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Xie R, Cao B, Wu Z, Ouyang Y, Chen H, Zhai W, Liu ZX, Xu M, Guo G. dbEBV: A database of Epstein-Barr virus variants and their correlations with human health. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2076-2082. [PMID: 38803518 PMCID: PMC11128781 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in 1964, it has been reported to be associated with various malignancies as well as benign diseases, and the pathogenicity of EBV has been widely studied. Several databases have been established to provide comprehensive information on the virus and its relation to diseases and introduce convenient analysis tools. Although they have greatly facilitated the analysis of EBV at the genome, gene, protein, or epitope level, they did not provide enough insight into the genomic variants of EBV, which have been suggested as relevant to diseases by multiple studies. Here, we introduce dbEBV, a comprehensive database of EBV genomic variation landscape, which contains 942 EBV genomes with 109,893 variants from different tissues or cell lines in 24 countries. The database enables the visualization of information with varying global frequencies and their relationship with the human health of each variant. It also supports phylogenetic analysis at the genome or gene level in subgroups of different characteristics. Information of interest can easily be reached with functions such as searching, browsing, and filtering. In conclusion, dbEBV is a convenient resource for exploring EBV genomic variants, freely available at http://dbebv.omicsbio.info.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Bijin Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Shenzhen Longgang District Central Blood Station, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ze-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Guanghui Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen 518115, China
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Baiu DC, Sharma A, Schehr JL, Basu J, Smith KA, Ohashi M, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC, Gumperz JE. Human CD4 + iNKT cell adoptive immunotherapy induces anti-tumour responses against CD1d-negative EBV-driven B lymphoma. Immunology 2024; 172:627-640. [PMID: 38736328 PMCID: PMC11223969 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a conserved population of innate T lymphocytes that are uniquely suitable as off-the-shelf cellular immunotherapies due to their lack of alloreactivity. Two major subpopulations of human iNKT cells have been delineated, a CD4- subset that has a TH1/cytolytic profile, and a CD4+ subset that appears polyfunctional and can produce both regulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines. Whether these two subsets differ in anti-tumour effects is not known. Using live cell imaging, we found that CD4- iNKT cells limited growth of CD1d+ Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B-lymphoblastoid spheroids in vitro, whereas CD4+ iNKT cells showed little or no direct anti-tumour activity. However, the effects of the two subsets were reversed when we tested them as adoptive immunotherapies in vivo using a xenograft model of EBV-driven human B cell lymphoma. We found that EBV-infected B cells down-regulated CD1d in vivo, and administering CD4- iNKT cells had no discernable impact on tumour mass. In contrast, xenotransplanted mice bearing lymphomas showed rapid reduction in tumour mass after administering CD4+ iNKT cells. Immunotherapeutic CD4+ iNKT cells trafficked to both spleen and tumour and were associated with subsequently enhanced responses of xenotransplanted human T cells against EBV. CD4+ iNKT cells also had adjuvant-like effects on monocyte-derived DCs and promoted antigen-dependent responses of human T cells in vitro. These results show that allogeneic CD4+ iNKT cellular immunotherapy leads to marked anti-tumour activity through indirect pathways that do not require tumour cell CD1d expression and that are associated with enhanced activity of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Baiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Akshat Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schehr
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayati Basu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Smith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Ng CS. From the midfacial destructive drama to the unfolding EBV story: a short history of EBV-positive NK-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. Pathology 2024:S0031-3025(24)00181-8. [PMID: 39127542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus that has been related to oncogenesis of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Although the mechanism of EBV infection of NK and T cells remains enigmatic, it plays a pathogenic role in various EBV+ NK-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs), through promotion of cell activation pathways, inhibition of cell apoptotic pathways, behaving as oncogenes, interacting with host oncogenes or acting epigenetically. The study of NK-cell LPDs, previously hampered by the lack of immunophenotypical and genotypical criteria of NK cells, has become feasible with the recently accepted criteria. EBV+ NK- and T-cell LPDs are mostly of poor prognosis. This review delivers a short history from primeval to recent EBV+ NK- and T-cell LPDs in non-immunocompromised subjects, coupled with increasing interest, and work on the biological and oncogenic roles of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sing Ng
- Department of Pathology, Caritas Medical Center, Shamshuipo, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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4
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Münz C. Altered EBV specific immune control in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578343. [PMID: 38615370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1980s it is known that immune responses to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Recent seroepidemiologial data have shown that this alteration after primary EBV infection identifies individuals with a more than 30-fold increased risk to develop MS. The mechanisms by which EBV infection might erode tolerance for the central nervous system (CNS) in these individuals, years prior to clinical MS onset, remain unclear. In this review I will discuss altered frequencies of EBV life cycle stages and their tissue distribution, EBV with CNS autoantigen cross-reactive immune responses and loss of immune control for autoreactive B and T cells as possible mechanisms. This discussion is intended to stimulate future studies into these mechanisms with the aim to identify candidates for interventions that might correct EBV specific immune control and/or resulting cross-reactivities with CNS autoantigens in MS patients and thereby ameliorate disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Dai YC, Yeh SY, Cheng YY, Huang WH, Liou GG, Yang TY, Chang CY, Fang TF, Chang CW, Su MT, Lee CP, Chen MR. BGLF4 kinase regulates the formation of the EBV cytoplasmic assembly compartment and the recruitment of cellular IQGAP1 for virion release. J Virol 2024; 98:e0189923. [PMID: 38294245 PMCID: PMC10878254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01899-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
After Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome replication and encapsidation in the nucleus, nucleocapsids are translocated into the cytoplasm for subsequent tegumentation and maturation. The EBV BGLF4 kinase, which induces partial disassembly of the nuclear lamina, and the nuclear egress complex BFRF1/BFLF2 coordinately facilitate the nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. Here, we demonstrate that within EBV reactivated epithelial cells, viral capsids, tegument proteins, and glycoproteins are clustered in the juxtanuclear concave region, accompanied by redistributed cytoplasmic organelles and the cytoskeleton regulator IQ-domain GTPase-activation protein 1 (IQGAP1), close to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). The assembly compartment (AC) structure was diminished in BGLF4-knockdown TW01-EBV cells and BGLF4-knockout bacmid-carrying TW01 cells, suggesting that the formation of AC structure is BGLF4-dependent. Notably, glycoprotein gp350/220 was observed by confocal imaging to be distributed in the perinuclear concave region and surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane marker calnexin, indicating that the AC may be located within a globular structure derived from ER membranes, adjacent to the outer nuclear membrane. Moreover, the viral capsid protein BcLF1 and tegument protein BBLF1 were co-localized with IQGAP1 near the cytoplasmic membrane in the late stage of replication. Knockdown of IQGAP1 did not affect the AC formation but decreased virion release from both TW01-EBV and Akata+ cells, suggesting IQGAP1-mediated trafficking regulates EBV virion release. The data presented here show that BGLF4 is required for cytoskeletal rearrangement, coordination with the redistribution of cytoplasmic organelles and IQGAP1 for virus maturation, and subsequent IQGAP1-dependent virion release.IMPORTANCEEBV genome is replicated and encapsidated in the nucleus, and the resultant nucleocapsids are translocated to the cytoplasm for subsequent virion maturation. We show that a cytoplasmic AC, containing viral proteins, markers of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and endosomes, is formed in the juxtanuclear region of epithelial and B cells during EBV reactivation. The viral BGLF4 kinase contributes to the formation of the AC. The cellular protein IQGAP1 is also recruited to the AC and partially co-localizes with the virus capsid protein BcLF1 and tegument protein BBLF1 in EBV-reactivated cells, dependent on the BGLF4-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, virion release was attenuated in IQGAP1-knockdown epithelial and B cells after reactivation, suggesting that IQGAP1-mediated trafficking may regulate the efficiency of virus maturation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Dai
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yun Yeh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Cheng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gunn-Guang Liou
- Office of Research and Development, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Yang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fang Fang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pei Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xu M, Feng R, Liu Z, Zhou X, Chen Y, Cao Y, Valeri L, Li Z, Liu Z, Cao SM, Liu Q, Xie SH, Chang ET, Jia WH, Shen J, Yao Y, Cai YL, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Huang G, Ernberg I, Tang M, Ye W, Adami HO, Zeng YX, Lin X. Host genetic variants, Epstein-Barr virus subtypes, and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Assessment of interaction and mediation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100474. [PMID: 38359790 PMCID: PMC10879020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms are well-known risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the combined effects between HLA and EBV on the risk of NPC are unknown. We applied a causal inference framework to disentangle interaction and mediation effects between two host HLA SNPs, rs2860580 and rs2894207, and EBV variant 163364 with a population-based case-control study in NPC-endemic southern China. We discovered the strong interaction effects between the high-risk EBV subtype and both HLA SNPs on NPC risk (rs2860580, relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 4.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.03-6.14; rs2894207, RERI = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.59-5.15), accounting for the majority of genetic risk effects. These results indicate that HLA genes and the high-risk EBV have joint effects on NPC risk. Prevention strategies targeting the high-risk EBV subtype would largely reduce NPC risk associated with EBV and host genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruimei Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Center for Health Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Youyuan Yao
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Cai
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minzhong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Kiś J, Góralczyk M, Sikora D, Stępień E, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Can the Epstein-Barr Virus Play a Role in the Development of Prostate Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:328. [PMID: 38254816 PMCID: PMC10814141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, accounting for 7.3% of all cancers. PCa mortality is the fifth most common cause of cancer death. Despite well-known factors influencing the development of PCa, such as age, race/ethnicity and family history, many researchers have raised the possibility of persistent infections with oncogenic viruses. Therefore, we aimed to assess the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in tissue collected from PCa patients. Next, the frequency and the level of Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (EBVCA) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) antibodies in both IgA and IgG classes were measured. The antibody titer was also analyzed depending on the risk group, Gleason score (GS) and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification. Serum samples were analyzed using the Microblot-Array EBV IgM, IgA and IgG test kits. The study group consisted of 115 patients diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed with PCa. In 49% of patients included in the study, EBV DNA was detected in the tumor tissue. The studies showed both higher seroprevalence and higher antibody titers in patients with EBV-positive PCa compared to patients with EBV-negative PCa. We also observed a dependence of antibody titer on pathological features, such as GS, risk group and T stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kiś
- 1st Clinical Military Hospital with Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, 20-049 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Góralczyk
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
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8
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Willard KA, Barry AP, Oduor CI, Ong'echa JM, Bailey JA, Moormann AM, Luftig MA. Viral and host factors drive a type 1 Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic phenotype. mBio 2023; 14:e0220423. [PMID: 37971257 PMCID: PMC10746244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02204-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of adults worldwide. Given its connection to various cancers and autoimmune disorders, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which infection with EBV can lead to these diseases. In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. Because lytic replication of EBV has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, these data could illuminate viral and host factors involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Willard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliff I. Oduor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Vafapour Z, Tabatabaie FH, Hosseini SY, Haghighat S, Hashemi SMA, Moattari A, Sarvari J. Sequence variation of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and healthy volunteer subjects. Arch Virol 2023; 169:1. [PMID: 38063941 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-related malignancies have been linked to variations in the sequences of EBV genes, notably EBNA1. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the DBD/DD domain and USP7 binding domain sequences at the C-terminus of the EBNA1 gene in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This study included 40 CLL patients and 21 healthy volunteers. Using commercial kits, total DNA was extracted from buffy coat samples, and each sample was tested for the presence of the EBV genome. The C-terminus of EBNA1 was then amplified from positive samples, using nested PCR. Sanger sequencing was used to identify mutations in the PCR products, and the results were analyzed using MEGA11 software. The mean ages of CLL patients and healthy individuals were 61.07 ± 10.2 and 59.08 ± 10.3, respectively. In the EBNA-1 amplicons from CLL patients and healthy individuals, 38.5% and 16.7%, respectively, harbored mutations in the DBD/DD domain of the C-terminal region of the EBNA1 gene (P = 0.378). The mutation frequency at locus 97,320 was significantly higher in CLL patients than in healthy individuals (P = 0.039). Three EBV subtypes based on residue 487 were detected. The frequency of alanine, threonine, and valine in both groups was 88, 8, and 4 percent, respectively (P = 0.207). Moreover, all of the isolates from healthy donors had alanine at this position. The findings indicated that the presence of threonine or valine at residue 487 as well as a synonymous substitution at residue 553 in the C-terminal region of EBNA1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of EBV in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vafapour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosseini Tabatabaie
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Haghighat
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1735, Shiraz, Iran.
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Shareena G, Kumar D. Epigenetics of Epstein Barr virus - A review. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166838. [PMID: 37544529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV establishes life-long persistence infection portraying a biphasic viral life cycle: latent period and lytic replication. B-cells serve as critical regions for EBV latent genes, wherein viral gene expression is suppressed, promoting viral genome maintenance and immune recognition evasion. Upon its lytic reactivation, viral gene expression induces its replication, progeny production, and transmission. Dysregulations of epigenetic regulation in expressions of TSGs lead to carcinogenesis. Several studies reveal that EBV is associated with aberrant viral DNA and host genome methylation patterns, promoting immune monitoring, recognition evasiveness and host cell persistence. Among other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation suppresses the majority of viral latent gene promoters, sparing a few, and acts as a prerequisite for activating EBV's lytic cycle, giving rise to viral progeny. It affects the host's epigenome via reprogramming cells to oncogenic, long-lasting phenotypes, as evident in several malignancies. At each phase of its life cycle, EBV exploits cellular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, implying its unique host-pathogen relationship. This review summarized the DNA methylation's regulatory roles on several EBV-related promoter regions, along with the host genome in pathological conditions, highlights viral genes involved in a latent, lytic and latent-lytic phase of EBV infection. Moreover, it provides diagrammatic insights into methylation-based pathways in EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Shareena
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Baccianti F, Masson C, Delecluse S, Li Z, Poirey R, Delecluse HJ. Epstein-Barr virus infectious particles initiate B cell transformation and modulate cytokine response. mBio 2023; 14:e0178423. [PMID: 37830871 PMCID: PMC10653912 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01784-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Epstein-Barr virus efficiently infects and transforms B lymphocytes. During this process, infectious viral particles transport the viral genome to the nucleus of target cells. We show here that these complex viral structures serve additional crucial roles by activating transcription of the transforming genes encoded by the virus. We show that components of the infectious particle sequentially activate proinflammatory B lymphocyte signaling pathways that, in turn, activate viral gene expression but also cause cytokine release. However, virus infection activates expression of ZFP36L1, an RNA-binding stress protein that limits the length and the intensity of the cytokine response. Thus, the infectious particles can activate viral gene expression and initiate cellular transformation at the price of a limited immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baccianti
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlène Masson
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Delecluse
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
- Nierenzentrum Heidelberg e.V., Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remy Poirey
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Smirnova KV, Lubenskaya AK, Senyuta NB, Dushenkina TE, Gurtsevitch VE. [Epstein-Barr virus (Herpesviridae: Lymphocryptovirus) types 1 and 2 and other viral markers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in two geographically and ethnically distinct regions of Russia]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:291-301. [PMID: 38156586 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of two types of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (EBV-1 and EBV-2) that have different biological properties stimulated the search for neoplasms associated with each type of the virus. The aim of the work is to study the nature of the association of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) with EBV-1 and EBV-2, serological activity for each viral type and the concentration of EBV DNA in the blood plasma of two gender, age and ethnic groups of NPC patients that represent geographically and climatically different regions of Russia,. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the blood plasma of patients with NPC and other non- EBV associated tumors of oral cavity (OTOCEBV-) from the North Caucasian (NCFD) and Central (CFD) Federal Districts of Russia, the types of EBV and the concentration of viral DNA were determined using respectively «nested» and real time PCR; titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) were measured in indirect immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS The blood plasma samples testing showed that NPC and OTOCEBV- patients were infected with both types of EBV in approximately equal proportions. In two groups of NPC patients infected with one of the virus types only, EBV-1 or EBV-2, respectively, no statistically significant differences were found between the geometric mean values of IgG and IgA anti-EBV antibody titers and viral DNA concentrations in blood plasma. The distribution of virus types was not affected by either patient gender or ethnogeographic origin. The difference was found only between age groups: EBV-2 dominated in NPC patients up to 60 years, and EBV-1 was prevalent in patients over 60 years. CONCLUSION The lack of the predominance of one of EBV types in NPC patients that are the representatives of different ethnic groups from geographically and climatically different regions, suggests that none of these factors play an important role in the NPC carcinogenesis. Evidently, each type of EBV, EBV-1 or EBV-2, if the necessary conditions arise, are able to exhibit its oncogenic potential to initiate tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Smirnova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba
- N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University
| | - A K Lubenskaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
| | - N B Senyuta
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
| | - T E Dushenkina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
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Bayurova E, Zhitkevich A, Avdoshina D, Kupriyanova N, Kolyako Y, Kostyushev D, Gordeychuk I. Common Marmoset Cell Lines and Their Applications in Biomedical Research. Cells 2023; 12:2020. [PMID: 37626830 PMCID: PMC10453182 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; CMs) are small New World primates widely used in biomedical research. Early stages of such research often include in vitro experiments which require standardized and well-characterized CM cell cultures derived from different tissues. Despite the long history of laboratory work with CMs and high translational potential of such studies, the number of available standardized, well-defined, stable, and validated CM cell lines is still small. While primary cells and immortalized cell lines are mostly used for the studies of infectious diseases, biochemical research, and targeted gene therapy, the main current applications of CM embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are regenerative medicine, stem cell research, generation of transgenic CMs, transplantology, cell therapy, reproductive physiology, oncology, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we summarize the data on the main advantages, drawbacks and research applications of CM cell lines published to date including primary cells, immortalized cell lines, lymphoblastoid cell lines, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Alla Zhitkevich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Daria Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Natalya Kupriyanova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Kolyako
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (A.Z.); (D.A.); (N.K.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Kutle I, Dittrich A, Wirth D. Mouse Models for Human Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:953. [PMID: 37513800 PMCID: PMC10384569 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one hundred herpesviruses have been isolated from different species so far, with nine infecting humans. Infections with herpesviruses are characterized by life-long latency and represent a significant challenge for human health. To investigate the consequences of infections and identify novel treatment options, in vivo models are of particular relevance. The mouse has emerged as an economical small animal model to investigate herpesvirus infections. However, except for herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpesviruses cannot infect mice. Three natural herpesviruses have been identified in mice: mouse-derived cytomegalovirus (MCMV), mouse herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), and mouse roseolovirus (MRV). These orthologues are broadly used to investigate herpesvirus infections within the natural host. In the last few decades, immunocompromised mouse models have been developed, allowing the functional engraftment of various human cells and tissues. These xenograft mice represent valuable model systems to investigate human-restricted viruses, making them particularly relevant for herpesvirus research. In this review, we describe the various mouse models used to study human herpesviruses, thereby highlighting their potential and limitations. Emphasis is laid on xenograft mouse models, covering the development and refinement of immune-compromised mice and their application in herpesvirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kutle
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Dittrich
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Elgui De Oliveira D. Emerging insights on cancer viruses and viral cancers. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28910. [PMID: 37386899 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deilson Elgui De Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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16
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Tan H, Gong Y, Liu Y, Long J, Luo Q, Faleti OD, Lyu X. Advancing therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies through lytic reactivation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114916. [PMID: 37229802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread human herpes virus associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. It establishes two separate infection phases, latent and lytic, in the host. Upon infection of a new host cell, the virus activates several pathways, to induce the expression of lytic EBV antigens and the production of infectious virus particles. Although the carcinogenic role of latent EBV infection has been established, recent research suggests that lytic reactivation also plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of EBV reactivation and recent findings about the role of viral lytic antigens in tumor formation. In addition, we discuss the treatment of EBV-associated tumors with lytic activators and the targets that may be therapeutically effective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yibing Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qingshuang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999000, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China; The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Hao M, Tang J, Ge S, Li T, Xia N. Bacterial-Artificial-Chromosome-Based Genome Editing Methods and the Applications in Herpesvirus Research. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030589. [PMID: 36985163 PMCID: PMC10056367 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are major pathogens that infect humans and animals. Manipulating the large genome is critical for exploring the function of specific genes and studying the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and developing novel anti-viral vaccines and therapeutics. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology significantly advanced the capacity of herpesviruses researchers to manipulate the virus genomes. In the past years, advancements in BAC-based genome manipulating and screening strategies of recombinant BACs have been achieved, which has promoted the study of the herpes virus. This review summarizes the advances in BAC-based gene editing technology and selection strategies. The merits and drawbacks of BAC-based herpesvirus genome editing methods and the application of BAC-based genome manipulation in viral research are also discussed. This review provides references relevant for researchers in selecting gene editing methods in herpes virus research. Despite the achievements in the genome manipulation of the herpes viruses, the efficiency of BAC-based genome manipulation is still not satisfactory. This review also highlights the need for developing more efficient genome-manipulating methods for herpes viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiabao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen 361102, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen 361102, China
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Chao TY, Cheng YY, Wang ZY, Fang TF, Chang YR, Fuh CS, Su MT, Su YW, Hsu PH, Su YC, Chang YC, Lee TY, Chou WH, Middeldorp JM, Saraste J, Chen MR. Subcellular Distribution of BALF2 and the Role of Rab1 in the Formation of Epstein-Barr Virus Cytoplasmic Assembly Compartment and Virion Release. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436922. [PMID: 36602343 PMCID: PMC9927466 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04369-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome in the nucleus and undergoes tegumentation and envelopment in the cytoplasm. We are interested in how the single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2, which executes its function and distributes predominantly in the nucleus, is packaged into the tegument of virions. At the mid-stage of virus replication in epithelial TW01-EBV cells, a small pool of BALF2 colocalizes with tegument protein BBLF1, BGLF4 protein kinase, and the cis-Golgi marker GM130 at the perinuclear viral assembly compartment (AC). A possible nuclear localization signal (NLS) between amino acids 1100 and 1128 (C29), which contains positive charged amino acid 1113RRKRR1117, is able to promote yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-LacZ into the nucleus. In addition, BALF2 interacts with the nucleocapsid-associated protein BVRF1, suggesting that BALF2 may be transported into the cytoplasm with nucleocapsids in a nuclear egress complex (NEC)-dependent manner. A group of proteins involved in intracellular transport were identified to interact with BALF2 in a proteomic analysis. Among them, the small GTPase Rab1A functioning in bi-directional trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface is also a tegument component. In reactivated TW01-EBV cells, BALF2 colocalizes with Rab1A in the cytoplasmic AC. Expression of dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I) diminished the accumulation of BALF2 in the AC, coupling with attenuation of gp350/220 glycosylation. Virion release was significantly downregulated by expressing dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I). Overall, the subcellular distribution of BALF2 is regulated through its complex interaction with various proteins. Rab1 activity is required for proper gp350/220 glycosylation and the maturation of EBV. IMPORTANCE Upon EBV lytic reactivation, the virus-encoded DNA replication machinery functions in the nucleus, while the newly synthesized DNA is encapsidated and transported to the cytoplasm for final virus assembly. The single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2 executing functions within the nucleus was also identified in the tegument layer of mature virions. Here, we studied the functional domain of BALF2 that contributes to the nuclear targeting and used a proteomic approach to identify novel BALF2-interacting cellular proteins that may contribute to virion morphogenesis. The GTPase Rab1, a master regulator of anterograde and retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking, colocalizes with BALF2 in the juxtanuclear concave region at the midstage of EBV reactivation. Rab1 activity is required for BALF2 targeting to the cytoplasmic assembly compartment (AC) and for gp350/220 targeting to cis-Golgi for proper glycosylation and virion release. Our study hints that EBV hijacks the bi-directional ER-Golgi trafficking machinery to complete virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Cheng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yun Wang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fang Fang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ruei Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shane Fuh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wei Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yau Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Chou
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
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Su ZY, Siak PY, Leong CO, Cheah SC. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116143. [PMID: 36846758 PMCID: PMC9947861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a metastasis-prone malignancy closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Despite ubiquitous infection of EBV worldwide, NPC incidences displayed predominance in certain ethnic groups and endemic regions. The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, as a result of anatomical isolation and non-specific clinical manifestation. Over the decades, researchers have gained insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis as a result of the interplay of EBV infection with several environmental and genetic factors. EBV-associated biomarkers were also used for mass population screening for the early detection of NPC. EBV and its encoded products also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies and tumour-specific drug delivery. This review will discuss the pathogenic role of EBV in NPC and efforts in exploiting the potential of EBV-associated molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current knowledge on the role of EBV and its associated products in NPC tumorigenesis, development and progression will offer a new outlook and potential intervention strategy against this EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- AGTC Genomics Sdn Bhd, Pusat Perdagangan Bandar, Persiaran Jalil 1, Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Tang WC, Tsao SW, Jones GE, Liu X, Tsai MH, Delecluse HJ, Dai W, You C, Zhang J, Huang SCM, Leung MMH, Liu T, Ching YP, Chen H, Lo KW, Li X, Tsang CM. Latent membrane protein 1 and macrophage-derived TNFα synergistically activate and mobilize invadopodia to drive invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2023; 259:163-179. [PMID: 36420735 PMCID: PMC10108171 DOI: 10.1002/path.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that digest the matrix barrier during cancer metastasis. Since the discovery of invadopodia, they have been visualized as localized and dot-like structures in different types of cancer cells on top of a 2D matrix. In this investigation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a highly invasive cancer frequently accompanied by neck lymph node and distal organ metastases, we revealed a new form of invadopodium with mobilizing features. Integration of live-cell imaging and molecular assays revealed the interaction of macrophage-released TNFα and EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in co-activating the EGFR/Src/ERK/cortactin and Cdc42/N-WASP signaling axes for mobilizing the invadopodia with lateral movements. This phenomenon endows the invadopodia with massive degradative power, visualized as a shift of focal dot-like digestion patterns on a 2D gelatin to a dendrite-like digestion pattern. Notably, single stimulation of either LMP1 or TNFα could only enhance the number of ordinary dot-like invadopodia, suggesting that the EBV infection sensitizes the NPC cells to form mobilizing invadopodia when encountering a TNFα-rich tumor microenvironment. This study unveils the interplay of EBV and stromal components in driving the invasive potential of NPC via unleashing the propulsion of invadopodia in overcoming matrix hurdles. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Chung Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Han Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chanping You
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Shaina Chor Mei Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Manton Man-Hon Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yick Pang Ching
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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21
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Xu M, Zhang L, Feng J, Yang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhou L, Zhang J, Qin Q. Establishment and characterization of two Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer cell lines with epitheliotropic M81 strain undergoing distinct viral and altered cellular expression profiles. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28387. [PMID: 36478267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer (GC) distinguished by the presence of the EBV genome and limited viral gene expression within malignant epithelial cells. EBV infection is generally thought to be a relatively late event following atrophic gastritis in carcinogenesis, which implies the heterogeneity of EBVaGC. To facilitate the study of the role of EBV in EBVaGC, we established two EBV-positive GC cell lines (AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV) with an epitheliotropic EBV strain M81 and characterized viral and cellular gene expression profiles in comparison to SNU719, a naturally derived EBV-positive GC cell line. Like SNU719, AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV stably maintained their EBV genomes and expressed EBV-encoded small RNAs and nuclear antigen EBNA1. Comprehensive analysis of the expression of EBV-encoded miRNAs within the BamHI-A region rightward transcript region, and the transcripts of EBV latent and lytic genes in cell lines, as well as xenografts, reveals that AGS-EBV and HGC27-EBV cells undergo distinct viral expression profiles. A very small fraction of AGS-EBV and SNU719 cells can spontaneously produce infectious progeny virions, while HGC27-EBV does not. AGS-EBV (both M81 and Akata) cells largely mimic SNU719 cells in viral gene expression profiles, and altered cellular functions and pathways perturbed by EBV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the EBV genome shows both M81 and Akata EBV strains are closely related to clinical EBVaGC isolates. Taken together, these two newly established EBV-positive GC cell lines can serve as models to further investigate the role of EBV in different contexts of gastric carcinogenesis and identify novel therapeutics against EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Xu
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfu Feng
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuaibing Yang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Center of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Research, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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22
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Münz C. Immune checkpoints in T cells during oncogenic γ-herpesvirus infections. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27840. [PMID: 35524342 PMCID: PMC9790391 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are two persistent oncogenic γ-herpesviruses with an exclusive tropism for humans. They cause cancers of lymphocyte, epithelial and endothelial cell origin, such as Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma. Mutations in immune-related genes but also adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer patients have revealed molecular requirements for immune control of EBV and KSHV. These include costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors on T cells that are currently explored or already therapeutically targeted in tumor patients. This review discusses these co-receptors and their influence on EBV- and KSHV-associated diseases. The respective studies reveal surprising specificities of some of these receptors for immunity to these tumor viruses, benefits of their blockade for some but not other virus-associated diseases, and that EBV- and KSHV-specific immune control should be monitored during immune checkpoint inhibition to prevent adverse events that might be associated with their reactivation during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology Department, Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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23
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Iizasa H, Kartika AV, Fekadu S, Okada S, Onomura D, Wadi AFAA, Khatun MM, Moe TM, Nishikawa J, Yoshiyama H. Development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer: Infection, inflammation, and oncogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6249-6257. [PMID: 36504553 PMCID: PMC9730441 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i44.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) cells originate from a single-cell clone infected with EBV. However, more than 95% of patients with gastric cancer have a history of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and H. pylori is a major causative agent of gastric cancer. Therefore, it has long been argued that H. pylori infection may affect the development of EBVaGC, a subtype of gastric cancer. Atrophic gastrointestinal inflammation, a symptom of H. pylori infection, is observed in the gastric mucosa of EBVaGC. Therefore, it remains unclear whether H. pylori infection is a cofactor for gastric carcinogenesis caused by EBV infection or whether H. pylori and EBV infections act independently on gastric cancer formation. It has been reported that EBV infection assists in the onco-genesis of gastric cancer caused by H. pylori infection. In contrast, several studies have reported that H. pylori infection accelerates tumorigenesis initiated by EBV infection. By reviewing both clinical epidemiological and experimental data, we reorganized the role of H. pylori and EBV infections in gastric cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
| | - Andy Visi Kartika
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Muslim University of Indonesia, Makassar 90231, Indonesia
| | - Sintayehu Fekadu
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Hawassa University, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa 1560, Ethiopia
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
| | - Daichi Onomura
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
| | | | - Mosammat Mahmuda Khatun
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
| | - Thin Myat Moe
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Faculty of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan
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24
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Functional Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235780. [PMID: 36497262 PMCID: PMC9740547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of tumors of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV displays a bipartite life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Current dogma indicates that the latent genes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers, while the lytic genes are primarily responsible for viral transmission. In recent years, evidence has emerged to show that the EBV lytic phase also plays an important role in EBV tumorigenesis, and the expression of EBV lytic genes is frequently detected in tumor tissues and cell lines. The advent of next generation sequencing has allowed the comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression, and this has revealed the consistent expression of several lytic genes across various types of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional implications of EBV lytic gene expression to the oncogenic process and discuss possible avenues for future investigations.
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25
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Ma N, Lu J, Pei Y, Robertson ES. Transcriptome reprogramming of Epstein-Barr virus infected epithelial and B cells reveals distinct host-virus interaction profiles. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:894. [PMID: 36272970 PMCID: PMC9588026 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an opportunistic pathogen that can manifest itself as a potential contributor to human diseases years after primary infection, specifically in lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies in immune-competent and immune-compromised hosts. The virus shuttles between B cells and epithelial cells during its infection cycle, facilitating its persistence and transmission in humans. While EBV efficiently infects and transforms B-lymphocytes, epithelial cells are not as susceptible to transformation in vitro. We utilized a 3D platform for culturing normal oral keratinocyte cells (NOKs) using Matrigel for greater insights into the molecular interactions between EBV and infected cells. We determined the transcriptome of EBV infected NOKs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 7 and 15 days. LMPs (-1, -2A, and -2B) and EBNAs (-1, -2, -3A, -3B and -3C) were detected in all samples, and lytic gene expression was significantly higher in NOKs than PBMCs. We identified over 2000 cellular genes that were differentially expressed (P-value<0.05). Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses significantly identified pathways related to collagen-activation, chemokine signaling, immune response, metabolism, and antiviral responses. We also identified significant changes in metalloproteases and genes encoding chemotactic ligands and cell surface molecules. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) was dramatically downregulated in PBMCs and upregulated in NOKs. However, MMP1 was significantly downregulated in NOKs and upregulated in PBMCs. Therefore, multiple pathways contribute to distinct pathologies associated with EBV infection in epithelial and B cells, and MMP1 and CXCR4 are critical molecules involved in regulation of latent and lytic states linked to viral associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Ma
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Pei
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Yiu SPT, Guo R, Zerbe C, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. Epstein-Barr virus BNRF1 destabilizes SMC5/6 cohesin complexes to evade its restriction of replication compartments. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110411. [PMID: 35263599 PMCID: PMC8981113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistently infects people worldwide. Delivery of ∼170-kb EBV genomes to nuclei and use of nuclear membrane-less replication compartments (RCs) for their lytic cycle amplification necessitate evasion of intrinsic antiviral responses. Proteomics analysis indicates that, upon B cell infection or lytic reactivation, EBV depletes the cohesin SMC5/6, which has major roles in chromosome maintenance and DNA damage repair. The major tegument protein BNRF1 targets SMC5/6 complexes by a ubiquitin proteasome pathway dependent on calpain proteolysis and Cullin-7. In the absence of BNRF1, SMC5/6 associates with R-loop structures, including at the viral lytic origin of replication, and interferes with RC formation and encapsidation. CRISPR analysis identifies RC restriction roles of SMC5/6 components involved in DNA entrapment and SUMOylation. Our study highlights SMC5/6 as an intrinsic immune sensor and restriction factor for a human herpesvirus RC and has implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cassie Zerbe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Müller Coan BG, Cesarman E, Acencio ML, Elgui de Oliveira D. Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) from Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Strains M81 and B95.8 Modulate miRNA Expression When Expressed in Immortalized Human Nasopharyngeal Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:353. [PMID: 35205397 PMCID: PMC8871543 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ herpesvirus strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and the viral oncogenicity in part relies on cellular effects of the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). It was previously described that EBV strains B95.8 and M81 differ in cell tropism and the activation of the lytic cycle. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether LMP1 from these strains have different effects when expressed in nasopharyngeal cells. Thus, herein we evaluated the effects of EBV LMP1 derived from viral strains B95.8 and M81 and expressed in immortalized nasopharyngeal cells NP69SV40T in the regulation of 91 selected cellular miRNAs. We found that cells expressing either LMP1 behave similarly in terms of NF-kB activation and cell migration. Nonetheless, the miRs 100-5p, 192-5p, and 574-3p were expressed at higher levels in cells expressing LMP1 B95.8 compared to M81. Additionally, results generated by in silico pathway enrichment analysis indicated that LMP1 M81 distinctly regulate genes involved in cell cycle (i.e., RB1), mRNA processing (i.e., NUP50), and mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., ATF2). In conclusion, LMP1 M81 was found to distinctively regulate miRs 100-5p, 192-5p, and 574-3p, and the in silico analysis provided valuable clues to dissect the molecular effects of EBV LMP1 expressed in nasopharyngeal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G. Müller Coan
- Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Marcio Luis Acencio
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, L-4367 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
- ViriCan, Institute for Biotechnology (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18607-440, Brazil
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28
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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29
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Ziegler P, Reznik A, Kitchloo S, Wang E, Lee S, Green A, Myerburg M, Sample C, Shair K. Three-dimensional Models of the Nasopharynx for the Study of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4365. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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30
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Cirac A, Poirey R, Dieckmeyer M, Witter K, Delecluse HJ, Behrends U, Mautner J. Immunoinformatic Analysis Reveals Antigenic Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr Virus Is Immune-Driven. Front Immunol 2021; 12:796379. [PMID: 34975903 PMCID: PMC8716887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolates from around the world has uncovered pervasive strain heterogeneity, but the forces driving strain diversification and the impact on immune recognition remained largely unknown. Using a data mining approach, we analyzed more than 300 T-cell epitopes in 168 published EBV strains. Polymorphisms were detected in approximately 65% of all CD8+ and 80% of all CD4+ T-cell epitopes and these numbers further increased when epitope flanking regions were included. Polymorphisms in CD8+ T-cell epitopes often involved MHC anchor residues and resulted in changes of the amino acid subgroup, suggesting that only a limited number of conserved T-cell epitopes may represent generic target antigens against different viral strains. Although considered the prototypic EBV strain, the rather low degree of overlap with most other viral strains implied that B95.8 may not represent the ideal reference strain for T-cell epitopes. Instead, a combinatorial library of consensus epitopes may provide better targets for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes when the infecting strain is unknown. Polymorphisms were significantly enriched in epitope versus non-epitope protein sequences, implicating immune selection in driving strain diversification. Remarkably, CD4+ T-cell epitopes in EBNA2, EBNA-LP, and the EBNA3 family appeared to be under negative selection pressure, hinting towards a beneficial role of immune responses against these latency type III antigens in virus biology. These findings validate this immunoinformatics approach for providing novel insight into immune targets and the intricate relationship of host defense and virus evolution that may also pertain to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cirac
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Remy Poirey
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100 and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dieckmeyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100 and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Josef Mautner,
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31
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Zhu QY, Zhao GX, Li Y, Talakatta G, Mai HQ, Le QT, Young LS, Zeng MS. Advances in pathogenesis and precision medicine for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:175-206. [PMID: 34766141 PMCID: PMC8491203 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous carcinoma with apparent geographical and racial distribution, mostly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia, particularly concentrated in southern China. The epidemiological trend over the past decades has suggested a substantial reduction in the incidence rate and mortality rate due to NPC. These results may reflect changes in lifestyle and environment, and more importantly, a deeper comprehension of the pathogenic mechanism of NPC, leading to much progress in the preventing, screening, and treating for this cancer. Herein, we present the recent advances on the key signal pathways involved in pathogenesis of NPC, the mechanism of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) entry into the cell, and the progress of EBV vaccine and screening biomarkers. We will also discuss in depth the development of various therapeutic approaches including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. These research advancements have led to a new era of precision medicine in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Ge-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Girish Talakatta
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford California
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
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32
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Wang H, Fu BB, Gale RP, Liang Y. NK-/T-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2021; 35:2460-2468. [PMID: 34117356 PMCID: PMC8410593 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a sub-type of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas common in Asia and Latin America but rare elsewhere. Its pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Lymphoma cells are transformed from NK- or T-cells, sometimes both. EBV-infection and subsequent genetic alterations in infected cells are central to NKTL development. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a common complication. Accurate staging is important to predict outcomes but there is controversy which system is best. More than two-thirds of NKTL lympohmas are localized at diagnosis, are frequently treated with radiation therapy only and have 5-year survival of about 70 percent. Persons with advanced NKTLs receive radiation therapy synchronously or metachronously with diverse multi-drug chemotherapy typically including L-asparginase with 5-year survival of about 40 percent. Some persons with widespread NKTL receive chemotherapy only. There are few data on safety and efficacy of high-dose therapy and a haematopoietic cell autotransplant. Immune therapies, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitors and other drugs are in early clinical trials. There are few randomized controlled clinical trials in NKTLs and no therapy strategy is clearly best; more effective therapy(ies) are needed. Some consensus recommendations are not convincingly evidence-based. Mechanisms of multi-drug resistance are considered. We discuss these issues including recent advances in our understanding of and therapy of NKTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bi-Bo Fu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Haematology Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
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33
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Suppression of JAK-STAT signaling by Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 through recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase and promotion of STAT2 degradation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102721. [PMID: 34319780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01027-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some lytic proteins encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) suppress host interferon (IFN) signaling to facilitate viral replication. In this study we sought to identify and characterize EBV proteins antagonizing IFN signaling. The induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by IFN-β was effectively suppressed by EBV. A functional screen was therefore performed to identify IFN-antagonizing proteins encoded by EBV. EBV tegument protein BGLF2 was identified as a potent suppressor of JAK-STAT signaling. This activity was found to be independent of its stimulatory effect on p38 and JNK pathways. Association of BGLF2 with STAT2 resulted in more pronounced K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the latter. Mechanistically, BGLF2 promoted the recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase to STAT1 to inhibit its tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, BGLF2 associated with cullin 1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to facilitate its recruitment to STAT2. Consequently, BGLF2 suppressed ISG induction by IFN-β. Furthermore, BGLF2 also suppressed type II and type III IFN signaling, although the suppressive effect on type II IFN response was milder. When pre-treated with IFN-β, host cells became less susceptible to primary infection of EBV. This phenotype was reversed when expression of BGLF2 was enforced. Finally, genetic disruption of BGLF2 in EBV led to more pronounced induction of ISGs. Taken together, our study unveils the roles of BGLF2 not only in the subversion of innate IFN response but also in lytic infection and reactivation of EBV. Importance Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV has to subvert interferon-mediated host antiviral response to replicate and cause diseases. It is therefore of great interest to identify and characterize interferon-antagonizing proteins produced by EBV. In this study we perform a screen to search for EBV proteins that suppress the action of interferons. We further show that BGLF2 protein of EBV is particularly strong in this suppression. This is achieved by inhibiting two key proteins STAT1 and STAT2 that mediate the antiviral activity of interferons. BGLF2 recruits a host enzyme to remove the phosphate group from STAT1 thereby inactivating its activity. BGLF2 also redirects STAT2 for degradation. A recombinant virus in which BGLF2 gene has been disrupted can activate host interferon response more robustly. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV BGLF2 protein suppresses interferon signaling.
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34
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Tan KE, Ng WL, Marinov GK, Yu KHO, Tan LP, Liau ES, Goh SY, Yeo KS, Yip KY, Lo KW, Khoo ASB, Yap LF, Ea CK, Lim YY. Identification and characterization of a novel Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded circular RNA from LMP-2 Gene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14392. [PMID: 34257379 PMCID: PMC8277822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been recently found to generate novel circular RNAs (circRNAs) through backsplicing. However, comprehensive catalogs of EBV circRNAs in other cell lines and their functional characterization are still lacking. In this study, we have identified a list of putative EBV circRNAs in GM12878, an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line, with a significant majority encoded from the EBV latent genes. A novel EBV circRNA derived from the exon 5 of LMP-2 gene which exhibited highest prevalence, was further validated using RNase R assay and Sanger sequencing. This circRNA, which we term circLMP-2_e5, can be universally detected in a panel of EBV-positive cell lines modelling different latency programs. It ranges from lower expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells to higher expression in B cells, and is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We provide evidence that circLMP-2_e5 is expressed concomitantly with its cognate linear LMP-2 RNA upon EBV lytic reactivation, and may be produced as a result of exon skipping, with its circularization possibly occurring without the involvement of cis elements in the short flanking introns. Furthermore, we show that circLMP-2_e5 is not involved in regulating cell proliferation, host innate immune response, its linear parental transcripts, or EBV lytic reactivation. Taken together, our study expands the current repertoire of putative EBV circRNAs, broadens our understanding of the biology of EBV circRNAs, and lays the foundation for further investigation of their function in the EBV life cycle and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-En Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7005, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ken Hung-On Yu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Ping Tan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ee Shan Liau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sook Yan Goh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Siong Yeo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Fah Yap
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Kwee Ea
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA.
| | - Yat-Yuen Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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35
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Linton RE, Daker M, Khoo ASB, Choo DCY, Viljoen M, Neilsen PM. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma among the Bidayuh of Sarawak, Malaysia: History and risk factors. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:514. [PMID: 33986874 PMCID: PMC8114476 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer of the epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx. The incidence of NPC has a distinct geographical distribution, mainly affecting the Chinese population of Southern China. In Malaysia, this cancer is exceptionally prevalent among males. There is a high incidence rate of NPC among the Bidayuh natives in Sarawak, Malaysia. Other than epidemiology reports, there has not been an article describing plausible cancer risk factors contributing to NPC within this native group. Researchers are still trying to understand the reasons the Bidayuh and Southern Chinese are highly susceptible to NPC. This article discusses the risk factors of developing NPC: Epstein-Barr virus infection, genetic predisposition, diet, environmental exposure and tobacco smoking. There is a need to improve the understanding of the role of risk factors to identify new ways to prevent cancer, especially among high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan Entigu Linton
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
| | - Maelinda Daker
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia
| | - Diana Chung Yiing Choo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
| | - Mignon Viljoen
- College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Paul M. Neilsen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
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36
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Natural Killer Cell Responses during Human γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060655. [PMID: 34203904 PMCID: PMC8232711 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are main sculptors of natural killer (NK) cell repertoires. While the β-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (CMV) drives the accumulation of adaptive NKG2C-positive NK cells, the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) expands early differentiated NKG2A-positive NK cells. While adaptive NK cells support adaptive immunity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, NKG2A-positive NK cells seem to preferentially target lytic EBV replicating B cells. The importance of this restriction of EBV replication during γ-herpesvirus pathogenesis will be discussed. Furthermore, the modification of EBV-driven NK cell expansion by coinfections, including by the other human γ-herpesvirus Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), will be summarized.
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37
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Frappier L. Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200218. [PMID: 34052467 PMCID: PMC8173096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and persists for life due to complicated interplay between lytic infection and multiple types of latent infections. While usually asymptomatic, EBV is a causative agent in several types of cancer and has a strong association with multiple sclerosis. Exactly how EBV promotes these diseases and why they are rare consequences of infection are incompletely understood. Here I will discuss current ideas on disease induction by EBV, including the importance of lytic protein expression in the context of latent infection as well as the possible importance of specific EBV variants in disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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38
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Liu Y, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wang C. Long non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-related cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:278. [PMID: 34034760 PMCID: PMC8144696 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr-virus (EBV) is related to several cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act by regulating target genes and are involved in tumourigenesis. However, the role of lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers is rarely reported. Understanding the role and mechanism of lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers may contribute to diagnosis, prognosis and clinical therapy in the future. EBV encodes not only miRNAs, but also BART lncRNAs during latency and the BHLF1 lncRNA during both the latent and lytic phases. These lncRNAs can be targeted regulate inflammation, invasion, and migration and thus tumourigenesis. The products of EBV also directly and indirectly regulate host lncRNAs, including LINC00312, NORAD CYTOR, SHNG8, SHNG5, MINCR, lncRNA-BC200, LINC00672, MALATI1, LINC00982, LINC02067, IGFBP7-AS1, LOC100505716, LOC100128494, NAG7 and RP4-794H19.1, to facilitate tumourigenesis using different mechanisms. Additionally, lncRNAs have been previously validated to interact with microRNAs (miRNAs), and lncRNAs and miRNAs mutually suppress each other. The EBV-miR-BART6-3p/LOC553103/STMN1 axis inhibits EBV-associated tumour cell proliferation. Additionally, H. pylori-EBV co-infection promotes inflammatory lesions and results in EMT. HPV-EBV co-infection inhibits the transition from latency to lytic replication. KSHV-EBV co-infection aggravates tumourigenesis in huNSG mice. COVID-19-EBV co-infection may activate the immune system to destroy a tumour, although this situation is rare and the mechanism requires further confirmation. Hopefully, this information will shed some light on tumour therapy strategies tumourigenesis. Additionally, this strategy benefits for infected patients by preventing latency to lytic replication. Understanding the role and expression of lnRNAs in these two phases of EBV is critical to control the transition from latency to the lytic replication phase. This review presents differential expressed lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers and provides resources to aid in developing superior strategies for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Deng Y, Münz C. Roles of Lytic Viral Replication and Co-Infections in the Oncogenesis and Immune Control of the Epstein-Barr Virus. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2275. [PMID: 34068598 PMCID: PMC8126045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypic human tumor virus whose continuous lifelong immune control is required to prevent lymphomagenesis in the more than 90% of the human adult population that are healthy carriers of the virus. Here, we review recent evidence that this immune control has not only to target latent oncogenes, but also lytic replication of EBV. Furthermore, genetic variations identify the molecular machinery of cytotoxic lymphocytes as essential for this immune control and recent studies in mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) have begun to provide insights into the mechanistic role of these molecules during EBV infection. Finally, EBV often does not act in isolation to cause disease. Some of EBV infection-modulating co-infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been modeled in humanized mice. These preclinical in vivo models for EBV infection, lymphomagenesis, and cell-mediated immune control do not only promise a better understanding of the biology of this human tumor virus, but also the possibility to explore vaccine candidates against it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
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40
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Regulation of the Macroautophagic Machinery, Cellular Differentiation, and Immune Responses by Human Oncogenic γ-Herpesviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050859. [PMID: 34066671 PMCID: PMC8150893 DOI: 10.3390/v13050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encode oncogenes for B cell transformation but are carried by most infected individuals without symptoms. For this purpose, they manipulate the anti-apoptotic pathway macroautophagy, cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as well as immune recognition. The mechanisms and functional relevance of these manipulations are discussed in this review. They allow both viruses to strike the balance between efficient persistence and dissemination in their human hosts without ever being cleared after infection and avoiding pathologies in most of their carriers.
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41
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Yu F, Syn NL, Lu Y, Chong QY, Lai J, Tan WJ, Goh BC, MacAry PA, Wang L, Loh KS. Characterization and Establishment of a Novel EBV Strain Simultaneously Associated With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626659. [PMID: 33898307 PMCID: PMC8059411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—the prototypical human tumor virus—is responsible for 1–2% of the global cancer burden, but divergent strains seem to exist in different geographical regions with distinct predilections for causing lymphoid or epithelial malignancies. Here we report the establishment and characterization of Yu103, an Asia Pacific EBV strain with a highly remarkable provenance of being derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy but subsequently propagated in human B-lymphoma cells and xenograft models. Unlike previously characterized EBV strains which are either predominantly B-lymphotropic or epitheliotropic, Yu103 evinces an uncanny capacity to infect and transform both B-lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Yu103 EBV lies midway along the spectrum of EBV strains known to drive lymphomagenesis or carcinogenesis, and harbors molecular features which likely account for its unusual properties. To our knowledge, Yu103 EBV is currently the only EBV isolate shown to drive human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-lymphoma, and should therefore provide a powerful novel platform for research on EBV-driven hematological and epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junyun Lai
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jian Tan
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Kang YF, Zhang X, Yu XH, Zheng Q, Liu Z, Li JP, Sun C, Kong XW, Zhu QY, Chen HW, Huang Y, Xu M, Zhong Q, Zeng YX, Zeng MS. Immunization with a Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicits Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses against EBV Infection. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2476-2486. [PMID: 33683126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a global health concern infecting over 90% of the population. However, there is no currently available vaccine. EBV primarily infects B cells, where the major glycoprotein 350 (gp350) is the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Given the advancement of nanoparticle vaccines, we describe rationally designed vaccine modalities presenting 60 copies of gp350 on self-assembled nanoparticles in a repetitive array. In a mouse model, gp350s on lumazine synthase (LS) and I3-01 adjuvanted with MF59 or aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel) elicited over 65- to 133-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers than the corresponding gp350 monomer to EBV. Furthermore, immunization with gp350D123-LS and gp350D123-I3-01 vaccine induced a Th2-biased response. For the nonhuman primate model, gp350D123-LS in MF59 elicited higher titers of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies than the monomeric gp350D123. Overall, these results support gp350D123-based nanoparticle vaccine design as a promising vaccine candidate for potent protection against EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Wei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yang Huang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
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43
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Schuhmachers P, Münz C. Modification of EBV Associated Lymphomagenesis and Its Immune Control by Co-Infections and Genetics in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640918. [PMID: 33833760 PMCID: PMC8021763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens in humans with more than 95% of the human adult population persistently infected. EBV infects only humans and threatens these with its potent growth transforming ability that readily allows for immortalization of human B cells in culture. Accordingly, it is also found in around 1-2% of human tumors, primarily lymphomas and epithelial cell carcinomas. Fortunately, however, our immune system has learned to control this most transforming human tumor virus in most EBV carriers, and it requires modification of EBV associated lymphomagenesis and its immune control by either co-infections, such as malaria, Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or genetic predispositions for EBV positive tumors to emerge. Some of these can be modelled in humanized mice that, therefore, provide a valuable platform to test curative immunotherapies and prophylactic vaccines against these EBV associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Virus-associated malignancies are a global health burden, constituting 10-12% of cancers worldwide. As these tumors express foreign viral antigens that can elicit specific T cell responses, virus-directed immunotherapies are a promising treatment strategy. Specifically, adoptive cell transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) has demonstrated the potential to eradicate cancers associated with certain viruses. Recent Findings Initial studies in 1990s first showed that VSTs specific for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBVSTs) can induce complete remissions in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Since then, studies have validated the specificity and safety of VSTs in multiple lymphomas and solid malignancies. However, challenges remain to optimize this platform for widespread use, including enhancing potency and persistence, overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and streamlining manufacturing processes that comply with regulatory requirements. Summary This review focuses on data from clinical trials evaluating VSTs directed against three viruses (EBV, HPV and MCPyV), as well as recent preclinical and clinical advances, and potential future directions.
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45
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Xia TL, Li X, Wang X, Zhu YJ, Zhang H, Cheng W, Chen ML, Ye Y, Li Y, Zhang A, Dai DL, Zhu QY, Yuan L, Zheng J, Huang H, Chen SQ, Xiao ZW, Wang HB, Roy G, Zhong Q, Lin D, Zeng YX, Wang J, Zhao B, Gewurz BE, Chen J, Zuo Z, Zeng MS. N(6)-methyladenosine-binding protein YTHDF1 suppresses EBV replication and promotes EBV RNA decay. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50128. [PMID: 33605073 PMCID: PMC8025027 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA mediates diverse cellular and viral functions. Infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 10% of gastric carcinoma, and various B‐cell lymphomas, in which the viral latent and lytic phases both play vital roles. Here, we show that EBV transcripts exhibit differential m6A modification in human NPC biopsies, patient‐derived xenograft tissues, and cells at different EBV infection stages. m6A‐modified EBV transcripts are recognized and destabilized by the YTHDF1 protein, which leads to the m6A‐dependent suppression of EBV infection and replication. Mechanistically, YTHDF1 hastens viral RNA decapping and mediates RNA decay by recruiting RNA degradation complexes, including ZAP, DDX17, and DCP2, thereby post‐transcriptionally downregulating the expression of EBV genes. Taken together, our results reveal the critical roles of m6A modifications and their reader YTHDF1 in EBV replication. These findings contribute novel targets for the treatment of EBV‐associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Jia Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaurab Roy
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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46
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Sinclair AJ, Moalwi MH, Amoaten T. Is EBV Associated with Breast Cancer in Specific Geographic Locations? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:819. [PMID: 33669217 PMCID: PMC7919813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that establishes a life-long infection in people, and infection with EBV is nearly ubiquitous by adulthood. EBV was identified from biopsy material from a child with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in sub-Saharan Africa. EBV has a well-characterised role in the development of some cancers, notably, Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), gastric carcinoma (GC), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Links have also been made between EBV and breast cancer (BC), but these have been controversial. For all EBV-associated cancers, the ubiquitous nature of infection with EBV, contrasted with the relatively rare development of cancer, highlights a problem of determining whether EBV is an aetiological agent of cancer. In addition, the geographic distributions of some EBV-associated cancers point to contributions from additional co-factors. Recent meta-analyses of the incidence of EBV within BC biopsies has revealed that the diversity in the conclusions remain, however, they also show more of an association between EBV and BC biopsies in some study locations. Here, we review the evidence linking EBV with BC, and conclude that the evidence for the presence of EBV in BC biopsies is concentrated in specific geographic regions but is currently insufficient to provide a causal link. We pose some questions that could help to resolve the question of whether EBV contributes to BC and probe the contribution EBV might make to the aetiology of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Sinclair
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9 QG, UK; (M.H.M.); (T.A.)
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47
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SoRelle ED, Dai J, Bonglack EN, Heckenberg EM, Zhou JY, Giamberardino SN, Bailey JA, Gregory SG, Chan C, Luftig MA. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals transcriptomic heterogeneity mediated by host-pathogen dynamics in lymphoblastoid cell lines. eLife 2021; 10:62586. [PMID: 33501914 PMCID: PMC7867410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are generated by transforming primary B cells with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and are used extensively as model systems in viral oncology, immunology, and human genetics research. In this study, we characterized single-cell transcriptomic profiles of five LCLs and present a simple discrete-time simulation to explore the influence of stochasticity on LCL clonal evolution. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed substantial phenotypic heterogeneity within and across LCLs with respect to immunoglobulin isotype; virus-modulated host pathways involved in survival, activation, and differentiation; viral replication state; and oxidative stress. This heterogeneity is likely attributable to intrinsic variance in primary B cells and host–pathogen dynamics. Stochastic simulations demonstrate that initial primary cell heterogeneity, random sampling, time in culture, and even mild differences in phenotype-specific fitness can contribute substantially to dynamic diversity in populations of nominally clonal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Emmanuela N Bonglack
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Emma M Heckenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Jeffrey Y Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Stephanie N Giamberardino
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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48
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Dheekollu J, Wiedmer A, Ayyanathan K, Deakyne JS, Messick TE, Lieberman PM. Cell-cycle-dependent EBNA1-DNA crosslinking promotes replication termination at oriP and viral episome maintenance. Cell 2021; 184:643-654.e13. [PMID: 33482082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus that persists as a multicopy episome in proliferating host cells. Episome maintenance is strictly dependent on EBNA1, a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein with no known enzymatic activities. Here, we show that EBNA1 forms a cell cycle-dependent DNA crosslink with the EBV origin of plasmid replication oriP. EBNA1 tyrosine 518 (Y518) is essential for crosslinking to oriP and functionally required for episome maintenance and generation of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Mechanistically, Y518 is required for replication fork termination at oriP in vivo and for formation of SDS-resistant complexes in vitro. EBNA1-DNA crosslinking corresponds to single-strand endonuclease activity specific to DNA structures enriched at replication-termination sites, such as 4-way junctions. These findings reveal that EBNA1 forms tyrosine-dependent DNA-protein crosslinks and single-strand cleavage at oriP required for replication termination and viral episome maintenance.
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49
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Intra-host changes in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes in Ugandan adults with Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008594. [PMID: 33465147 PMCID: PMC7845968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-host tumor virus variants may influence the pathogenesis and treatment responses of some virally-associated cancers. However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing technologies that possibly introduce more errors than that which occurs in the viral population, and these studies have only studied variable regions. Here, full-length KSHV genomes in tumors and/or oral swabs from 9 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated KS were characterized. Furthermore, we used deep, short-read sequencing using duplex unique molecular identifiers (dUMI)–random double-stranded oligonucleotides that barcode individual DNA molecules before library amplification. This allowed suppression of PCR and sequencing errors to ~10−9/base as well as afforded accurate determination of KSHV genome numbers sequenced in each sample. KSHV genomes were assembled de novo, and rearrangements observed were confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. 131-kb KSHV genome sequences, excluding major repeat regions, were successfully obtained from 23 clinical specimens, averaging 2.3x104 reads/base. Strikingly, KSHV genomes were virtually identical within individuals at the point mutational level. The intra-host heterogeneity that was observed was confined to tumor-associated KSHV mutations and genome rearrangements, all impacting protein-coding sequences. Although it is unclear whether these changes were important to tumorigenesis or occurred as a result of genomic instability in tumors, similar changes were observed across individuals. These included inactivation of the K8.1 gene in tumors of 3 individuals and retention of a region around the first major internal repeat (IR1) in all instances of genomic deletions and rearrangements. Notably, the same breakpoint junctions were found in distinct tumors within single individuals, suggesting metastatic spread of rearranged KSHV genomes. These findings define KSHV intra-host heterogeneity in vivo with greater precision than has been possible in the past and suggest the possibility that aberrant KSHV genomes may contribute to aspects of KS tumorigenesis. Furthermore, study of KSHV with use of dUMI provides a proof of concept for utilizing this technique for detailed study of other virus populations in vivo. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a leading cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and in persons with HIV co-infection. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also referred to as human herpesvirus-8, or HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of KS, but the factors that contribute to the development of KS, which occurs in only a small subset of infected individuals, remain largely unknown. While strain differences or mutations in other tumor viruses are known to affect the risk and progression of their associated cancers, whether genetic variation in KSHV is important to the natural history of KS is unclear. Most studies of KSHV diversity have only characterized ~4% of its 165-kb genome, and the observed variation in some studies is likely to have been impacted by PCR or cloning artifacts. To precisely define genomic diversity of KSHV in vivo, we evaluated full-length viral genomes (except the internal repeat regions) using a technique that greatly lowers sequencing error rates and thus measures genomic diversity much more accurately than previous studies. In addition, we extended our analyses to look for potential tumor-specific changes in the KSHV genomes by examining viruses in both tumor and non-tumor tissues. To these ends, we performed highly sensitive, single-molecule sequencing of whole KSHV genomes in paired KS tumors and oral swabs from 9 individuals with KS. We found that KSHV genomes were virtually identical within the 9 individuals, with no evidence of quasispecies formation or multi-strain infection. However, KSHV genome aberrations and gene-inactivating mutations were found to be common in KS tumors, often impacting the same genes and genomic regions across individuals. Whether theses mutations influence KS tumorigenesis or result from genomic instability commonly found in tumors warrants further study. Lastly, aberrant KSHV genomes were found to be shared by distinct tumors within individuals, suggesting the capacity of KS tumor cells to metastasize and seed new lesions.
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50
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Volk V, Theobald SJ, Danisch S, Khailaie S, Kalbarczyk M, Schneider A, Bialek-Waldmann J, Krönke N, Deng Y, Eiz-Vesper B, Dragon AC, von Kaisenberg C, Lienenklaus S, Bleich A, Keck J, Meyer-Hermann M, Klawonn F, Hammerschmidt W, Delecluse HJ, Münz C, Feuerhake F, Stripecke R. PD-1 Blockade Aggravates Epstein-Barr Virus + Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Humanized Mice Resulting in Central Nervous System Involvement and CD4 + T Cell Dysregulations. Front Oncol 2021; 10:614876. [PMID: 33511078 PMCID: PMC7837057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.614876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is one of the most common malignancies after solid organ or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most PTLD cases are B cell neoplasias carrying Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A therapeutic approach is reduction of immunosuppression to allow T cells to develop and combat EBV. If this is not effective, approaches include immunotherapies such as monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and adoptive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) to treat EBV+ PTLD was not established clinically due to the risks of organ rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Previously, blockade of the programmed death receptor (PD)-1 by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) during ex vivo infection of mononuclear cells with the EBV/M81+ strain showed lower xenografted lymphoma development in mice. Subsequently, fully humanized mice infected with the EBV/B95-8 strain and treated in vivo with a PD-1 blocking mAb showed aggravation of PTLD and lymphoma development. Here, we evaluated vis-a-vis in fully humanized mice after EBV/B95-8 or EBV/M81 infections the effects of a clinically used PD-1 blocker. Fifteen to 17 weeks after human CD34+ stem cell transplantation, Nod.Rag.Gamma mice were infected with two types of EBV laboratory strains expressing firefly luciferase. Dynamic optical imaging analyses showed systemic EBV infections and this triggered vigorous human CD8+ T cell expansion. Pembrolizumab administered from 2 to 5 weeks post-infections significantly aggravated EBV systemic spread and, for the M81 model, significantly increased the mortality of mice. ICI promoted Ki67+CD30+CD20+EBER+PD-L1+ PTLD with central nervous system (CNS) involvement, mirroring EBV+ CNS PTLD in humans. PD-1 blockade was associated with lower frequencies of circulating T cells in blood and with a profound collapse of CD4+ T cells in lymphatic tissues. Mice treated with pembrolizumab showed an escalation of exhausted T cells expressing TIM-3, and LAG-3 in tissues, higher levels of several human cytokines in plasma and high densities of FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. We conclude that PD-1 blockade during acute EBV infections driving strong CD8+ T cell priming decompensates T cell development towards immunosuppression. Given the variety of preclinical models available, our models conferred a cautionary note indicating that PD-1 blockade aggravated the progression of EBV+ PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Volk
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maja Kalbarczyk
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bialek-Waldmann
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Krönke
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yun Deng
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Christina Dragon
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Neuropathology, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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