1
|
Heine A, Lemmermann NAW, Flores C, Becker-Gotot J, Garbi N, Brossart P, Kurts C. Rapid protection against viral infections by chemokine-accelerated post-exposure vaccination. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338499. [PMID: 38348028 PMCID: PMC10860197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prophylactic vaccines generate strong and durable immunity to avoid future infections, whereas post-exposure vaccinations are intended to establish rapid protection against already ongoing infections. Antiviral cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) are activated by dendritic cells (DCs), which themselves must be activated by adjuvants to express costimulatory molecules and so-called signal 0-chemokines that attract naive CTL to the DCs. Hypothesis Here we asked whether a vaccination protocol that combines two adjuvants, a toll-like receptor ligand (TLR) and a natural killer T cell activator, to induce two signal 0 chemokines, synergistically accelerates CTL activation. Methods We used a well-characterized vaccination model based on the model antigen ovalbumin, the TLR9 ligand CpG and the NKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide to induce signal 0-chemokines. Exploiting this vaccination model, we studied detailed T cell kinetics and T cell profiling in different in vivo mouse models of viral infection. Results We found that CTL induced by both adjuvants obtained a head-start that allowed them to functionally differentiate further and generate higher numbers of protective CTL 1-2 days earlier. Such signal 0-optimized post-exposure vaccination hastened clearance of experimental adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infections. Conclusion Our findings show that signal 0 chemokine-inducing adjuvant combinations gain time in the race against rapidly replicating microbes, which may be especially useful in post-exposure vaccination settings during viral epi/pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annkristin Heine
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrystel Flores
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacNeil KM, Dodge MJ, Evans AM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Adenoviruses in medicine: innocuous pathogen, predator, or partner. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:4-19. [PMID: 36336610 PMCID: PMC9742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections are generally mild. However, despite the perception that HAdVs are harmless, infections can cause severe disease in certain individuals, including newborns, the immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions, including respiratory or cardiac disease. In addition, HAdV outbreaks remain relatively common events and the recent emergence of more pathogenic genomic variants of various genotypes has been well documented. Coupled with evidence of zoonotic transmission, interspecies recombination, and the lack of approved AdV antivirals or widely available vaccines, HAdVs remain a threat to public health. At the same time, the detailed understanding of AdV biology garnered over nearly 7 decades of study has made this group of viruses a molecular workhorse for vaccine and gene therapy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu HC, Huang J, Pandyra AA, Pandey P, Wang R, Zhang Z, Zhuang Y, Gertzen CG, Münk C, Herebian D, Borkhardt A, Recher M, Gohlke H, Esposito I, Oberbarnscheidt M, Häussinger D, Lang KS, Lang PA. Single MHC-I Expression Promotes Virus-Induced Liver Immunopathology. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1620-1633. [PMID: 35166071 PMCID: PMC9234681 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) molecules present epitopes on the cellular surface of antigen-presenting cells to prime cytotoxic clusters of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells (CTLs), which then identify and eliminate other cells such as virus-infected cells bearing the antigen. Human hepatitis virus cohort studies have previously identified MHC-I molecules as promising predictors of viral clearance. However, the underlying functional significance of these predictions is not fully understood. Here, we show that expression of single MHC-I isomers promotes virus-induced liver immunopathology. Specifically, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system, we found MHC-I proteins to be highly up-regulated during infection. Deletion of one of the two MHC-I isomers histocompatibility antigen 2 (H2)-Db or H2-Kb in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in CTL activation recognizing the remaining MHC-I with LCMV epitopes in increased paucity. This increased CTL response resulted in hepatocyte death, increased caspase activation, and severe metabolic changes in liver tissue following infection with LCMV. Moreover, depletion of CTLs abolished LCMV-induced pathology in these mice with resulting viral persistence. In turn, natural killer (NK) cell depletion further increased antiviral CTL immunity and clearance of LCMV even in the presence of a single MHC-I isomer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that uniform MHC-I molecule expression promotes enhanced CTL immunity during viral infection and contributes to increased CTL-mediated liver cell damage that was alleviated by CD8 or NK cell depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng C. Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Aleksandra A. Pandyra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Christoph G.W. Gertzen
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Structural StudiesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric CardiologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mike Recher
- Immunodeficiency ClinicMedical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency LabDepartment BiomedicineBasel University HospitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Holger Gohlke
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of PathologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University and University Hospital of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of ImmunologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Self-assembled BPIV3 nanoparticles can induce comprehensive immune responses and protection against BPIV3 challenge by inducing dendritic cell maturation in mice. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
5
|
Brugger M, Laschinger M, Lampl S, Schneider A, Manske K, Esfandyari D, Hüser N, Hartmann D, Steiger K, Engelhardt S, Wohlleber D, Knolle PA. High precision-cut liver slice model to study cell-autonomous anti-viral defense of hepatocytes within their microenvironment. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100465. [PMID: 35462860 PMCID: PMC9019249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
6
|
Heydarian M, Mohammadtaghizadeh M, Shojaei M, Babazadeh M, Abbasian S, Amrovani M. The effect of COVID-19 derived cytokine storm on cancer cells progression: double-edged sword. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:605-615. [PMID: 34657251 PMCID: PMC8520341 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) was first detected in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. The emerging virus causes a respiratory illness, that can trigger a cytokine storm in the body. METHOD Cytokine storm in patient's body is associated with severe forms of disease. It is one of the main complications of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), in which immune cells play a major role. Studies have shown immune cells in the tumor environment can be effective to induce resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients. RESULT Therefore, considering the role of immune cells to induce cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, and their role to cause resistance to chemotherapy, they are effective on disease progression and creation of severe form of disease. CONCLUSION By examining the signaling pathways and inducing resistance to chemotherapy in tumor cells and the cells affect them, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of severe forms of the disease in cancer patients with COVID-19; it is applicable using target therapy and other subsequent treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahboobeh Shojaei
- High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Babazadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mehran Amrovani
- High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva RCMC, Panis C, Pires BRB. Lessons from transmissible cancers for immunotherapy and transplant. Immunol Med 2021; 45:146-161. [PMID: 34962854 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.2018783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of horizontal transmission of cancer between vertebrates is an issue that interests scientists and medical society. Transmission requires: (i) a mechanism by which cancer cells can transfer to another organism and (ii) a repressed immune response on the part of the recipient. Transmissible tumors are unique models to comprehend the responses and mechanisms mediated by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which can be transposed for transplant biology. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in immune-mediated tissue rejection, making a parallel with transmissible cancers. We also discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cancer immunotherapy and anti-rejection therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tittarelli A. Connexin channels modulation in pathophysiology and treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166258. [PMID: 34450245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexin-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms include bidirectional cell-to-cell coupling by gap junctions and release/influx of molecules by hemichannels. These intercellular communications have relevant roles in numerous immune system activities. Here, we review the current knowledge about the function of connexin channels, mainly those formed by connexin-43, on immunity and inflammation. Focusing on those evidence that support the design and development of therapeutic tools to modulate connexin expression and/or channel activities with treatment potential for infections, wounds, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chandrasekar AP, Maynes M, Badley AD. The long road to TRAIL therapy: a TRAILshort detour. Oncotarget 2021; 12:589-591. [PMID: 33868580 PMCID: PMC8021024 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew D. Badley
- Correspondence to: Andrew D. Badley, Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a leukocyte chemoattractant that plays a crucial role in cell trafficking and leukocyte activation. Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in persistent HBV infection. However, whether HBV can be cleared by CCL19-activated immunity remains unclear. METHODS We assessed the effects of CCL19 on the activation of PBMCs in patients with HBV infection. We also examined how CCL19 influences HBV clearance and modulates HBV-responsive T cells in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In addition, C-C chemokine-receptor type 7 (CCR7) knockdown mice were used to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CCL19/CCR7 axis-induced immune activation. RESULTS From in vitro experiments, we found that CCL19 enhanced the frequencies of Ag-responsive IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells from patients by approximately twofold, while CCR7 knockdown (LV-shCCR7) and LY294002 partially suppressed IFN-γ secretion. In mice, CCL19 overexpression led to rapid clearance of intrahepatic HBV likely through increased intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell proportion, decreased frequency of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in blood and compromised suppression of hepatic APCs, with lymphocytes producing a significantly high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and IFN-γ from CD8+ T cells. In both CCL19 over expressing and CCR7 knockdown (AAV-shCCR7) CHB mice, the frequency of CD8+ T-cell activation-induced cell death (AICD) increased, and a high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and low levels of CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings in this study provide insights into how CCL19/CCR7 axis modulates the host immune system, which may promote the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for HBV treatment by overcoming T-cell tolerance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lampl S, Janas MK, Donakonda S, Brugger M, Lohr K, Schneider A, Manske K, Sperl LE, Kläger S, Küster B, Wettmarshausen J, Müller C, Laschinger M, Hartmann D, Hüser N, Perocchi F, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Hagn F, Zender L, Hornung V, Borner C, Pichlmair A, Kashkar H, Klingenspor M, Prinz M, Schreiner S, Conrad M, Jost PJ, Zischka H, Steiger K, Krönke M, Zehn D, Protzer U, Heikenwälder M, Knolle PA, Wohlleber D. Reduced mitochondrial resilience enables non-canonical induction of apoptosis after TNF receptor signaling in virus-infected hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1347-1359. [PMID: 32598967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Selective elimination of virus-infected hepatocytes occurs through virus-specific CD8 T cells recognizing peptide-loaded MHC molecules. Herein, we report that virus-infected hepatocytes are also selectively eliminated through a cell-autonomous mechanism. METHODS We generated recombinant adenoviruses and genetically modified mouse models to identify the molecular mechanisms determining TNF-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in vivo and used in vivo bioluminescence imaging, immunohistochemistry, immunoblot analysis, RNAseq/proteome/phosphoproteome analyses, bioinformatic analyses, mitochondrial function tests. RESULTS We found that TNF precisely eliminated only virus-infected hepatocytes independently of local inflammation and activation of immune sensory receptors. TNF receptor I was equally relevant for NF-kB activation in healthy and infected hepatocytes, but selectively mediated apoptosis in infected hepatocytes. Caspase 8 activation downstream of TNF receptor signaling was dispensable for apoptosis in virus-infected hepatocytes, indicating an unknown non-canonical cell-intrinsic pathway promoting apoptosis in hepatocytes. We identified a unique state of mitochondrial vulnerability in virus-infected hepatocytes as the cause for this non-canonical induction of apoptosis through TNF. Mitochondria from virus-infected hepatocytes showed normal biophysical and bioenergetic functions but were characterized by reduced resilience to calcium challenge. In the presence of unchanged TNF-induced signaling, reactive oxygen species-mediated calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum caused mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis, which identified a link between extrinsic death receptor signaling and cell-intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated caspase activation. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a novel concept in immune surveillance by identifying a cell-autonomous defense mechanism that selectively eliminates virus-infected hepatocytes through mitochondrial permeability transition. LAY SUMMARY The liver is known for its unique immune functions. Herein, we identify a novel mechanism by which virus-infected hepatocytes can selectively eliminate themselves through reduced mitochondrial resilience to calcium challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lampl
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marianne K Janas
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Brugger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura E Sperl
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susan Kläger
- Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Bavarian NMR Center at the Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Bavarian NMR Center at the Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Constanze Müller
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Clinic of Surgery, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Clinic of Surgery, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Norber Hüser
- Clinic of Surgery, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Franz Hagn
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Bavarian NMR Center at the Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Division of Gastroenterology and Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, and Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmhotz Zentrum MUnich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, and Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Institute of Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German-Cancer-Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Peptide Blocks Infection of Viruses by Binding to Phosphatidylserine in the Viral Envelope. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091989. [PMID: 32872420 PMCID: PMC7563927 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing threat of viral infections and the emergence of antiviral drug resistance warrants a ceaseless search for new antiviral compounds. Broadly-inhibiting compounds that act on elements shared by many viruses are promising antiviral candidates. Here, we identify a peptide derived from the cowpox virus protein CPXV012 as a broad-spectrum antiviral peptide. We found that CPXV012 peptide hampers infection by a multitude of clinically and economically important enveloped viruses, including poxviruses, herpes simplex virus-1, hepatitis B virus, HIV-1, and Rift Valley fever virus. Infections with non-enveloped viruses such as Coxsackie B3 virus and adenovirus are not affected. The results furthermore suggest that viral particles are neutralized by direct interactions with CPXV012 peptide and that this cationic peptide may specifically bind to and disrupt membranes composed of the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine, an important component of many viral membranes. The combined results strongly suggest that CPXV012 peptide inhibits virus infections by direct interactions with phosphatidylserine in the viral envelope. These results reiterate the potential of cationic peptides as broadly-acting virus inhibitors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tseng CW, Wu SF, Chen CY, Ho YC, He YT, Tseng KC. Characteristics of regulatory T-cell function in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C coinfection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:800-809. [PMID: 32243022 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) affect the pathogenesis and disease progression of chronic viral hepatitis. This study evaluated the frequency and function of Tregs in patients with chronic HBV/HCV coinfection. Seventy-four untreated HBV/HCV co-infected patients were enrolled in this study. These subjects were divided into four subgroups: HBV-active/HCV-active (BACA), HBV-inactive/HCV-active (BICA), HBV-active/HCV-inactive (BACI) and HBV-inactive/HCV-inactive (BICI). Treg frequency was calculated as the fraction of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells among CD4+ T cells. Treg-mediated inhibition was measured as percent of inhibition of T-cell proliferation. The expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 with/without Treg inhibition was also studied. Among the patients, there were 8 cases of BACA (10.8%), 38 of BICA (51.4%), 14 of BACI (18.9%) and 14 of BICI (18.9%). The frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells was comparable between the four groups. The inhibitory function of Tregs among the patients in the BACA and BICA was higher than that in the BICI (BACA vs BICI, P = .0210; BICA vs BICI, P = .0301). Patients in the BACA and BICA had higher fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores and serum ALT levels and lower serum albumin levels than those of the other groups. ALT abnormality was significantly and independently associated with a higher Treg immunosuppressive ability. The IFN-γ expression of the effector T cells in the BACA was higher than that of the other groups. In conclusion, the inhibitory function of Tregs is higher among the HBV/HCV co-infected patients with active HCV infection. ALT abnormality plays a dominant role in Treg function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical FoundationChia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Che Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schulte R, Wohlleber D, Unrau L, Geers B, Metzger C, Erhardt A, Tiegs G, van Rooijen N, Heukamp LC, Klotz L, Knolle PA, Diehl L. Pioglitazone-Mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation Aggravates Murine Immune-Mediated Hepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072523. [PMID: 32260486 PMCID: PMC7177299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates target gene expression upon ligand binding. Apart from its effects on metabolism, PPARγ activity can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by several immune cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. In chronic inflammatory disease models, PPARγ activation delays the onset and ameliorates disease severity. Here, we investigated the effect of PPARγ activation by the agonist Pioglitazone on the function of hepatic immune cells and its effect in a murine model of immune-mediated hepatitis. Cytokine production by both liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (IL-6) and in T cells ex vivo (IFNγ) was decreased in cells from Pioglitazone-treated mice. However, PPARγ activation did not decrease pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha TNFα production by Kupffer cells after Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation ex vivo. Most interestingly, although PPARγ activation was shown to ameliorate chronic inflammatory diseases, it did not improve hepatic injury in a model of immune-mediated hepatitis. In contrast, Pioglitazone-induced PPARγ activation exacerbated D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hepatitis associated with an increased production of TNFα by Kupffer cells and increased sensitivity of hepatocytes towards TNFα after in vivo Pioglitazone administration. These results unravel liver-specific effects of Pioglitazone that fail to attenuate liver inflammation but rather exacerbate liver injury in an experimental hepatitis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rike Schulte
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Unrau
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.U.); (B.G); (A.E.); (G.T.)
| | - Bernd Geers
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.U.); (B.G); (A.E.); (G.T.)
| | - Christina Metzger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Annette Erhardt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.U.); (B.G); (A.E.); (G.T.)
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.U.); (B.G); (A.E.); (G.T.)
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Luisa Klotz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; (R.S.); (D.W.); (C.M.); (L.K.); (P.A.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.U.); (B.G); (A.E.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhuang Y, Xu HC, Shinde PV, Warfsmann J, Vasilevska J, Sundaram B, Behnke K, Huang J, Hoell JI, Borkhardt A, Pfeffer K, Taha MS, Herebian D, Mayatepek E, Brenner D, Ahmadian MR, Keitel V, Wieczorek D, Häussinger D, Pandyra AA, Lang KS, Lang PA. Fragile X mental retardation protein protects against tumour necrosis factor-mediated cell death and liver injury. Gut 2020; 69:133-145. [PMID: 31409605 PMCID: PMC6943250 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fragile X mental retardation (FMR) syndrome is a frequently inherited intellectual disability caused by decreased or absent expression of the FMR protein (FMRP). Lack of FMRP is associated with neuronal degradation and cognitive dysfunction but its role outside the central nervous system is insufficiently studied. Here, we identify a role of FMRP in liver disease. DESIGN Mice lacking Fmr1 gene expression were used to study the role of FMRP during tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced liver damage in disease model systems. Liver damage and mechanistic studies were performed using real-time PCR, Western Blot, staining of tissue sections and clinical chemistry. RESULTS Fmr1null mice exhibited increased liver damage during virus-mediated hepatitis following infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Exposure to TNF resulted in severe liver damage due to increased hepatocyte cell death. Consistently, we found increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation following TNF stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate FMRP to be critically important for regulating key molecules in TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis including CYLD, c-FLIPS and JNK, which contribute to prolonged RIPK1 expression. Accordingly, the RIPK1 inhibitor Necrostatin-1s could reduce liver cell death and alleviate liver damage in Fmr1null mice following TNF exposure. Consistently, FMRP-deficient mice developed increased pathology during acute cholestasis following bile duct ligation, which coincided with increased hepatic expression of RIPK1, RIPK3 and phosphorylation of MLKL. CONCLUSIONS We show that FMRP plays a central role in the inhibition of TNF-mediated cell death during infection and liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prashant V Shinde
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Warfsmann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jelena Vasilevska
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica I Hoell
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohamed S Taha
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, Medical research Branch, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental & Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Single organelle analysis to characterize mitochondrial function and crosstalk during viral infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8492. [PMID: 31186476 PMCID: PMC6560178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key for cellular metabolism and signalling processes during viral infection. We report a methodology to analyse mitochondrial properties at the single-organelle level during viral infection using a recombinant adenovirus coding for a mitochondrial tracer protein for tagging and detection by multispectral flow cytometry. Resolution at the level of tagged individual mitochondria revealed changes in mitochondrial size, membrane potential and displayed a fragile phenotype during viral infection of cells. Thus, single-organelle and multi-parameter resolution allows to explore altered energy metabolism and antiviral defence by tagged mitochondria selectively in virus-infected cells and will be instrumental to identify viral immune escape and to develop and monitor novel mitochondrial-targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Engineering Tumor Cells with Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) or CD40 Ligand (CD40L) Genes Induce Anti-tumor Immune Responses. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Use of Dendritic Cell Receptors as Targets for Enhancing Anti-Cancer Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030418. [PMID: 30909630 PMCID: PMC6469018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful anti-cancer vaccine construct depends on its ability to induce humoral and cellular immunity against a specific antigen. Targeting receptors of dendritic cells to promote the loading of cancer antigen through an antibody-mediated antigen uptake mechanism is a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Researchers have been targeting different dendritic cell receptors such as Fc receptors (FcR), various C-type lectin-like receptors such as dendritic and thymic epithelial cell-205 (DEC-205), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), and Dectin-1 to enhance the uptake process and subsequent presentation of antigen to T cells through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In this review, we compare different subtypes of dendritic cells, current knowledge on some important receptors of dendritic cells, and recent articles on targeting those receptors for anti-cancer immune responses in mouse models.
Collapse
|
19
|
Manske K, Kallin N, König V, Schneider A, Kurz S, Bosch M, Welz M, Cheng R, Bengsch B, Steiger K, Protzer U, Thimme R, Knolle PA, Wohlleber D. Outcome of Antiviral Immunity in the Liver Is Shaped by the Level of Antigen Expressed in Infected Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2018; 68:2089-2105. [PMID: 29729204 PMCID: PMC6585666 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The liver bears unique immune properties that support both immune tolerance and immunity, but the mechanisms responsible for clearance versus persistence of virus-infected hepatocytes remain unclear. Here, we dissect the factors determining the outcome of antiviral immunity using recombinant adenoviruses that reflect the hepatropism and hepatrophism of hepatitis viruses. We generated replication-deficient adenoviruses with equimolar expression of ovalbumin, luciferase, and green fluorescent protein driven by a strong ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (Ad-CMV-GOL) or by 100-fold weaker, yet hepatocyte-specific, transthyretin (TTR) promoter (Ad-TTR-GOL). Using in vivo bioluminescence to quantitatively and dynamically image luciferase activity, we demonstrated that Ad-TTR-GOL infection always persists, whereas Ad-CMV-GOL infection is always cleared, independent of the number of infected hepatocytes. Failure to clear Ad-TTR-GOL infection involved mechanisms acting during initiation as well as execution of antigen-specific immunity. First, hepatocyte-restricted antigen expression led to delayed and curtailed T-cell expansion-10,000-fold after Ad-CMV-GOL versus 150-fold after Ad-TTR-GOL-infection. Second, CD8 T-cells primed toward antigens selectively expressed by hepatocytes showed high PD-1/Tim-3/LAG-3/CTLA-4/CD160 expression levels similar to that seen in chronic hepatitis B. Third, Ad-TTR-GOL but not Ad-CMV-GOL-infected hepatocytes escaped being killed by effector T-cells while still inducing high PD-1/Tim-3/LAG-3/CTLA-4/CD160 expression, indicating different thresholds of T-cell receptor signaling relevant for triggering effector functions compared with exhaustion. Conclusion: Our study identifies deficits in the generation of CD8 T-cell immunity toward hepatocyte-expressed antigens and escape of infected hepatocytes expressing low viral antigen levels from effector T-cell killing as independent factors promoting viral persistence. This highlights the importance of addressing both the restauration of CD8 T-cell dysfunction and overcoming local hurdles of effector T-cell function to eliminate virus-infected hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Manske
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Nina Kallin
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Verena König
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Annika Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Sandra Kurz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Miriam Bosch
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Meike Welz
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Bonn, University of BonnGermany
| | - Ru‐Lin Cheng
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Bonn, University of BonnGermany
| | | | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of PathologyTechnical University of MunichGermany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology and Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center for Environment and HealthMunichGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchMunichGermany
| | - Robert Thimme
- University Hospital FreiburgUniversity of FreiburgGermany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Bonn, University of BonnGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchMunichGermany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perforin inhibition protects from lethal endothelial damage during fulminant viral hepatitis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4805. [PMID: 30442932 PMCID: PMC6237769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells protect the liver against viral infection, but can also cause severe liver damage that may even lead to organ failure. Given the lack of mechanistic insights and specific treatment options in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis, we develop a mouse model reflecting a severe acute virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Here we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells induce liver damage in a perforin-dependent manner, yet liver failure is not caused by effector responses targeting virus-infected hepatocytes alone. Additionally, CD8 T cell mediated elimination of cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells causes endothelial damage that leads to a dramatically impaired sinusoidal perfusion and indirectly to hepatocyte death. With the identification of perforin-mediated killing as a critical pathophysiologic mechanism of liver failure and the protective function of a new class of perforin inhibitor, our study opens new potential therapeutic angles for fulminant viral hepatitis. CD8 T cells can protect the liver from viral infection, but can also result in severe liver damage and organ failure. Here, the authors develop a mouse model reflecting fulminant CD8 T cell mediated viral hepatitis, which occurs in a perforin-dependent manner that is protected by the use of perforin inhibitors.
Collapse
|
21
|
The PDL1-inducible GTPase Arl4d controls T effector function by limiting IL-2 production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16123. [PMID: 30382149 PMCID: PMC6208435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key regulator of adaptive immune responses but its regulation is incompletely understood. We previously found that PDL1-dependent signals were pivotal for liver sinusoidal endothelial cell-mediated priming of CD8 T cells, which have a strongly reduced capacity to produce IL-2. Here, we show that the expression of the ARF-like GTPase Arl4d is PD-L1-dependently induced in such LSEC-primed T cells, and is associated with reduced IL-2 secretion and Akt phosphorylation. Conversely, Arl4d-deficient T cells overproduced IL-2 upon stimulation. Arl4d-deficiency in CD8 T cells also enhanced their expansion and effector function during viral infection in vivo. Consistent with their increased IL-2 production, Arl4d-deficient T cells showed enhanced development into KLRG1+CD127− short-lived effector cells (SLEC), which is dependent on IL-2 availability. Thus, our data reveal a PD-L1-dependent regulatory circuitry that involves the induction of Arl4d for limiting IL-2 production in T cells.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wong D, Littlejohn M, Edwards R, Jackson K, Revill P, Gaggar A, Kitrinos K, Subramanian M, Marcellin P, Buti-Ferret M, Janssen H, Gane E, Locarnini S, Thompson A. ALT flares during nucleotide analogue therapy are associated with HBsAg loss in genotype A HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int 2018; 38:1760-1769. [PMID: 29427368 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares during NA therapy are uncommon but occur. Evaluation of ALT flares during nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy is important as new immunomodulatory therapies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) are developed. We evaluated the association between ALT flares and HBsAg loss during long-term therapy for genotype A CHB. METHODS This analysis included genotype A subjects from a phase III study of tenofovir vs adefovir in HBeAg-positive HBV. ALT flare was defined as (i) a rise in ALT >2x ULN from normal ALT levels; or (ii) a rise in ALT >2x baseline ALT level. HBsAg response at week 384 was recorded as one of HBsAg loss vs HBsAg decline (≥1 log10 IU/mL decline) vs non-response. The primary analysis evaluated the association between ALT flare and HBsAg response. RESULTS 54 subjects were included. 23/54 (43%) subjects experienced an on-treatment ALT flare. 45% achieved an HBsAg reduction ≥1 log10 IU/mL, and of these 67% achieved HBsAg loss at a median of 102 weeks [IQR: 64-156]. Flare was associated with HBsAg decline vs non-response (67% vs 23%, P = .002), and were more common in subjects who achieved HBsAg loss vs non-response (56% vs 23%), P = .049). There was a median delay of 56 weeks [IQR: 40-80] between a flare and HBsAg loss. CONCLUSION In genotype A subjects undergoing long-term NA therapy, ALT flares predict for HBsAg response. The delay between ALT flare and HBsAg loss has implications for clinical trial design for early phase development of immunomodulatory strategies aiming for HBsAg loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Wong
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rosalind Edwards
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kathy Jackson
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter Revill
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Buti-Ferret
- Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron (Ciberehd) University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harry Janssen
- Toronto Center for Liver Diseases, Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin Y, Huang X, Wu J, Liu J, Chen M, Ma Z, Zhang E, Liu Y, Huang S, Li Q, Zhang X, Hou J, Yang D, Lu M, Xu Y. Pre-Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Enhances CD8 + T-Cell Responses and Accelerates Hepatitis B Virus Clearance in the Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1495. [PMID: 30008718 PMCID: PMC6033958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in activation of innate immunity, which is essential for inducing effective adaptive immune responses. Our previous studies have shown that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is required to induce effective virus-specific T-cell responses against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo. However, the contribution of TLR2 activation to adaptive immunity and HBV clearance remains to be clarified. In this study, we explored the hydrodynamic injection (HI) mouse models for HBV infection and examined how the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK (P3C) influences HBV control and modulates HBV-specific T-cell response if applied in vivo. We found that TLR2 activation by P3C injection leads to the rapid but transient production of serum proinflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and activation of CD8+ T cells in vivo. Then, the anti-HBV effect and HBV-specific T-cell immunity were investigated by TLR2 activation in the mouse models for persistent or acute HBV infections using HBV plasmids pAAV-HBV1.2 and pSM2, respectively. Both P3C application at early stage and pre-activation promoted HBV clearance, while only TLR2 pre-activation enhanced HBV-specific T-cell response in the liver. In the mouse model for acute HBV infection, P3C application had no significant effect on HBV clearance though P3C significantly enhanced the HBV-specific T-cell response. Collectively, TLR2 pre-activation enhances HBV-specific T-cell responses and accelerates HBV clearance in HI mouse models. Thus, the modulation of host immune status by TLR2 agonists may be explored for immunotherapeutic strategies to control HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfa Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shunmei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mehrfeld C, Zenner S, Kornek M, Lukacs-Kornek V. The Contribution of Non-Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells to Immunity and Tolerance in the Liver. Front Immunol 2018; 9:635. [PMID: 29643856 PMCID: PMC5882789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver represents a unique organ biased toward a tolerogenic milieu. Due to its anatomical location, it is constantly exposed to microbial and food-derived antigens from the gut and thus equipped with a complex cellular network that ensures dampening T-cell responses. Within this cellular network, parenchymal cells (hepatocytes), non-parenchymal cells (liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells), and immune cells contribute directly or indirectly to this process. Despite this refractory bias, the liver is capable of mounting efficient T-cell responses. How the various antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations contribute to this process and how they handle danger signals determine the outcome of the generated immune responses. Importantly, liver mounted responses convey consequences not only for the local but also to systemic immunity. Here, we discuss various aspects of antigen presentation and its consequences by the non-professional APCs in the liver microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mehrfeld
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven Zenner
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Panagioti E, Klenerman P, Lee LN, van der Burg SH, Arens R. Features of Effective T Cell-Inducing Vaccines against Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:276. [PMID: 29503649 PMCID: PMC5820320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the focus of prophylactic vaccines was to elicit neutralizing antibodies, but it has become increasingly evident that T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in controlling persistent viral infections such as with human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus. Currently, various promising prophylactic vaccines, capable of inducing substantial vaccine-specific T cell responses, are investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. There is compelling evidence that protection by T cells is related to the magnitude and breadth of the T cell response, the type and homing properties of the memory T cell subsets, and their cytokine polyfunctionality and metabolic fitness. In this review, we evaluated these key factors that determine the qualitative and quantitative properties of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the context of chronic viral disease and prophylactic vaccine development. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying T cell-mediated protection against chronic viral pathogens will facilitate the development of more potent, durable and safe prophylactic T cell-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) line the low shear, sinusoidal capillary channels of the liver and are the most abundant non-parenchymal hepatic cell population. LSECs do not simply form a barrier within the hepatic sinusoids but have vital physiological and immunological functions, including filtration, endocytosis, antigen presentation and leukocyte recruitment. Reflecting these multifunctional properties, LSECs display unique structural and phenotypic features that differentiate them from the capillary endothelium present within other organs. It is now clear that LSECs have a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis within the liver and in mediating the immune response during acute and chronic liver injury. In this Review, we outline how LSECs influence the immune microenvironment within the liver and discuss their contribution to immune-mediated liver diseases and the complications of fibrosis and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dietary and metabolic modulators of hepatic immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:175-188. [PMID: 29110070 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the organism and is thus constantly exposed to gut-derived dietary and microbial antigens. The liver maintains homoeostatic tolerance to these mostly harmless antigens. However, the liver also functions as a barrier organ to harmful pathogens and is thus permissive to liver inflammation. The regulation of the delicate balance between liver tolerance and liver inflammation is of vital importance for the organism. In recent years, a general role for dietary components and metabolites as immune mediators has been emerging. However, although the liver is exposed to a great deal of metabolic mediators, surprisingly, little is known about their actual role in the regulation of hepatic immune responses. Here, we will explore the possible impacts of metabolic mediators for homoeostatic and pathological immunity in the liver, by highlighting selected examples of metabolic immune regulation in the liver.
Collapse
|
28
|
Alloatti A, Kotsias F, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S. Dendritic cell maturation and cross-presentation: timing matters! Immunol Rev 2017; 272:97-108. [PMID: 27319345 PMCID: PMC6680313 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a population, dendritic cells (DCs) appear to be the best cross‐presenters of internalized antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in the mouse. To do this, DCs have developed a number of unique and dedicated means to control their endocytic and phagocytic pathways: among them, the capacity to limit acidification of their phagosomes, to prevent proteolytic degradation, to delay fusion of phagosomes to lysosomes, to recruit ER proteins to phagosomes, and to export phagocytosed antigens to the cytosol. The regulation of phagocytic functions, and thereby of antigen processing and presentation by innate signaling, represents a critical level of integration of adaptive and innate immune responses. Understanding how innate signals control antigen cross‐presentation is critical to define effective vaccination strategies for CD8+ T‐cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alloatti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Fiorella Kotsias
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, and CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Argentina
| | | | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Volckmar J, Gereke M, Ebensen T, Riese P, Philipsen L, Lienenklaus S, Wohlleber D, Klopfleisch R, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Müller AJ, Gruber AD, Knolle P, Guzman CA, Bruder D. Targeted antigen delivery to dendritic cells elicits robust antiviral T cell-mediated immunity in the liver. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43985. [PMID: 28266658 PMCID: PMC5339819 DOI: 10.1038/srep43985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis C virus cause life-threatening chronic liver infections in millions of people worldwide. Targeted in vivo antigen-delivery to cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) has proven to be extraordinarily efficient in stimulating antigen-specific T cell responses. To determine whether this approach would as well be suitable to induce local antiviral effector T cells in the liver we compared different vaccine formulations based on either the targeting of DEC-205 or TLR2/6 on cross-presenting DCs or formulations not involving in vivo DC targeting. As read-outs we used in vivo hepatotropic adenovirus challenge, histology and automated multidimensional fluorescence microscopy (MELC). We show that targeted in vivo antigen delivery to cross-presenting DCs is highly effective in inducing antiviral CTLs capable of eliminating virus-infected hepatocytes, while control vaccine formulation not involving DC targeting failed to induce immunity against hepatotropic virus. Moreover, we observed distinct patterns of CD8+ T cell interaction with virus-infected and apoptotic hepatocytes in the two DC-targeting groups suggesting that the different vaccine formulations may stimulate distinct types of effector functions. Our findings represent an important step toward the future development of vaccines against hepatotropic viruses and the treatment of patients with hepatic virus infection after liver transplantation to avoid reinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Volckmar
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany &Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gereke
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany &Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Intravital Microscopy in Infection and Immunity, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany &Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Intravital Microscopy in Infection and Immunity, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany &Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wohlleber D, Knolle PA. The role of liver sinusoidal cells in local hepatic immune surveillance. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e117. [PMID: 28090319 PMCID: PMC5192065 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the liver's function as unique immune organ regulating immunity has received a lot of attention over the last years, the mechanisms determining hepatic immune surveillance against infected hepatocytes remain less well defined. Liver sinusoidal cells, in particular, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs), serve as physical platform for recruitment and anchoring of blood-borne immune cells in the liver. Liver sinusoidal cells also function as portal of entry for infectious microorganisms targeting the liver such as hepatotropic viruses, bacteria or parasites. At the same time, liver sinusoidal cells actively contribute to achieve immune surveillance against bacterial and viral infections. KCs function as adhesion hubs for CD8 T cells from the circulation, which initiates the interaction of virus-specific CD8 T cells with infected hepatocytes. Through their phagocytic function, KCs contribute to removal of bacteria from the circulation and engage in cross talk with sinusoidal lymphocyte populations to achieve elimination of phagocytosed bacteria. LSECs contribute to local immune surveillance through cross-presentation of viral antigens that causes antigen-specific retention of CD8 T cells from the circulation. Such cross-presentation of viral antigens activates CD8 T cells to release TNF that in turn triggers selective killing of virus-infected hepatocytes. Beyond major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T-cell immunity, CD1- and MR1-restricted innate-like lymphocytes are found in liver sinusoids whose roles in local immune surveillance against infection need to be defined. Thus, liver sinusoidal cell populations bear key functions for hepatic recruitment and for local activation of immune cells, which are both required for efficient immune surveillance against infection in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma Y, Cheng L, Yuan B, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Tang K, Zhuang R, Chen L, Yang K, Zhang F, Jin B. Structure and Function of HLA-A*02-Restricted Hantaan Virus Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitope That Mediates Effective Protective Responses in HLA-A2.1/K(b) Transgenic Mice. Front Immunol 2016; 7:298. [PMID: 27551282 PMCID: PMC4976285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus infections cause severe emerging diseases in humans and are associated with high mortality rates; therefore, they have become a global public health concern. Our previous study showed that the CD8(+) T-cell epitope aa129-aa137 (FVVPILLKA, FA9) of the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleoprotein (NP), restricted by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02, induced specific CD8(+) T-cell responses that controlled HTNV infection in humans. However, the in vivo immunogenicity of peptide FA9 and the effect of FA9-specific CD8(+) T-cell immunity remain unclear. Here, based on a detailed structural analysis of the peptide FA9/HLA-A*0201 complex and functional investigations using HLA-A2.1/K(b) transgenic (Tg) mice, we found that the overall structure of the peptide FA9/HLA-A*0201 complex displayed a typical MHC class I fold with Val2 and Ala9 as primary anchor residues and Val3 and Leu7 as secondary anchor residues that allow peptide FA9 to bind tightly with an HLA-A*0201 molecule. Residues in the middle portion of peptide FA9 extruding out of the binding groove may be the sites that allow for recognition by T-cell receptors. Immunization with peptide FA9 in HLA-A2.1/K(b) Tg mice induced FA9-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses characterized by the induction of high expression levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, granzyme B, and CD107a. In an HTNV challenge trial, significant reductions in the levels of both the antigens and the HTNV RNA loads were observed in the liver, spleen, and kidneys of Tg mice pre-vaccinated with peptide FA9. Thus, our findings highlight the ability of HTNV epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell immunity to control HTNV and support the possibility that the HTNV-NP FA9 peptide, naturally processed in vivo in an HLA-A*02-restriction manner, may be a good candidate for the development HTNV peptide vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute of Orthopaedics of Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kang Tang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liang Y, Kwota Z, Sun J. Intrahepatic regulation of antiviral T cell responses at initial stages of viral infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:106-112. [PMID: 27459170 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the appropriate boost of early immune response will control viral replications and limit the immune-mediated pathology in viral hepatitis. However, poor immunity results in viral persistence, chronic inflammation and finally liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. As a peripheral non-lymphoid organ of immune surveillance, the liver continually encounters hundreds of molecules from the blood, including nutrients, toxins and pathogens. In this way, the liver maintains immune tolerance under healthy conditions, but responds quickly to the hepatotropic pathogens during the early stages of an infection. Although our knowledge of liver cell compositions and functions has been improved significantly in recent years, the intrahepatic immune regulation of antiviral T cells at the initial stage is complex and not well elucidated. Here, we summarize the role of liver cell subpopulations in regulating antiviral T cell response at the initial stages of viral infection. A better understanding of early hepatic immune regulation will pave the way for the development of novel therapies and vaccine design for human viral hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
| | - Zakari Kwota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Endogenous Il10 alleviates the systemic antiviral cellular immune response and T cell-mediated immunopathology in select organs of acutely LCMV-infected mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:3025-38. [PMID: 26506472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 suppresses T-cell immunity. The complementary question, whether IL-10 is also involved in limiting the collateral damage of vigorous T cell responses, has not been addressed in detail. Here, we report that the particularly strong virus-specific immune response during acute primary infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice is significantly further increased in Il10-deficient mice, particularly regarding frequencies and cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T cells. This increase results in exacerbating immunopathology in select organs, ranging from transient local swelling to an increased risk for mortality. Remarkably, LCMV-induced, T cell-mediated hepatitis is not affected by endogenous Il10. The alleviating effect of Il10 on LCMV-induced immunopathology was found to be operative in delayed-type hypersensitivity footpad-swelling reaction and in debilitating meningitis in mice of both the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains. These strains are prototypic counterpoles for genetically imprinted type 1-biased versus type 2-biased T cell-mediated immune responses against various infectious pathogens. However, during acute LCMV infection, neither systemic cytokine patterns nor the impact of Il10 on LCMV-induced immunopathology differed conspicuously between these two strains of mice. This study documents a physiological role of Il10 in the regulation of a balanced T-cell response limiting immunopathological damage.
Collapse
|
34
|
Knolle PA, Wohlleber D. Immunological functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:347-53. [PMID: 27041636 PMCID: PMC4856811 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) line the liver sinusoids and separate passenger leukocytes in the sinusoidal lumen from hepatocytes. LSECs further act as a platform for adhesion of various liver-resident immune cell populations such as Kupffer cells, innate lymphoid cells or liver dendritic cells. In addition to having an extraordinary scavenger function, LSECs possess potent immune functions, serving as sentinel cells to detect microbial infection through pattern recognition receptor activation and as antigen (cross)-presenting cells. LSECs cross-prime naive CD8 T cells, causing their rapid differentiation into memory T cells that relocate to secondary lymphoid tissues and provide protection when they re-encounter the antigen during microbial infection. Cross-presentation of viral antigens by LSECs derived from infected hepatocytes triggers local activation of effector CD8 T cells and thereby assures hepatic immune surveillance. The immune function of LSECs complements conventional immune-activating mechanisms to accommodate optimal immune surveillance against infectious microorganisms while preserving the integrity of the liver as a metabolic organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum München rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum München rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knolle PA. Staying local-antigen presentation in the liver. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:36-42. [PMID: 26974478 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is known as organ with unique immune competence. Besides its unique microenvironment that is determined by gut-derived portal venous blood constituents and the presence of enzymes with immune regulatory properties, liver antigen presenting cell populations regulate antigen-specific immunity in a local fashion. In addition to bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and myeloid cells such as macrophages and monocytes, also truly liver-resident cell populations function as antigen presenting cells such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. The functional outcome of antigen-presentation by these cell populations is diverse and ranges from generation of regulatory CD4 cells, to induction of memory CD8 T cells or deletional tolerance, which generates a complex network of antigen-presenting cells that determines hepatic immune regulation and local immune surveillance against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology Technische Universität München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xia Y, Stadler D, Lucifora J, Reisinger F, Webb D, Hösel M, Michler T, Wisskirchen K, Cheng X, Zhang K, Chou WM, Wettengel JM, Malo A, Bohne F, Hoffmann D, Eyer F, Thimme R, Falk CS, Thasler WE, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Produced by T Cells Reduce the HBV Persistence Form, cccDNA, Without Cytolysis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:194-205. [PMID: 26416327 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Viral clearance involves immune cell cytolysis of infected cells. However, studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in chimpanzees have indicated that cytokines released by T cells also can promote viral clearance via noncytolytic processes. We investigated the noncytolytic mechanisms by which T cells eliminate HBV from infected hepatocytes. METHODS We performed a cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B. Liver biopsy specimens were analyzed by in situ hybridization. HepG2-H1.3 cells, HBV-infected HepaRG cells, and primary human hepatocytes were incubated with interferon-γ (IFNγ) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or co-cultured with T cells. We measured markers of HBV replication, including the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). RESULTS Levels of IFNγ and TNF-α were increased in serum samples from patients with acute vs chronic hepatitis B and controls. In human hepatocytes with stably replicating HBV, as well as in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes or HepaRG cells, IFNγ and TNF-α each induced deamination of cccDNA and interfered with its stability; their effects were additive. HBV-specific T cells, through secretion of IFNγ and TNF-α, inhibited HBV replication and reduced cccDNA in infected cells without the direct contact required for cytolysis. Blocking IFNγ and TNF-α after T-cell stimulation prevented the loss of cccDNA. Deprivation of cccDNA required activation of nuclear APOBEC3 deaminases by the cytokines. In liver biopsy specimens from patients with acute hepatitis B, but not chronic hepatitis B or controls, hepatocytes expressed APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B. CONCLUSIONS IFNγ and TNF-α, produced by T cells, reduce levels of HBV cccDNA in hepatocytes by inducing deamination and subsequent cccDNA decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xia
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Reisinger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Webb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marianna Hösel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ke Zhang
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wen-Min Chou
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen M Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Malo
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Bohne
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Medicine II, Department of Clinical Toxicology, University Hospital rechts der Isar of the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany; Abt Transplantationsimmunologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Grosshadern Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boutaffala L, Bertrand MJM, Remouchamps C, Seleznik G, Reisinger F, Janas M, Bénézech C, Fernandes MT, Marchetti S, Mair F, Ganeff C, Hupalowska A, Ricci JE, Becher B, Piette J, Knolle P, Caamano J, Vandenabeele P, Heikenwalder M, Dejardin E. NIK promotes tissue destruction independently of the alternative NF-κB pathway through TNFR1/RIP1-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:2020-33. [PMID: 26045047 PMCID: PMC4816116 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is well-known for its role in promoting p100/NF-κB2 processing into p52, a process defined as the alternative, or non-canonical, NF-κB pathway. Here we reveal an unexpected new role of NIK in TNFR1-mediated RIP1-dependent apoptosis, a consequence of TNFR1 activation observed in c-IAP1/2-depleted conditions. We show that NIK stabilization, obtained by activation of the non-death TNFRs Fn14 or LTβR, is required for TNFα-mediated apoptosis. These apoptotic stimuli trigger the depletion of c-IAP1/2, the phosphorylation of RIP1 and the RIP1 kinase-dependent assembly of the RIP1/FADD/caspase-8 complex. In the absence of NIK, the phosphorylation of RIP1 and the formation of RIP1/FADD/caspase-8 complex are compromised while c-IAP1/2 depletion is unaffected. In vitro kinase assays revealed that recombinant RIP1 is a bona fide substrate of NIK. In vivo, we demonstrated the requirement of NIK pro-death function, but not the processing of its substrate p100 into p52, in a mouse model of TNFR1/LTβR-induced thymus involution. In addition, we also highlight a role for NIK in hepatocyte apoptosis in a mouse model of virus-induced TNFR1/RIP1-dependent liver damage. We conclude that NIK not only contributes to lymphoid organogenesis, inflammation and cell survival but also to TNFR1/RIP1-dependent cell death independently of the alternative NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Boutaffala
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M J M Bertrand
- The Inflammation Research Center IRC, VIB, DMBR, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - G Seleznik
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - M Janas
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Technische Universität München (TUM)/Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - C Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M T Fernandes
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Marchetti
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditéranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - F Mair
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Ganeff
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Hupalowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J-E Ricci
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditéranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - B Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Piette
- Laboratory of Virology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Technische Universität München (TUM)/Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - J Caamano
- School of Immunity and Infection, IBR-MRC, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Vandenabeele
- The Inflammation Research Center IRC, VIB, DMBR, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effective intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell immune responses are induced by low but not high numbers of antigen-expressing hepatocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:805-815. [PMID: 26412123 PMCID: PMC5101449 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver infections with hepatotropic viruses, such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are accompanied by viral persistence and immune failure. CD8+ T cells are crucial mediators of the intrahepatic antiviral immune response. Chronic infections of the liver and other organs correlate with T-cell exhaustion. It was previously suggested that high antigen load could result in T-cell exhaustion. We aimed at elucidating the impact of different intrahepatic antigen loads on the quality of CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunity by employing an infection-free transgenic mouse model expressing ovalbumin (Ova) as the target antigen. Adoptive transfer of OT-I cells induced a transient intrahepatic immune response toward both high and low Ova levels. However, antigen clearance was achieved only in mice expressing low antigen levels. In contrast, T cells exposed to high antigen levels underwent exhaustion and became depleted, causing antigen persistence. Moreover, when functional T cells were exposed to high intrahepatic antigen levels, a complete transition toward exhaustion was observed. Thus, this study shows that the antigen expression level in the liver correlates inversely with T-cell immunity in vivo and governs the efficiency of immune responses upon antigen presentation.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wong YC, Tay SS, McCaughan GW, Bowen DG, Bertolino P. Immune outcomes in the liver: Is CD8 T cell fate determined by the environment? J Hepatol 2015; 63:1005-14. [PMID: 26103545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is known for its tolerogenic properties. This unique characteristic is associated with persistent infection of the liver by the hepatitis B and C viruses. Improper activation of cellular adaptive immune responses within the liver and immune exhaustion over time both contribute to ineffective cytotoxic T cell responses to liver-expressed antigens in animal models, and likely play a role in incomplete clearance of chronic hepatitis virus infections in humans. However, under some conditions, functional immune responses can be elicited against hepatic antigens, resulting in control of hepatotropic infections. In order to develop improved therapeutics in immune-mediated chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, it is essential to understand how intrahepatic immunity is regulated. This review focuses on CD8 T cell immunity directed towards foreign antigens expressed in the liver, and explores how the liver environment dictates the outcome of intrahepatic CD8 T cell responses. Potential strategies to rescue unresponsive CD8 T cells in the liver are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yik Chun Wong
- Liver Immunology Group, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Szun Szun Tay
- Liver Immunology Group, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Liver Cancer and Injury Group, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Bowen
- Liver Immunology Group, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Group, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Buerfent BC, Gondorf F, Wohlleber D, Schumak B, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Escherichia coli-induced immune paralysis is not exacerbated during chronic filarial infection. Immunology 2015; 145:150-60. [PMID: 25521437 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis initially starts with a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS phase) and is followed by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) that causes impaired adaptive T-cell immunity, immune paralysis and an increased susceptibility to secondary infections. In contrast, parasitic filariae release thousands of microfilariae into the peripheral blood without triggering inflammation, as they induce regulatory, anti-inflammatory host responses. Hence, we investigated the impact of chronic filarial infection on adaptive T-cell responses during the SIRS and CARS phases of a systemic bacterial infection and analysed the development of T-cell paralysis following a subsequent adenovirus challenge in BALB/c mice. Chronic filarial infection impaired adenovirus-specific CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ responses in the absence of a bacterial challenge and led to higher numbers of splenic CTLA-4(+) CD4(+) T cells, whereas splenic T-cell expression of CD69 and CD62 ligand, serum cytokine levels and regulatory T-cell frequencies were comparable to naive controls. Irrespective of filarial infection, the SIRS phase dominated 6-24 hr after intravenous Escherichia coli challenge with increased T-cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas the CARS phase occurred 6 days post E. coli challenge and correlated with high levels of transforming growth factor-β and increased CD62 ligand T-cell expression. Escherichia coli-induced impairment of adenovirus-specific CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production was not additionally impaired by chronic filarial infection. This suggests that filarial immunoregulation does not exacerbate E. coli-induced T-cell paralysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt C Buerfent
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Witt A, Seeger JM, Coutelle O, Zigrino P, Broxtermann P, Andree M, Brinkmann K, Jüngst C, Schauss AC, Schüll S, Wohlleber D, Knolle PA, Krönke M, Mauch C, Kashkar H. IAP antagonization promotes inflammatory destruction of vascular endothelium. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:719-27. [PMID: 25825408 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show for the first time that the therapeutic antagonization of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibits B16 melanoma growth by disrupting tumor vasculature. Specifically, the treatment of mice bearing B16 melanoma with an IAP antagonist compound A (Comp A) inhibits tumor growth not by inducing direct cytotoxicity against B16 cells but rather by a hitherto unrecognized antiangiogenic activity against tumor vessels. Our detailed analysis showed that Comp A treatment induces NF-κB activity in B16 tumor cells and facilitates the production of TNF. In the presence of Comp A, endothelial cells (ECs) become highly susceptible to TNF and undergo apoptotic cell death. Accordingly, the antiangiogenic and growth-attenuating effects of Comp A treatment were completely abolished in TNF-R knockout mice. This novel targeting approach could be of clinical value in controlling pathological neoangiogenesis under inflammatory condition while sparing blood vessels under normal condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Witt
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens M Seeger
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Coutelle
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Broxtermann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Andree
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brinkmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Schüll
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene (IMMIH) University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hepatitis B virus core protein sensitizes hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis by suppression of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7. J Virol 2014; 89:2041-51. [PMID: 25428880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B, which caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, remains a major health threat worldwide. Hepatic injury and regeneration from chronic inflammation are the main driving factors of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B. Proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated as a major inducer of liver cell death during viral hepatitis. Here, we report that in hepatoma cell lines and in primary mouse and human hepatocytes, expression of hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein made cells susceptible to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We found by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry that receptor of activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1) interacted with HBc. RACK1 was recently reported as a scaffold protein that facilitates the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) by its upstream activators. Our study showed that HBc abrogated the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1 by competitively binding to RACK1, thereby downregulating TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of MKK7 and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In line with this finding, specific knockdown of MKK7 increased the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of RACK1 counteracted the proapoptotic activity of HBc. Capsid particle formation was not obligatory for HBc proapoptotic activity, as analyzed using an assembly-defective HBc mutant. In conclusion, the expression of HBc sensitized hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis by disrupting the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1. Our study is thus the first indication of the pathogenic effects of HBc in liver injury during hepatitis B. IMPORTANCE Our study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBc in TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. The proapoptotic activity of HBc is important for understanding hepatitis B pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with severe hepatitis may upregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBc expression. Our study also found that MKK7 is centrally involved in TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed a multifaceted role for JNK signaling in this process.
Collapse
|
44
|
Carambia A, Herkel J. Liver sinusoidal cells collecting MHC-I molecules: you can't get enough of a good thing. J Hepatol 2014; 61:464-5. [PMID: 24929090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Carambia
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr.52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr.52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Transfer of MHC-class-I molecules among liver sinusoidal cells facilitates hepatic immune surveillance. J Hepatol 2014; 61:600-8. [PMID: 24798625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the liver, antigen-presenting cell populations such as Kupffer cells, liver dendritic cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) participate through cross-presentation to CD8 T cells (CTLs) in hepatic immune-regulation and immune-surveillance. The participation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in immune regulation is controversial. Here we studied HSC's contribution to antiviral CTL immunity. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of MHC-I molecules at the cell surface of liver cells from mice with cell-type restricted MHC-I expression. Mice with HSC-restricted MHC-I expression were infected with a hepatotropic virus and analyzed for development of viral hepatitis after CTL transfer. RESULTS HSCs transferred MHC-I molecules to LSECs and these molecules were employed for LSEC cross-presentation to CTLs. Such transfer of MHC-I molecules was sufficient to support in vivo LSEC cross-presentation of soluble antigens to CTLs. Importantly, this transfer of MHC-I molecules contributed to anti-viral CTL immunity leading to development of immune-mediated hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate transfer of MHC-I molecules among sinusoidal liver cell populations as a potent mechanism to increase anti-viral CTL effector function. The transfer of MHC-I molecules from HSCs supplies LSECs with additional MHC-I molecules for their own cell-intrinsic cross-presentation. Such cross-allocation of MHC-I molecules in liver cell populations is distinct from cross-dressing that occurs among immune cell populations in lymphoid tissues where peptide-loaded MHC-I molecules are transferred. Our findings thus reveal a novel mechanism that increases local cross-presentation and CTL effector function in the liver, which may be instrumental for immune-surveillance during viral infection of antigen-presenting liver cells.
Collapse
|
46
|
Macleod BL, Bedoui S, Hor JL, Mueller SN, Russell TA, Hollett NA, Heath WR, Tscharke DC, Brooks AG, Gebhardt T. Distinct APC subtypes drive spatially segregated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity during skin infection with HSV-1. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004303. [PMID: 25121482 PMCID: PMC4133397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient infection control requires potent T-cell responses at sites of pathogen replication. However, the regulation of T-cell effector function in situ remains poorly understood. Here, we show key differences in the regulation of effector activity between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells during skin infection with HSV-1. IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells disseminated widely throughout the skin and draining lymph nodes (LN), clearly exceeding the epithelial distribution of infectious virus. By contrast, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were only found within the infected epidermal layer of the skin and associated hair follicles. Mechanistically, while various subsets of lymphoid- and skin-derived dendritic cells (DC) elicited IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells responded exclusively to infected epidermal cells directly presenting viral antigen. Notably, uninfected cross-presenting DCs from both skin and LNs failed to trigger IFN-γ production by CD8+ T-cells. Thus, we describe a previously unappreciated complexity in the regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity that is subset-specific, microanatomically distinct and involves largely non-overlapping types of antigen-presenting cells (APC). HSV-1 is a widely distributed pathogen causing a life-long latent infection associated with periodic bouts of reactivation and severe clinical complications. Adaptive immune responses encompassing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activities are key to both the clearance of infectious virus and the control of latent infection. However, precisely how such T-cell responses are regulated, particularly within acutely infected peripheral tissues, remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of HSV-1 skin infection, we describe a complex regulation of T-cell responses at the site of acute infection. These responses were subset-specific and anatomically distinct, with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activities being directed to distinct anatomical compartments within the skin. While IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells were broadly distributed, including skin regions a considerable distance away from infected cells, CD8+ T-cell activity was strictly confined to directly infected epithelial compartments. This unexpected spatial segregation was a direct consequence of the involvement of largely non-overlapping types of antigen-presenting cells in driving CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity. Our results provide novel insights into the cellular regulation of T-cell immunity within peripheral tissues and have the potential to guide the development of T-cell subset-specific approaches for therapeutic and prophylactic intervention in antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L. Macleod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiffany A. Russell
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Hollett
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Knolle PA, Thimme R. Hepatic immune regulation and its involvement in viral hepatitis infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1193-207. [PMID: 24412289 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver has unique immune regulatory functions that promote the induction of tolerance rather than responses to antigens encountered locally. These functions are mediated by local expression of coinhibitory receptors and immunosuppressive mediators that help prevent overwhelming tissue damage. Over the years, we have gained more insight into the local regulatory cues that determine the functional complexity of immune responses regulated locally in the liver. Both the unique hepatic microenvironment and the particular liver sinusoidal cell populations, in addition to hepatocytes, actively modulate immune responses locally in the liver and thereby determine the outcome of hepatic immune responses. This is of high biological and clinical relevance in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections, which can cause acute and persistent infections associated with chronic inflammation in humans that eventually progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review current knowledge about the balance between immunity and tolerance in the liver and how this may affect our understanding of the determinants of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus clearance, persistence, and virus-induced liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München and Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn.
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The evolution of adenoviral vectors through genetic and chemical surface modifications. Viruses 2014; 6:832-55. [PMID: 24549268 PMCID: PMC3939484 DOI: 10.3390/v6020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A long time has passed since the first clinical trial with adenoviral (Ad) vectors. Despite being very promising, Ad vectors soon revealed their limitations in human clinical trials. The pre-existing immunity, the marked liver tropism and the high toxicity of first generation Ad (FG-Ad) vectors have been the main challenges for the development of new approaches. Significant effort toward the development of genetically and chemically modified adenoviral vectors has enabled researchers to create more sophisticated vectors for gene therapy, with an improved safety profile and a higher transduction ability of different tissues. In this review, we will describe the latest findings in the high-speed, evolving field of genetic and chemical modifications of adenoviral vectors, a field in which different disciplines, such as biomaterial research, virology and immunology, co-operate synergistically to create better gene therapy tools for modern challenges.
Collapse
|
49
|
Paulsen D, Urban A, Knorr A, Hirth-Dietrich C, Siegling A, Volk HD, Mercer AA, Limmer A, Schumak B, Knolle P, Ruebsamen-Schaeff H, Weber O. Inactivated ORF virus shows antifibrotic activity and inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in preclinical models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74605. [PMID: 24066148 PMCID: PMC3774719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated orf virus (iORFV), strain D1701, is a potent immune modulator in various animal species. We recently demonstrated that iORFV induces strong antiviral activity in animal models of acute and chronic viral infections. In addition, we found D1701-mediated antifibrotic effects in different rat models of liver fibrosis. In the present study, we compare iORFV derived from two different strains of ORFV, D1701 and NZ2, respectively, with respect to their antifibrotic potential as well as their potential to induce an antiviral response controlling infections with the hepatotropic pathogens hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Both strains of ORFV showed anti-viral activity against HCV in vitro and against HBV in a transgenic mouse model without signs of necro-inflammation in vivo. Our experiments suggest that the absence of liver damage is potentially mediated by iORFV-induced downregulation of antigen cross-presentation in liver sinus endothelial cells. Furthermore, both strains showed significant anti-fibrotic activity in rat models of liver fibrosis. iORFV strain NZ2 appeared more potent compared to strain D1701 with respect to both its antiviral and antifibrotic activity on the basis of dosages estimated by titration of active virus. These results show a potential therapeutic approach against two important human liver pathogens HBV and HCV that independently addresses concomitant liver fibrosis. Further studies are required to characterize the details of the mechanisms involved in this novel therapeutic principle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institute of Medical Immunology and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Weber
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
CD8+ T cells specific for a malaria cytoplasmic antigen form clusters around infected hepatocytes and are protective at the liver stage of infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3825-34. [PMID: 23897612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00570-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following Anopheles mosquito-mediated introduction into a human host, Plasmodium parasites infect hepatocytes and undergo intensive replication. Accumulating evidence indicates that CD8(+) T cells induced by immunization with attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites can confer sterile immunity at the liver stage of infection; however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not clearly understood. To address this, we generated recombinant Plasmodium berghei ANKA expressing a fusion protein of an ovalbumin epitope and green fluorescent protein in the cytoplasm of the parasite. We have shown that the ovalbumin epitope is presented by infected liver cells in a manner dependent on a transporter associated with antigen processing and becomes a target of specific CD8(+) T cells from the T cell receptor transgenic mouse line OT-I, leading to protection at the liver stage of Plasmodium infection. We visualized the interaction between OT-I cells and infected hepatocytes by intravital imaging using two-photon microscopy. OT-I cells formed clusters around infected hepatocytes, leading to the elimination of the intrahepatic parasites and subsequent formation of large clusters of OT-I cells in the liver. Gamma interferon expressed in CD8(+) T cells was dispensable for this protective response. Additionally, we found that polyclonal ovalbumin-specific memory CD8(+) T cells induced by de novo immunization were able to confer sterile protection, although the threshold frequency of the protection was relatively high. These studies revealed a novel mechanism of specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated protective immunity and demonstrated that proteins expressed in the cytoplasm of Plasmodium parasites can become targets of specific CD8(+) T cells during liver-stage infection.
Collapse
|