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Brosolo G, Da Porto A, Marcante S, Capilupi F, Bertin N, Vivarelli C, Bulfone L, Vacca A, Catena C, Sechi LA. The role for ω-3 polyunsaturated and short chain fatty acids in hypertension: An updated view on the interaction with gut microbiota. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 985:177107. [PMID: 39515560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
As of 2024, arterial hypertension is still considered the leading modifiable cardiovascular risk factor and, due to high rates of undertreatment and poor blood pressure control, the major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. Development of new treatment options and better interventions in lifestyle correction have become a priority of experimental and clinical research. In the last decades, dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and generation of gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have surged as potential and promising interventions for hypertension and cardiovascular prevention. ω-3 PUFAs are considered "essential" fatty acids that can be obtained only from dietary sources. Although previous intervention trials were not consistent in reporting a significant benefit of ω-3 PUFAs, the recent REDUCE-IT trial has provided robust evidence in support of their role in cardiovascular prevention. Recent studies have also identified the intestinal microbiota as a potential player in the pathophysiology and progression of hypertension. Although this might occur through many pathways, generation of SCFAs that is highly dependent on dietary fiber intake is primarily involved, providing an additional target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. For these reasons, some scientific societies currently recommend dietary supplementation of ω-3 PUFAs and fiber-containing foods in patients with hypertension. In this narrative review, we summarize the results of studies that examined the effects of ω-3 PUFAs and SCFAs on blood pressure, highlighting the mechanisms of action on the vascular system and their possible impact on hypertension, hypertension-related organ damage and, ultimately, cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brosolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Andrea Da Porto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Stefano Marcante
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Filippo Capilupi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Nicole Bertin
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Vivarelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Luca Bulfone
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vacca
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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2
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Zhang J, Liu S, Ding W, Wan J, Qin JJ, Wang M. Resolution of inflammation, an active process to restore the immune microenvironment balance: A novel drug target for treating arterial hypertension. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102352. [PMID: 38857706 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation, the other side of the inflammatory response, is defined as an active and highly coordinated process that promotes the restoration of immune microenvironment balance and tissue repair. Inflammation resolution involves several key processes, including dampening proinflammatory signaling, specialized proresolving lipid mediator (SPM) production, nonlipid proresolving mediator production, efferocytosis and regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the effects of inflammation resolution on hypertension. Furthermore, our previous studies reported the antihypertensive effects of SPMs. Therefore, in this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the detailed association between arterial hypertension and inflammation resolution. Additional, the association between gut microbe-mediated immune and hypertension is discussed. This findings suggested that accelerating the resolution of inflammation can have beneficial effects on hypertension and its related organ damage. Exploring novel drug targets by focusing on various pathways involved in accelerating inflammation resolution will contribute to the treatment and control of hypertensive diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China; Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Juan-Juan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Center for Healthy Aging, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China.
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Yu F, Zong B, Ji L, Sun P, Jia D, Wang R. Free Fatty Acids and Free Fatty Acid Receptors: Role in Regulating Arterial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7853. [PMID: 39063095 PMCID: PMC11277118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic network's primary sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) are long- and medium-chain fatty acids of triglyceride origin and short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal microorganisms through dietary fibre fermentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that FFAs not only serve as an energy source for the body's metabolism but also participate in regulating arterial function. Excess FFAs have been shown to lead to endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, and vessel wall stiffness, which are important triggers of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) are involved in the regulation of arterial functions, including the proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). They actively regulate hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The objective of this review is to examine the roles and heterogeneity of FFAs and FFARs in the regulation of arterial function, with a view to identifying the points of intersection between their actions and providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with arterial dysfunction, as well as the development of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Yu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Z.); (P.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lili Ji
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Z.); (P.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dandan Jia
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.Y.); (L.J.)
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4
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Michailidou K, Palisidou C, Feidantsis K, Ainali NM, Kastrinaki G, Lambropoulou DA, Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN, Kaloyianni M, Bobori DC. Impact of aged and virgin polyethylene microplastics on multi end-points effects of freshwater fish tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174704. [PMID: 39002604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The buildup of plastic waste in aquatic environments presents serious threats to the environment, wildlife, and ultimately to humans. Specifically, microplastics (MPs) ingestion by aquatic animals leads to adverse physiological and toxicological effects. In addition, discarded MPs undergo aging and degradation processes which affect their morphological properties and chemical composition, enhancing the absorption of environmental pollutants. Under this prism, the present research was conducted to investigate and compare the impact of 'aged' versus pristine low-density polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) on various toxicity endpoints as biochemical and molecular parameters in the muscle tissue and liver of the freshwater fish species Perca fluviatilis. In parallel, the morphological, physicochemical, and structural changes occurred in "aged" PE-MPs, (after being exposed to UV radiation for 120 days) were studied, significantly illustrating signs of oxidation and crack propagation at the surface of the studied MPs. Fish were exposed to artificial diet reached with virgin and "aged" PE-MPs, sized 100-180 μm, at concentrations of 1 mg/g of dry food for a period of 15-days. Thereafter, liver and muscle tissues were analyzed in relation to multi oxidative parameters. Compared to the control group, the observed changes in the examined fish included increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase, enhanced concentrations of malondialdehyde, protein carbonylation, HSP70 levels, elevated MAPK phosphorylation, induction of ubiquitin-proteins, as well as heightened levels of Bax/Bcl-2 proteins, caspases and differentiated levels of LC3 II/I, SQSTM1/p62. From the studied biomarkers, apoptosis, ubiquitin and hsp70 levels, showed a more sensitive response against the ingested MPs, followed by autophagy, p38MAPK levels, antioxidant enzymes, MDA and carbonylation levels. The effect of "aged" PE-MPs was more pronounced compared to that of the virgin ones. When evaluating the response of all oxidative stress biomarkers across the studied tissues, the liver demonstrates the highest response for the majority of the biomarkers against both virgin and "aged" PE-MPs. These findings strongly indicate that "aged" MPs activate the antioxidant defence mechanisms and impact the cellular well-being of the examined fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostantina Michailidou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christina Palisidou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504, Mesolonghi, Greece.
| | - Nina Maria Ainali
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, GR-570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala GR-654 04, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Martha Kaloyianni
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra C Bobori
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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5
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Waltrick APF, Radulski DR, de Oliveira KM, Acco A, Verri WA, da Cunha JM, Zanoveli JM. Early evidence of beneficial and protective effects of Protectin DX treatment on behavior responses and type-1 diabetes mellitus related-parameters: A non-clinical approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111028. [PMID: 38754696 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Protectin DX (PDX), a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator, presents potential therapeutic applications across various medical conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Since type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disease with an inflammatory and oxidative profile, exploring the use of PDX in addressing T1DM and its associated comorbidities, including diabetic neuropathic pain, depression, and anxiety becomes urgent. Thus, in the current study, after 2 weeks of T1DM induction with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) in Wistar rats, PDX (1, 3, and 10 ng/animal; i.p. injection of 200 μl/animal) was administered specifically on days 14, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 after T1DM induction. We investigated the PDX's effectiveness in alleviating neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia; experiment 1), anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors (experiment 2). Also, we studied whether the PDX treatment would induce antioxidant effects in the blood plasma, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (experiment 3), brain areas involved in the modulation of emotions. For evaluating mechanical allodynia, animals were repeatedly submitted to the Von Frey test; while for studying anxiety-like responses, animals were submitted to the elevated plus maze (day 26) and open field (day 28) tests. To analyze depressive-like behaviors, the animals were tested in the modified forced swimming test (day 28) immediately after the open field test. Our data demonstrated that PDX consistently increased the mechanical threshold throughout the study at the two highest doses, indicative of antinociceptive effect. Concerning depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior, all PDX doses effectively prevented these behaviors when compared to vehicle-treated T1DM rats. The PDX treatment significantly protected against the increased oxidative stress parameters in blood plasma and in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, treated animals presented improvement on diabetes-related parameters by promoting weight gain and reducing hyperglycemia in T1DM rats. These findings suggest that PDX improved diabetic neuropathic pain, and induced antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects, in addition to improving parameters related to the diabetic condition. It is worth noting that PDX also presented a protective action demonstrated by its antioxidant effects. To conclude, our findings suggest PDX treatment may be a promising candidate for improving the diabetic condition per se along with highly disabling comorbidities such as diabetic neuropathic pain and emotional disturbances associated with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Farias Waltrick
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Débora Rasec Radulski
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Kauê Marcel de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
| | | | - Joice Maria da Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Janaina Menezes Zanoveli
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Street Coronel Francisco H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil.
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6
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Lee TE, Ko YJ, Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of docosahexaenoic acid into 10R,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid as protectin DX 10-epimer by serial reactions of arachidonate 8R- and 15S-lipoxygenases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:219. [PMID: 38809492 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Protectins, 10,17-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (10,17-DiHDHAs), are belonged to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Protectins are generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in humans and resolve inflammation and infection in trace amounts. However, the quantitative production of protectin DX 10-epimer (10-epi-PDX, 10R,17S-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-DiHDHA) has been not attempted to date. In this study, 10-epi-PDX was quantitatively produced from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by serial whole-cell biotransformation of Escherichia coli expressing arachidonate (ARA) 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX) from the coral Plexaura homomalla and E. coli expressing ARA 15S-LOX from the bacterium Archangium violaceum. The optimal bioconversion conditions to produce 10R-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (10R-HDHA) and 10-epi-PDX were pH 8.0, 30 °C, 2.0 mM DHA, and 4.0 g/L cells; and pH 8.5, 20 °C, 1.4 mM 10R-HDHA, and 1.0 g/L cells, respectively. Under these optimized conditions, 2.0 mM (657 mg/L) DHA was converted into 1.2 mM (433 mg/L) 10-epi-PDX via 1.4 mM (482 mg/L) 10R-HDHA by the serial whole-cell biotransformation within 90 min, with a molar conversion of 60% and volumetric productivity of 0.8 mM/h (288 mg/L/h). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative production of 10-epi-PDX. Our results contribute to the efficient biocatalytic synthesis of SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Brosolo G, Da Porto A, Marcante S, Picci A, Capilupi F, Capilupi P, Bertin N, Vivarelli C, Bulfone L, Vacca A, Catena C, Sechi LA. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9520. [PMID: 37298468 PMCID: PMC10253816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are "essential" fatty acids mainly obtained from diet sources comprising plant oils, marine blue fish, and commercially available fish oil supplements. Many epidemiological and retrospective studies suggested that ω-3 PUFA consumption decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but results of early intervention trials have not consistently confirmed this effect. In recent years, some large-scale randomized controlled trials have shed new light on the potential role of ω-3 PUFAs, particularly high-dose EPA-only formulations, in cardiovascular prevention, making them an attractive tool for the treatment of "residual" cardiovascular risk. ω-3 PUFAs' beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes go far beyond the reduction in triglyceride levels and are thought to be mediated by their broadly documented "pleiotropic" actions, most of which are directed to vascular protection. A considerable number of clinical studies and meta-analyses suggest the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs in the regulation of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. These effects occur mostly through regulation of the vascular tone that could be mediated by both endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the results of both experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on blood pressure, highlighting the mechanisms of their action on the vascular system and their possible impact on hypertension, hypertension-related vascular damage, and, ultimately, cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brosolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Da Porto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcante
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Alessandro Picci
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Filippo Capilupi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Patrizio Capilupi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Nicole Bertin
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vivarelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Bulfone
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Vacca
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (A.D.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (F.C.); (P.C.); (N.B.); (C.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (C.C.)
- European Hypertension Excellence Center, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Clinica Medica, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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8
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Maltais R, Sancéau JY, Poirier D, Marette A. A Concise, Gram-Scale Total Synthesis of Protectin DX and Related Labeled Versions via a Key Stereoselective Reduction of Enediyne. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37172290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a gram-scale total synthesis of protectin DX (PDX) following a convergent synthetic route (24 steps) from l-malic acid. This novel synthetic strategy is based on the assembly of three main building blocks using a Sonogashira coupling reaction (blocks A and B) and Wittig olefination (block C) to provide the 22-carbon backbone of PDX. A key stereoselective reduction of enediyne leads to a central E,Z,E-trienic system of PDX and also gives access to its labeled versions (D and T).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Jean-Yves Sancéau
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Donald Poirier
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval Hospital, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
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9
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Enzymatic Formation of Protectin Dx and Its Production by Whole-Cell Reaction Using Recombinant Lipoxygenases. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contained in fish oil is converted to trace amounts of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as the principal bioactive metabolites for their pharmacological effects. Protectin Dx (PDX), an SPM, is an important medicinal compound with biological activities such as modulation of endogenous antioxidant systems, inflammation pro-resolving action, and inhibition of influenza virus replication. Although it can be biotechnologically synthesized from DHA, it has not yet been produced quantitatively. Here, we found that 15S-lipoxygenase from Burkholderia thailandensis (BT 15SLOX) converted 10S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (10S-HDHA) to PDX using enzymatic reactions, which was confirmed by LC-MS/MS and NMR analyses. Thus, whole-cell reactions of Escherichia coli cells expressing BT 15SLOX were performed in flasks to produce PDX from lipase-treated DHA-enriched fish oil along with E. coli cells expressing Mus musculus (mouse) 8S-lipoxygenase (MO 8SLOX) that converted DHA to 10S-HDHA. First, 1 mM DHA (DHA-enriched fish oil hydrolysate, DFOH) was obtained from 455 mg/L DHA-enriched fish oil by lipase for 1 h. Second, E. coli cells expressing MO 8SLOX converted 1 mM DHA in DFOH to 0.43 mM 10S-HDHA for 6 h. Finally, E. coli cells expressing BT 15SLOX converted 0.43 mM 10S-HDHA in MO 8SLOX-treated DFOH to 0.30 mM (108 mg/L) PDX for 5 h. Consequently, DHA-enriched fish oil at 455 mg/L was converted to 108 mg/L PDX after a total of 12 h (conversion yield: 24% (w/w); productivity: 4.5 mg/L/h). This study is the first report on the quantitative production of PDX via biotechnological approaches.
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10
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Zhao QX, Wang YH, Wang SC, Xue S, Cao ZX, Sun T. Protectin DX Attenuates Lumbar Radicular Pain of Non-compressive Disc Herniation by Autophagy Flux Stimulation via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. Front Physiol 2022; 12:784653. [PMID: 35069245 PMCID: PMC8770935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.784653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in initiating and sustaining lumbar radicular pain (LRP). Protectin DX (PDX) has been experimentally verified to possess pro-resolving properties and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to observe the analgesic effects of PDX and its potential mechanisms in LRP rats with non-compressive lumbar disc herniation (NCLDH). Method: Only male rats were selected to avoid gender-related interferences. Rat models of NCLDH were established, and rats were randomly divided into four groups: the sham group, the vehicle group, the PDX (10 ng PDX) group, and the PDX (100 ng PDX) group. Changes in the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were observed for 7 days. The mRNAs of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators were evaluated via real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas western blot and immunohistochemistry were separately conducted to assess the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Results: Intrathecal delivery of PDX reduced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels and facilitated mRNA transcription of transforming growth factor-β1, with attenuation of mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in LRP rat models. With the application of nucleus pulposus to the dorsal root ganglion, autophagy flux and AMPK signaling were severely disrupted in the spinal dorsal horns, and intrathecal treatment with PDX could dose-dependently restore the dysfunction of autophagy flux and AMPK signaling. Conclusion: These data suggest that PDX possesses pro-resolving properties and exerts potent analgesic effects in LRP by affecting autophagy flux via AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pain Management, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Si-Cong Wang
- Departments of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Cao
- Departments of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Departments of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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11
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Cheng FF, Liu YL, Du J, Lin JT. Metformin's Mechanisms in Attenuating Hallmarks of Aging and Age-Related Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:970-986. [PMID: 35855344 PMCID: PMC9286921 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jang Du
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jun-Tang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jun-Tang Lin, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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12
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Panax Notoginseng Protects against Diabetes-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction: Comparison between Ethanolic Extract and Total Saponin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4722797. [PMID: 34527173 PMCID: PMC8437594 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4722797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed a cardioprotective potential of Panax notoginseng to relieve acute myocardial infarction and focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. However, whether P. notoginseng protects endothelial function in diabetes and the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. P. notoginseng contains several chemical components including saponins, which are commonly believed as the major bioactive ingredients. The present study was aimed to examine and compare the vaso-protective effects of the ethanolic extract of P. notoginseng (PNE) and total saponin (PNS). Both aortas and carotid arteries were isolated from male C57BL/6J mice for ex vivo treatment with risk factors (high glucose or tunicamycin) with and without the presence of PNS and PNE. Diabetic model was established by feeding the mice with a high-fat diet (45% kcal% fat) for 12 weeks, while PNS and PNE were administrated by oral gavage at 20 mg/kg/day for another 4 weeks. Ex vivo exposure to high glucose impaired acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations in mouse aortas, decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS, and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. These effects were reversed by cotreatment of PNS and PNE with PNS being more potent. Furthermore, the vaso-protective effects were abolished by Compound C (AMPK inhibitor). Chronic treatment with PNS and PNE improved endothelium-dependent relaxations and alleviated ER stress and oxidative stress in aortas from high-fat diet-induced obese mice. PNE was more effective to improve glucose sensitivity and normalize blood pressure in diabetic mice. The present results showed that PNS and PNE reduced ER stress and oxidative stress and, subsequently, improved endothelial function in diabetes through AMPK activation. This study provides new inspiration on the therapeutic potential of P. notoginseng extract against vascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
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13
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Zhou Y, Murugan DD, Khan H, Huang Y, Cheang WS. Roles and Therapeutic Implications of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081167. [PMID: 34439415 PMCID: PMC8388996 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In different pathological states that cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium depletion, altered glycosylation, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, DNA damage or energy perturbation/fluctuations, the protein folding process is disrupted and the ER becomes stressed. Studies in the past decade have demonstrated that ER stress is closely associated with pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Excess nutrients and inflammatory cytokines associated with metabolic diseases can trigger or worsen ER stress. ER stress plays a critical role in the induction of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Signaling pathways including AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor have been identified to regulate ER stress, whilst ER stress contributes to the imbalanced production between nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress. Several drugs or herbs have been proved to protect against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through inhibition of ER stress and oxidative stress. The present article reviews the involvement of ER stress and oxidative stress in cardiovascular dysfunction and the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Dharmani Devi Murugan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Wai San Cheang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-4914
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14
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DHA Protects Hepatocytes from Oxidative Injury through GPR120/ERK-Mediated Mitophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115675. [PMID: 34073582 PMCID: PMC8198367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in a variety of clinical liver diseases and causes cellular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy may facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis and enhance cell survival. Although the supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been recognized to relieve the symptoms of various liver diseases, the antioxidant effect of DHA in liver disease is still unclear. The purpose of our research was to investigate the antioxidant effect of DHA in the liver and the possible role of mitophagy in this. In vitro, H2O2-induced injury was caused in AML12 cells. The results showed that DHA repressed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by H2O2 and stimulated the cellular antioxidation response. Most notably, DHA restored oxidative stress-impaired autophagic flux and promoted protective autophagy. In addition, PINK/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated by DHA in AML12 cells and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway was inhibited during oxidative stress but reactivated by DHA treatment. It was proven that the expression of ERK1/2 was involved in the regulation of mitophagy by the ERK1/2 inhibitor. We further proved these results in vivo. DHA effectively alleviated the liver oxidative damage caused by CCl4 and enhanced antioxidation capacity; intriguingly, autophagy was also activated. In summary, our data demonstrated that DHA protected hepatocytes from oxidative damage through GPR120/ERK-mediated mitophagy.
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15
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Duan J, Song Y, Zhang X, Wang C. Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Derived Bioactive Lipids on Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646491. [PMID: 34113260 PMCID: PMC8185290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) are three well-known ω-3 PUFAs. These fatty acids can be metabolized into a number of bioactive lipids. Eicosanoids derived from ARA have drawn great attention because of their important and complex biofunctions. Although EPA, DHA and n-3 DPA have also shown powerful biofunctions, we have fewer studies of metabolites derived from them than those from ARA. Recently, growing research has focused on the bioaction of ω-3 PUFA-derived metabolites, which indicates their great potential for treating metabolic disorders. Most of the functional studies of these bioactive lipids focused on their anti-inflammatory effects. However, several studies elucidated their direct effects on pancreatic β cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and endothelial cells. These researches revealed the importance of studying the functions of metabolites derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids other than themselves. The current review summarizes research into the effects of ω-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adipose tissue dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Duan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yayue Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Wang H, Li Q, Zhu Y, Zhang X. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Versatile Roles in Blood Pressure Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:800-810. [PMID: 32349540 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Hypertension is characterized as the imbalance of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Hypertension is influenced by genetic variation and environmental risk factors, such as unhealthy diet. Clinical trial results suggest that increasing intake of foods rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is beneficial for hypertension. Recent Advances: We summarized recent clinical trials regarding supplementation with n-3 PUFAs to reduce blood pressure (BP) in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects and systematically discussed the antihypertension mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs/n-3 oxylipins, including reducing oxidative stress, altering functions of membrane-related proteins, and competing with n-6 PUFAs/n-6 oxylipins in regulating vasodilator release. Critical Issues: Previous studies considered n-3 PUFAs as single molecules with beneficial roles in hypertension. Recently, researchers have paid more attention to the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs and explored molecular mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs and oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs in hypertension interventions. Future Directions: Based on the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs/n-3 oxylipins and mechanisms in BP control, we suggested that supplementation of n-3 PUFAs combined with agents targeting PUFA metabolism or the related signal pathways may amplify their effects to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 800-810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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17
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Li F, Song X, Xu J, Shi Y, Hu R, Ren Z, Qi Q, Lü H, Cheng X, Hu J. Morroniside protects OLN-93 cells against H 2O 2-induced injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway-mediated antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic activities. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:661-675. [PMID: 33734020 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1889186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including spinal cord injury (SCI), result in oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Morroniside (MR), a major active ingredient of the Chinese herb Shan Zhu Yu, has been shown to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Our previous study also confirmed that morroniside protects SK-N-SH cell line (human neuroblastoma cells) against oxidative impairment. However, it remains unclear whether MR also plays a protective role for oligodendrocytes that are damaged following SCI. The present study investigated the protective effects of MR against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in OLN-93 cells. MR protected OLN-93 cells from H2O2-induced injury, attenuated H2O2-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and blocked the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) induced by H2O2. MR enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and suppressed H2O2-induced downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and activation of the proapoptotic protein caspase-3. Finally, we found that LY294002, a specific inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, inhibited the protective effect of MR against H2O2-induced OLN-93 cell injury in the MTT and TUNEL assays. LY294002 also inhibited the expression of SOD and Bcl-2, and increased the expression of iNOS and c-caspase-3 induced by MR treatment. MR exerts protective effects against H2O2-induced OLN-93 cell injury through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-mediated antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic activities. MR may provide a potential strategy for SCI treatment or other related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yujiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Ruina Hu
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Hezuo Lü
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
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18
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Jung TW, Pyun DH, Kim TJ, Lee HJ, Park ES, Abd El-Aty A, Hwang EJ, Shin YK, Jeong JH. Meteorin-like protein (METRNL)/IL-41 improves LPS-induced inflammatory responses via AMPK or PPARδ-mediated signaling pathways. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:155-161. [PMID: 33592358 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meteorin-like protein (METRNL) (also known as IL-41), recently identified as a myokine, is released in response to muscle contraction. It improves the skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity through exerting a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect. However, no independent studies have been published to verify the effects of METRNL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and THP-1 human monocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of NFκB and IκB phosphorylation as well as the expression of adhesion molecules were assessed by Western blotting analysis. Cell adhesion assay demonstrated the interactions between HUVEC and THP-1 cells. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the levels of TNFα and MCP-1 in culture medium. RESULTS Treatment with METRNL suppressed the secretion of TNFα and MCP-1 as well as NFκB and IκB phosphorylation and inflammatory markers in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HUVECs and THP-1 cells. Furthermore, treatment with METRNL ameliorated LPS-induced attachment of THP-1 monocytes to HUVECs via inhibition of adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis. Treatment of HUVEC and THP-1 cells with METRNL enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and PPARδ expression in a dose-dependent manner. Small interference (si) RNA-mediated suppression of AMPK or PPARδ restored all these changes. CONCLUSIONS It has therefore been shown that METRNL ameliorates inflammatory responses through AMPK and PPARδ-dependent pathways in LPS-treated HUVEC. In sum, the current study may suggest the suppressive potential of METRNL against endothelial inflammation.
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19
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Yamagata K. Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease by n-3 Fatty Acids-Inhibiting Action on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3652-3666. [PMID: 32242776 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have shown the protective effect of n-3 fatty acids against cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids on vascular endothelial cells indicates their possible role in CVD prevention. OBJECTIVE Here, we describe the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on endothelial dysfunction-caused by inflammation and oxidative stress-and their role in the development of CVD. METHODS We reviewed epidemiological studies done on n-3 fatty acids in CVD. The effect of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cells was examined with regard to changes in various markers, such as arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, using cell and animal models. RESULTS Epidemiological studies revealed that dietary intake of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduced risk of various CVDs. EPA and DHA inhibited various events involved in arteriosclerosis development by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with endothelial cell damage. In particular, EPA and DHA prevented endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress induced by events related to CVD. DHA and EPA also increased eNOS activity and induced nitric oxide production. CONCLUSION The effects of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cell damage and dysfunction may involve the induction of nitric oxide, in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. n-3 fatty acids inhibit endothelial dysfunction and prevent arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the intake of n-3 fatty acids may prevent CVDs, like myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University (UNBS), Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Liu R, Cheng F, Zeng K, Li W, Lan J. GPR120 Agonist GW9508 Ameliorated Cellular Senescence Induced by ox-LDL. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32195-32202. [PMID: 33376857 PMCID: PMC7758881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial senescence is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and many cardiovascular diseases. G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), a type of orphan G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), plays a vital role in mediating anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. The biological function of GPR120 in vascular endothelial cells is largely unknown. Methods The human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with ox-LDL (100 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of GW9508 (50 μM) or AH9614 (1 μM) for 24 h. The LDH assay was used to determine cell death. The dihydroethidium (DHE) staining assay was used to measure intracellular levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS), and a senescence β-galactosidase assay kit was used to determine endothelial senescence. Gene and protein expressions were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Results Ox-LDL treatment decreased the expression of GPR120 by more than half in HAECs. Typically, 100 μg/mL of ox-LDL- induced 35.2% LDH release, which was reduced to 16.9% by 50 μM GW9508, the agonist of GPR120. Importantly, GW9508 relieved cytotoxicity and suppressed the ox-LDL-induced increase in the activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) (from 3.3-fold to 1.6-fold of the control group) and the generation of cellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) (from 3.8-fold to 1.6-fold of the control group). Furthermore, we found that GW9508 ameliorated ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and the expression of key senescence proteins, including p53 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1). Mechanistically, we showed that GW9508 promoted ox-LDL-induced transcriptional factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) (increase by 47.3%) translocation into the nucleus. The effect of GW9508 is dependent on its receptor GPR120, the blockage of which by its specific antagonist, AH7614, abolished the antisenescence effect of GW9508. Conclusion Collectively, this study revealed the protective effect of GPR120 activation in vascular endothelial cells, implying that GPR120 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- Department
of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Ji’nan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department
of Cardiology, Dongguan Songshanhu Central
Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department
of Cardiology, Dongguan Songshanhu Central
Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, China
| | - Kanghua Zeng
- Department
of Cardiology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department
of Cardiology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Jun Lan
- Department
of Cardiology, Dongguan Songshanhu Central
Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, China
- . Tel/Fax: +86-769-81368666
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21
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Guichardant M, Chen P, Liu M, Lo Van A, Jouvène C, Bernoud-Hubac N, Véricel E, Lagarde M. Double lipoxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of nutritional interest. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102185. [PMID: 33038835 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Double lipoxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least three methylene-interrupted double bonds can be made by two lipoxygenases, e.g. 5- and 12-LOX, or 15-LOX only, followed by reduction of the hydroperoxide products through the glutathione peroxidase action. Several biological activities have been reported for such a double 15-LOX product of docosahexaenoic acid, called protectin DX to differentiate it from protectin D1, a stereo and geometric isomer described for its potent anti-inflammatory potential. The geometric characteristic of the double lipoxygenase products is the conjugated triene E,Z,E (trans,cis,trans), which appears crucial in their biological activities. A focus is also done on single lipoxygenation of mono-hydroxylated products first made by aspirin-treated cyclooxygenase-2. The resulting (R,S)-diOH, E,Z,E conjugated trienes, instead of the (S,S)-diOH isomer in case of double lipoxygenation, seem to be even more active for some biological effects, making biologically relevant the single lipoxygenation in aspirin-treated situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guichardant
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - P Chen
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - M Liu
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Jouvène
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - N Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - E Véricel
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - M Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm & 1397 Inrae (CarMeN laboratory), IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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22
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Wang F, Huang S, Xia H, Yao S. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: It's anti-oxidant stress role in multiple disease models. Mol Immunol 2020; 126:40-45. [PMID: 32750537 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related injury is a negative state caused by the imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant effects in the internal environment of the body. Oxidative stress has been confirmed to be an important factor in aging and a variety of diseases and the inhibition of inappropriate oxidative stress responses are important for maintaining normal physiological functions. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on specialized pro-resolving mediators(SPMs). SPMs are endogenous mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have multiple protective effects such as anti-inflammation, pro-resolution, and promoting tissue damage repair, etc. Moreover, the role of SPMs on oxidative stress has been extensively researched and provides a possible treatment method. In the current study, we review the positive role of SPMs in oxidative stress-related disease and outline the possible involved mechanism, thus providing the theoretical support for a better understanding of the roles of SPMs in oxidative stress and the theoretical basis for finding targets for the oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haifa Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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23
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Zheng Z, Wang M, Cheng C, Liu D, Wu L, Zhu J, Qian X. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces H2O2‑induced HUVEC dysfunction by stimulating the sirtuin‑1/AMP‑activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:247-256. [PMID: 32377712 PMCID: PMC7248484 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and senescence are closely associated with cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the major active constituent of ginseng, has been investigated intensively because of its anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. In a previous study, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was applied to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) aging. It was demonstrated that Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) was activated by Rb1 to protect HUVECs from H2O2-induced senescence. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study examined the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor of cellular metabolism, in the signaling pathway of SIRT1 during H2O2-stimulated HUVEC aging. It was identified that Rb1 restored the H2O2-induced reduction of SIRT1 expression, which was consistent with our previous study, together with the activation of AMPK phosphorylation. Using compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, the role of AMPK in the protective effect of Rb1 against H2O2-induced HUVEC senescence was examined. It was identified that the induction of phosphorylated AMPK by Rb1 markedly increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production, and suppressed PAI-1 expression, which were abrogated in HUVECs pretreated with compound C. Further experiments demonstrated that nicotinamide, a SIRT1 inhibitor, downregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and reduced the protective effects of Rb1 against H2O2-induced endothelial aging. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms by which Rb1 protects against H2O2-induced HUVEC senescence via the SIRT1/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Cailian Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jieming Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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24
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Protectin DX attenuates IL-1β-induced inflammation via the AMPK/NF-κB pathway in chondrocytes and ameliorates osteoarthritis progression in a rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106043. [PMID: 31837574 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protectin DX (PDX) has been reported to have extensive anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is unknown whether PDX acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in the context of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of PDX in vitro and in vivo in a model of OA. Primary rat chondrocytes were preincubated with PDX 1 h prior to IL-1β treatment for 24 h. We found that PDX was nontoxic, and pretreatment with PDX increased cell viability in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Preincubation with PDX also efficiently inhibited the degradation of type II collagen dose-dependently. Additionally, the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS4, iNOS, COX-2, NO, and PGE2 decreased after IL-1β stimulation when cells were preincubated with PDX. Moreover, PDX inhibited the increase in phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and IκBα upon IL-1β stimulation, and the negative effects of IL-1β on chondrocytes were partially blocked by treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a selective NF-κB inhibitor. In addition, we found that PDX increased AMPK phosphorylation in IL-1β-mediated chondrocytes. The phosphorylation of AMPK could be inhibited by compound C, a classic AMPK inhibitor. Compound C also remarkably reversed the decrease in p65 phosphorylation and MMP-13 expression caused by PDX. Furthermore, nuclear translocation of NF-κB was visible by immunofluorescence after PDX-induced AMPK activation. Additionally, we verified that PDX ameliorated cartilage degradation in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rats through histological evaluation and ELISA of TNF-α in the serum and intra-articular lavage fluid. In conclusion, we have shown that PDX suppresses inflammation in chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo, likely through the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results suggest that PDX could be a useful novel therapeutic agent for OA treatment.
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