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Krause M, Samolej J, Yakimovich A, Kriston-Vizi J, Huttunen M, Lara-Reyna S, Frickel EM, Mercer J. Vaccinia virus subverts xenophagy through phosphorylation and nuclear targeting of p62. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202104129. [PMID: 38709216 PMCID: PMC11076808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential degradation program required for cell homeostasis. Among its functions is the engulfment and destruction of cytosolic pathogens, termed xenophagy. Not surprisingly, many pathogens use various strategies to circumvent or co-opt autophagic degradation. For poxviruses, it is known that infection activates autophagy, which however is not required for successful replication. Even though these complex viruses replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm, autophagy-mediated control of poxvirus infection has not been extensively explored. Using the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), we show that overexpression of the xenophagy receptors p62, NDP52, and Tax1Bp1 restricts poxvirus infection. While NDP52 and Tax1Bp1 were degraded, p62 initially targeted cytoplasmic virions before being shunted to the nucleus. Nuclear translocation of p62 was dependent upon p62 NLS2 and correlated with VACV kinase mediated phosphorylation of p62 T269/S272. This suggests that VACV targets p62 during the early stages of infection to avoid destruction and further implies that poxviruses exhibit multi-layered control of autophagy to facilitate cytoplasmic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Krause
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moona Huttunen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Hsu J, Kim S, Anandasabapathy N. Vaccinia Virus: Mechanisms Supporting Immune Evasion and Successful Long-Term Protective Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:870. [PMID: 38932162 PMCID: PMC11209207 DOI: 10.3390/v16060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus is the most successful vaccine in human history and functions as a protective vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox, highlighting the importance of ongoing research into vaccinia due to its genetic similarity to other emergent poxviruses. Moreover, vaccinia's ability to accommodate large genetic insertions makes it promising for vaccine development and potential therapeutic applications, such as oncolytic agents. Thus, understanding how superior immunity is generated by vaccinia is crucial for designing other effective and safe vaccine strategies. During vaccinia inoculation by scarification, the skin serves as a primary site for the virus-host interaction, with various cell types playing distinct roles. During this process, hematopoietic cells undergo abortive infections, while non-hematopoietic cells support the full viral life cycle. This differential permissiveness to viral replication influences subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs), key immune sentinels in peripheral tissues such as skin, are pivotal in generating T cell memory during vaccinia immunization. DCs residing in the skin capture viral antigens and migrate to the draining lymph nodes (dLN), where they undergo maturation and present processed antigens to T cells. Notably, CD8+ T cells are particularly significant in viral clearance and the establishment of long-term protective immunity. Here, we will discuss vaccinia virus, its continued relevance to public health, and viral strategies permissive to immune escape. We will also discuss key events and populations leading to long-term protective immunity and remaining key gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hsu
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Suyon Kim
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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3
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Samolej J, Mendonca DC, Upfold N, McElwee M, Landsberger M, Yakimovich A, Patel AH, Strang BL, Mercer J. Bisbenzimide compounds inhibit the replication of prototype and pandemic potential poxviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0407223. [PMID: 38376353 PMCID: PMC10986486 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04072-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the bisbenzimide Hoechst 33342 (H42) as a potent multi-stage inhibitor of the prototypic poxvirus, the vaccinia virus (VACV), and several parapoxviruses. A recent report showed that novel bisbenzimide compounds similar in structure to H42 could prevent human cytomegalovirus replication. Here, we assessed whether these compounds could also serve as poxvirus inhibitors. Using virological assays, we show that these bisbenzimide compounds inhibit VACV spread, plaque formation, and the production of infectious progeny VACV with relatively low cell toxicity. Further analysis of the VACV lifecycle indicated that the effective bisbenzimide compounds had little impact on VACV early gene expression but inhibited VACV late gene expression and truncated the formation of VACV replication sites. Additionally, we found that bisbenzimide compounds, including H42, can inhibit both monkeypox and a VACV mutant resistant to the widely used anti-poxvirus drug TPOXX (Tecovirimat). Therefore, the tested bisbenzimide compounds were inhibitors of both prototypic and pandemic potential poxviruses and could be developed for use in situations where anti-poxvirus drug resistance may occur. Additionally, these data suggest that bisbenzimide compounds may serve as broad-activity antiviral compounds, targeting diverse DNA viruses such as poxviruses and betaherpesviruses.IMPORTANCEThe 2022 mpox (monkeypox) outbreak served as a stark reminder that due to the cessation of smallpox vaccination over 40 years ago, most of the human population remains susceptible to poxvirus infection. With only two antivirals approved for the treatment of smallpox infection in humans, the need for additional anti-poxvirus compounds is evident. Having shown that the bisbenzimide H33342 is a potent inhibitor of poxvirus gene expression and DNA replication, here we extend these findings to include a set of novel bisbenzimide compounds that show anti-viral activity against mpox and a drug-resistant prototype poxvirus mutant. These results suggest that further development of bisbenzimides for the treatment of pandemic potential poxviruses is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samolej
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo Correa Mendonca
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Upfold
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marion McElwee
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Landsberger
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V. (HZDR), Görlitz, Germany
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- CVR-CRUSH, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Mercer
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Samolej J, White IJ, Strang BL, Mercer J. Cardiac glycosides inhibit early and late vaccinia virus protein expression. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001971. [PMID: 38546099 PMCID: PMC10995631 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural steroid glycosides, which act as inhibitors of the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Although traditionally considered toxic to human cells, CGs are widely used as drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular-related medical conditions. More recently, CGs have been explored as potential anti-viral drugs and inhibit replication of a range of RNA and DNA viruses. Previously, a compound screen identified CGs that inhibited vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. However, no further investigation of the inhibitory potential of these compounds was performed, nor was there investigation of the stage(s) of the poxvirus lifecycle they impacted. Here, we investigated the anti-poxvirus activity of a broad panel of CGs. We found that all CGs tested were potent inhibitors of VACV replication. Our virological experiments showed that CGs did not impact virus infectivity, binding, or entry. Rather, experiments using recombinant viruses expressing reporter proteins controlled by VACV promoters and arabinoside release assays demonstrated that CGs inhibited early and late VACV protein expression at different concentrations. Lack of virus assembly in the presence of CGs was confirmed using electron microscopy. Thus, we expand our understanding of compounds with anti-poxvirus activity and highlight a yet unrecognized mechanism by which poxvirus replication can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samolej
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Blair L. Strang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- Insititute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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5
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Hernandez-Gonzalez M, Calcraft T, Nans A, Rosenthal PB, Way M. Palisade structure in intact vaccinia virions. mBio 2024; 15:e0313423. [PMID: 38171004 PMCID: PMC10865856 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03134-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus assembly in the cytoplasm of infected cells involves the formation of a biconcave viral core inside the maturing viral particle. The boundary of the core is defined by a pseudohexagonal palisade layer, composed of trimers projecting from an inner wall. To understand the assembly of this complex core architecture, we obtained a subnanometer structure of the palisade trimer by cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging of purified intact virions. Using AlphaFold2 structure predictions, we determined that the palisade is formed from trimers of the proteolytically processed form of the viral protein A10. In addition, we found that each A10 protomer associates with an α-helix (residues 24-66) of A4. Cellular localization assays outside the context of infection demonstrate that the A4 N-terminus is necessary and sufficient to interact with A10. The interaction between A4 and A10 provides insights into how the palisade layer might become tightly associated with the viral membrane during virion maturation. Reconstruction of the palisade layer reveals that, despite local hexagonal ordering, the A10/A4 trimers are widely spaced, suggesting that additional components organize the lattice. This spacing would, however, allow the adoption of the characteristic biconcave shape of the viral core. Finally, we also found that the palisade incorporates multiple copies of a hexameric portal structure. We suggest that these portals are formed by E6, a viral protein that is essential for virion assembly and required to release viral mRNA from the core early in infection.IMPORTANCEPoxviruses such as variola virus (smallpox) and monkeypox cause diseases in humans. Other poxviruses, including vaccinia and modified vaccinia Ankara, are used as vaccine vectors. Given their importance, a greater structural understanding of poxvirus virions is needed. We now performed cryo-electron tomography of purified intact vaccinia virions to study the structure of the palisade, a protein lattice that defines the viral core boundary. We identified the main viral proteins that form the palisade and their interaction surfaces and provided new insights into the organization of the viral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Calcraft
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Liu J, Corroyer-Dulmont S, Pražák V, Khusainov I, Bahrami K, Welsch S, Vasishtan D, Obarska-Kosińska A, Thorkelsson SR, Grünewald K, Quemin ERJ, Turoňová B, Locker JK. The palisade layer of the poxvirus core is composed of flexible A10 trimers. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01218-5. [PMID: 38316878 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to its asymmetric shape, size and compactness, the structure of the infectious mature virus (MV) of vaccinia virus (VACV), the best-studied poxvirus, remains poorly understood. Instead, subviral particles, in particular membrane-free viral cores, have been studied with cryo-electron microscopy. Here, we compared viral cores obtained by detergent stripping of MVs with cores in the cellular cytoplasm, early in infection. We focused on the prominent palisade layer on the core surface, combining cryo-electron tomography, subtomogram averaging and AlphaFold2 structure prediction. We showed that the palisade is composed of densely packed trimers of the major core protein A10. Trimers display a random order and their classification indicates structural flexibility. A10 on cytoplasmic cores is organized in a similar manner, indicating that the structures obtained in vitro are physiologically relevant. We discuss our results in the context of the VACV replicative cycle, and the assembly and disassembly of the infectious MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Liu
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simon Corroyer-Dulmont
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vojtěch Pražák
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iskander Khusainov
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karola Bahrami
- Electron Microscopy of Pathogens, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
- University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daven Vasishtan
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sigurdur R Thorkelsson
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Emmanuelle R J Quemin
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Virology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Beata Turoňová
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jacomina Krijnse Locker
- Electron Microscopy of Pathogens, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
- Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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7
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Beaud G, Costa F, Klonjkowski B, Piumi F, Coulpier M, Drillien R, Monsion B, Mohd Jaafar F, Attoui H. Vaccinia Virus Defective Particles Lacking the F17 Protein Do Not Inhibit Protein Synthesis: F17, a Double-Edged Sword for Protein Synthesis? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1382. [PMID: 38338659 PMCID: PMC10855608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (Orthopoxvirus) F17 protein is a major virion structural phosphoprotein having a molecular weight of 11 kDa. Recently, it was shown that F17 synthesised in infected cells interacts with mTOR subunits to evade cell immunity and stimulate late viral protein synthesis. Several years back, we purified an 11 kDa protein that inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysate from virions, and that possesses all physico-chemical properties of F17 protein. To investigate this discrepancy, we used defective vaccinia virus particles devoid of the F17 protein (designated iF17- particles) to assess their ability to inhibit protein synthesis. To this aim, we purified iF17- particles from cells infected with a vaccinia virus mutant which expresses F17 only in the presence of IPTG. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles of iF17- particles or derived particles, obtained by solubilisation of the viral membrane, were similar to that of infectious iF17 particles. As expected, the profiles of full iF17- particles and those lacking the viral membrane were missing the 11 kDa F17 band. The iF17- particles did attach to cells and injected their viral DNA into the cytoplasm. Co-infection of the non-permissive BSC40 cells with a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus, expressing an mCherry protein, and iF17- particles, induced a strong mCherry fluorescence. Altogether, these experiments confirmed that the iF17- particles can inject their content into cells. We measured the rate of protein synthesis as a function of the multiplicity of infection (MOI), in the presence of puromycin as a label. We showed that iF17- particles did not inhibit protein synthesis at high MOI, by contrast to the infectious iF17 mutant. Furthermore, the measured efficiency to inhibit protein synthesis by the iF17 mutant virus generated in the presence of IPTG, was threefold to eightfold lower than that of the wild-type WR virus. The iF17 mutant contained about threefold less F17 protein than wild-type WR. Altogether these results strongly suggest that virion-associated F17 protein is essential to mediate a stoichiometric inhibition of protein synthesis, in contrast to the late synthesised F17. It is possible that this discrepancy is due to different phosphorylation states of the free and virion-associated F17 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Beaud
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Fleur Costa
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - François Piumi
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Robert Drillien
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U596/CNRS-UMR7104, Université Louis Pasteur, F-67404 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.C.); (B.K.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
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8
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Meade N, Toreev HK, Chakrabarty RP, Hesser CR, Park C, Chandel NS, Walsh D. The poxvirus F17 protein counteracts mitochondrially orchestrated antiviral responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7889. [PMID: 38036506 PMCID: PMC10689448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are unusual DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. To do so, they encode approximately 100 immunomodulatory proteins that counteract cytosolic nucleic acid sensors such as cGAMP synthase (cGAS) along with several other antiviral response pathways. Yet most of these immunomodulators are expressed very early in infection while many are variable host range determinants, and significant gaps remain in our understanding of poxvirus sensing and evasion strategies. Here, we show that after infection is established, subsequent progression of the viral lifecycle is sensed through specific changes to mitochondria that coordinate distinct aspects of the antiviral response. Unlike other viruses that cause extensive mitochondrial damage, poxviruses sustain key mitochondrial functions including membrane potential and respiration while reducing reactive oxygen species that drive inflammation. However, poxvirus replication induces mitochondrial hyperfusion that independently controls the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to prime nucleic acid sensors and enables an increase in glycolysis that is necessary to support interferon stimulated gene (ISG) production. To counter this, the poxvirus F17 protein localizes to mitochondria and dysregulates mTOR to simultaneously destabilize cGAS and block increases in glycolysis. Our findings reveal how the poxvirus F17 protein disarms specific mitochondrially orchestrated responses to later stages of poxvirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Helen K Toreev
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ram P Chakrabarty
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Charles R Hesser
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chorong Park
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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9
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Schlosser-Perrin L, Holzmuller P, Fernandez B, Miotello G, Dahmani N, Neyret A, Bertagnoli S, Armengaud J, Caufour P. Constitutive proteins of lumpy skin disease virion assessed by next-generation proteomics. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072323. [PMID: 37737587 PMCID: PMC10617387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of an economically important cattle disease which is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Over the past decades, the disease has spread at an alarming rate throughout the African continent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and many Asian countries. While multiple LDSV whole genomes have made further genetic comparative analyses possible, knowledge on the protein composition of the LSDV particle remains lacking. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive proteomic analysis of an infectious LSDV particle, prompting new efforts toward further proteomic LSDV strain characterization. Furthermore, this first incursion within the capripoxvirus proteome represents one of very few proteomic studies beyond the sole Orthopoxvirus genus, for which most of the proteomics studies have been performed. Providing new information about other chordopoxviruses may contribute to shedding new light on protein composition within the Poxviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Schlosser-Perrin
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Fernandez
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Noureddine Dahmani
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
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10
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Abad AT, McNamara AJ, Danthi P. Proteasome activity is required for reovirus entry into cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0134823. [PMID: 37830819 PMCID: PMC10617490 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01348-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Due to their limited genetic capacity, viruses are reliant on multiple host systems to replicate successfully. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is commonly used as a model system for understanding host-virus interactions. In this study, we identify that the proteasome system, which is critical for cellular protein turnover, affects reovirus entry. Inhibition of the proteasome using a chemical inhibitor blocks reovirus uncoating. Blocking these events reduces subsequent replication of the virus. This work identifies that additional host factors control reovirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Abad
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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11
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Mirzakhanyan Y, Jankevics A, Scheltema RA, Gershon PD. Combination of deep XLMS with deep learning reveals an ordered rearrangement and assembly of a major protein component of the vaccinia virion. mBio 2023; 14:e0113523. [PMID: 37646531 PMCID: PMC10653903 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE An outstanding problem in the understanding of poxvirus biology is the molecular structure of the mature virion. Via deep learning methods combined with chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry, we have addressed the structure and assembly pathway of P4a, a key poxvirus virion core component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andris Jankevics
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard A. Scheltema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul David Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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12
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Yuan X, Zhang X, Wang H, Mao X, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C, Liao Y. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Facilitates Membrane Fusion and Uncoating during Coronavirus Entry. Viruses 2023; 15:2001. [PMID: 37896778 PMCID: PMC10610886 DOI: 10.3390/v15102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in several coronavirus-productive infections has been reported, whether the UPS is required for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infections is unclear. In this study, the role of UPS in the IBV and PEDV life cycles was investigated. When the UPS was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition at the early infection stage, IBV and PEDV infectivity were severely impaired. Further study showed that inhibition of UPS did not change the internalization of virus particles; however, by using R18 and DiOC-labeled virus particles, we found that inhibition of UPS prevented the IBV and PEDV membrane fusion with late endosomes or lysosomes. In addition, proteasome inhibitors blocked the degradation of the incoming viral protein N, suggesting the uncoating process and genomic RNA release were suppressed. Subsequently, the initial translation of genomic RNA was blocked. Thus, UPS may target the virus-cellular membrane fusion to facilitate the release of incoming viruses from late endosomes or lysosomes, subsequently blocking the following virus uncoating, initial translation, and replication events. Similar to the observation of proteasome inhibitors, ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR-41 also impaired the entry of IBV, enhanced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and depleted mono-ubiquitin. In all, this study reveals an important role of UPS in coronavirus entry by preventing membrane fusion and identifies UPS as a potential target for developing antiviral therapies for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (X.M.); (Y.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.); (X.Q.); (C.D.)
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13
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Bottini A, Pacheco DRDCG, Forti FL, Bottini N. Revisiting VH1 phosphatase at the time of monkeypox: back to the spotlight. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1419-1427. [PMID: 37409507 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus is a poxvirus that has been successfully leveraged to develop vaccines for smallpox, which is caused by the closely related Variola virus. Smallpox has been declared as 'eradicated' by the WHO in 1980; however, it still poses a potential bioterrorism threat. More recently, the spreading of monkeypox (MPox) in non-endemic countries has further highlighted the importance of continuing the exploration for druggable targets for poxvirus infections. The vaccinia H1 (VH1) phosphatase is the first reported dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP) able to hydrolyze both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphotheonine residues. VH1 is a 20 kDa protein that forms a stable dimer and can dephosphorylate both viral and cellular substrates to regulate the viral replication cycle and host immune response. VH1 dimers adopt a domain swap mechanism with the first 20 amino acids of each monomer involved in dense electrostatic interaction and salt bridge formations while hydrophobic interactions between the N-terminal and C-terminal helices further stabilize the dimer. VH1 appears to be an ideal candidate for discovery of novel anti-poxvirus agents because it is highly conserved within the poxviridae family and is a virulence factor, yet it displays significant divergence in sequence and dimerization mechanism from its human closest ortholog vaccinia H1-related (VHR) phosphatase, encoded by the DUSP3 gene. As the dimeric quaternary structure of VH1 is essential for its phosphatase activity, strategies leading to disruption of the dimer structure might aid in VH1 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Bottini
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Diana R D C G Pacheco
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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14
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Wang Y, Yang K, Zhou H. Immunogenic proteins and potential delivery platforms for mpox virus vaccine development: A rapid review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125515. [PMID: 37353117 PMCID: PMC10284459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Since May 2022, the mpox virus (MPXV) has spread worldwide and become a potential threat to global public health. Vaccines are important tools for preventing MPXV transmission and infection in the population. However, there are still no available potent and applicable vaccines specifically for MPXV. Herein, we highlight several potential vaccine targets for MPVX and emphasize potent immunogens, such as M1R, E8L, H3L, A29L, A35R, and B6R proteins. These proteins can be integrated into diverse vaccine platforms to elicit powerful B-cell and T-cell responses, thereby providing protective immunity against MPXV infection. Overall, research on the MPXV vaccine targets would provide valuable information for developing timely effective MPXV-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China.
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15
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Wang J, Shahed-Ai-Mahmud M, Chen A, Li K, Tan H, Joyce R. An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4468-4490. [PMID: 36961984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The current monkeypox outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited interest in orthopoxvirus antivirals. Monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which also includes the variola virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. Two orally bioavailable drugs, tecovirimat and brincidofovir, have been approved for treating smallpox infections. Given their human safety profiles and in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models, both drugs have also been recommended to treat monkeypox infection. To facilitate the development of additional orthopoxvirus antivirals, we summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and mechanism of resistance of orthopoxvirus antivirals. This perspective covers both direct-acting and host-targeting antivirals with an emphasis on drug candidates showing in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models. We hope to speed the orthopoxvirus antiviral drug discovery by providing medicinal chemists with insights into prioritizing proper drug targets and hits for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Md Shahed-Ai-Mahmud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Angelo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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16
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Bidgood SR, Samolej J, Novy K, Collopy A, Albrecht D, Krause M, Burden JJ, Wollscheid B, Mercer J. Poxviruses package viral redox proteins in lateral bodies and modulate the host oxidative response. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010614. [PMID: 35834477 PMCID: PMC9282662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
All poxviruses contain a set of proteinaceous structures termed lateral bodies (LB) that deliver viral effector proteins into the host cytosol during virus entry. To date, the spatial proteotype of LBs remains unknown. Using the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), we employed a quantitative comparative mass spectrometry strategy to determine the poxvirus LB proteome. We identified a large population of candidate cellular proteins, the majority being mitochondrial, and 15 candidate viral LB proteins. Strikingly, one-third of these are VACV redox proteins whose LB residency could be confirmed using super-resolution microscopy. We show that VACV infection exerts an anti-oxidative effect on host cells and that artificial induction of oxidative stress impacts early and late gene expression as well as virion production. Using targeted repression and/or deletion viruses we found that deletion of individual LB-redox proteins was insufficient for host redox modulation suggesting there may be functional redundancy. In addition to defining the spatial proteotype of VACV LBs, these findings implicate poxvirus redox proteins as potential modulators of host oxidative anti-viral responses and provide a solid starting point for future investigations into the role of LB resident proteins in host immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Bidgood
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karel Novy
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abigail Collopy
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Krause
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Poxviruses, of which vaccinia virus is the prototype, are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. This physical and genetic autonomy from the host cell nucleus necessitates that these viruses encode most, if not all, of the proteins required for replication in the cytoplasm. In this review, we follow the life of the viral genome through space and time to address some of the unique challenges that arise from replicating a 195-kb DNA genome in the cytoplasm. We focus on how the genome is released from the incoming virion and deposited into the cytoplasm; how the endoplasmic reticulum is reorganized to form a replication factory, thereby compartmentalizing and helping to protect the replicating genome from immune sensors; how the cellular milieu is tailored to support high-fidelity replication of the genome; and finally, how newly synthesized genomes are faithfully and specifically encapsidated into new virions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Greseth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA;
| | - Paula Traktman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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18
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Martin CK, Samolej J, Olson AT, Bertoli C, Wiebe MS, de Bruin RAM, Mercer J. Vaccinia Virus Arrests and Shifts the Cell Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:431. [PMID: 35216024 PMCID: PMC8874441 DOI: 10.3390/v14020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the host cell cycle is a common strategy used by viruses to create a pro-replicative environment. To facilitate viral genome replication, vaccinia virus (VACV) has been reported to alter cell cycle regulation and trigger the host cell DNA damage response. However, the cellular factors and viral effectors that mediate these changes remain unknown. Here, we set out to investigate the effect of VACV infection on cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression. Using a subset of VACV mutants, we characterise the stage of infection required for inhibition of cell proliferation and define the viral effectors required to dysregulate the host cell cycle. Consistent with previous studies, we show that VACV inhibits and subsequently shifts the host cell cycle. We demonstrate that these two phenomena are independent of one another, with viral early genes being responsible for cell cycle inhibition, and post-replicative viral gene(s) responsible for the cell cycle shift. Extending previous findings, we show that the viral kinase F10 is required to activate the DNA damage checkpoint and that the viral B1 kinase and/or B12 pseudokinase mediate degradation of checkpoint effectors p53 and p21 during infection. We conclude that VACV modulates host cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression through temporal expression of multiple VACV effector proteins. (209/200.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Martin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Annabel T. Olson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Matthew S. Wiebe
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Robertus A. M. de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jason Mercer
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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19
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Talbot-Cooper C, Pantelejevs T, Shannon JP, Cherry CR, Au MT, Hyvönen M, Hickman HD, Smith GL. Poxviruses and paramyxoviruses use a conserved mechanism of STAT1 antagonism to inhibit interferon signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:357-372.e11. [PMID: 35182467 PMCID: PMC8912257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes by STATs is a critical host defense mechanism against virus infection. Here, we report that a highly expressed poxvirus protein, 018, inhibits IFN-induced signaling by binding to the SH2 domain of STAT1, thereby preventing the association of STAT1 with an activated IFN receptor. Despite encoding other inhibitors of IFN-induced signaling, a poxvirus mutant lacking 018 was attenuated in mice. The 2.0 Å crystal structure of the 018:STAT1 complex reveals a phosphotyrosine-independent mode of 018 binding to the SH2 domain of STAT1. Moreover, the STAT1-binding motif of 018 shows similarity to the STAT1-binding proteins from Nipah virus, which, similar to 018, block the association of STAT1 with an IFN receptor. Overall, these results uncover a conserved mechanism of STAT1 antagonism that is employed independently by distinct virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Talbot-Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Teodors Pantelejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - John P Shannon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Christian R Cherry
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Marcus T Au
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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20
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Riera E, Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Miorin L, García-Sastre A, Revilla Y. African Swine Fever Virus Induces STAT1 and STAT2 Degradation to Counteract IFN-I Signaling. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722952. [PMID: 34512601 PMCID: PMC8427279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a serious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars and is currently expanding worldwide. No safe and efficacious vaccines against ASFV are available, which threats the swine industry worldwide. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex dsDNA virus that displays multiple mechanisms to counteract the host innate immune response, whose efficacy might determine the different degrees of virulence displayed by attenuated and virulent ASFV strains. Here we report that infection with both virulent Arm/07/CBM/c2 and attenuated NH/P68 strains prevents interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in interferon (IFN)-treated cells by counteracting the JAK/STAT pathway. This inhibition results in an impaired nuclear translocation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, as well as in the proteasome-dependent STAT2 degradation and caspase 3-dependent STAT1 cleavage. The existence of two independent mechanisms of control of the JAK/STAT pathway, suggests the importance of preventing this pathway for successful viral replication. As ASFV virulence is likely associated with the efficacy of the IFN signaling inhibitory mechanisms, a better understanding of these IFN antagonistic properties may lead to new strategies to control this devastating pig disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Senkevich TG, Yutin N, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Moss B. Ancient Gene Capture and Recent Gene Loss Shape the Evolution of Orthopoxvirus-Host Interaction Genes. mBio 2021; 12:e0149521. [PMID: 34253028 PMCID: PMC8406176 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01495-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of viruses depends on their ability to resist host defenses and, of all animal virus families, the poxviruses have the most antidefense genes. Orthopoxviruses (ORPV), a genus within the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, infect diverse mammals and include one of the most devastating human pathogens, the now eradicated smallpox virus. ORPV encode ∼200 genes, of which roughly half are directly involved in virus genome replication and expression as well as virion morphogenesis. The remaining ∼100 "accessory" genes are responsible for virus-host interactions, particularly counter-defense of innate immunity. Complete sequences are currently available for several hundred ORPV genomes isolated from a variety of mammalian hosts, providing a rich resource for comparative genomics and reconstruction of ORPV evolution. To identify the provenance and evolutionary trends of the ORPV accessory genes, we constructed clusters including the orthologs of these genes from all chordopoxviruses. Most of the accessory genes were captured in three major waves early in chordopoxvirus evolution, prior to the divergence of ORPV and the sister genus Centapoxvirus from their common ancestor. The capture of these genes from the host was followed by extensive gene duplication, yielding several paralogous gene families. In addition, nine genes were gained during the evolution of ORPV themselves. In contrast, nearly every accessory gene was lost, some on multiple, independent occasions in numerous lineages of ORPV, so that no ORPV retains them all. A variety of functional interactions could be inferred from examination of pairs of ORPV accessory genes that were either often or rarely lost concurrently. IMPORTANCE Orthopoxviruses (ORPV) include smallpox (variola) virus, one of the most devastating human pathogens, and vaccinia virus, comprising the vaccine used for smallpox eradication. Among roughly 200 ORPV genes, about half are essential for genome replication and expression as well as virion morphogenesis, whereas the remaining half consists of accessory genes counteracting the host immune response. We reannotated the accessory genes of ORPV, predicting the functions of uncharacterized genes, and reconstructed the history of their gain and loss during the evolution of ORPV. Most of the accessory genes were acquired in three major waves antedating the origin of ORPV from chordopoxviruses. The evolution of ORPV themselves was dominated by gene loss, with numerous genes lost at the base of each major group of ORPV. Examination of pairs of ORPV accessory genes that were either often or rarely lost concurrently during ORPV evolution allows prediction of different types of functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G. Senkevich
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Instutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuri I. Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Instutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Lant S, Maluquer de Motes C. Poxvirus Interactions with the Host Ubiquitin System. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081034. [PMID: 34451498 PMCID: PMC8399815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system has emerged as a master regulator of many, if not all, cellular functions. With its large repertoire of conjugating and ligating enzymes, the ubiquitin system holds a unique mechanism to provide selectivity and specificity in manipulating protein function. As intracellular parasites viruses have evolved to modulate the cellular environment to facilitate replication and subvert antiviral responses. Poxviruses are a large family of dsDNA viruses with large coding capacity that is used to synthetise proteins and enzymes needed for replication and morphogenesis as well as suppression of host responses. This review summarises our current knowledge on how poxvirus functions rely on the cellular ubiquitin system, and how poxviruses exploit this system to their own advantage, either facilitating uncoating and genome release and replication or rewiring ubiquitin ligases to downregulate critical antiviral factors. Whilst much remains to be known about the intricate interactions established between poxviruses and the host ubiquitin system, our knowledge has revealed crucial viral processes and important restriction factors that open novel avenues for antiviral treatment and provide fundamental insights on the biology of poxviruses and other virus families.
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23
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Abstract
My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, and glycobiology. At the same time, our aim has been to employ cell biological approaches to expand the fundamental understanding of animal viruses and their pathogenic lifestyles. We have studied mechanisms of host cell entry and the uncoating of incoming viruses as well as the synthesis, folding, maturation, and intracellular movement of viral proteins and molecular assemblies. I have had the privilege to work in institutions in four different countries. The early years in Finland (the University of Helsinki) were followed by 6 years in Germany (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 16 years in the United States (Yale School of Medicine), and 16 years in Switzerland (ETH Zurich).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland;
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24
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Wood JJ, White IJ, Samolej J, Mercer J. Acrylamide inhibits vaccinia virus through vimentin-independent anti-viral granule formation. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13334. [PMID: 33792166 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The replication and assembly of vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic poxvirus, occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells. While the role of cellular cytoskeletal components in these processes remains poorly understood, vimentin-a type III intermediate filament-has been shown to associate with viral replication sites and to be incorporated into mature VACV virions. Here, we employed chemical and genetic approaches to further investigate the role of vimentin during the VACV lifecycle. The collapse of vimentin filaments, using acrylamide, was found to inhibit VACV infection at the level of genome replication, intermediate- and late-gene expression. However, we found that CRISPR-mediated knockout of vimentin did not impact VACV replication. Combining these tools, we demonstrate that acrylamide treatment results in the formation of anti-viral granules (AVGs) known to mediate translational inhibition of many viruses. We conclude that vimentin is dispensable for poxvirus replication and assembly and that acrylamide, as a potent inducer of AVGs during VACV infection, serves to bolster cell's anti-viral response to poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wood
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Giotis ES, Laidlaw SM, Bidgood SR, Albrecht D, Burden JJ, Robey RC, Mercer J, Skinner MA. Modulation of Early Host Innate Immune Response by an Avipox Vaccine Virus' Lateral Body Protein. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E634. [PMID: 33352813 PMCID: PMC7766033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian pathogen fowlpox virus (FWPV) has been successfully used as a vaccine vector in poultry and humans, but relatively little is known about its ability to modulate host antiviral immune responses in these hosts, which are replication-permissive and nonpermissive, respectively. FWPV is highly resistant to avian type I interferon (IFN) and able to completely block the host IFN-response. Microarray screening of host IFN-regulated gene expression in cells infected with 59 different, nonessential FWPV gene knockout mutants revealed that FPV184 confers immunomodulatory capacity. We report that the FPV184-knockout virus (FWPVΔ184) induces the cellular IFN response as early as 2 h postinfection. The wild-type, uninduced phenotype can be rescued by transient expression of FPV184 in FWPVΔ184-infected cells. Ectopic expression of FPV184 inhibited polyI:C activation of the chicken IFN-β promoter and IFN-α activation of the chicken Mx1 promoter. Confocal and correlative super-resolution light and electron microscopy demonstrated that FPV184 has a functional nuclear localisation signal domain and is packaged in the lateral bodies of the virions. Taken together, these results provide a paradigm for a late poxvirus structural protein packaged in the lateral bodies, capable of suppressing IFN induction early during the next round of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S. Giotis
- Section of Virology, School of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; (S.M.L.); (R.C.R.); (M.A.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester C04 3SQ, UK
| | - Stephen M. Laidlaw
- Section of Virology, School of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; (S.M.L.); (R.C.R.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Susanna R. Bidgood
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.R.B.); (D.A.); (J.J.B.); (J.M.)
| | - David Albrecht
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.R.B.); (D.A.); (J.J.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Jemima J. Burden
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.R.B.); (D.A.); (J.J.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebecca C. Robey
- Section of Virology, School of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; (S.M.L.); (R.C.R.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Jason Mercer
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (S.R.B.); (D.A.); (J.J.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Michael A. Skinner
- Section of Virology, School of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; (S.M.L.); (R.C.R.); (M.A.S.)
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26
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Schneider SM, Lee BH, Nicola AV. Viral entry and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13276. [PMID: 33037857 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses confiscate cellular components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to facilitate many aspects of the infectious cycle. The 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent, multisubunit proteolytic machine present in all eukaryotic cells. The proteasome executes the controlled degradation of functional proteins, as well as the hydrolysis of aberrantly folded polypeptides. There is growing evidence for the role of the UPS in viral entry. The UPS assists in several steps of the initiation of infection, including endosomal escape of the entering virion, intracellular transport of incoming nucleocapsids and uncoating of the viral genome. Inhibitors of proteasome activity, including MG132, epoxomicin, lactacystin and bortezomib have been integral to developments in this area. Here, we review the mechanistic details of UPS involvement in the entry process of viruses from a multitude of families. The possibility of proteasome inhibitors as therapeutic antiviral agents is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Becky H Lee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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27
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Lu Y, Zhang L. DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immunity in Poxvirus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1637. [PMID: 32983084 PMCID: PMC7483915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host antiviral innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on how poxvirus is sensed by the host innate immune system and how poxvirus-encoded proteins antagonize DNA sensors. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between poxvirus and DNA-sensing antiviral immune responses of the host will contribute to the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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28
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Peng C, Zhou Y, Cao S, Pant A, Campos Guerrero ML, McDonald P, Roy A, Yang Z. Identification of Vaccinia Virus Inhibitors and Cellular Functions Necessary for Efficient Viral Replication by Screening Bioactives and FDA-Approved Drugs. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030401. [PMID: 32708182 PMCID: PMC7564539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four decades after the eradication of smallpox, poxviruses continue to threaten the health of humans and other animals. Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as the vaccine that successfully eradicated smallpox and is a prototypic member of the poxvirus family. Many cellular pathways play critical roles in productive poxvirus replication. These pathways provide opportunities to expand the arsenal of poxvirus antiviral development by targeting the cellular functions required for efficient poxvirus replication. In this study, we developed and optimized a secreted Gaussia luciferase-based, simplified assay procedure suitable for high throughput screening. Using this procedure, we screened a customized compound library that contained over 3200 bioactives and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved chemicals, most having known cellular targets, for their inhibitory effects on VACV replication. We identified over 140 compounds that suppressed VACV replication. Many of these hits target cellular pathways previously reported to be required for efficient VACV replication, validating the effectiveness of our screening. Importantly, we also identified hits that target cellular functions with previously unknown roles in the VACV replication cycle. Among those in the latter category, we verified the antiviral role of several compounds targeting the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway by showing that STAT3 inhibitors reduced VACV replication. Our findings identify pathways that are candidates for use in the prevention and treatment of poxvirus infections and additionally provide a foundation to investigate diverse cellular pathways for their roles in poxvirus replications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Peng
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Shuai Cao
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Anil Pant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Marlene L. Campos Guerrero
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Peter McDonald
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Anuradha Roy
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Gowripalan A, Abbott CR, McKenzie C, Chan WS, Karupiah G, Levy L, Newsome TP. Cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus is promoted by TGF-β-independent Smad4 signalling. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13206. [PMID: 32237038 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of Smad signalling by the extracellular ligand TGF-β promotes tissue plasticity and cell migration in developmental and pathological contexts. Here, we show that vaccinia virus (VACV) stimulates the activity of Smad transcription factors and expression of TGF-β/Smad-responsive genes at the transcript and protein levels. Accordingly, infected cells share characteristics to those undergoing TGF-β/Smad-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Depletion of the Smad4 protein, a common mediator of TGF-β signalling, results in an attenuation of viral cell-to-cell spread and reduced motility of infected cells. VACV induction of TGF-β/Smad-responsive gene expression does not require the TGF-β ligand or type I and type II TGF-β receptors, suggesting a novel, non-canonical Smad signalling pathway. Additionally, the spread of ectromelia virus, a related orthopoxvirus that does not activate a TGF-β/Smad response, is enhanced by the addition of exogenous TGF-β. Together, our results indicate that VACV orchestrates a TGF-β-like response via a unique activation mechanism to enhance cell migration and promote virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gowripalan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin R Abbott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weng S Chan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laurence Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an enveloped virus of the Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. During virus cell entry, viral and cellular cues are delivered in a stepwise manner within two distinct cellular compartments-the endosomes and the cytosol. Endosome maturation primes the viral core for uncoating by cytosolic host proteins and host-mediated virus disaggregation is essential for genome import and replication in the nucleus. Recent evidence shows that two well-known cellular proteins-histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and karyopherin-β2 (kapβ2)-uncoat influenza virus. HDAC6 is 1 of 11 HDACs and an X-linked, cytosolic lysine deacetylase. Under normal cellular conditions HDAC6 is the tubulin deacetylase. Under proteasomal stress HDAC6 binds unanchored ubiquitin, dynein and myosin II to sequester misfolded protein aggregates for autophagy. Kapβ2 is a member of the importin β family that transports RNA-binding proteins into the nucleus by binding to disordered nuclear localization signals (NLSs) known as PY-NLS. Kapβ2 is emerging as a universal uncoating factor for IAV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Kapβ2 can also reverse liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of RNA-binding proteins by promoting their disaggregation. Thus, it is becoming evident that key players in the management of cellular condensates and membraneless organelles are potent virus uncoating factors. This emerging concept reveals implications in viral pathogenesis, as well as, the promise for cell-targeted therapeutic strategies to block universal virus uncoating pathways hijacked by enveloped RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gray RDM, Albrecht D, Beerli C, Huttunen M, Cohen GH, White IJ, Burden JJ, Henriques R, Mercer J. Nanoscale polarization of the entry fusion complex of vaccinia virus drives efficient fusion. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1636-1644. [PMID: 31285583 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To achieve efficient binding and subsequent fusion, most enveloped viruses encode between one and five proteins1. For many viruses, the clustering of fusion proteins-and their distribution on virus particles-is crucial for fusion activity2,3. Poxviruses, the most complex mammalian viruses, dedicate 15 proteins to binding and membrane fusion4. However, the spatial organization of these proteins and how this influences fusion activity is unknown. Here, we show that the membrane of vaccinia virus is organized into distinct functional domains that are critical for the efficiency of membrane fusion. Using super-resolution microscopy and single-particle analysis, we found that the fusion machinery of vaccinia virus resides exclusively in clusters at virion tips. Repression of individual components of the fusion complex disrupts fusion-machinery polarization, consistent with the reported loss of fusion activity5. Furthermore, we show that displacement of functional fusion complexes from virion tips disrupts the formation of fusion pores and infection kinetics. Our results demonstrate how the protein architecture of poxviruses directly contributes to the efficiency of membrane fusion, and suggest that nanoscale organization may be an intrinsic property of these viruses to assure successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D M Gray
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Corina Beerli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moona Huttunen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gary H Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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32
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The Vaccinia Virus (VACV) B1 and Cellular VRK2 Kinases Promote VACV Replication Factory Formation through Phosphorylation-Dependent Inhibition of VACV B12. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00855-19. [PMID: 31341052 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00855-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative examination of viral and host protein homologs reveals novel mechanisms governing downstream signaling effectors of both cellular and viral origin. The vaccinia virus B1 protein kinase is involved in promoting multiple facets of the virus life cycle and is a homolog of three conserved cellular enzymes called vaccinia virus-related kinases (VRKs). Recent evidence indicates that B1 and VRK2 mediate a common pathway that is largely uncharacterized but appears independent of previous VRK substrates. Interestingly, separate studies described a novel role for B1 in inhibiting vaccinia virus protein B12, which otherwise impedes an early event in the viral lifecycle. Herein, we characterize the B1/VRK2 signaling axis to better understand their shared functions. First, we demonstrate that vaccinia virus uniquely requires VRK2 for viral replication in the absence of B1, unlike other DNA viruses. Employing loss-of-function analysis, we demonstrate that vaccinia virus's dependence on VRK2 is only observed in the presence of B12, suggesting that B1 and VRK2 share a pathway controlling B12. Moreover, we substantiate a B1/VRK2/B12 signaling axis by examining coprecipitation of B12 by B1 and VRK2. Employing execution point analysis, we reveal that virus replication proceeds normally through early protein translation and uncoating but stalls at replication factory formation in the presence of B12 activity. Finally, structure/function analyses of B1 and VRK2 demonstrate that enzymatic activity is essential for B1 or VRK2 to inhibit B12. Together, these data provide novel insights into B1/VRK signaling coregulation and support a model in which these enzymes modulate B12 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.IMPORTANCE Constraints placed on viral genome size require that these pathogens must employ sophisticated, yet parsimonious mechanisms to effectively integrate with host cell signaling pathways. Poxviruses are no exception and employ several methods to balance these goals, including encoding single proteins that impact multiple downstream pathways. This study focuses on the vaccinia virus B1 protein kinase, an enzyme that promotes virus replication at multiple phases of the viral lifecycle. Herein, we demonstrate that in addition to its previously characterized functions, B1 inhibits vaccinia virus B12 protein via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism and that this function of B1 can be complemented by the cellular B1 homolog VRK2. Combined with previous data implicating functional overlap between B1 and an additional cellular B1 homolog, VRK1, these data provide evidence of how poxviruses can be multifaceted in their mimicry of cellular proteins through the consolidation of functions of both VRK1 and VRK2 within the viral B1 protein kinase.
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33
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mTOR Dysregulation by Vaccinia Virus F17 Controls Multiple Processes with Varying Roles in Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00784-19. [PMID: 31118254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00784-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite producing enormous amounts of cytoplasmic DNA, poxviruses continue to replicate efficiently by deploying an armory of proteins that counter host antiviral responses at multiple levels. Among these, poxvirus protein F17 dysregulates the host kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to prevent the activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and impair the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, the host DNA sensor(s) involved and their impact on infection in the absence of F17 remain unknown. Here, we show that cyclic-di-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is the primary sensor that mediates interferon response factor (IRF) activation and ISG responses to vaccinia virus lacking F17 in both macrophages and lung fibroblasts, although additional sensors also operate in the latter cell type. Despite this, ablation of ISG responses through cGAS or STING knockout did not rescue defects in late-viral-protein production, and the experimental data pointed to other functions of mTOR in this regard. mTOR adjusts both autophagic and protein-synthetic processes to cellular demands. No significant differences in autophagic responses to wild-type or F17 mutant viruses could be detected, with autophagic activity differing across cell types or states and exhibiting no correlations with defects in viral-protein accumulation. In contrast, results using transformed cells or altered growth conditions suggested that late-stage defects in protein accumulation reflect failure of the F17 mutant to deregulate mTOR and stimulate protein production. Finally, rescue approaches suggest that phosphorylation may partition F17's functions as a structural protein and mTOR regulator. Our findings reveal the complex multifunctionality of F17 during infection.IMPORTANCE Poxviruses are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate entirely in the cytoplasm, an unusual act that activates pathogen sensors and innate antiviral responses. In order to replicate, poxviruses therefore encode a wide range of innate immune antagonists that include F17, a protein that dysregulates the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to suppress interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) responses. However, the host sensor(s) that detects infection in the absence of F17 and its precise contribution to infection remains unknown. Here, we show that the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS is primarily responsible for activating ISG responses in biologically relevant cell types infected with a poxvirus that does not express F17. However, in line with their expression of ∼100 proteins that act as immune response and ISG antagonists, while F17 helps suppress cGAS-mediated responses, we find that a critical function of its mTOR dysregulation activity is to enhance poxvirus protein production.
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Chang HW, Yang CH, Luo YC, Su BG, Cheng HY, Tung SY, Carillo KJD, Liao YT, Tzou DLM, Wang HC, Chang W. Vaccinia viral A26 protein is a fusion suppressor of mature virus and triggers membrane fusion through conformational change at low pH. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007826. [PMID: 31220181 PMCID: PMC6605681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia mature virus requires A26 envelope protein to mediate acid-dependent endocytosis into HeLa cells in which we hypothesized that A26 protein functions as an acid-sensitive membrane fusion suppressor. Here, we provide evidence showing that N-terminal domain (aa1-75) of A26 protein is an acid-sensitive region that regulates membrane fusion. Crystal structure of A26 protein revealed that His48 and His53 are in close contact with Lys47, Arg57, His314 and Arg312, suggesting that at low pH these His-cation pairs could initiate conformational changes through protonation of His48 and His53 and subsequent electrostatic repulsion. All the A26 mutant mature viruses that interrupted His-cation pair interactions of His48 and His 53 indeed have lost virion infectivity. Isolation of revertant viruses revealed that second site mutations caused frame shifts and premature termination of A26 protein such that reverent viruses regained cell entry through plasma membrane fusion. Together, we conclude that viral A26 protein functions as an acid-sensitive fusion suppressor during vaccinia mature virus endocytosis. Vaccinia virus is a complex large DNA virus with a large number of viral membrane proteins to facilitate cell entry. Although it is well established that vaccinia mature virus uses endocytosis to enter cells, it remains unclear how it triggers membrane fusion in the acidic environment of endosomes. Recently, we hypothesized that A26 protein in vaccinia mature virus functions as an acid-sensitive membrane fusion suppressor, which suggests a novel viral regulation not present in other enveloped viruses. We postulated that conformational changes of A26 protein at low pH result in de-repression of viral fusion complex activity to trigger viral and endosomal membrane fusion. Here, we provide structural, biochemical and biological evidence demonstrating that vaccinia A26 protein does indeed function as an acid-sensitive fusion suppressor protein to regulate vaccinia mature virus membrane fusion during endocytosis. Our data reveal an important and unique “checkpoint” for vaccinia mature virus endocytosis that has not been described for other viruses. Furthermore, by isolating adaptive vaccinia mutants that escaped endocytic blockage, we discovered that mutations within the A26L gene serve as an effective strategy for switching the viral infection route from endocytosis to plasma membrane fusion, expanding viral host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Luo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Gang Su
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yun Tung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kathleen Joyce D. Carillo
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Liao
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Der-Lii M. Tzou
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HCW); (WC)
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HCW); (WC)
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35
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Alves JM, Carneiro M, Cheng JY, Lemos de Matos A, Rahman MM, Loog L, Campos PF, Wales N, Eriksson A, Manica A, Strive T, Graham SC, Afonso S, Bell DJ, Belmont L, Day JP, Fuller SJ, Marchandeau S, Palmer WJ, Queney G, Surridge AK, Vieira FG, McFadden G, Nielsen R, Gilbert MTP, Esteves PJ, Ferrand N, Jiggins FM. Parallel adaptation of rabbit populations to myxoma virus. Science 2019; 363:1319-1326. [PMID: 30765607 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the 1950s the myxoma virus was released into European rabbit populations in Australia and Europe, decimating populations and resulting in the rapid evolution of resistance. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance by comparing the exomes of rabbits collected before and after the pandemic. We found a strong pattern of parallel evolution, with selection on standing genetic variation favoring the same alleles in Australia, France, and the United Kingdom. Many of these changes occurred in immunity-related genes, supporting a polygenic basis of resistance. We experimentally validated the role of several genes in viral replication and showed that selection acting on an interferon protein has increased the protein's antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Alves
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK. .,CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.,Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Miguel Carneiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jade Y Cheng
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Liisa Loog
- Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Paula F Campos
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.,CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nathan Wales
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Archaeology, University of York, King's Manor, York YO1 7EP, UK
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Tanja Strive
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Sandra Afonso
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Diana J Bell
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Laura Belmont
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Susan J Fuller
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - William J Palmer
- The Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guillaume Queney
- ANTAGENE, Wildlife Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny (Lyon), France
| | - Alison K Surridge
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Filipe G Vieira
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark.,Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ferrand
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy enables the study of vaccinia architecture at subviral resolution with molecular specificity. Here, we outline how to use structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to detect fluorescently tagged or immunolabeled viral proteins on purified virions. Tens to hundreds of individual virions can be imaged in a single field of view providing data for single-particle averaging or quantitative analysis of viral protein spatial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gray
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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37
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Mirzakhanyan Y, Gershon P. The Vaccinia virion: Filling the gap between atomic and ultrastructure. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007508. [PMID: 30615658 PMCID: PMC6336343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the molecular-level structure of the Vaccinia virion in situ by protein-protein chemical crosslinking, identifying 4609 unique-mass crosslink ions at an effective FDR of 0.33%, covering 2534 unique pairs of crosslinked protein positions, 625 of which were inter-protein. The data were statistically non-random and rational in the context of known structures, and showed biological rationality. Crosslink density strongly tracked the individual proteolytic maturation products of p4a and p4b, the two major virion structural proteins, and supported the prediction of transmembrane domains within membrane proteins. A clear sub-network of four virion structural proteins provided structural insights into the virion core wall, and proteins VP8 and A12 formed a strongly-detected crosslinked pair with an apparent structural role. A strongly-detected sub-network of membrane proteins A17, H3, A27 and A26 represented an apparent interface of the early-forming virion envelope with structures added later during virion morphogenesis. Protein H3 seemed to be the central hub not only for this sub-network but also for an 'attachment protein' sub-network comprising membrane proteins H3, ATI, CAHH(D8), A26, A27 and G9. Crosslinking data lent support to a number of known interactions and interactions within known complexes. Evidence is provided for the membrane targeting of genome telomeres. In covering several orders of magnitude in protein abundance, this study may have come close to the bottom of the protein-protein crosslinkome of an intact organism, namely a complex animal virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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38
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Marzook NB, Newsome TP. Construction and Isolation of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Fluorescent Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2023:73-92. [PMID: 31240671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus recombinants that express fluorescent proteins have a variety of applications such as the identification of infected cells, efficient screening for genetically modified strains, and molecular characterization of virus replication and spread. The detection of fluorescent proteins and viral-fluorescent fusion proteins by fluorescence microscopy is noninvasive and can be used to describe protein localization in live cells and track the intracellular movement of virus particles. This chapter describes a number of approaches for the construction of plasmids and subsequent generation and isolation of fluorescent recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bishara Marzook
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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39
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Ultrastructure of Meelsvirus: A nuclear virus of arrow worms (phylum Chaetognatha) producing giant "tailed" virions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203282. [PMID: 30231047 PMCID: PMC6145532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known giant viruses, i.e., viruses producing giant virions, parasitize amoebae and other unicellular eukaryotes. Although they vary in the level of dependence on host nuclear functions, their virions self-assemble in the host cell’s cytoplasm. Here we report the discovery of a new prototype of giant virus infecting epidermal cells of the marine arrow worm Adhesisagitta hispida. Its 1.25 μm-long virions self-assemble and accumulate in the host cell’s nucleus. Conventional transmission electron microscopy reveals that the virions have a unique bipartite structure. An ovoid nucleocapsid, situated in a broad “head” end of the virion is surrounded by a thin envelope. The latter extends away from the head to form a voluminous conical “tail” filled with electron-dense extracapsidular material. The 31nm-thick capsid wall has a distinctive substructure resulting from a patterned arrangement of subunits; it bears no ultrastructural resemblance to the virion walls of other known giant viruses. The envelope self-assembles coincident with the capsid and remotely from all host membranes. We postulate that transmission to new hosts occurs by rupture of protruding virion-filled nuclei when infected arrow worms mate. Future genomic work is needed to determine the phylogenetic position of this new virus, which we have provisionally named Meelsvirus.
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40
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Meade N, Furey C, Li H, Verma R, Chai Q, Rollins MG, DiGiuseppe S, Naghavi MH, Walsh D. Poxviruses Evade Cytosolic Sensing through Disruption of an mTORC1-mTORC2 Regulatory Circuit. Cell 2018; 174:1143-1157.e17. [PMID: 30078703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses employ elaborate strategies to coopt the cellular processes they require to replicate while simultaneously thwarting host antiviral responses. In many instances, how this is accomplished remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a protein, F17 encoded by cytoplasmically replicating poxviruses, that binds and sequesters Raptor and Rictor, regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. This disrupts mTORC1-mTORC2 crosstalk that coordinates host responses to poxvirus infection. During infection with poxvirus lacking F17, cGAS accumulates together with endoplasmic reticulum vesicles around the Golgi, where activated STING puncta form, leading to interferon-stimulated gene expression. By contrast, poxvirus expressing F17 dysregulates mTOR, which localizes to the Golgi and blocks these antiviral responses in part through mTOR-dependent cGAS degradation. Ancestral conservation of Raptor/Rictor across eukaryotes, along with expression of F17 across poxviruses, suggests that mTOR dysregulation forms a conserved poxvirus strategy to counter cytosolic sensing while maintaining the metabolic benefits of mTOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rita Verma
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qingqing Chai
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Madeline G Rollins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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41
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Novy K, Kilcher S, Omasits U, Bleck CKE, Beerli C, Vowinckel J, Martin CK, Syedbasha M, Maiolica A, White I, Mercer J, Wollscheid B. Proteotype profiling unmasks a viral signalling network essential for poxvirus assembly and transcriptional competence. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:588-599. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Culley S, Albrecht D, Jacobs C, Pereira PM, Leterrier C, Mercer J, Henriques R. Quantitative mapping and minimization of super-resolution optical imaging artifacts. Nat Methods 2018; 15:263-266. [PMID: 29457791 PMCID: PMC5884429 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy depends on steps that can contribute to the formation of image artifacts, leading to misinterpretation of biological information. We present NanoJ-SQUIRREL, an ImageJ-based analytical approach that provides quantitative assessment of super-resolution image quality. By comparing diffraction-limited images and super-resolution equivalents of the same acquisition volume, this approach generates a quantitative map of super-resolution defects and can guide researchers in optimizing imaging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caron Jacobs
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Matos Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Postigo A, Ramsden AE, Howell M, Way M. Cytoplasmic ATR Activation Promotes Vaccinia Virus Genome Replication. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1022-1032. [PMID: 28467896 PMCID: PMC5437729 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to most DNA viruses, poxviruses replicate their genomes in the cytoplasm without host involvement. We find that vaccinia virus induces cytoplasmic activation of ATR early during infection, before genome uncoating, which is unexpected because ATR plays a fundamental nuclear role in maintaining host genome integrity. ATR, RPA, INTS7, and Chk1 are recruited to cytoplasmic DNA viral factories, suggesting canonical ATR pathway activation. Consistent with this, pharmacological and RNAi-mediated inhibition of canonical ATR signaling suppresses genome replication. RPA and the sliding clamp PCNA interact with the viral polymerase E9 and are required for DNA replication. Moreover, the ATR activator TOPBP1 promotes genome replication and associates with the viral replisome component H5. Our study suggests that, in contrast to long-held beliefs, vaccinia recruits conserved components of the eukaryote DNA replication and repair machinery to amplify its genome in the host cytoplasm. Vaccinia activates cytoplasmic ATR early during infection and before genome uncoating Canonical ATR pathway activation promotes viral genome replication RPA is recruited to the viral genome PCNA, RPA, and TOPBP1 associate with the viral polymerase to promote DNA replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Postigo
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Amy E Ramsden
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
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44
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Grossegesse M, Doellinger J, Fritsch A, Laue M, Piesker J, Schaade L, Nitsche A. Global ubiquitination analysis reveals extensive modification and proteasomal degradation of cowpox virus proteins, but preservation of viral cores. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1807. [PMID: 29379051 PMCID: PMC5788924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Variola virus-like viruses by natural evolution of zoonotic Orthopoxviruses, like Cowpox virus (CPXV), is a global health threat. The proteasome is essential for poxvirus replication, making the viral components interacting with the ubiquitin-proteasome system attractive antiviral targets. We show that proteasome inhibition impairs CPXV replication by prevention of uncoating, suggesting that uncoating is mediated by proteasomal degradation of viral core proteins. Although Orthopoxvirus particles contain considerable amounts of ubiquitin, distinct modification sites are largely unknown. Therefore, for the first time, we analyzed globally ubiquitination sites in CPXV mature virion proteins using LC-MS/MS. Identification of 137 conserved sites in 54 viral proteins among five CPXV strains revealed extensive ubiquitination of structural core proteins. Moreover, since virions contained primarily K48-linked polyubiquitin, we hypothesized that core proteins are modified accordingly. However, quantitative analysis of ubiquitinated CPXV proteins early in infection showed no proteasomal degradation of core proteins. Instead, our data indicate that the recently suggested proteasomal regulation of the uncoating factor E5 is a prerequisite for uncoating. Expanding our understanding of poxvirus uncoating and elucidating a multitude of novel ubiquitination sites in poxvirus proteins, the present study verifies the major biological significance of ubiquitin in poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Grossegesse
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Joerg Doellinger
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Berlin, 13353, Germany. .,Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS 6), Berlin, 13353, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Fritsch
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Lars Schaade
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens: Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Berlin, 13353, Germany
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Sobhy H. A comparative review of viral entry and attachment during large and giant dsDNA virus infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3567-3585. [PMID: 28866775 PMCID: PMC5671522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses enter host cells via several mechanisms, including endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. They can also fuse at the plasma membrane and can spread within the host via cell-to-cell fusion or syncytia. The mechanism used by a given viral strain depends on its external topology and proteome and the type of cell being entered. This comparative review discusses the cellular attachment receptors and entry pathways of dsDNA viruses belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) belonging to the families Ascoviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Poxviridae, and giant viruses belonging to the families Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae as well as the proposed families Pandoraviridae and Pithoviridae. Although these viruses have several common features (e.g., topology, replication and protein sequence similarities) they utilize different entry pathways to infect wide-range of hosts, including humans, other mammals, invertebrates, fish, protozoa and algae. Similarities and differences between the entry methods used by these virus families are highlighted, with particular emphasis on viral topology and proteins that mediate viral attachment and entry. Cell types that are frequently used to study viral entry are also reviewed, along with other factors that affect virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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46
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Combined Proteomics/Genomics Approach Reveals Proteomic Changes of Mature Virions as a Novel Poxvirus Adaptation Mechanism. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110337. [PMID: 29125539 PMCID: PMC5707544 DOI: 10.3390/v9110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA viruses, like poxviruses, possess a highly stable genome, suggesting that adaptation of virus particles to specific cell types is not restricted to genomic changes. Cowpox viruses are zoonotic poxviruses with an extraordinarily broad host range, demonstrating their adaptive potential in vivo. To elucidate adaptation mechanisms of poxviruses, we isolated cowpox virus particles from a rat and passaged them five times in a human and a rat cell line. Subsequently, we analyzed the proteome and genome of the non-passaged virions and each passage. While the overall viral genome sequence was stable during passaging, proteomics revealed multiple changes in the virion composition. Interestingly, an increased viral fitness in human cells was observed in the presence of increased immunomodulatory protein amounts. As the only minor variant with increasing frequency during passaging was located in a viral RNA polymerase subunit and, moreover, most minor variants were found in transcription-associated genes, protein amounts were presumably regulated at transcription level. This study is the first comparative proteome analysis of virus particles before and after cell culture propagation, revealing proteomic changes as a novel poxvirus adaptation mechanism.
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Inhibition of Poxvirus Gene Expression and Genome Replication by Bisbenzimide Derivatives. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00838-17. [PMID: 28659488 PMCID: PMC5571260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00838-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of humans and livestock can be devastating for individuals and populations, sometimes resulting in large economic and societal impact. Prevention of virus disease by vaccination or antiviral agents is difficult to achieve. A notable exception was the eradication of human smallpox by vaccination over 30 years ago. Today, humans and animals remain susceptible to poxvirus infections, including zoonotic poxvirus transmission. Here we identified a small molecule, bisbenzimide (bisbenzimidazole), and its derivatives as potent agents against prototypic poxvirus infection in cell culture. We show that bisbenzimide derivatives, which preferentially bind the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, inhibit vaccinia virus infection by blocking viral DNA replication and abrogating postreplicative intermediate and late gene transcription. The bisbenzimide derivatives are potent against vaccinia virus and other poxviruses but ineffective against a range of other DNA and RNA viruses. The bisbenzimide derivatives are the first inhibitors of their class, which appear to directly target the viral genome without affecting cell viability. IMPORTANCE Smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases in human history until it was eradicated by a worldwide vaccination campaign. Due to discontinuation of routine vaccination more than 30 years ago, the majority of today's human population remains susceptible to infection with poxviruses. Here we present a family of bisbenzimide (bisbenzimidazole) derivatives, known as Hoechst nuclear stains, with high potency against poxvirus infection. Results from a variety of assays used to dissect the poxvirus life cycle demonstrate that bisbenzimides inhibit viral gene expression and genome replication. These findings can lead to the development of novel antiviral drugs that target viral genomes and block viral replication.
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48
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Nichols DB, De Martini W, Cottrell J. Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080215. [PMID: 28786952 PMCID: PMC5580472 DOI: 10.3390/v9080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brian Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
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Gray RDM, Mercer J, Henriques R. Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448005 PMCID: PMC5564481 DOI: 10.3791/55471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm allows for the routine imaging of nanoscale biological complexes and processes. This increase in resolution also means that methods popular in electron microscopy, such as single-particle analysis, can readily be applied to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. By combining this analytical approach with super-resolution optical imaging, it becomes possible to take advantage of the molecule-specific labeling capacity of fluorescence microscopy to generate structural maps of molecular elements within a metastable structure. To this end, we have developed a novel algorithm — VirusMapper — packaged as an easy-to-use, high-performance, and high-throughput ImageJ plugin. This article presents an in-depth guide to this software, showcasing its ability to uncover novel structural features in biological molecular complexes. Here, we present how to assemble compatible data and provide a step-by-step protocol on how to use this algorithm to apply single-particle analysis to super-resolution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D M Gray
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London;
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London;
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50
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Greseth MD, Carter DC, Terhune SS, Traktman P. Proteomic Screen for Cellular Targets of the Vaccinia Virus F10 Protein Kinase Reveals that Phosphorylation of mDia Regulates Stress Fiber Formation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S124-S143. [PMID: 28183815 PMCID: PMC5393388 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus, a complex dsDNA virus, is unusual in replicating exclusively within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Although this prototypic poxvirus encodes >200 proteins utilized during infection, a significant role for host proteins and cellular architecture is increasingly evident. The viral B1 kinase and H1 phosphatase are known to target cellular proteins as well as viral substrates, but little is known about the cellular substrates of the F10 kinase. F10 is essential for virion morphogenesis, beginning with the poorly understood process of diversion of membranes from the ER for the purpose of virion membrane biogenesis. To better understand the function of F10, we generated a cell line that carries a single, inducible F10 transgene. Using uninduced and induced cells, we performed stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) coupled with phosphopeptide analysis to identify cellular targets of F10-mediated phosphorylation. We identified 27 proteins that showed statistically significant changes in phosphorylation upon the expression of the F10 kinase: 18 proteins showed an increase in phosphorylation whereas 9 proteins showed a decrease in phosphorylation. These proteins participate in several distinct cellular processes including cytoskeleton dynamics, membrane trafficking and cellular metabolism. One of the proteins with the greatest change in phosphorylation was mDia, a member of the formin family of cytoskeleton regulators; F10 induction led to increased phosphorylation on Ser22 Induction of F10 induced a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of cells with actin stress fibers; however, this change was abrogated when an mDia Ser22Ala variant was expressed. Moreover, expression of a Ser22Asp variant leads to a reduction of stress fibers even in cells not expressing F10. In sum, we present the first unbiased screen for cellular targets of F10-mediated phosphorylation, and in so doing describe a heretofore unknown mechanism for regulating stress fiber formation through phosphorylation of mDia. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Greseth
- From the ‡Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dominique C Carter
- §Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and the Biotechnology & Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Scott S Terhune
- §Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and the Biotechnology & Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paula Traktman
- From the ‡Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina;
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