,P34]-NPY. Specific internalization of the 111In-labeled conjugate into MCF-7 cells was observed, and importantly, time-dependent nuclear uptake of 111In was demonstrated. Study of metabolic stability showed that the peptide is insufficiently stable in human plasma. This was confirmed by injection of [111In]In-pb12 in nude mice bearing MCF-7 xenograft which showed specific uptake only at very early time point. Conclusion The multifunctional NPY conjugate with a releasable DOTA-NLS unit represents a promising concept for enhanced TRT with Auger electron-emitting radiolanthanides. Our research is now focusing on improving the reported concept with respect to the poor plasmatic stability of this promising radiopeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Chastel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Dennis J Worm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel D Alves
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), CNRS UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Melina Petrel
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Imaging Center, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Fernandez
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition, 13385, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Garrigue
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition, 13385, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Fernandez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France.,CNRS, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clément Morgat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France. .,CNRS, INCIA UMR 5287, F-33400, Talence, France.
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15
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Nguyen AH, Thomsen ARB, Cahill TJ, Huang R, Huang LY, Marcink T, Clarke OB, Heissel S, Masoudi A, Ben-Hail D, Samaan F, Dandey VP, Tan YZ, Hong C, Mahoney JP, Triest S, Little J, Chen X, Sunahara R, Steyaert J, Molina H, Yu Z, des Georges A, Lefkowitz RJ. Structure of an endosomal signaling GPCR-G protein-β-arrestin megacomplex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:1123-1131. [PMID: 31740855 PMCID: PMC7108872 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Classically, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are thought to activate G protein from the plasma membrane and are subsequently desensitized by β-arrestin (β-arr). However, some GPCRs continue to signal through G protein from internalized compartments, mediated by a GPCR-G protein-β-arr 'megaplex'. Nevertheless, the molecular architecture of the megaplex remains unknown. Here, we present its cryo-electron microscopy structure, which shows simultaneous engagement of human G protein and bovine β-arr to the core and phosphorylated tail, respectively, of a single active human chimeric β2-adrenergic receptor with the C-terminal tail of the arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor (β2V2R). All three components adopt their canonical active conformations, suggesting that a single megaplex GPCR is capable of simultaneously activating G protein and β-arr. Our findings provide a structural basis for GPCR-mediated sustained internalized G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alex R. B. Thomsen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thomas J. Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rick Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tara Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oliver B. Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,The Irving Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Søren Heissel
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Danya Ben-Hail
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, NY 10031, USA
| | - Fadi Samaan
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, NY 10031, USA
| | - Venkata P. Dandey
- The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- The National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chuan Hong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jacob P. Mahoney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Present Address: Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sarah Triest
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Little
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Roger Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Amedee des Georges
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, NY 10031, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, NY, USA,Biochemistry and Chemistry Ph.D. Programs, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: (A.d.G.); (R.J.L.)
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Corresponding authors: (A.d.G.); (R.J.L.)
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16
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Hofmann S, Bellmann-Sickert K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Chemical modification of neuropeptide Y for human Y1 receptor targeting in health and disease. Biol Chem 2019; 400:299-311. [PMID: 30653463 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a very abundant neuropeptide in the brain and widely distributed peptide hormone in the periphery, neuropeptide Y (NPY) appears to be a multisignaling key peptide. Together with peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide and the four human G protein-coupled receptor subtypes hY1R, hY2R, hY4R and hY5R it forms the NPY/hYR multiligand/multireceptor system, which is involved in essential physiological processes as well as in human diseases. In particular, NPY-induced hY1R signaling plays a central role in the regulation of food intake and stress response as well as in obesity, mood disorders and cancer. Thus, several hY1R-preferring NPY analogs have been developed as versatile tools to unravel the complex NPY/hY1R signaling in health and disease. Further, these peptides provide basic lead structures for the development of innovative drugs. Here, the current research is summarized focusing on the development of differently sized hY1R-preferring NPY analogs as well as their advances with respect to hY1R profiling, potential therapeutic applications and targeted cancer imaging and therapy. Finally, major limitations and innovative strategies for next generation hY1R-preferring NPY analogs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hofmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Worm DJ, Hoppenz P, Els-Heindl S, Kellert M, Kuhnert R, Saretz S, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Hey-Hawkins E, Beck-Sickinger AG. Selective Neuropeptide Y Conjugates with Maximized Carborane Loading as Promising Boron Delivery Agents for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2358-2371. [PMID: 31589041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors like the human Y1 receptor (hY1R) are promising targets in cancer therapy due to their high overexpression on cancer cells and their ability to internalize together with the bound ligand. This mechanism was exploited to shuttle boron atoms into cancer cells for the application of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a noninvasive approach to eliminate cancer cells. A maximized number of carboranes was introduced to the hY1R-preferring ligand [F7,P34]-NPY by solid phase peptide synthesis. Branched conjugates loaded with up to 80 boron atoms per peptide molecule exhibited a maintained receptor activation profile, and the selective uptake into hY1R-expressing cells was demonstrated by internalization studies. In order to ensure appropriate solubility in aqueous solution, we proved the need for eight hydroxyl groups per carborane. Thus, we suggest the utilization of bis-deoxygalactosyl-carborane building blocks in solid phase peptide synthesis to produce selective boron delivery agents for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Worm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Hoppenz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Kellert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kuhnert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Saretz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Nicke L, Müller R, Geyer A, Els-Heindl S. Side Chain Orientation of Tryptophan Analogues Determines Agonism and Inverse Agonism in Short Ghrelin Peptides. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1849-1855. [PMID: 31442005 PMCID: PMC6899459 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe two synthetic amino acids with inverted side chain stereochemistry, which induce opposite biological activity. Phe4 is an important part of the activation motif of ghrelin, and in short peptide inverse agonists such as KwFwLL-NH2 , the aromatic core is necessary for inactivation of the receptor. To restrict indole/phenyl mobility and simultaneously strengthen the interaction between peptide and receptor, we exchanged the natural monoaryl amino acids for diaryl amino acids derived from tryptophan. By standard solid-phase peptide synthesis, each of them was inserted into ghrelin or in the aromatic core of the inverse agonist. Both ghrelin analogues showed nanomolar activity, indicating sufficient space to accommodate the additional side chain. In contrast, diaryl amino acids in the inverse agonist had considerable influence on receptor signaling. Whereas the introduction of Wsf maintains inverse agonism of the peptide, Wrf shifts the receptor more to active states and can induce agonism depending on its introduction site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nicke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Bech EM, Kaiser A, Bellmann-Sickert K, Nielsen SSR, Sørensen KK, Elster L, Hatzakis N, Pedersen SL, Beck-Sickinger AG, Jensen KJ. Half-Life Extending Modifications of Peptide YY3–36 Direct Receptor-Mediated Internalization. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3665-3677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esben M. Bech
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Kasper K. Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Nikos Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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20
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. The structural basis of the arrestin binding to GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:34-41. [PMID: 30703488 PMCID: PMC6377262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by more clinically used drugs than any other protein family. GPCR signaling via G proteins is quenched (desensitized) by the phosphorylation of the active receptor by specific GPCR kinases (GRKs) followed by tight binding of arrestins to active phosphorylated receptors. Thus, arrestins engage two types of receptor elements: those that contain GRK-added phosphates and those that change conformation upon activation. GRKs attach phosphates to serines and threonines in the GPCR C-terminus or any one of the cytoplasmic loops. In addition to these phosphates, arrestins engage the cavity that appears between trans-membrane helices upon receptor activation and several other non-phosphorylated elements. The residues that bind GPCRs are localized on the concave side of both arrestin domains. Arrestins undergo a global conformational change upon receptor binding (become activated). Arrestins serve as important hubs of cellular signaling, emanating from activated GPCRs and receptor-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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21
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Kögler LM, Stichel J, Kaiser A, Beck-Sickinger AG. Cell-Free Expression and Photo-Crosslinking of the Human Neuropeptide Y 2 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:176. [PMID: 30881304 PMCID: PMC6405639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of different proteins, which are involved in physiological processes throughout the entire body. Furthermore, they represent important drug targets. For rational drug design, it is important to get further insights into the binding mode of endogenous ligands as well as of therapeutic agents at the respective target receptors. However, structural investigations usually require homogenous, solubilized and functional receptors, which is still challenging. Cell-free expression methods have emerged in the last years and many different proteins are successfully expressed, including hydrophobic membrane proteins like GPCRs. In this work, an Escherichia coli based cell-free expression system was used to express the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) for structural investigations. This GPCR was expressed in two different variants, a C-terminal enhanced green fluorescent fusion protein and a cysteine deficient variant. In order to obtain soluble receptors, the expression was performed in the presence of mild detergents, either Brij-35 or Brij-58, which led to high amounts of soluble receptor. Furthermore, the influence of temperature, pH value and additives on protein expression and solubilization was tested. For functional and structural investigations, the receptors were expressed at 37°C, pH 7.4 in the presence of 1 mM oxidized and 5 mM reduced glutathione. The expressed receptors were purified by ligand affinity chromatography and functionality of Y2R_cysteine_deficient was verified by a homogenous binding assay. Finally, photo-crosslinking studies were performed between cell-free expressed Y2R_cysteine_deficient and a neuropeptide Y (NPY) analog bearing the photoactive, unnatural amino acid p-benzoyl-phenylalanine at position 27 and biotin at position 22 for purification. After enzymatic digestion, fragments of crosslinked receptor were identified by mass spectrometry. Our findings demonstrate that, in contrast to Y1R, NPY position 27 remains flexible when bound to Y2R. These results are in agreement with the suggested binding mode of NPY at Y2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Kögler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. GPCR Signaling Regulation: The Role of GRKs and Arrestins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:125. [PMID: 30837883 PMCID: PMC6389790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every animal species expresses hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to a wide variety of external stimuli. GPCRs-driven signaling pathways are involved in pretty much every physiological function and in many pathologies. Therefore, GPCRs are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs. The signaling of most GPCRs via G proteins is terminated by the phosphorylation of active receptor by specific kinases (GPCR kinases, or GRKs) and subsequent binding of arrestin proteins, that selectively recognize active phosphorylated receptors. In addition, GRKs and arrestins play a role in multiple signaling pathways in the cell, both GPCR-initiated and receptor-independent. Here we focus on the mechanisms of GRK- and arrestin-mediated regulation of GPCR signaling, which includes homologous desensitization and redirection of signaling to additional pathways by bound arrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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23
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Thomsen ARB, Jensen DD, Hicks GA, Bunnett NW. Therapeutic Targeting of Endosomal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:879-891. [PMID: 30180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are conventionally considered to function at the plasma membrane, where they detect extracellular ligands and activate heterotrimeric G proteins that transmit intracellular signals. Consequently, drug discovery efforts have focused on identification of agonists and antagonists of cell surface GPCRs. However, β-arrestin (ARR)-dependent desensitization and endocytosis rapidly terminate G protein signaling at the plasma membrane. Emerging evidence indicates that GPCRs can continue to signal from endosomes by G-protein- and βARR-dependent processes. By regulating the duration and location of intracellular signaling events, GPCRs in endosomes control critically important processes, including gene transcription and ion channel activity. Thus, GPCRs in endosomes, in addition to at the cell surface, have emerged as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R B Thomsen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gareth A Hicks
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit (GI DDU), Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA.
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