1
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Calamari ZT, Song A, Cohen E, Akter M, Roy RD, Hallikas O, Christensen MM, Li P, Marangoni P, Jernvall J, Klein OD. Vole genomics links determinate and indeterminate growth of teeth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.18.572015. [PMID: 38187646 PMCID: PMC10769287 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Continuously growing teeth are an important innovation in mammalian evolution, yet genetic regulation of continuous growth by stem cells remains incompletely understood. Dental stem cells responsible for tooth crown growth are lost at the onset of tooth root formation. Genetic signaling that initiates this loss is difficult to study with the ever-growing incisor and rooted molars of mice, the most common mammalian dental model species, because signals for root formation overlap with signals that pattern tooth size and shape (i.e., cusp patterns). Different species of voles (Cricetidae, Rodentia, Glires) have evolved rooted and unrooted molars that have similar size and shape, providing alternative models for studying roots. We assembled a de novo genome of Myodes glareolus, a vole with high-crowned, rooted molars, and performed genomic and transcriptomic analyses in a broad phylogenetic context of Glires (rodents and lagomorphs) to assess differential selection and evolution in tooth forming genes. We identified 15 dental genes with changing synteny relationships and six dental genes undergoing positive selection across Glires, two of which were undergoing positive selection in species with unrooted molars, Dspp and Aqp1. Decreased expression of both genes in prairie voles with unrooted molars compared to bank voles supports the presence of positive selection and may underlie differences in root formation. Bulk transcriptomics analyses of embryonic molar development in bank voles also demonstrated conserved patterns of dental gene expression compared to mice, with species-specific variation likely related to developmental timing and morphological differences between mouse and vole molars. Our results support ongoing evolution of dental genes across Glires, revealing the complex evolutionary background of convergent evolution for ever-growing molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Calamari
- Baruch College, City University of New York, One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Andrew Song
- Baruch College, City University of New York, One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Cornell University, 616 Thurston Ave, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emily Cohen
- Baruch College, City University of New York, One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA
- New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E 34th St, New York, NY 10010
| | - Muspika Akter
- Baruch College, City University of New York, One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Rishi Das Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Hallikas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mona M. Christensen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pengyang Li
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children’s, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Suite 2416, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children’s, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Suite 2416, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children’s, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Suite 2416, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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2
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Hummel J. Teeth and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals: when 1 + 1 = 3. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220544. [PMID: 37839451 PMCID: PMC10577037 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Both teeth and the digestive tract show adaptations that are commonly interpreted in the context of trophic guilds-faunivory, herbivory and omnivory. Teeth prepare food for the digestive tract, and dental evolution focuses on increasing durability and functionality; in particular, size reduction of plant particles is an important preparation for microbial fermentative digestion. In narratives of digestive adaptations, microbes are typically considered as service providers, facilitating digestion. That the majority of 'herbivorous' (and possibly 'omnivorous') mammals display adaptations to maximize microbes' use as prey-by harvesting the microbes multiplying in their guts-is less emphasized and not reflected in trophic labels. Harvesting of microbes occurs either via coprophagy after separation from indigestible material by a separation mechanism in the hindgut, or from a forestomach by a 'washing mechanism' that selectively removes fines, including microbes, to the lower digestive tract. The evolution of this washing mechanism as part of the microbe farming niche opened the opportunity for the evolution of another mechanism that links teeth and guts in an innovative way-the sorting and cleaning of not-yet-sufficiently-size-reduced food that is then re-submitted to repeated mastication (rumination), leading to unprecedented chewing and digestive efficiency. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Fritz
- Zugspitzstr. 15 1/2, 82131 Stockdorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Avedik A, Duque-Correa MJ, Clauss M. Avoiding the lockdown: Morphological facilitation of transversal chewing movements in mammals. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21554. [PMID: 36645378 PMCID: PMC10107165 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of mammals is characterized, amongst other developments, by an increasing relevance of effective food processing in form of an increasingly durable dentition, complex occlusal surfaces, and transverse chewing movements. Some factors have received increasing attention for the facilitation of the latter, such as the configuration of the jaw joint, the chewing muscle arrangement and lever arms, or the reduction of interlocking cusps on the cheek teeth occlusal surface. By contrast, the constraining effect of the anterior dentition (incisors and canines) on transverse chewing motions, though known, has received less comprehensive attention. Here, we give examples of this constraint in extant mammals and outline a variety of morphological solutions to this constraint, including a reduction of the anterior dentition, special arrangements of canines and incisors, the nesting of the mandibular cheek teeth within the maxillary ones, and the use of different jaw positions for different dental functions (cropping vs. grinding). We suggest that hypselodont anterior canines or incisors in some taxa might represent a compensatory mechanism for self-induced wear during a grinding chewing motion. We propose that the diversity in anterior dentition among mammalian herbivores, and the evolutionary trend towards a reduction of the anterior dentition in many taxa, indicates that the constraining effect of the anterior dentition, which is rigidly linked to the cheek teeth by the osseous jaws, represents a relevant selective pressure in mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Avedik
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria J Duque-Correa
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Abstract
Dental wear due to ingestion of dust and grit has deleterious consequences. Herbivores that could not wash their food hence had to evolve particularly durable teeth, in parallel to the evolution of dental chewing surface complexity to increase chewing efficacy. The rumen sorting mechanism increases chewing efficacy beyond that reached by any other mammal and has been hypothesized to also offer an internal washing mechanism, which would be an outstanding example of an additional advantage by a physiological adaptation, but in vivo evidence is lacking so far. Here, we investigated four cannulated, live cows that received a diet to which sand was added. Silica in swallowed food and feces reflected experimental dietary sand contamination, whereas the regurgitate submitted to rumination remained close to the silica levels of the basal food. This helps explain how ruminants are able to tolerate high levels of dust or grit in their diet, with less high-crowned teeth than nonruminants in the same habitat. Palaeo-reconstructions based on dental morphology and dental wear traces need to take the ruminants' wear-protection mechanism into account. The inadvertent advantage likely contributed to the ruminants' current success in terms of species diversity.
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5
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Martin LF, Ackermans NL, Richter H, Kircher P, Hummel J, Codron D, Clauss M, Hatt J. Macrowear effects of external quartz abrasives of different size and concentration in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:586-597. [PMID: 34813148 PMCID: PMC9787991 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
External quartz abrasives are one of the driving forces of macrowear in herbivorous animals. We tested to what extent different sizes and concentrations influence their effect on tooth wear. We fed seven pelleted diets varying only in quartz concentration (0%, 4%, and 8%) and size (fine silt: ∼4 μm, coarse silt: ∼50 μm, fine sand: ∼130 μm) to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, n = 16) for 2 weeks each in a randomized serial experiment. Measurements to quantify wear and growth of incisors and the mandibular first cheek tooth, as well as heights of all other cheek teeth, were performed using calipers, endoscopic examination, and computed tomography scans before and after each feeding period. Tooth growth showed a compensatory correlation with wear. Absolute tooth height (ATH) and relative tooth height (RTH); relative to the 0% quartz "control" diet) was generally lower on the higher concentration and the larger size of abrasives. The effect was more pronounced on the maxillary teeth, on specific tooth positions and the right jaw side. When offered the choice between different sizes of abrasives, the rabbits favored the silt diets over the control and the fine sand diet; in a second choice experiment with different diets, they selected a pelleted diet with coarse-grained sand, however. This study confirms the dose- and size-dependent wear effects of external abrasives, and that hypselodont teeth show compensatory growth. The avoidance of wear did not seem a priority for animals with hypselodont teeth, since the rabbits did not avoid diets inducing a certain degree of wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F. Martin
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nicole L. Ackermans
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Present address:
Nicole L. Ackermans, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Center for Anatomy and Functional MorphologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Kircher
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Divison of Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of GoettingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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6
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Fannin LD, Laugier EJ, van Casteren A, Greenwood S, Dominy NJ. Differentiating siliceous particulate matter in the diets of mammalian herbivores. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Fannin
- Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Elise J. Laugier
- Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Sabrina L. Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Dominy
- Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
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7
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Carrillo-Briceño JD, Sánchez R, Scheyer TM, Carrillo JD, Delfino M, Georgalis GL, Kerber L, Ruiz-Ramoni D, Birindelli JLO, Cadena EA, Rincón AF, Chavez-Hoffmeister M, Carlini AA, Carvalho MR, Trejos-Tamayo R, Vallejo F, Jaramillo C, Jones DS, Sánchez-Villagra MR. A Pliocene-Pleistocene continental biota from Venezuela. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2021; 140:9. [PMID: 34721281 PMCID: PMC8550326 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-020-00216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Pliocene-Pleistocene transition in the Neotropics is poorly understood despite the major climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Quaternary. The San Gregorio Formation, the younger unit of the Urumaco Sequence, preserves a fauna that documents this critical transition. We report stingrays, freshwater bony fishes, amphibians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, aquatic and terrestrial turtles, and mammals. A total of 49 taxa are reported from the Vergel Member (late Pliocene) and nine taxa from the Cocuiza Member (Early Pleistocene), with 28 and 18 taxa reported for the first time in the Urumaco sequence and Venezuela, respectively. Our findings include the first fossil record of the freshwater fishes Megaleporinus, Schizodon, Amblydoras, Scorpiodoras, and the pipesnake Anilius scytale, all from Pliocene strata. The late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene ages proposed here for the Vergel and Cocuiza members, respectively, are supported by their stratigraphic position, palynology, nannoplankton, and 86Sr/88Sr dating. Mammals from the Vergel Member are associated with the first major pulse of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In contrast to the dry conditions prevailing today, the San Gregorio Formation documents mixed open grassland/forest areas surrounding permanent freshwater systems, following the isolation of the northern South American basin from western Amazonia. These findings support the hypothesis that range contraction of many taxa to their current distribution in northern South America occurred rapidly during at least the last 1.5 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D. Carrillo-Briceño
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Straße 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Sánchez
- Museo Paleontológico de Urumaco, Calle Bolívar s/n, Urumaco, Estado Falcón Venezuela
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Straße 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan D. Carrillo
- CR2P, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 8 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 41319 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Massimo Delfino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA/ICP, c/Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Spain
| | - Georgios L. Georgalis
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Straße 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Kerber
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia (CAPPA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Damián Ruiz-Ramoni
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), Provincia de La Rioja, CONICET, UNLaR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, 5301 Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - José L. O. Birindelli
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edwin-Alberto Cadena
- Grupo de Investigación Paleontología Neotropical Tradicional y Molecular (PaleoNeo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón Panama
| | - Aldo F. Rincón
- Departamento de Física y Geociencias, Universidad del Norte, Km. 5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Martin Chavez-Hoffmeister
- Laboratorio de Paleontología, Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo A. Carlini
- Lab. Morfología Evolutiva Desarrollo (MORPHOS), and División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica R. Carvalho
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón Panama
| | - Raúl Trejos-Tamayo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Estratigrafía (IIES), Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 #26-10, Manizales, Colombia
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Felipe Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Estratigrafía (IIES), Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 #26-10, Manizales, Colombia
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón Panama
- Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- ISEM, U. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Douglas S. Jones
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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8
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Short RA, Pinson K, Lawing AM. Comparison of environmental inference approaches for ecometric analyses: Using hypsodonty to estimate precipitation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:587-598. [PMID: 33437453 PMCID: PMC7790641 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecometrics is the study of community-level functional trait-environment relationships. We use ecometric analyses to estimate paleoenvironment and to investigate community-level functional changes through time.We evaluate four methods that have been used or have the potential to be used in ecometric analyses for estimating paleoenvironment to determine whether there have been systematic differences in paleoenvironmental estimation due to choice of the estimation method. Specifically, we evaluated linear regression, polynomial regression, nearest neighbor, and maximum-likelihood methods to explore the predictive ability of the relationship for a well-known ecometric dataset of mammalian herbivore hypsodonty metrics (molar tooth crown to root height ratio) and annual precipitation. Each method was applied to 43 Pleistocene fossil sites and compared to annual precipitation from global climate models. Sites were categorized as glacial or interglacial, and paleoprecipitation estimates were compared to the appropriate model.Estimation methods produce results that are highly correlated with log precipitation and estimates from the other methods (p < 0.001). Differences between estimated precipitation and observed precipitation are not significantly different across the four methods, but maximum likelihood produces the most accurate estimates of precipitation. When applied to paleontological sites, paleoprecipitation estimates align more closely with glacial global climate models than with interglacial models regardless of the age of the site.Each method has constraints that are important to consider when designing ecometric analyses to avoid misinterpretations when ecometric relationships are applied to the paleontological record. We show interglacial fauna estimates of paleoprecipitation more closely match glacial global climate models. This is likely because of the anthropogenic effects on community reassembly in the Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Short
- Department of Ecology and Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Katherine Pinson
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - A. Michelle Lawing
- Department of Ecology and Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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9
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Na Ayudhya JI, Wannaprasert T. Tooth Morphology and Enamel Microstructure of the Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius). MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thanakul Wannaprasert
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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10
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Abstract
The tooth provides an excellent system for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis, and has thus been of longstanding interest to developmental and stem cell biologists studying embryonic morphogenesis and adult tissue renewal. In recent years, analyses of molecular signaling networks, together with new insights into cellular heterogeneity, have greatly improved our knowledge of the dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that take place during tooth development and homeostasis. Here, we review recent progress in the field of mammalian tooth morphogenesis and also discuss the mechanisms regulating stem cell-based dental tissue homeostasis, regeneration and repair. These exciting findings help to lay a foundation that will ultimately enable the application of fundamental research discoveries toward therapies to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingsheng Yu
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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Marangoni P, Charles C, Ahn Y, Seidel K, Jheon A, Ganss B, Krumlauf R, Viriot L, Klein OD. Downregulation of FGF Signaling by Spry4 Overexpression Leads to Shape Impairment, Enamel Irregularities, and Delayed Signaling Center Formation in the Mouse Molar. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10205. [PMID: 31485553 PMCID: PMC6715786 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF signaling plays a critical role in tooth development, and mutations in modulators of this pathway produce a number of striking phenotypes. However, many aspects of the role of the FGF pathway in regulating the morphological features and the mineral quality of the dentition remain unknown. Here, we used transgenic mice overexpressing the FGF negative feedback regulator Sprouty4 under the epithelial keratin 14 promoter (K14‐Spry4) to achieve downregulation of signaling in the epithelium. This led to highly penetrant defects affecting both cusp morphology and the enamel layer. We characterized the phenotype of erupted molars, identified a developmental delay in K14‐Spry4 transgenic embryos, and linked this with changes in the tooth developmental sequence. These data further delineate the role of FGF signaling in the development of the dentition and implicate the pathway in the regulation of tooth mineralization. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Cyril Charles
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Youngwook Ahn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City MO USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Andrew Jheon
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research Kansas City MO USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Kansas University Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
| | - Laurent Viriot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics University of California San Francisco CA USA
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12
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Adams NF, Rayfield EJ, Cox PG, Cobb SN, Corfe IJ. Functional tests of the competitive exclusion hypothesis for multituberculate extinction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181536. [PMID: 31032010 PMCID: PMC6458384 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multituberculate mammals thrived during the Mesozoic, but their diversity declined from the mid-late Paleocene onwards, becoming extinct in the late Eocene. The radiation of superficially similar, eutherian rodents has been linked to multituberculate extinction through competitive exclusion. However, characteristics providing rodents with a supposed competitive advantage are currently unknown and comparative functional tests between the two groups are lacking. Here, a multifaceted approach to craniomandibular biomechanics was taken to test the hypothesis that superior skull function made rodents more effective competitors. Digital models of the skulls of four extant rodents and the Upper Cretaceous multituberculate Kryptobaatar were constructed and used (i) in finite-element analysis to study feeding-induced stresses, (ii) to calculate metrics of bite force production and (iii) to determine mechanical resistances to bending and torsional forces. Rodents exhibit higher craniomandibular stresses and lower resistances to bending and torsion than the multituberculate, apparently refuting the competitive exclusion hypothesis. However, rodents optimize bite force production at the expense of higher skull stress and we argue that this is likely to have been more functionally and selectively important. Our results therefore provide the first functional lines of evidence for potential reasons behind the decline of multituberculates in the changing environments of the Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F. Adams
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
- Author for correspondence: Neil F. Adams e-mail:
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
- Author for correspondence: Emily J. Rayfield e-mail:
| | - Philip G. Cox
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Samuel N. Cobb
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian J. Corfe
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Calamari ZT, Kuang-Hsien Hu J, Klein OD. Tissue Mechanical Forces and Evolutionary Developmental Changes Act Through Space and Time to Shape Tooth Morphology and Function. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800140. [PMID: 30387177 PMCID: PMC6516060 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efforts from diverse disciplines, including evolutionary studies and biomechanical experiments, have yielded new insights into the genetic, signaling, and mechanical control of tooth formation and functions. Evidence from fossils and non-model organisms has revealed that a common set of genes underlie tooth-forming potential of epithelia, and changes in signaling environments subsequently result in specialized dentitions, maintenance of dental stem cells, and other phenotypic adaptations. In addition to chemical signaling, tissue forces generated through epithelial contraction, differential growth, and skeletal constraints act in parallel to shape the tooth throughout development. Here recent advances in understanding dental development from these studies are reviewed and important gaps that can be filled through continued application of evolutionary and biomechanical approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Calamari
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, 10010, USA
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jimmy Kuang-Hsien Hu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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14
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Casanovas-Vilar I, Garcia-Porta J, Fortuny J, Sanisidro Ó, Prieto J, Querejeta M, Llácer S, Robles JM, Bernardini F, Alba DM. Oldest skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel casts new light on the phylogeny of the group. eLife 2018; 7:39270. [PMID: 30296996 PMCID: PMC6177260 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying squirrels are the only group of gliding mammals with a remarkable diversity and wide geographical range. However, their evolutionary story is not well known. Thus far, identification of extinct flying squirrels has been exclusively based on dental features, which, contrary to certain postcranial characters, are not unique to them. Therefore, fossils attributed to this clade may indeed belong to other squirrel groups. Here we report the oldest fossil skeleton of a flying squirrel (11.6 Ma) that displays the gliding-related diagnostic features shared by extant forms and allows for a recalibration of the divergence time between tree and flying squirrels. Our phylogenetic analyses combining morphological and molecular data generally support older dates than previous molecular estimates (~23 Ma), being congruent with the inclusion of some of the earliest fossils (~36 Ma) into this clade. They also show that flying squirrels experienced little morphological change for almost 12 million years. Mammals can walk, hop, swim and fly; a few, like marsupial sugar gliders or colugos, can even glide. With 52 species scattered across the Northern hemisphere, flying squirrels are by far the most successful group that adopted this way of going airborne. To drift from tree to tree, these small animals pack their own ‘parachute’: a membrane draping between their lower limbs and the long cartilage rods that extend from their wrists. Tiny specialized wrist bones, which are unique to flying squirrels, help to support the cartilaginous extensions. The origin of flying squirrels is a point of contention: while most genetic studies point towards the group splitting from tree squirrels about 23 million years ago, the oldest remains – mostly cheek teeth – suggest the animals were already soaring through forests 36 million years ago. However, recent studies show that the dental features used to distinguish between gliding and non-gliding squirrels may actually be shared by the two groups. In 2002, the digging of a dump site in Barcelona unearthed a peculiar skeleton: first a tail and two thigh bones, big enough that the researchers thought it could be the fossil of a small primate. In fact, and much to the disappointment of paleoprimatologists, further excavating revealed that it was a rodent. As the specimen – nearly an entire skeleton – was being prepared, paleontologists insisted that all the ‘dirt’ attached to the bones had to be carefully screen-washed. From the mud emerged the minuscule specialized wrist bones: the primate-turned-rodent was in fact Miopetaurista neogrivensis, an extinct flying squirrel. Here, Casanovas-Vilar et al. describe the 11.6 million years old fossil, the oldest ever found. The wrist bones reveal that the animal belongs to the group of flying squirrels that have large sizes. Evolutionary analyses that combined molecular and paleontological data demonstrated that flying squirrels evolved from tree squirrels as far back as 31 to 25 million years ago, and possibly even earlier. In addition, the results show that Miopetaurista is closely related to Petaurista, a modern group of giant flying squirrels. In fact, their skeletons are so similar that the large species that currently inhabit the tropical and subtropical forests of Asia could be considered living fossils. Molecular and paleontological data are often at odds, but this fossil shows that they can be reconciled and combined to retrace history. Discovering older fossils, or even transitional forms, could help to retrace how flying squirrels took a leap from the rest of their evolutionary tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Casanovas-Vilar
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Garcia-Porta
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Fortuny
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recherches sur les Paléoenvironnements et la Paléobiodiversité, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Óscar Sanisidro
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, United States
| | - Jérôme Prieto
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sergio Llácer
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Robles
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Bernardini
- Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Laboratory, The 'Abdus Salam' International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
| | - David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ecometrics: A Trait-Based Approach to Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The Encouraging Novel Amelogenesis Models and Ex vivo cell Lines (ENAMEL) Development workshop was held on 23 June 2017 at the Bethesda headquarters of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Discussion topics included model organisms, stem cells/cell lines, and tissues/3D cell culture/organoids. Scientists from a number of disciplines, representing institutions from across the United States, gathered to discuss advances in our understanding of enamel, as well as future directions for the field.
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17
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Jiménez-Hidalgo E, Guerrero-Arenas R, Smith KT. Gregorymys veloxikua, The Oldest Pocket Gopher (Rodentia: Geomyidae), and The Early Diversification of Geomyoidea. J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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The integration of quantitative genetics, paleontology, and neontology reveals genetic underpinnings of primate dental evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9262-7. [PMID: 27402751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605901113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental genetics research on mice provides a relatively sound understanding of the genes necessary and sufficient to make mammalian teeth. However, mouse dentitions are highly derived compared with human dentitions, complicating the application of these insights to human biology. We used quantitative genetic analyses of data from living nonhuman primates and extensive osteological and paleontological collections to refine our assessment of dental phenotypes so that they better represent how the underlying genetic mechanisms actually influence anatomical variation. We identify ratios that better characterize the output of two dental genetic patterning mechanisms for primate dentitions. These two newly defined phenotypes are heritable with no measurable pleiotropic effects. When we consider how these two phenotypes vary across neontological and paleontological datasets, we find that the major Middle Miocene taxonomic shift in primate diversity is characterized by a shift in these two genetic outputs. Our results build on the mouse model by combining quantitative genetics and paleontology, and thereby elucidate how genetic mechanisms likely underlie major events in primate evolution.
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19
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Polly PD, Lawing AM, Eronen JT, Schnitzler J. Processes of ecometric patterning: modelling functional traits, environments, and clade dynamics in deep time. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. David Polly
- Departments of Geological Sciences, Biology and Anthropology; Indiana University; 1001 E. 10th Street Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - A. Michelle Lawing
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management; Spatial Sciences Laboratory; Texas A&M University; 1500 Research Parkway Suite 223 B 2120 TAMU College Station TX 77843-2120 USA
| | - Jussi T. Eronen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jan Schnitzler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberganlage 25 D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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