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Chen YL, Jones AN, Crawford A, Sattler M, Ettinger A, Torres-Padilla ME. Determinants of minor satellite RNA function in chromosome segregation in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309027. [PMID: 38625077 PMCID: PMC11022885 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a fundamental higher-order structure in chromosomes ensuring their faithful segregation upon cell division. Centromeric transcripts have been described in several species and suggested to participate in centromere function. However, low sequence conservation of centromeric repeats appears inconsistent with a role in recruiting highly conserved centromeric proteins. Here, we hypothesized that centromeric transcripts may function through a secondary structure rather than sequence conservation. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we show that an imbalance in the levels of forward or reverse minor satellite (MinSat) transcripts leads to severe chromosome segregation defects. We further show that MinSat RNA adopts a stem-loop secondary structure, which is conserved in human α-satellite transcripts. We identify an RNA binding region in CENPC and demonstrate that MinSat transcripts function through the structured region of the RNA. Importantly, mutants that disrupt MinSat secondary structure do not cause segregation defects. We propose that the conserved role of centromeric transcripts relies on their secondary RNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Li Chen
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Munich, München, Germany
| | - Alisha N. Jones
- Institute of Structural Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Amy Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Munich, München, Germany
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Munich, München, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
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2
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Boon SS, Lee YC, Yip KL, Luk HY, Xiao C, Yim MK, Chen Z, Chan PKS. Interaction between Human Papillomavirus-Encoded E6 Protein and AurB Induces Cell Immortalization and Proliferation-A Potential Target of Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092465. [PMID: 37173932 PMCID: PMC10177266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with a different subset of host proteins, leading to dysregulation of the apoptotic, cell cycle, and signaling pathways. In this study, we identified, for the first time, that Aurora kinase B (AurB) is a bona fide interacting partner of E6. We systematically characterized the AurB-E6 complex formation and its consequences in carcinogenesis using a series of in vitro and cell-based assays. We also assessed the efficacy of Aurora kinase inhibitors in halting HPV-mediated carcinogenesis using in vitro and in vivo models. We showed that AurB activity was elevated in HPV-positive cells, and this correlated positively with the E6 protein level. E6 interacted directly with AurB in the nucleus or mitotic cells. A previously unidentified region of E6, located upstream of C-terminal E6-PBM, was important for AurB-E6 complex formation. AurB-E6 complex led to reduced AurB kinase activity. However, the AurB-E6 complex increased the hTERT protein level and its telomerase activity. On the other hand, AurB inhibition led to the inhibition of telomerase activity, cell proliferation, and tumor formation, even though this may occur in an HPV-independent manner. In summary, this study dissected the molecular mechanism of how E6 recruits AurB to induce cell immortalization and proliferation, leading to the eventual cancer development. Our findings revealed that the treatment of AZD1152 exerted a non-specific anti-tumor effect. Hence, a continuous effort to seek a specific and selective inhibitor that can halt HPV-mediated carcinogenesis should be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siaw Shi Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Ching Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Lai Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Luk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanyun Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Kin Yim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kovacs AH, Zhao D, Hou J. Aurora B Inhibitors as Cancer Therapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:3385. [PMID: 37110619 PMCID: PMC10144992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aurora kinases (A, B, and C) are a family of three isoform serine/threonine kinases that regulate mitosis and meiosis. The Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), which contains Aurora B as an enzymatic component, plays a critical role in cell division. Aurora B in the CPC ensures faithful chromosome segregation and promotes the correct biorientation of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Aurora B overexpression has been observed in several human cancers and has been associated with a poor prognosis for cancer patients. Targeting Aurora B with inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In the past decade, Aurora B inhibitors have been extensively pursued in both academia and industry. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the preclinical and clinical candidates of Aurora B inhibitors as potential anticancer drugs. The recent advances in the field of Aurora B inhibitor development will be highlighted, and the binding interactions between Aurora B and inhibitors based on crystal structures will be presented and discussed to provide insights for the future design of more selective Aurora B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal H. Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jinqiang Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
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4
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Miyata K, Takahashi A. Pericentromeric repetitive ncRNA regulates chromatin interaction and inflammatory gene expression. Nucleus 2022; 13:74-78. [PMID: 35167425 PMCID: PMC8855862 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2034269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence provokes a dramatic alteration of chromatin organization and gene expression profile of proinflammatory factors, thereby contributing to various age-related pathologies via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Chromatin organization and global gene expression are maintained through the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF). However, the molecular mechanism underlying CTCF regulation and its association with SASP gene expression remains to be fully elucidated. A recent study by our team showed that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) derived from normally silenced pericentromeric repetitive sequences directly impair the DNA binding of CTCF. This CTCF disturbance increases the accessibility of chromatin at the loci of SASP genes and caused the transcription of inflammatory factors. This mechanism may promote malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyata
- Project for Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Cell Communication Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Project for Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Cell Communication Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research & Development Programs for Medical Innovation (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (Amed), Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Aurora Kinases as Therapeutic Targets in Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer J 2022; 28:387-400. [PMID: 36165728 PMCID: PMC9836054 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Aurora kinases (AURKA and AURKB) have attracted attention as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Aurora kinases were first defined as regulators of mitosis that localization to the centrosome (AURKA) and centromere (AURKB), governing formation of the mitotic spindle, chromatin condensation, activation of the core mitotic kinase CDK1, alignment of chromosomes at metaphase, and other processes. Subsequently, additional roles for Aurora kinases have been defined in other phases of cell cycle, including regulation of ciliary disassembly and DNA replication. In cancer, elevated expression and activity of Aurora kinases result in enhanced or neomorphic locations and functions that promote aggressive disease, including promotion of MYC expression, oncogenic signaling, stem cell identity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. Numerous Aurora-targeted inhibitors have been developed and are being assessed in preclinical and clinical trials, with the goal of improving head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treatment.
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6
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Aurora B kinase: a potential drug target for cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2187-2198. [PMID: 34047821 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring genetic integrity is essential during the cell cycle to avoid aneuploidy, one of the underlying causes of malignancies. Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinase that play a vital role in maintaining the genomic integrity of the cells. There are three forms of aurora kinases in the mammalian cells, which are highly conserved and act together with several other proteins to control chromosome alignment and its equal distribution to daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis. METHODS We provide here a detailed analysis of Aurora B kinase (ABK) in terms of its expression, structure, function, disease association and potential therapeutic implications. RESULTS ABK plays an instrumental in mitotic entry, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, cytokinesis, and abscission. Small-molecule inhibitors of ABK are designed and synthesized to control cancer progression. A detailed understanding of ABK pathophysiology in different cancers is of great significance in designing and developing effective therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION In this review, we have discussed the physiological significance of ABK followed by its role in cancer progression. We further highlighted available small-molecule inhibitors to control the tumor proliferation and their mechanistic insights.
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Viceconte N, Loriot A, Lona Abreu P, Scheibe M, Fradera Sola A, Butter F, De Smet C, Azzalin CM, Arnoult N, Decottignies A. PAR-TERRA is the main contributor to telomeric repeat-containing RNA transcripts in normal and cancer mouse cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:106-121. [PMID: 33127860 PMCID: PMC7749631 DOI: 10.1261/rna.076281.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules play important roles at telomeres, from heterochromatin regulation to telomerase activity control. In human cells, TERRA is transcribed from subtelomeric promoters located on most chromosome ends and associates with telomeres. The origin of mouse TERRA molecules is, however, unclear, as transcription from the pseudoautosomal PAR locus was recently suggested to account for the vast majority of TERRA in embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, we confirm the production of TERRA from both the chromosome 18q telomere and the PAR locus in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, ESC, and various mouse cancer and immortalized cell lines, and we identify two novel sources of TERRA on mouse chromosome 2 and X. Using various approaches, we show that PAR-TERRA molecules account for the majority of TERRA transcripts, displaying an increase of two to four orders of magnitude compared to the telomeric 18q transcript. Finally, we present a SILAC-based pull-down screen revealing a large overlap between TERRA-interacting proteins in human and mouse cells, including PRC2 complex subunits, chromatin remodeling factors, DNA replication proteins, Aurora kinases, shelterin complex subunits, Bloom helicase, Coilin, and paraspeckle proteins. Hence, despite originating from distinct genomic regions, mouse and human TERRA are likely to play similar functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikenza Viceconte
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Loriot
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Lona Abreu
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marion Scheibe
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Albert Fradera Sola
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles De Smet
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claus M Azzalin
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nausica Arnoult
- MCBD-University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA
| | - Anabelle Decottignies
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Mihìc P, Hédouin S, Francastel C. Centromeres Transcription and Transcripts for Better and for Worse. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 60:169-201. [PMID: 34386876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74889-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are chromosomal regions that are essential for the faithful transmission of genetic material through each cell division. They represent the chromosomal platform on which assembles a protein complex, the kinetochore, which mediates attachment to the mitotic spindle. In most organisms, centromeres assemble on large arrays of tandem satellite repeats, although their DNA sequences and organization are highly divergent among species. It has become evident that centromeres are not defined by underlying DNA sequences, but are instead epigenetically defined by the deposition of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENP-A. In addition, and although long regarded as silent chromosomal loci, centromeres are in fact transcriptionally competent in most species, yet at low levels in normal somatic cells, but where the resulting transcripts participate in centromere architecture, identity, and function. In this chapter, we discuss the various roles proposed for centromere transcription and their transcripts, and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. We also discuss pathological cases in which unscheduled transcription of centromeric repeats or aberrant accumulation of their transcripts are pathological signatures of chromosomal instability diseases. In sum, tight regulation of centromeric satellite repeats transcription is critical for healthy development and tissue homeostasis, and thus prevents the emergence of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Mihìc
- Université De Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS UMR7216, Paris, France
| | - Sabrine Hédouin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Francastel
- Université De Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS UMR7216, Paris, France.
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9
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Atkins A, Xu MJ, Li M, Rogers NP, Pryzhkova MV, Jordan PW. SMC5/6 is required for replication fork stability and faithful chromosome segregation during neurogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:e61171. [PMID: 33200984 PMCID: PMC7723410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of SMC5/6 components cause developmental defects, including primary microcephaly. To model neurodevelopmental defects, we engineered a mouse wherein Smc5 is conditionally knocked out (cKO) in the developing neocortex. Smc5 cKO mice exhibited neurodevelopmental defects due to neural progenitor cell (NPC) apoptosis, which led to reduction in cortical layer neurons. Smc5 cKO NPCs formed DNA bridges during mitosis and underwent chromosome missegregation. SMC5/6 depletion triggers a CHEK2-p53 DNA damage response, as concomitant deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor or Chek2 DNA damage checkpoint kinase rescued Smc5 cKO neurodevelopmental defects. Further assessment using Smc5 cKO and auxin-inducible degron systems demonstrated that absence of SMC5/6 leads to DNA replication stress at late-replicating regions such as pericentromeric heterochromatin. In summary, SMC5/6 is important for completion of DNA replication prior to entering mitosis, which ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Thus, SMC5/6 functions are critical in highly proliferative stem cells during organism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Atkins
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michelle J Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Maggie Li
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nathaniel P Rogers
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Marina V Pryzhkova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUnited States
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10
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Khadirnaikar S, Chatterjee A, Kumar P, Shukla S. A Greedy Algorithm-Based Stem Cell LncRNA Signature Identifies a Novel Subgroup of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients With Poor Prognosis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1203. [PMID: 32850350 PMCID: PMC7431877 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells play an essential role in therapy response and aggressiveness of various cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Interestingly it also shares many features of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a critical regulator of cell physiology. Here, we used expression data of ESCs, LUAD, and normal lung to identify 198 long non-coding hESC-associated lncRNAs (hESC-lncRNAs). Intriguingly, K-means clustering of hESC-associated lncRNAs identified a subgroup of LUAD patients [undifferentiated LUAD (uLUAD)] with high stem cell-like characteristic, decreased differentiation genes expression, and poor survival. We also observed that the uLUAD patients had overexpression of proteins associated with cell proliferation. Interestingly, uLUAD patients were highly enriched with the stemness-related gene sets, and had higher mutation load. A notable result observed was high infiltration of T cells and a higher level of neopeptides in uLUAD patients, making these patients an optimal candidate for immunotherapy. Further, feature selection using greedy algorithm identified 17-hESC-lncRNAs signature, which showed significant consistency with 198 hESC-lncRNAs-based classification, and identified a group of patients with high stem cell-like characteristic in the 10 most common cancer types and CCLE cell lines. These results suggest the conventional role of hESC-lncRNAs in stem cell biology. In summary, we identified a novel subgroup of LUAD patients (uLUAD) using a set of hESC-lncRNAs. The uLUAD patients had high stem cell-like characteristic and reduced survival rate and may be referred for immunotherapy. Furthermore, our analysis also showed the importance of lncRNAs in cancer and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Khadirnaikar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | - Annesha Chatterjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | - Pranjal Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
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Arunkumar G, Melters DP. Centromeric Transcription: A Conserved Swiss-Army Knife. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E911. [PMID: 32784923 PMCID: PMC7463856 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In most species, the centromere is comprised of repetitive DNA sequences, which rapidly evolve. Paradoxically, centromeres fulfill an essential function during mitosis, as they are the chromosomal sites wherein, through the kinetochore, the mitotic spindles bind. It is now generally accepted that centromeres are transcribed, and that such transcription is associated with a broad range of functions. More than a decade of work on this topic has shown that centromeric transcripts are found across the eukaryotic tree and associate with heterochromatin formation, chromatin structure, kinetochore structure, centromeric protein loading, and inner centromere signaling. In this review, we discuss the conservation of small and long non-coding centromeric RNAs, their associations with various centromeric functions, and their potential roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniël P. Melters
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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12
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Aurora kinases and DNA damage response. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111716. [PMID: 32738522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that Aurora kinases perform critical functions during mitosis. It has become increasingly clear that the Aurora kinases also perform a myriad of non-mitotic functions including DNA damage response. The available evidence indicates that inhibition Aurora kinase A (AURKA) may contribute to the G2 DNA damage checkpoint through AURKA's functions in PLK1 and CDC25B activation. Both AURKA and Aurora kinase B (AURKB) are also essential in mitotic DNA damage response that guard against DNA damage-induced chromosome segregation errors, including the control of abscission checkpoint and prevention of micronuclei formation. Dysregulation of Aurora kinases can trigger DNA damage in mitosis that is sensed in the subsequent G1 by a p53-dependent postmitotic checkpoint. Aurora kinases are themselves linked to the G1 DNA damage checkpoint through p53 and p73 pathways. Finally, several lines of evidence provide a connection between Aurora kinases and DNA repair and apoptotic pathways. Although more studies are required to provide a comprehensive picture of how cells respond to DNA damage, these findings indicate that both AURKA and AURKB are inextricably linked to pathways guarding against DNA damage. They also provide a rationale to support more detailed studies on the synergism between small-molecule inhibitors against Aurora kinases and DNA-damaging agents in cancer therapies.
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13
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Frank L, Rippe K. Repetitive RNAs as Regulators of Chromatin-Associated Subcompartment Formation by Phase Separation. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4270-4286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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AURKB promotes gastric cancer progression via activation of CCND1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:1304-1321. [PMID: 31982864 PMCID: PMC7053608 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinase B (AURKB) triggers the phosphorylation of serine 10 on histone H3 (H3S10ph), which is important for chromosome condensation and cytokinesis during mitosis in mammals. However, how exactly AURKB controls cell cycle and contributes to tumorigenesis as an oncoprotein under pathological conditions remains largely unknown. Here, we report that AURKB promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Silencing AURKB expression inhibits gastric cell proliferation and arrests the cell cycle in G2/M phase. We demonstrate that cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a direct downstream target of AURKB that plays a key role in gastric cancer cell proliferation. AURKB is able to activate the expression of CCND1 through mediating H3S10ph in the promoter of the CCND1 gene. Furthermore, we show that AZD1152, a specific inhibitor of AURKB, can suppress the expression of CCND1 in the gastric cancer cells and inhibit cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we found that high AURKB and CCND1 expression levels are correlated with shorter overall survival of gastric cancer patients. This study demonstrates that AURKB promotes gastric tumorigenesis potentially through epigenetically activating CCND1 expression, suggesting AURKB as a promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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15
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lncRNA Expression Reveals the Potential Regulatory Roles in Hepatocyte Proliferation during Rat Liver Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8597953. [PMID: 31828136 PMCID: PMC6885160 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8597953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration is a tissue growth process after loss or injury of liver tissue, which is a compensatory hyperplasia rather than true regeneration, mainly depending on hepatocyte proliferation. Currently, a large number of studies on hepatocyte proliferation have been conducted. However, studies on the regulation of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) on hepatocyte proliferation are still limited. To identify specially expressed lncRNA during rat liver regeneration, high-throughput sequencing technology was performed, and a total of 2446 lncRNAs and 4091 mRNAs were identified as significantly differentially expressed. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the role of differentially expressed mRNAs, and 695 mRNAs were identified to be related to cell proliferation. Then, an lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network based on the differentially expressed lncRNAs and proliferation-related genes was constructed to analyze the potential function of lncRNAs on hepatocyte proliferation, and ten lncRNAs, NONRATT003557.2, NONRATT005357.2, NONRATT003292.2, NONRATT001466.2, NONRATT003289.2, NONRATT001047.2, NONRATT005180.2, NONRATT004419.2, NONRATT005336.2, and NONRATT005335.2, were selected as key regulatory factors, which may play crucial roles in hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration. Finally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established to illuminate the interaction between proliferation-related genes, and ten hub genes (Aurkb, Cdk1, Cdc20, Bub1b, Mad2l1, Kif11, Prc1, Ccna2, Top2a, and Ccnb1) were screened with the MCC method in the PPI network, which may be important biomarkers involved in the hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration. These results may provide clues for a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration.
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Regulation of centromeric heterochromatin in the cell cycle by phosphorylation of histone H3 tyrosine 41. Curr Genet 2019; 65:829-836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Willems E, Dedobbeleer M, Digregorio M, Lombard A, Lumapat PN, Rogister B. The functional diversity of Aurora kinases: a comprehensive review. Cell Div 2018; 13:7. [PMID: 30250494 PMCID: PMC6146527 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases essential for the onset and progression of mitosis. Aurora members share a similar protein structure and kinase activity, but exhibit distinct cellular and subcellular localization. AurA favors the G2/M transition by promoting centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle assembly. AurB and AurC are chromosome-passenger complex proteins, crucial for chromosome binding to kinetochores and segregation of chromosomes. Cellular distribution of AurB is ubiquitous, while AurC expression is mainly restricted to meiotically-active germ cells. In human tumors, all Aurora kinase members play oncogenic roles related to their mitotic activity and promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, AurA plays tumor-promoting roles unrelated to mitosis, including tumor stemness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion. In this review, we aim to understand the functional interplay of Aurora kinases in various types of human cells, including tumor cells. The understanding of the functional diversity of Aurora kinases could help to evaluate their relevance as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Willems
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthias Dedobbeleer
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marina Digregorio
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lombard
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,2Department of Neurosurgery, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Noel Lumapat
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,3Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- 1Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Therapy, GIGA-Neuroscience, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,3Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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18
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Nguyen T, Li GE, Chen H, Cranfield CG, McGrath KC, Gorrie CA. Maternal E-Cigarette Exposure Results in Cognitive and Epigenetic Alterations in Offspring in a Mouse Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:601-611. [PMID: 29863869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is on the rise worldwide and is particularly attractive to young people and as a smoking substitute by pregnant woman. There is a perception in pregnant women and women of child-bearing age that the use of e-cigarettes (vaping) is safer than smoking tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy. However, there is little evidence to support this perception. Here, we examined the offspring from mouse dams that had been exposed during and after pregnancy to ambient air (sham) ( n = 8), e-cigarette aerosols with nicotine ( n = 8), or e-cigarette aerosols without nicotine ( n = 8). Offspring underwent cognitive testing at 12 weeks of age and epigenetic testing of brain tissues at 1 day, 20 days, and 13 weeks after birth. The findings showed deficits in short-term memory, reduced anxiety, and hyperactivity in offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure using the novel object recognition and elevated plus maze tests. In addition, global DNA methylation was increased in the brains of offspring soon after birth. Using a quantitative-PCR array specific to chromatin modification enzymes on genomic DNA and histones,13 key genes were identified to be significantly altered in the offspring brains from the e-cigarette groups compared to the nonexposed groups. The changes to genes Aurka, Aurkb, Aurkc, Kdm5c, Kdm6b, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, and Atf2, all associated with modulating neurological activity, were validated using RT-qPCR. In conclusion, in a mouse model, maternal exposure to e-cigarette aerosols resulted in both cognitive and epigenetic changes in offspring. This suggests that the use of e-cigarettes during pregnancy may have hitherto undetected neurological consequences on newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Gerard E Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Charles G Cranfield
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Kristine C McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Catherine A Gorrie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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19
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Saez I, Koyuncu S, Gutierrez-Garcia R, Dieterich C, Vilchez D. Insights into the ubiquitin-proteasome system of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4092. [PMID: 29511261 PMCID: PMC5840266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit high levels of proteasome activity, an intrinsic characteristic required for their self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which enhanced proteasome activity maintains hESC identity are only partially understood. Besides its essential role for the ability of hESCs to suppress misfolded protein aggregation, we hypothesize that enhanced proteasome activity could also be important to degrade endogenous regulatory factors. Since E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for substrate selection, we first define which E3 enzymes are increased in hESCs compared with their differentiated counterparts. Among them, we find HECT-domain E3 ligases such as HERC2 and UBE3A as well as several RING-domain E3s, including UBR7 and RNF181. Systematic characterization of their interactome suggests a link with hESC identity. Moreover, loss of distinct up-regulated E3s triggers significant changes at the transcriptome and proteome level of hESCs. However, these alterations do not dysregulate pluripotency markers and differentiation ability. On the contrary, global proteasome inhibition impairs diverse processes required for hESC identity, including protein synthesis, rRNA maturation, telomere maintenance and glycolytic metabolism. Thus, our data indicate that high proteasome activity is coupled with other determinant biological processes of hESC identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seda Koyuncu
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez-Garcia
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Klaus Tschira Institute for Computational Cardiology, Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Neuenheimer Feld 669, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Chan FL, Vinod B, Novy K, Schittenhelm RB, Huang C, Udugama M, Nunez-Iglesias J, Lin JI, Hii L, Chan J, Pickett HA, Daly RJ, Wong LH. Aurora Kinase B, a novel regulator of TERF1 binding and telomeric integrity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:12340-12353. [PMID: 29040668 PMCID: PMC5716096 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AURKB (Aurora Kinase B) is a serine/threonine kinase better known for its role at the mitotic kinetochore during chromosome segregation. Here, we demonstrate that AURKB localizes to the telomeres in mouse embryonic stem cells, where it interacts with the essential telomere protein TERF1. Loss of AURKB function affects TERF1 telomere binding and results in aberrant telomere structure. In vitro kinase experiments successfully identified Serine 404 on TERF1 as a putative AURKB target site. Importantly, in vivo overexpression of S404-TERF1 mutants results in fragile telomere formation. These findings demonstrate that AURKB is an important regulator of telomere structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foong Lyn Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Vinod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Karel Novy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Maheshi Udugama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Juan Nunez-Iglesias
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jane I Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Linda Hii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julie Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lee H Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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21
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Johnson WL, Yewdell WT, Bell JC, McNulty SM, Duda Z, O'Neill RJ, Sullivan BA, Straight AF. RNA-dependent stabilization of SUV39H1 at constitutive heterochromatin. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28760200 PMCID: PMC5538822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin formed by the SUV39 histone methyltransferases represses transcription from repetitive DNA sequences and ensures genomic stability. How SUV39 enzymes localize to their target genomic loci remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that chromatin-associated RNA contributes to the stable association of SUV39H1 with constitutive heterochromatin in human cells. We find that RNA associated with mitotic chromosomes is concentrated at pericentric heterochromatin, and is encoded, in part, by repetitive α-satellite sequences, which are retained in cis at their transcription sites. Purified SUV39H1 directly binds nucleic acids through its chromodomain; and in cells, SUV39H1 associates with α-satellite RNA transcripts. Furthermore, nucleic acid binding mutants destabilize the association of SUV39H1 with chromatin in mitotic and interphase cells – effects that can be recapitulated by RNase treatment or RNA polymerase inhibition – and cause defects in heterochromatin function. Collectively, our findings uncover a previously unrealized function for chromatin-associated RNA in regulating constitutive heterochromatin in human cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25299.001 Each cell in a human body contains the same DNA sequence, which serves as a set of instructions for how the body should develop and operate. However, only certain sections of DNA are “active” at any particular time and in any given type of cell. When a section of DNA is active, cells make many copies of it using a molecule called RNA. When a section of DNA in inactive, very little RNA is made. Some sections of DNA must always be kept inactive to avoid damaging the cell. DNA is packaged around proteins called histones, and enzymes that modify histones control which sections of DNA are switched on or off. One such modifying enzyme, called SUV39H1, is important for inactivating sections of DNA that could cause harm to the cell if they are active. Previous studies showed that the loss of SUV39H1 and related proteins cause abnormalities and cancer in mice. However, it is not clear how this enzyme identifies and inactivates the DNA it needs to target. Johnson, Yewdell et al. studied SUV39H1 in human cells. The experiments show that RNA binds to the SUV39H1 enzyme and controls how it interacts with DNA. Specifically, Johnson, Yewdell et al. found that sections of DNA that are inactive can still make a small amount of RNA, and that this RNA tethers SUV39H1 to the DNA to keep the DNA switched off. Mutant forms of SUV39H1 that are unable to interact with RNA fall off the DNA, which allows DNA sequences that are normally switched off to become active. The findings of Johnson, Yewdell et al. reveal a new role for RNAs in regulating whether DNA is switched on or off. The next step is to determine whether other enzymes that can also modify histones use the same mechanism to activate or inactivate DNA. Differences in how the activity of DNA is regulated between individuals plays a crucial role in generating the diversity we see in nature. Therefore, this work helps us to understand our basic biology and may provide new opportunities for treating disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25299.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - William T Yewdell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jason C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Shannon M McNulty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Zachary Duda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Rachel J O'Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Beth A Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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22
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Noncoding Centromeric RNA Expression Impairs Chromosome Stability in Human and Murine Stem Cells. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:7506976. [PMID: 28781416 PMCID: PMC5525099 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7506976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effect of transcribed noncoding RNA centromeric satellites on chromosome segregation in normal human and murine stem and fibrosarcoma cells. The overexpression of different centromeric alphoid DNAs in all cell lines induced a marked increase in chromosome mis-segregation in anaphase. Overexpression of centromeric mouse minor satellite also increased chromosome instability in the murine stem but not in human cells. Analysis of chromosome segregation in vivo showed disturbances in the mitotic progression, which was frequently unresolved. Live cell imaging revealed that overexpression of centromeric satellites resulted in several different chromosomal morphological errors in the cell nuclei. Our findings correlated with other reports that several centromeric noncoding RNAs are detected in different carcinoma cells and their expression resulted in segregation errors. Our study furnishes further insights into a novel source of genomic instability in human and murine cells. It has recently been shown that noncoding centromeric RNAs are present in some form of cancer, and thus, overexpression of several types of centromeric noncoding RNAs may be useful as a specific maker for neoplastic cells.
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23
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Johnson WL, Straight AF. RNA-mediated regulation of heterochromatin. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 46:102-109. [PMID: 28614747 PMCID: PMC5729926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of condensed, transcriptionally repressed heterochromatin is essential for controlling gene expression throughout development, silencing parasitic DNA elements, and for genome stability and inheritance. Cells employ diverse mechanisms for controlling heterochromatin states through proteins that modify DNA and histones. An emerging theme is that chromatin-associated RNAs play important roles in regulating heterochromatin proteins by controlling their initial recruitment to chromatin, their stable association with chromatin, their spread along chromatin, or their enzymatic activity. Major challenges for the field include not only identifying regulatory RNAs, but understanding the underlying biochemical mechanisms for how RNAs associate with chromatin, the specificity of interactions between heterochromatin proteins and RNA, and how these binding events manifest in cells to orchestrate RNA-mediated regulation of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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24
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Abstract
Nucleus is the residence and place of work for a plethora of long noncoding RNAs. Here, we provide a summary of the functions and functional mechanisms of several relatively well studied examples of nuclear long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the nucleus, such as Xist, NEAT1, MALAT1 and TERRA. The recently identified novel EIciRNA is also highlighted. These nuclear lncRNAs play a variety of roles with diverse molecular mechanisms in animal cells. We also discuss insights and concerns about current and future studies of nuclear lnc RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- a The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease , CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
| | - Ge Shan
- a The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease , CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science , School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui Province , China
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25
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Pryzhkova MV, Jordan PW. Conditional mutation of Smc5 in mouse embryonic stem cells perturbs condensin localization and mitotic progression. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1619-34. [PMID: 26919979 PMCID: PMC4852767 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct duplication of stem cell genetic material and its appropriate segregation into daughter cells are requisites for tissue, organ and organism homeostasis. Disruption of stem cell genomic integrity can lead to developmental abnormalities and cancer. Roles of the Smc5/6 structural maintenance of chromosomes complex in pluripotent stem cell genome maintenance have not been investigated, despite its important roles in DNA synthesis, DNA repair and chromosome segregation as evaluated in other model systems. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with a conditional knockout allele of Smc5, we showed that Smc5 protein depletion resulted in destabilization of the Smc5/6 complex, accumulation of cells in G2 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Detailed assessment of mitotic mESCs revealed abnormal condensin distribution and perturbed chromosome segregation, accompanied by irregular spindle morphology, lagging chromosomes and DNA bridges. Mutation of Smc5 resulted in retention of Aurora B kinase and enrichment of condensin on chromosome arms. Furthermore, we observed reduced levels of Polo-like kinase 1 at kinetochores during mitosis. Our study reveals crucial requirements of the Smc5/6 complex during cell cycle progression and for stem cell genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Pryzhkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip W Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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TERRA and the state of the telomere. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 22:853-8. [PMID: 26581519 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) has been implicated in telomere maintenance in a telomerase-dependent and a telomerase-independent manner during replicative senescence and cancer. TERRA's proposed activities are diverse, thus making it difficult to pinpoint the critical roles that TERRA may have. We propose that TERRA orchestrates different activities at chromosome ends in a manner that depends on the state of the telomere.
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27
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Shin J, Kim TW, Kim H, Kim HJ, Suh MY, Lee S, Lee HT, Kwak S, Lee SE, Lee JH, Jang H, Cho EJ, Youn HD. Aurkb/PP1-mediated resetting of Oct4 during the cell cycle determines the identity of embryonic stem cells. eLife 2016; 5:e10877. [PMID: 26880562 PMCID: PMC4798952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency transcription programs by core transcription factors (CTFs) might be reset during M/G1 transition to maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, little is known about how CTFs are governed during cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that the regulation of Oct4 by Aurora kinase b (Aurkb)/protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) during the cell cycle is important for resetting Oct4 to pluripotency and cell cycle genes in determining the identity of ESCs. Aurkb phosphorylates Oct4(S229) during G2/M phase, leading to the dissociation of Oct4 from chromatin, whereas PP1 binds Oct4 and dephosphorylates Oct4(S229) during M/G1 transition, which resets Oct4-driven transcription for pluripotency and the cell cycle. Aurkb phosphor-mimetic and PP1 binding-deficient mutations in Oct4 alter the cell cycle, effect the loss of pluripotency in ESCs, and decrease the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming. Our findings provide evidence that the cell cycle is linked directly to pluripotency programs in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Shin
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Suh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Teo Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Kwak
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Duk Youn
- National Creative Research Center for Epigenome Reprogramming Network, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Huang C, Wang X, Liu X, Cao S, Shan G. RNAi pathway participates in chromosome segregation in mammalian cells. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15029. [PMID: 27462427 PMCID: PMC4860838 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNAi machinery is a mighty regulator in a myriad of life events. Despite lines of evidence that small RNAs and components of the RNAi pathway may be associated with structure and behavior of mitotic chromosomes in diverse organisms, a direct role of the RNAi pathway in mammalian mitotic chromosome segregation remains elusive. Here we report that Dicer and AGO2, two central components of the mammalian RNAi pathway, participate in the chromosome segregation. Knockdown of Dicer or AGO2 results in a higher incidence of chromosome lagging, and this effect is independent from microRNAs as examined with DGCR8 knockout cells. Further investigation has revealed that α-satellite RNA, a noncoding RNA derived from centromeric repeat region, is managed by AGO2 under the guidance of endogenous small interference RNAs (ASAT siRNAs) generated by Dicer. Furthermore, the slicer activity of AGO2 is essential for the chromosome segregation. Level and distribution of chromosome-associated α-satellite RNA have crucial regulatory effect on the localization of centromeric proteins such as centromere protein C1 (CENPC1). With these results, we also provide a paradigm in which the RNAi pathway participates in vital cellular events through the maintenance of level and distribution of noncoding RNAs in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, China
| | - Shuhuan Cao
- School of Life Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, China
| | - Ge Shan
- School of Life Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, China
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