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Goossens J, Cervantes González A, Dewit N, Lidón L, Fortea J, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Belbin O, Vanmechelen E. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic vesicle protein, VAMP-2, across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease continuum. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:186. [PMID: 37898760 PMCID: PMC10612328 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synapse loss is an early event that precedes neuronal death and symptom onset and is considered the best neuropathological correlate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2) has emerged as a promising biomarker of AD-related synapse degeneration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to explore the CSF profile of VAMP-2 across the AD continuum in relation to core AD biomarkers, other synaptic proteins, neurogranin (Ng) and synaptosomal-associated Protein-25 kDa (SNAP-25) and cognitive performance. METHODS We developed a digital immunoassay on the Single Molecule Array platform to quantify VAMP-2 in CSF and used existing immunoassays to quantify Ng, SNAP-25 and core CSF AD biomarkers. The clinical study included 62 cognitively unimpaired AD biomarker-negative subjects and 152 participants across the AD continuum from the SPIN cohort (Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration). Cognitive measures of episodic, semantic, executive and visuospatial domains and global cognition were included. Statistical methods included χ2 tests, spearman correlation, and ANCOVA analyses. RESULTS The VAMP-2 assay had a good analytical performance (repeatability 8.9%, intermediate precision 10.3%). Assay antibodies detected native VAMP-2 protein in human brain homogenates. CSF concentrations of VAMP-2, neurogranin and SNAP-25 were lower in preclinical AD stage 1 compared to controls and higher at later AD stages compared to AD stage 1 and were associated with core AD biomarkers, particularly total tau (adj. r2 = 0.62 to 0.78, p < 0.001). All three synaptic proteins were associated with all cognitive domains in individuals on the AD continuum (adj. r2 = 0.04 to 0.19, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our novel digital immunoassay accurately measures VAMP-2 changes in CSF, which reflect AD biomarkers and cognitive performance across multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Cervantes González
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nele Dewit
- Medpace Reference Laboratories (A.A.), Flow Cytometry Unit, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Laia Lidón
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Cozzolino F, Canè L, Sacchettino L, Gatto MC, Iacobucci I, Gatta C, De Biase D, Di Napoli E, Paciello O, Avallone L, Monti M, d’Angelo D, Napolitano F. Preliminary evaluation of the proteomic profiling in the hippocampus of aged grazing cattle. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1274073. [PMID: 37965495 PMCID: PMC10641839 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1274073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a physiological process associated with physical and cognitive decline; however, in both humans and animals, it can be regarded as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Among several brain regions, hippocampus appears to be more susceptible to detrimental effects of aging. Hippocampus belongs to limbic system and is mainly involved in declarative memories and context-dependent spatial-learning, whose integrity is compromised in an age-dependent manner. In the present work, taking advantage of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we sought to identify proteins differentially expressed in the hippocampus of the aged grazing milk cows. Our exploratory findings showed that, out of 707 identified proteins, 112 were significantly altered in old cattle, when compared to the adult controls, and functional clusterization highlighted their involvement in myelination, synaptic vesicle, metabolism, and calcium-related biological pathways. Overall, our preliminary data pave the way for the future studies, aimed at better characterizing the role of such a subcortical brain region in the age-dependent cognitive decline, as well as identifying early aging markers to improve animal welfare and husbandry practices of dairy cattle from intensive livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Cozzolino
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sacchettino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Gatto
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Evaristo Di Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila d’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Jang J, Yeo S, Baek S, Jung HJ, Lee MS, Choi SH, Choe Y. Abnormal accumulation of extracellular vesicles in hippocampal dystrophic axons and regulation by the primary cilia in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:142. [PMID: 37667395 PMCID: PMC10478284 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophic neurites (DNs) are abnormal axons and dendrites that are swollen or deformed in various neuropathological conditions. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), DNs play a crucial role in impairing neuronal communication and function, and they may also contribute to the accumulation and spread of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain of AD patients. However, it is still a challenge to understand the DNs of specific neurons that are vulnerable to Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. To shed light on the development of radiating DNs, we examined enriched dystrophic hippocampal axons in a mouse model of AD using a three-dimensional rendering of projecting neurons. We employed the anterograde spread of adeno-associated virus (AAV)1 and conducted proteomic analysis of synaptic compartments obtained from hippocampo-septal regions. Our findings revealed that DNs were formed due to synaptic loss at the axon terminals caused by the accumulation of extracellular vesicle (EV). Abnormal EV-mediated transport and exocytosis were identified in association with primary cilia, indicating their involvement in the accumulation of EVs at presynaptic terminals. To further address the regulation of DNs by primary cilia, we conducted knockdown of the Ift88 gene in hippocampal neurons, which impaired EV-mediated secretion of Aβ and promoted accumulation of axonal spheroids. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified the septal projecting hippocampal somatostatin neurons (SOM) as selectively vulnerable to Aβ with primary cilia dysfunction and vesicle accumulation. Our study suggests that DNs in AD are initiated by the ectopic accumulation of EVs at the neuronal axon terminals, which is affected by neuronal primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seungeun Yeo
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | | | | | - Mi Suk Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | | | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Korea.
- , Daegu, Korea.
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O’Day DH. Alzheimer's Disease beyond Calcium Dysregulation: The Complex Interplay between Calmodulin, Calmodulin-Binding Proteins and Amyloid Beta from Disease Onset through Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6246-6261. [PMID: 37623212 PMCID: PMC10453589 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A multifactorial syndrome, Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia, but there is no existing therapy to prevent it or stop its progression. One of the earliest events of Alzheimer's disease is the disruption of calcium homeostasis but that is just a prelude to the disease's devastating impact. Calcium does not work alone but must interact with downstream cellular components of which the small regulatory protein calmodulin is central, if not primary. This review supports the idea that, due to calcium dyshomeostasis, calmodulin is a dominant regulatory protein that functions in all stages of Alzheimer's disease, and these regulatory events are impacted by amyloid beta. Amyloid beta not only binds to and regulates calmodulin but also multiple calmodulin-binding proteins involved in Alzheimer's. Together, they act on the regulation of calcium dyshomeostasis, neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis, memory formation, neuronal plasticity and more. The complex interactions between calmodulin, its binding proteins and amyloid beta may explain why many therapies have failed or are doomed to failure unless they are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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Kim Y, Lee H. PINNet: a deep neural network with pathway prior knowledge for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1126156. [PMID: 37520124 PMCID: PMC10380929 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1126156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identification of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-related transcriptomic signatures from blood is important for early diagnosis of the disease. Deep learning techniques are potent classifiers for AD diagnosis, but most have been unable to identify biomarkers because of their lack of interpretability. Methods To address these challenges, we propose a pathway information-based neural network (PINNet) to predict AD patients and analyze blood and brain transcriptomic signatures using an interpretable deep learning model. PINNet is a deep neural network (DNN) model with pathway prior knowledge from either the Gene Ontology or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Then, a backpropagation-based model interpretation method was applied to reveal essential pathways and genes for predicting AD. Results The performance of PINNet was compared with a DNN model without a pathway. Performances of PINNet outperformed or were similar to those of DNN without a pathway using blood and brain gene expressions, respectively. Moreover, PINNet considers more AD-related genes as essential features than DNN without a pathway in the learning process. Pathway analysis of protein-protein interaction modules of highly contributed genes showed that AD-related genes in blood were enriched with cell migration, PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling, and apoptosis in blood. The pathways enriched in the brain module included cell migration, PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling, apoptosis, protein ubiquitination, and t-cell activation. Discussion By integrating prior knowledge about pathways, PINNet can reveal essential pathways related to AD. The source codes are available at https://github.com/DMCB-GIST/PINNet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Kim
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Yang XK, Zhang FL, Jin XK, Jiao YT, Zhang XW, Liu YL, Amatore C, Huang WH. Nanoelectrochemistry reveals how soluble Aβ 42 oligomers alter vesicular storage and release of glutamate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219994120. [PMID: 37126689 PMCID: PMC10175745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219994120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory transmitter in the nervous system. Impairment of its vesicular release by β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers is thought to participate in pathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear whether soluble Aβ42 oligomers affect intravesicular amounts of Glu or their release in the brain, or both. Measurements made in this work on single Glu varicosities with an amperometric nanowire Glu biosensor revealed that soluble Aβ42 oligomers first caused a dramatic increase in vesicular Glu storage and stimulation-induced release, accompanied by a high level of parallel spontaneous exocytosis, ultimately resulting in the depletion of intravesicular Glu content and greatly reduced release. Molecular biology tools and mouse models of Aβ amyloidosis have further established that the transient hyperexcitation observed during the primary pathological stage is mediated by an altered behavior of VGLUT1 responsible for transporting Glu into synaptic vesicles. Thereafter, an overexpression of Vps10p-tail-interactor-1a, a protein that maintains spontaneous release of neurotransmitters by selective interaction with t-SNAREs, resulted in a depletion of intravesicular Glu content, triggering advanced-stage neuronal malfunction. These findings are expected to open perspectives for remediating Aβ42-induced neuronal hyperactivity and neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ke Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Christian Amatore
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, People’s Republic of China
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Lettre Research University, Sorbonne University, & University Pierre and Marie Curie, 0675005Paris, France
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan430071, People’s Republic of China
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7
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De Bastiani MA, Bellaver B, Brum WS, Souza DG, Ferreira PCL, Rocha AS, Povala G, Ferrari-Souza JP, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Rosa-Neto P, Pascoal TA, Zimmer ER. Hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocyte responses to amyloid and tau pathologies. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:175-184. [PMID: 36878332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Alzheimer's disease clinical research, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) released/leaked into the cerebrospinal fluid and blood is widely measured and perceived as a biomarker of reactive astrogliosis. However, it was demonstrated that GFAP levels differ in individuals presenting with amyloid-β (Aβ) or tau pathologies. The molecular underpinnings behind this specificity are little explored. Here we investigated biomarker and transcriptomic associations of hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocytes with Aβ and tau pathologies in humans and mouse models. METHODS We studied 90 individuals with plasma GFAP, Aβ- and Tau-PET to investigate the association between biomarkers. Then, transcriptomic analysis in hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocytes isolated from mouse models presenting Aβ (PS2APP) or tau (P301S) pathologies was conducted to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Ontology terms, and protein-protein interaction networks associated with each phenotype. RESULTS In humans, we found that plasma GFAP associates with Aβ but not tau pathology. Unveiling the unique nature of hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocytic responses to Aβ or tau pathologies, mouse transcriptomics showed scarce overlap of DEGs between the Aβ. and tau mouse models. While Aβ GFAP-positive astrocytes were overrepresented with DEGs associated with proteostasis and exocytosis-related processes, tau hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocytes presented greater abnormalities in functions related to DNA/RNA processing and cytoskeleton dynamics. CONCLUSION Our results offer insights into Aβ- and tau-driven specific signatures in hippocampal GFAP-positive astrocytes. Characterizing how different underlying pathologies distinctly influence astrocyte responses is critical for the biological interpretation of astrocyte biomarkers and suggests the need to develop context-specific astrocyte targets to study AD. FUNDING This study was supported by Instituto Serrapilheira, Alzheimer's Association, CAPES, CNPq and FAPERGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antônio De Bastiani
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wagner S Brum
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Debora G Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Andreia S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Povala
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, and Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Huffels CFM, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. Aß Pathology and Neuron-Glia Interactions: A Synaptocentric View. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1026-1046. [PMID: 35976488 PMCID: PMC10030451 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes the majority of dementia cases worldwide. Early pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of amyloid-ß (Aß) and activation of both astrocytes and microglia. Neurons form the building blocks of the central nervous system, and astrocytes and microglia provide essential input for its healthy functioning. Their function integrates at the level of the synapse, which is therefore sometimes referred to as the "quad-partite synapse". Increasing evidence puts AD forward as a disease of the synapse, where pre- and postsynaptic processes, as well as astrocyte and microglia functioning progressively deteriorate. Here, we aim to review the current knowledge on how Aß accumulation functionally affects the individual components of the quad-partite synapse. We highlight a selection of processes that are essential to the healthy functioning of the neuronal synapse, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic receptor functioning. We further discuss how Aß affects the astrocyte's capacity to recycle neurotransmitters, release gliotransmitters, and maintain ion homeostasis. We additionally review literature on how Aß changes the immunoprotective function of microglia during AD progression and conclude by summarizing our main findings and highlighting the challenges in current studies, as well as the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan F M Huffels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology & Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kang N, Han X, Li Z, Liu T, Mi X, Li Y, Guo X, Han D, Yang N. Rapamycin Affects the Hippocampal SNARE Complex to Alleviate Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Surgery in Aged Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:598. [PMID: 37190563 PMCID: PMC10136734 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a common complication that occurs post-surgery, especially in elderly individuals. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex plays an essential role in various membrane fusion events, such as synaptic vesicle exocytosis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Although SNARE complex dysfunction has been observed in several neurodegenerative disorders, the causal link between SNARE-mediated membrane fusion and dNCR remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that surgical stimuli caused cognitive impairment in aged rats by inducing α-synuclein accumulation, inhibiting autophagy, and disrupting neurotransmitter release in hippocampal synaptosomes. Here, we evaluated the effects of propofol anesthesia plus surgery on learning and memory and investigated levels of SNARE proteins and chaperones in hippocampal synaptosomes. Aged rats that received propofol anesthesia and surgery exhibited learning and memory impairments in a Morris water maze test and decreased levels of synaptosome-associated protein 25, synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, and syntaxin 1. Levels of SNARE chaperones, including mammalian uncoordinated-18, complexins 1 and 2, cysteine string protein-α, and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, were all significantly decreased following anesthesia with surgical stress. However, the synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin was unaffected. The autophagy-enhancer rapamycin attenuated structural and functional disturbances of the SNARE complex and ameliorated disrupted neurotransmitter release. Our results indicate that perturbations of SNARE proteins in hippocampal synaptosomes may underlie the occurrence of dNCR. Moreover, the protective effect of rapamycin may partially occur through recovery of SNARE structural and functional abnormalities. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying dNCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoguang Han
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100035, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Robotic Orthopaedics, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dengyang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Meftah S, Gan J. Alzheimer’s disease as a synaptopathy: Evidence for dysfunction of synapses during disease progression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1129036. [PMID: 36970154 PMCID: PMC10033629 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1129036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The synapse has consistently been considered a vulnerable and critical target within Alzheimer’s disease, and synapse loss is, to date, one of the main biological correlates of cognitive decline within Alzheimer’s disease. This occurs prior to neuronal loss with ample evidence that synaptic dysfunction precedes this, in support of the idea that synaptic failure is a crucial stage within disease pathogenesis. The two main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal aggregates of amyloid or tau proteins, have had demonstrable effects on synaptic physiology in animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease. There is also growing evidence that these two proteins may have a synergistic effect on neurophysiological dysfunction. Here, we review some of the main findings of synaptic alterations in Alzheimer’s disease, and what we know from Alzheimer’s disease animal and cellular models. First, we briefly summarize some of the human evidence to suggest that synapses are altered, including how this relates to network activity. Subsequently, animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease are considered, highlighting mouse models of amyloid and tau pathology and the role these proteins may play in synaptic dysfunction, either in isolation or examining how the two pathologies may interact in dysfunction. This specifically focuses on neurophysiological function and dysfunction observed within these animal models, typically measured using electrophysiology or calcium imaging. Following synaptic dysfunction and loss, it would be impossible to imagine that this would not alter oscillatory activity within the brain. Therefore, this review also discusses how this may underpin some of the aberrant oscillatory patterns seen in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and human patients. Finally, an overview of some key directions and considerations in the field of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease is covered. This includes current therapeutics that are targeted specifically at synaptic dysfunction, but also methods that modulate activity to rescue aberrant oscillatory patterns. Other important future avenues of note in this field include the role of non-neuronal cell types such as astrocytes and microglia, and mechanisms of dysfunction independent of amyloid and tau in Alzheimer’s disease. The synapse will certainly continue to be an important target within Alzheimer’s disease for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Meftah
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Gan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jian Gan,
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11
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Oh M, Weaver DF. Alzheimer's disease as a fundamental disease of information processing systems: An information theory perspective. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1106623. [PMID: 36845437 PMCID: PMC9950401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1106623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is a dynamic multiplex of information, both neural (neurotransmitter-to-neuron, involving 1.5×1015 action potentials per minute) and immunological (cytokine-to-microglia, providing continuous immune surveillance via 1.5×1010 immunocompetent cells). This conceptualization highlights the opportunity of exploiting "information" not only in the mechanistic understanding of brain pathology, but also as a potential therapeutic modality. Arising from its parallel yet interconnected proteopathic-immunopathic pathogeneses, Alzheimer's disease (AD) enables an exploration of the mechanistic and therapeutic contributions of information as a physical process central to brain disease progression. This review first considers the definition of information and its relevance to neurobiology and thermodynamics. Then we focus on the roles of information in AD using its two classical hallmarks. We assess the pathological contributions of β-amyloid peptides to synaptic dysfunction and reconsider this as a source of noise that disrupts information transfer between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Also, we treat the triggers that activate cytokine-microglial brain processes as information-rich three-dimensional patterns, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. There are structural and functional similarities between neural and immunological information with both fundamentally contributing to brain anatomy and pathology in health and disease. Finally, the role of information as a therapeutic for AD is introduced, particularly cognitive reserve as a prophylactic protective factor and cognitive therapy as a therapeutic contributor to the comprehensive management of ongoing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myongin Oh
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Donald F. Weaver,
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12
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Biasetti L, Rey S, Fowler M, Ratnayaka A, Fennell K, Smith C, Marshall K, Hall C, Vargas-Caballero M, Serpell L, Staras K. Elevated amyloid beta disrupts the nanoscale organization and function of synaptic vesicle pools in hippocampal neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1263-1276. [PMID: 35368053 PMCID: PMC9930632 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is linked to increased levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, but the mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration remain enigmatic. Here, we investigate whether organizational characteristics of functional presynaptic vesicle pools, key determinants of information transmission in the central nervous system, are targets for elevated Aβ. Using an optical readout method in cultured hippocampal neurons, we show that acute Aβ42 treatment significantly enlarges the fraction of functional vesicles at individual terminals. We observe the same effect in a chronically elevated Aβ transgenic model (APPSw,Ind) using an ultrastructure-function approach that provides detailed information on nanoscale vesicle pool positioning. Strikingly, elevated Aβ is correlated with excessive accumulation of recycled vesicles near putative endocytic sites, which is consistent with deficits in vesicle retrieval pathways. Using the glutamate reporter, iGluSnFR, we show that there are parallel functional consequences, where ongoing information signaling capacity is constrained. Treatment with levetiracetam, an antiepileptic that dampens synaptic hyperactivity, partially rescues these transmission defects. Our findings implicate organizational and dynamic features of functional vesicle pools as targets in Aβ-driven synaptic impairment, suggesting that interventions to relieve the overloading of vesicle retrieval pathways might have promising therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Biasetti
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Rey
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Fowler
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Fennell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Smith
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Staras
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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13
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Andronie-Cioara FL, Ardelean AI, Nistor-Cseppento CD, Jurcau A, Jurcau MC, Pascalau N, Marcu F. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031869. [PMID: 36768235 PMCID: PMC9915182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most prominent risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Aging associates with a chronic inflammatory state both in the periphery and in the central nervous system, the evidence thereof and the mechanisms leading to chronic neuroinflammation being discussed. Nonetheless, neuroinflammation is significantly enhanced by the accumulation of amyloid beta and accelerates the progression of Alzheimer's disease through various pathways discussed in the present review. Decades of clinical trials targeting the 2 abnormal proteins in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid beta and tau, led to many failures. As such, targeting neuroinflammation via different strategies could prove a valuable therapeutic strategy, although much research is still needed to identify the appropriate time window. Active research focusing on identifying early biomarkers could help translating these novel strategies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Adriana Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Carmen Delia Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.D.N.-C.); (N.P.)
| | - Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Nicoleta Pascalau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.D.N.-C.); (N.P.)
| | - Florin Marcu
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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14
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Gao V, Briano JA, Komer LE, Burré J. Functional and Pathological Effects of α-Synuclein on Synaptic SNARE Complexes. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167714. [PMID: 35787839 PMCID: PMC10472340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is an abundant protein at the neuronal synapse that has been implicated in Parkinson's disease for over 25 years and characterizes the hallmark pathology of a group of neurodegenerative diseases now known as the synucleinopathies. Physiologically, α-synuclein exists in an equilibrium between a synaptic vesicle membrane-bound α-helical multimer and a cytosolic largely unstructured monomer. Through its membrane-bound state, α-synuclein functions in neurotransmitter release by modulating several steps in the synaptic vesicle cycle, including synaptic vesicle clustering and docking, SNARE complex assembly, and homeostasis of synaptic vesicle pools. These functions have been ascribed to α-synuclein's interactions with the synaptic vesicle SNARE protein VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2, the synaptic vesicle-attached synapsins, and the synaptic vesicle membrane itself. How α-synuclein affects these processes, and whether disease is due to loss-of-function or gain-of-toxic-function of α-synuclein remains unclear. In this review, we provide an in-depth summary of the existing literature, discuss possible reasons for the discrepancies in the field, and propose a working model that reconciles the findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gao
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute & Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Juan A Briano
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute & Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren E Komer
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute & Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. https://www.twitter.com/lauren_komer
| | - Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute & Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Huang Z. A Function of Amyloid-β in Mediating Activity-Dependent Axon/Synapse Competition May Unify Its Roles in Brain Physiology and Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:29-57. [PMID: 36710681 PMCID: PMC10023438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) gives rise to amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AβPP, however, is also an ancient molecule dating back in evolution to some of the earliest forms of metazoans. This suggests a possible ancestral function that may have been obscured by those that evolve later. Based on literature from the functions of Aβ/AβPP in nervous system development, plasticity, and disease, to those of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) in bacterial competition as well as mechanisms of cell competition uncovered first by Drosophila genetics, I propose that Aβ/AβPP may be part of an ancient mechanism employed in cell competition, which is subsequently co-opted during evolution for the regulation of activity-dependent neural circuit development and plasticity. This hypothesis is supported by foremost the high similarities of Aβ to AMPs, both of which possess unique, opposite (i.e., trophic versus toxic) activities as monomers and oligomers. A large body of data further suggests that the different Aβ oligomeric isoforms may serve as the protective and punishment signals long predicted to mediate activity-dependent axonal/synaptic competition in the developing nervous system and that the imbalance in their opposite regulation of innate immune and glial cells in the brain may ultimately underpin AD pathogenesis. This hypothesis can not only explain the diverse roles observed of Aβ and AβPP family molecules, but also provide a conceptual framework that can unify current hypotheses on AD. Furthermore, it may explain major clinical observations not accounted for and identify approaches for overcoming shortfalls in AD animal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Cui L, Li H, Xi Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Fan J, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shui W, Lai Y. Vesicle trafficking and vesicle fusion: mechanisms, biological functions, and their implications for potential disease therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:29. [PMID: 36129576 PMCID: PMC9492833 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from the donor membrane to the target membrane through the cargo containing vesicles. Vesicle trafficking pathway includes vesicle formation from the donor membrane, vesicle transport, and vesicle fusion with the target membrane. Coat protein mediated vesicle formation is a delicate membrane budding process for cargo molecules selection and package into vesicle carriers. Vesicle transport is a dynamic and specific process for the cargo containing vesicles translocation from the donor membrane to the target membrane. This process requires a group of conserved proteins such as Rab GTPases, motor adaptors, and motor proteins to ensure vesicle transport along cytoskeletal track. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion is the final process for vesicle unloading the cargo molecules at the target membrane. To ensure vesicle fusion occurring at a defined position and time pattern in eukaryotic cell, multiple fusogenic proteins, such as synaptotagmin (Syt), complexin (Cpx), Munc13, Munc18 and other tethering factors, cooperate together to precisely regulate the process of vesicle fusion. Dysfunctions of the fusogenic proteins in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion are closely related to many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that stimulated membrane fusion can be manipulated pharmacologically via disruption the interface between the SNARE complex and Ca2+ sensor protein. Here, we summarize recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking, and implications for the development of new therapeutics based on the manipulation of vesicle fusion.
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17
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Fan S, Li L, Liu L, Li H, Xian X, Li W. Ceftriaxone Suppresses Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Expression Contributing to Reversal of Recognition Memory Deficits of Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 AD Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:905403. [PMID: 35860293 PMCID: PMC9289516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.905403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (Group II mGluRs) are the peri-synaptic receptor of glutamatergic neurons and negatively regulate glutamate release from presynaptic neurons. Glutamate in the synaptic cleft is mainly taken into astrocytes by glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which is primarily expressed in astrocytes. Increasing evidence showed that inhibiting or suppressing the activation of Group II mGluRs would contribute to the improvement of learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal models. Ceftriaxone (Cef) has been reported to alleviate the spatial memory deficits in AD model mice by improving GLT-1-related clearance and metabolism of glutamate. Therefore, the present study further investigates the improving effect of Cef on recognition memory deficits and the involvement of Group II mGluRs in the process using the APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Novel object recognition tests showed that the Cef treatment significantly improved the recognition memory deficits of the AD mice. The Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the Cef treatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of Group II mGluRs expression in APP/PS1 AD mice. The above suppression effect of Cef was blocked by dihydrokainic acid, an inhibitor of GLT-1 uptake activity. Furthermore, the Cef treatment significantly restored the downregulation in the downstream molecules of Group II mGluRs activation, including the expression of PKA and phosphorylated SNAP-25 in the APP/PS1 AD mice. The Cef treatment had no effect on the content of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 AD mice. The above results suggested that the suppression of Group II mGluRs contributed to the Cef-induced reversal of the recognition memory deficits in APP/PS1 AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuJuan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - LiRong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - XiaoHui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: XiaoHui Xian,
| | - WenBin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- WenBin Li,
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18
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Costa AS, Ferri E, Guerini FR, Rossi PD, Arosio B, Clerici M. VAMP2 Expression and Genotype Are Possible Discriminators in Different Forms of Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:858162. [PMID: 35360211 PMCID: PMC8964122 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.858162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular alterations often overlap with neurodegeneration, resulting in mixed forms of dementia (MD) that are hard to differentiate from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The 26 bp intergenic polymorphism of VAMP2, a key component of SNARE complex, as well as its mRNA and protein levels are associated with neurological diseases. We evaluated ApoE4 and VAMP2 26 bp Ins/Del genotype distribution in 177 AD, 132 MD, 115 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and 250 individuals without cognitive decline (CT), as well as VAMP2 gene expression in a subset of 73 AD, 122 MD, 103 MCI and 140 CT. Forty-two MCI evolved to AD (22 MCI-AD) or MD (20 MCI-MD) over time. VAMP2 mRNA was higher in MD compared to AD (p = 0.0013) and CT (p = 0.0017), and in MCI-MD compared to MCI-AD (p < 0.001) after correcting for age, gender, MMSE and ApoE4 +/− covariates (pc = 0.004). A higher VAMP2 expression was observed in subjects carrying the minor allele Del compared to those carrying the Ins/Ins genotype (p = 0.012). Finally, Del/Del genotype was more frequently carried by MD/MCI-MD compared to CT (pc = 0.036). These results suggest that VAMP2 mRNA expression can discriminate mixed form of dementia from AD, possibly being a biomarker of AD evolution in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Franca Rosa Guerini,
| | - Paolo Dionigi Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Super-resolution microscopy: a closer look at synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:723-740. [PMID: 34725519 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synapse has emerged as a critical neuronal structure in the degenerative process of Alzheimer disease (AD), in which the pathogenic signals of two key players - amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau - converge, thereby causing synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. The synapse presents a dynamic, confined microenvironment in which to explore how key molecules travel, localize, interact and assume different levels of organizational complexity, thereby affecting neuronal function. However, owing to their small size and the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopic approaches, investigating synaptic structure and dynamics has been challenging. Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) techniques have overcome the resolution barrier and are revolutionizing our quantitative understanding of biological systems in unprecedented spatio-temporal detail. Here we review critical new insights provided by SRM into the molecular architecture and dynamic organization of the synapse and, in particular, the interactions between Aβ and tau in this compartment. We further highlight how SRM can transform our understanding of the molecular pathological mechanisms that underlie AD. The application of SRM for understanding the roles of synapses in AD pathology will provide a stepping stone towards a broader understanding of dysfunction in other subcellular compartments and at cellular and circuit levels in this disease.
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20
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Mengr A, Hrubá L, Exnerová A, Holubová M, Popelová A, Železná B, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide reduced Aβ plaques and microgliosis in the cerebellum: APP/PS1 mice study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:607-622. [PMID: 34551697 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210922110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a potential drug for the treatment of obesity and associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its strong anorexigenic and antidiabetic properties. In our recent study, the lipidized PrRP analog palm11-PrRP31 was proven to exert beneficial effects in APP/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer´s disease (AD)-like amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, reducing the Aβ plaque load, microgliosis and astrocytosis in the hippocampus and cortex. OBJECTIVE In this study, we focused on the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of palm11-PrRP31 and its possible impact on synaptogenesis in the cerebellum of APP/PS1 mice, because others have suggested that cerebellar Aβ plaques contribute to cognitive deficits in AD. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were treated subcutaneously with palm11-PrRP31 for 2 months, then immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to quantify pathological markers connected to AD, compared to control mice. RESULTS In the cerebella of 8 months old APP/PS1 mice, we found widespread Aβ plaques surrounded by activated microglia detected by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba1), but no increase in astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compared to controls. Interestingly, no difference in both presynaptic markers syntaxin1A and postsynaptic marker spinophilin was registered between APP/PS1 and control mice. Palm11-PrRP31 treatment significantly reduced the Aβ plaque load and microgliosis in the cerebellum. Furthermore, palm11-PrRP31 increased synaptogenesis and attenuated neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest palm11-PrRP31 is a promising agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mengr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hrubá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Exnerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Popelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
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21
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Robbins M, Clayton E, Kaminski Schierle GS. Synaptic tau: A pathological or physiological phenomenon? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:149. [PMID: 34503576 PMCID: PMC8428049 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the synaptic aspects of Tau pathology occurring during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and how this may relate to memory impairment, a major hallmark of AD. Whilst the clinical diagnosis of AD patients is a loss of working memory and long-term declarative memory, the histological diagnosis is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-beta plaques. Tau pathology spreads through synaptically connected neurons to impair synaptic function preceding the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, axonal retraction and cell death. Alongside synaptic pathology, recent data suggest that Tau has physiological roles in the pre- or post- synaptic compartments. Thus, we have seen a shift in the research focus from Tau as a microtubule-stabilising protein in axons, to Tau as a synaptic protein with roles in accelerating spine formation, dendritic elongation, and in synaptic plasticity coordinating memory pathways. We collate here the myriad of emerging interactions and physiological roles of synaptic Tau, and discuss the current evidence that synaptic Tau contributes to pathology in AD.
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22
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Jęśko H, Wieczorek I, Wencel PL, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Lukiw WJ, Strosznajder RP. Age-Related Transcriptional Deregulation of Genes Coding Synaptic Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease Murine Model: Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Fingolimod. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:660104. [PMID: 34305524 PMCID: PMC8299068 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.660104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) induces time-dependent changes in sphingolipid metabolism, which may affect transcription regulation and neuronal phenotype. We, therefore, analyzed the influence of age, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP), and the clinically approved, bioavailable sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720) on the expression of synaptic proteins. RNA was isolated, reverse-transcribed, and subjected to real-time PCR. Expression of mutant (V717I) AβPP led to few changes at 3 months of age but reduced multiple mRNA coding for synaptic proteins in a 12-month-old mouse brain. Complexin 1 (Cplx1), SNAP25 (Snap25), syntaxin 1A (Stx1a), neurexin 1 (Nrxn1), neurofilament light (Nefl), and synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) in the hippocampus, and VAMP1 (Vamp1) and neurexin 1 (Nrxn1) in the cortex were all significantly reduced in 12-month-old mice. Post mortem AD samples from the human hippocampus and cortex displayed lower expression of VAMP, synapsin, neurofilament light (NF-L) and synaptophysin. The potentially neuroprotective FTY720 reversed most AβPP-induced changes in gene expression (Cplx1, Stx1a, Snap25, and Nrxn1) in the 12-month-old hippocampus, which is thought to be most sensitive to early neurotoxic insults, but it only restored Vamp1 in the cortex and had no influence in 3-month-old brains. Further study may reveal the potential usefulness of FTY720 in the modulation of deregulated neuronal phenotype in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Wieczorek
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Leonard Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Robert Piotr Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Wide-Ranging Effects on the Brain Proteome in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Following Treatment with a Brain-Targeting Somatostatin Peptide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2529-2541. [PMID: 34170117 PMCID: PMC8291608 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease is the most common neurodegenerative
disorder characterized by the pathological aggregation of amyloid-β
(Aβ) peptide. A potential therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer’s
disease is to enhance Aβ degradation by increasing the activity
of Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin. The somatostatin
(SST) peptide has been identified as an activator of neprilysin. Recently,
we demonstrated the ability of a brain-penetrating SST peptide (SST-scFv8D3)
to increase neprilysin activity and membrane-bound Aβ42 degradation
in the hippocampus of mice overexpressing the Aβ-precursor protein
with the Swedish mutation (APPswe). Using LC–MS, we further
evaluated the anti-Alzheimer’s disease effects of SST-scFv8D3.
Following a triple intravenous injection of SST-scFv8D3, the LC–MS
analysis of the brain proteome revealed that the majority of downregulated
proteins consisted of mitochondrial proteins regulating fatty acid
oxidation, which are otherwise upregulated in APPswe mice compared
to wild-type mice. Moreover, treatment with SST-scFv8D3 significantly
increased hippocampal levels of synaptic proteins regulating cell
membrane trafficking and neuronal development. Finally, hippocampal
concentrations of growth-regulated α (KC/GRO) chemokine and
degradation of neuropeptide-Y were elevated after SST-scFv8D3 treatment.
In summary, our results demonstrate a multifaceted effect profile
in regulating mitochondrial function and neurogenesis following treatment
with SST-scFv8D3, further suggesting the development of Alzheimer’s
disease therapies based on SST peptides.
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24
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Hasan B, Khan A, Lenz C, Asif AR, Ahmed N. Characterization of functional protein complexes from Alzheimer's disease and healthy brain by mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13891. [PMID: 34230543 PMCID: PMC8260596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with impaired protein activities. Proteins in the form of complexes have a ubiquitous role in diverse range of cellular functions. The key challenge is to identify novel disease associated protein complexes and their potential role in the progression of AD pathology. Protein complexes were obtained from AD brain prefrontal cortex and age matched controls by Blue Native-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. A proteomic analysis was performed using second dimension SDS-PAGE followed by nano LC-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were mapped to existing biological networks by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). A total of 13 protein complexes with their interacting proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE. We identified 34 protein spots and found significant abundance difference between the two experimental samples. IPA analysis revealed degeneration of neurons and cell death as a major consequence of protein dysregulation. Furthermore, focused network analysis suggested an integrated regulation of the identified proteins through APP and MAPT dependent mechanisms. The interacting differentially expressed proteins in AD were found to be part of concomitant signaling cascades terminating in neuronal cell death. The identified protein networks and pathways warrant further research to study their actual contribution to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Hasan
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Abdul R Asif
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Nikhat Ahmed
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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25
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Role of SNAREs in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050991. [PMID: 33922505 PMCID: PMC8146804 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous systems characterized by loss of brain functions and problems in movement which occur due to the slow and progressive degeneration of cellular elements. Several neurodegenerative diseases are known such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and many studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies have been conducted. Altered functions of some key proteins and the presence of intraneuronal aggregates have been identified as responsible for the development of the diseases. Interestingly, the formation of the SNARE complex has been discovered to be fundamental for vesicle fusion, vesicle recycling and neurotransmitter release. Indeed, inhibition of the formation of the SNARE complex, defects in the SNARE-dependent exocytosis and altered regulation of SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion have been associated with neurodegeneration. In this review, the biological aspects of neurodegenerative diseases and the role of SNARE proteins in relation to the onset of these pathologies are described.
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26
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Fagiani F, Lanni C, Racchi M, Govoni S. (Dys)regulation of Synaptic Activity and Neurotransmitter Release by β-Amyloid: A Look Beyond Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:635880. [PMID: 33716668 PMCID: PMC7943918 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.635880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside its widely studied role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid (Aβ) is a normal and soluble product of neuronal metabolism that regulates several key physiological functions, exerting neuromodulatory effects on synaptic plasticity, memory, and neurotransmitter release. Such effects have been observed to occur in a hormetic fashion, with Aβ exhibiting a dual role influenced by its concentration, the different isoforms, or aggregation forms of the peptide. However, to date, our knowledge about the physiological functions of Aβ and, in particular, its modulatory role on synaptic activity and neurotransmission in the normal brain is fragmentary, thus hindering a clear comprehension of the biological mechanisms underlying the derangement from function to dysfunction. In particular, according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the switch from physiology to pathology is linked to the abnormal increase in Aβ levels, due to an imbalance in Aβ production and clearance. In this regard, increased Aβ levels have been hypothesized to induce early defects in synaptic function and such alterations have been suggested to account, at least in part, for the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., apathy, anxiety, changes in mood, depression, and agitation/aggression), frequently observed in the prodromal stage of AD. Therefore, understanding the biological mechanisms underlying early synaptic alterations in AD is a key starting point to frame the relevant time windows for AD treatment and to gain insight into AD etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori - IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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27
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Chen F, Chen H, Chen Y, Wei W, Sun Y, Zhang L, Cui L, Wang Y. Dysfunction of the SNARE complex in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105469. [PMID: 33524541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The communication between neurons constitutes the basis of all neural activities, and synaptic vesicle exocytosis is the fundamental biological event that mediates most communication between neurons in the central nervous system. The SNARE complex is the core component of the protein machinery that facilitates the fusion of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic terminals and thereby the release of neurotransmitters. In synapses, each release event is dependent on the assembly of the SNARE complex. In recent years, basic research on the SNARE complex has provided a clearer understanding of the mechanism underlying the formation of the SNARE complex and its role in vesicle formation. Emerging evidence indicates that abnormal expression or dysfunction of the SNARE complex in synapse physiology might contribute to abnormal neurotransmission and ultimately to synaptic dysfunction. Clinical research using postmortem tissues suggests that SNARE complex dysfunction is correlated with various neurological diseases, and some basic research has also confirmed the important role of the SNARE complex in the pathology of these diseases. Genetic and pharmacogenetic studies suggest that the SNARE complex and individual proteins might represent important molecular targets in neurological disease. In this review, we summarize the recent progress toward understanding the SNARE complex in regulating membrane fusion events and provide an update of the recent discoveries from clinical and basic research on the SNARE complex in neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huiyi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuanhong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiao tong University, Xi'an, China.
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28
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Hark TJ, Rao NR, Castillon C, Basta T, Smukowski S, Bao H, Upadhyay A, Bomba-Warczak E, Nomura T, O'Toole ET, Morgan GP, Ali L, Saito T, Guillermier C, Saido TC, Steinhauser ML, Stowell MHB, Chapman ER, Contractor A, Savas JN. Pulse-Chase Proteomics of the App Knockin Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease Reveals that Synaptic Dysfunction Originates in Presynaptic Terminals. Cell Syst 2020; 12:141-158.e9. [PMID: 33326751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compromised protein homeostasis underlies accumulation of plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To observe protein turnover at early stages of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteotoxicity, we performed pulse-chase proteomics on mouse brains in three genetic models of AD that knock in alleles of amyloid precursor protein (APP) prior to the accumulation of plaques and during disease progression. At initial stages of Aβ accumulation, the turnover of proteins associated with presynaptic terminals is selectively impaired. Presynaptic proteins with impaired turnover, particularly synaptic vesicle (SV)-associated proteins, have elevated levels, misfold in both a plaque-dependent and -independent manner, and interact with APP and Aβ. Concurrent with elevated levels of SV-associated proteins, we found an enlargement of the SV pool as well as enhancement of presynaptic potentiation. Together, our findings reveal that the presynaptic terminal is particularly vulnerable and represents a critical site for manifestation of initial AD etiology. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the Supplemental Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hark
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nalini R Rao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Charlotte Castillon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tamara Basta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Samuel Smukowski
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Huan Bao
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ewa Bomba-Warczak
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Garry P Morgan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Laith Ali
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory of Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Christelle Guillermier
- Center for NanoImaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory of Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Center for NanoImaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael H B Stowell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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29
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Pathak GA, Silzer TK, Sun J, Zhou Z, Daniel AA, Johnson L, O'Bryant S, Phillips NR, Barber RC. Genome-Wide Methylation of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Mexican Americans Highlights Genes Involved in Synaptic Transport, Alzheimer's Disease-Precursor Phenotypes, and Metabolic Morbidities. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:733-749. [PMID: 31640099 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mexican American population is among the fastest growing aging population and has a younger onset of cognitive decline. This group is also heavily burdened with metabolic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Unfortunately, limited research has been conducted in this group. Understanding methylation alterations, which are influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors, is key to identifying and addressing the root cause for mild cognitive impairment, a clinical precursor for dementia. We conducted an epigenome-wide association study on a community-based Mexican American population using the Illumina EPIC array. Following rigorous quality control measures, we identified 10 CpG sites to be differentially methylated between normal controls and individuals with mild cognitive impairment annotated to PKIB, KLHL29, SEPT9, OR2C3, CPLX3, BCL2L2-PABPN1, and CCNY. We found four regions to be differentially methylated in TMEM232, SLC17A8, ALOX12, and SEPT8. Functional gene-set analysis identified four gene-sets, RIN3, SPEG, CTSG, and UBE2L3, as significant. The gene ontology and pathway analyses point to neuronal cell death, metabolic dysfunction, and inflammatory processes. We found 1,450 processes to be enriched using empirical Bayes gene-set enrichment. In conclusion, the functional overlap of differentially methylated genes associated with cognitive impairment in Mexican Americans implies cross-talk between metabolically-instigated systemic inflammation and disruption of synaptic vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita A Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Talisa K Silzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ann A Daniel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Nicole R Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Barber
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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30
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Qu W, Yuan B, Liu J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Cui R, Yang W, Li B. Emerging role of AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in synaptic plasticity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12959. [PMID: 33188547 PMCID: PMC7791177 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that GluA1 mediated synaptic plasticity plays a central role in the early development of AD. The complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable GluA1‐related synaptic regulation remain to fully understood. Particularly, understanding the mechanisms that disrupt GluA1 related synaptic plasticity is central to the development of disease‐modifying therapies which are sorely needed as the incidence of AD rises. We surmise that the published evidence establishes deficits in synaptic plasticity as a central factor of AD aetiology. We additionally highlight potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD, and we delve into the roles of GluA1 in learning and memory. Particularly, we review the current understanding of the molecular interactions that confer the actions of this ubiquitous excitatory receptor subunit including post‐translational modification and accessory protein recruitment of the GluA1 subunit. These are proposed to regulate receptor trafficking, recycling, channel conductance and synaptic transmission and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baoming Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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31
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Fagiani F, Lanni C, Racchi M, Pascale A, Govoni S. Amyloid-β and Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics: A Cacophonic Orchestra. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:1-14. [PMID: 31561377 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now more than two decades since amyloid-β (Aβ), the proteolytic product of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), was first demonstrated to be a normal and soluble product of neuronal metabolism. To date, despite a growing body of evidence suggests its regulatory role on synaptic function, the exact cellular and molecular pathways involved in Aβ-driven synaptic effects remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the mounting evidence showing Aβ-mediated effects on presynaptic functions and neurotransmitter release from axon terminals, focusing on its interaction with synaptic vesicle cycle. Indeed, Aβ peptides have been found to interact with key presynaptic scaffold proteins and kinases affecting the consequential steps of the synaptic vesicle dynamics (e.g., synaptic vesicles exocytosis, endocytosis, and trafficking). Defects in the fine-tuning of synaptic vesicle cycle by Aβ and deregulation of key molecules and kinases, which orchestrate synaptic vesicle availability, may alter synaptic homeostasis, possibly contributing to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Elucidating the presynaptic mechanisms by which Aβ regulate synaptic transmission is fundamental for a deeper comprehension of the biology of presynaptic terminals as well as of Aβ-driven early synaptic defects occurring in prodromal stage of AD. Moreover, a better understating of Aβ involvement in cellular signal pathways may allow to set up more effective therapeutic interventions by detecting relevant molecular mechanisms, whose imbalance might ultimately lead to synaptic impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
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32
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Jęśko H, Cieślik M, Gromadzka G, Adamczyk A. Dysfunctional proteins in neuropsychiatric disorders: From neurodegeneration to autism spectrum disorders. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104853. [PMID: 32980494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite fundamental differences in disease course and outcomes, neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders - ASD) and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease - AD and Parkinson's disease - PD) present surprising, common traits in their molecular pathomechanisms. Uncontrolled oligomerization and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ), microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau, or α-synuclein (α-syn) contribute to synaptic impairment and the ensuing neuronal death in both AD and PD. Likewise, the pathogenesis of ASD may be attributed, at least in part, to synaptic dysfunction; attention has also been recently paid to irregularities in the metabolism and function of the Aβ precursor protein (APP), tau, or α-syn. Commonly affected elements include signaling pathways that regulate cellular metabolism and survival such as insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) - PI3 kinase - Akt - mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and a number of key synaptic proteins critically involved in neuronal communication. Understanding how these shared pathomechanism elements operate in different conditions may help identify common targets and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Gromadzka
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Faculty of Medicine. Collegium Medicum, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Sharda N, Pengo T, Wang Z, Kandimalla KK. Amyloid-β Peptides Disrupt Interactions Between VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 in Neuronal Cells as Determined by FRET/FLIM. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:423-435. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Synaptic dysfunction prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain is closely associated with increased accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain parenchyma. It is widely believed that Aβ peptides trigger synaptic dysfunction by interfering with the synaptic vesicular fusion and the release of neurotransmitters, primarily facilitated by the SNARE protein complexes formed by VAMP-2, SNAP-25, and syntaxin-1. However, Aβ interactions with SNARE proteins to ultimately disrupt synaptic vesicular fusion are not well understood. Objective: Our objective is to elucidate mechanisms by which Aβ peptides perturb SNARE complexes. Methods: Intensity (qualitative) and lifetime (quantitative) based measurements involving Forster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) followed by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) were employed to investigate the effect of Aβ peptides on dynamic interactions between VAMP-2, labeled with cerulean (Cer) at the N-terminus (FRET donor), and SNAP-25 labeled with citrine (Cit) on the N-terminus (FRET acceptor). The FRET and FLIM interactions at the exocytosis locations on the pre-synaptic membrane were recorded under spontaneous and high potassium evoked conditions. Moreover, cellular accumulation of fluorescein labeled Aβ (F-Aβ) peptides and their co-localization with Cer-VAMP2 was investigated by confocal microscopy. Results: The F-Aβ40 and F-Aβ42 are internalized by differentiated N2A cells, where they colocalize with Cer-VAMP2. Both Aβ40 and Aβ42 decrease interactions between the N-termini of Cer-VAMP2 and Cit-SNAP25 in N2A cells, as determined by FRET/FLIM. Conclusion: By perturbing the N-terminal interactions between VAMP-2 and SNAP-25, Aβ40 and Aβ42, can directly interfere with the SNARE complex formation, which is critical for the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Pengo
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University Imaging Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zengtao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and the Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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34
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Barthet G, Mulle C. Presynaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101801. [PMID: 32428558 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic loss is the best correlate of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive experimental evidence also indicates alterations of synaptic properties at the early stages of disease progression, before synapse loss and neuronal degeneration. A majority of studies in mouse models of AD have focused on post-synaptic mechanisms, including impairment of long-term plasticity, spine structure and glutamate receptor-mediated transmission. Here we review the literature indicating that the synaptic pathology in AD includes a strong presynaptic component. We describe the evidence indicating presynaptic physiological functions of the major molecular players in AD. These include the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the two presenilin (PS) paralogs PS1 or PS2, genetically linked to the early-onset form of AD, in addition to tau which accumulates in a pathological form in the AD brain. Three main mechanisms participating in presynaptic functions are highlighted. APP fragments bind to presynaptic receptors (e.g. nAChRs and GABAB receptors), presenilins control Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+-sensors, and tau regulates the localization of presynaptic molecules and synaptic vesicles. We then discuss how impairment of these presynaptic physiological functions can explain or forecast the hallmarks of synaptic impairment and associated dysfunction of neuronal circuits in AD. Beyond the physiological roles of the AD-related proteins, studies in AD brains also support preferential presynaptic alteration. This review features presynaptic failure as a strong component of pathological mechanisms in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, France.
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35
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Perdigão C, Barata MA, Araújo MN, Mirfakhar FS, Castanheira J, Guimas Almeida C. Intracellular Trafficking Mechanisms of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:72. [PMID: 32362813 PMCID: PMC7180223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss. Although AD neuropathological hallmarks are extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles, the best correlate of disease progression is synapse loss. What causes synapse loss has been the focus of several researchers in the AD field. Synapses become dysfunctional before plaques and tangles form. Studies based on early-onset familial AD (eFAD) models have supported that synaptic transmission is depressed by β-amyloid (Aβ) triggered mechanisms. Since eFAD is rare, affecting only 1% of patients, research has shifted to the study of the most common late-onset AD (LOAD). Intracellular trafficking has emerged as one of the pathways of LOAD genes. Few studies have assessed the impact of trafficking LOAD genes on synapse dysfunction. Since endocytic traffic is essential for synaptic function, we reviewed Aβ-dependent and independent mechanisms of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD. We have focused on the role of intraneuronal and secreted Aβ oligomers, highlighting the dysfunction of endocytic trafficking as an Aβ-dependent mechanism of synapse dysfunction in AD. Here, we reviewed the LOAD trafficking genes APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, EPH1A, and SORL1, for which there is a synaptic link. We conclude that in eFAD and LOAD, the earliest synaptic dysfunctions are characterized by disruptions of the presynaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis and of postsynaptic glutamate receptor endocytosis. While in eFAD synapse dysfunction seems to be triggered by Aβ, in LOAD, there might be a direct synaptic disruption by LOAD trafficking genes. To identify promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD, it will be necessary to join efforts in further dissecting the mechanisms used by Aβ and by LOAD genes to disrupt synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Perdigão
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana A Barata
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida N Araújo
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farzaneh S Mirfakhar
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Castanheira
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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36
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Huang JL, Qin MC, Zhou Y, Xu ZH, Yang SM, Zhang F, Zhong J, Liang MK, Chen B, Zhang WY, Wu DP, Zhong ZG. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed profiles of Alzheimer's disease associated circular RNAs in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:253-265. [PMID: 29448241 PMCID: PMC5842852 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel kind of non-coding RNA, have received increasing attention for their involvement in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, few studies have reported in the characterization and function of AD associated circRNAs. Here the expression profiles of circRNAs in 5- and 10-month-old SAMP8 mice were identified using circRNA microarray and found that 85 dysregulated circRNAs were observed in 10-month-old SAMP8 versus control mice and 231 circRNAs exhibited differential expression in 10-month-old SAMP8 versus 5-month-old SAMP8. One most significantly dysregulated circRNA, mmu_circRNA_017963, was select for Gene Oncology (GO) and pathway analysis. The results showed that mmu_circRNA_017963 was strongly related with autophagosome assembly, exocytosis, apoptotic process, transport and RNA splicing and highly associated with synaptic vesicle cycle, spliceosome, glycosaminoglycan and SNARE interactions in vesicular transport pathways. Collectively, this study was the first to describe circRNAs expression in different ages of SAMP8 and will contribute to the understanding of the regulatory roles of circRNAs in AD pathogenesis and provide a valuable resource for the diagnosis and therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Mei-Chun Qin
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zhe-Hao Xu
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Si-Man Yang
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Ming-Kun Liang
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Ben Chen
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Deng-Pan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Zhong
- Scientific research center of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
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37
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Querol-Vilaseca M, Colom-Cadena M, Pegueroles J, Nuñez-Llaves R, Luque-Cabecerans J, Muñoz-Llahuna L, Andilla J, Belbin O, Spires-Jones TL, Gelpi E, Clarimon J, Loza-Alvarez P, Fortea J, Lleó A. Nanoscale structure of amyloid-β plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5181. [PMID: 30914681 PMCID: PMC6435662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) is considered to be a critical component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Evidence suggests that these non-fibrillar Aβ assemblies are implicated in synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration and cell death. However, characterization of these species comes mainly from studies in cellular or animal models, and there is little data in intact human samples due to the lack of adequate optical microscopic resolution to study these small structures. Here, to achieve super-resolution in all three dimensions, we applied Array Tomography (AT) and Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy (STED), to characterize in postmortem human brain tissue non-fibrillar Aβ structures in amyloid plaques of cases with autosomal dominant and sporadic AD. Ultrathin sections scanned with super-resolution STED microscopy allowed the detection of small Aβ structures of the order of 100 nm. We reconstructed a whole human amyloid plaque and established that plaques are formed by a dense core of higher order Aβ species (~0.022 µm3) and a peripheral halo of smaller Aβ structures (~0.003 µm3). This work highlights the potential of AT-STED for human neuropathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Querol-Vilaseca
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martí Colom-Cadena
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Nuñez-Llaves
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Luque-Cabecerans
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Muñoz-Llahuna
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Andilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- The University of Edinburgh, UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Amyloid β oligomers suppress excitatory transmitter release via presynaptic depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1193. [PMID: 30867420 PMCID: PMC6416269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer-induced aberrant neurotransmitter release is proposed to be a crucial early event leading to synapse dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we report that the release probability (Pr) at the synapse between the Schaffer collateral (SC) and CA1 pyramidal neurons is significantly reduced at an early stage in mouse models of AD with elevated Aβ production. High nanomolar synthetic oligomeric Aβ42 also suppresses Pr at the SC-CA1 synapse in wild-type mice. This Aβ-induced suppression of Pr is mainly due to an mGluR5-mediated depletion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in axons. Selectively inhibiting Aβ-induced PIP2 hydrolysis in the CA3 region of the hippocampus strongly prevents oligomeric Aβ-induced suppression of Pr at the SC-CA1 synapse and rescues synaptic and spatial learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. These results first reveal the presynaptic mGluR5-PIP2 pathway whereby oligomeric Aβ induces early synaptic deficits in AD.
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39
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Lanni C, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Preda S, Pascale A, Grilli M, Allegri N, Govoni S. Beta-amyloid short- and long-term synaptic entanglement. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:243-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Chi H, Chang HY, Sang TK. Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms in Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3082. [PMID: 30304824 PMCID: PMC6213751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death in the central nervous system has always been a challenging process to decipher. In normal physiological conditions, neuronal cell death is restricted in the adult brain, even in aged individuals. However, in the pathological conditions of various neurodegenerative diseases, cell death and shrinkage in a specific region of the brain represent a fundamental pathological feature across different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will briefly go through the general pathways of cell death and describe evidence for cell death in the context of individual common neurodegenerative diseases, discussing our current understanding of cell death by connecting with renowned pathogenic proteins, including Tau, amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, huntingtin and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
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41
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Ovsepian SV, O'Leary VB, Zaborszky L, Ntziachristos V, Dolly JO. Synaptic vesicle cycle and amyloid β: Biting the hand that feeds. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:502-513. [PMID: 29494806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle cycle (SVC) holds center stage in the biology of presynaptic terminals. Through recurrent exocytosis and endocytosis, it facilitates a sequence of events enabling chemical neurotransmission between functionally related neurons. As a fundamental process that links the interior of nerve cells with their environment, the SVC is also critical for signaling and provides an entry route for a range of pathogens and toxins, enabling detrimental effects. In Alzheimer's disease, the SVC is both the prime site of amyloid β production and toxicity. In this study, we discuss the emerging evidence for physiological and pathological effects of Aβ on various stages of the SVC, from postfusion membrane recovery to trafficking, docking, and priming of vesicles for fusion and transmitter release. Understanding of the mechanisms of Aβ interaction with the SVC within the unifying calcium hypothesis of aging and Alzheimer's disease should further elucidate the fundamental biology of the presynaptic terminal and reveal novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease and other age-related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Marsh J, Alifragis P. Synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: the effects of amyloid beta on synaptic vesicle dynamics as a novel target for therapeutic intervention. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:616-623. [PMID: 29722304 PMCID: PMC5950662 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly is Alzheimer's disease. A significant contributing factor to the progression of the disease appears to be the progressive accumulation of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), a small hydrophobic peptide. Unfortunately, attempts to develop therapies targeting the accumulation of Aβ42 have not been successful to treat or even slow down the disease. It is possible that this failure is an indication that targeting downstream effects rather than the accumulation of the peptide itself might be a more effective approach. The accumulation of Aβ42 seems to affect various aspects of physiological cell functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence that implicates Aβ42 in synaptic dysfunction, with a focus on how it contributes to defects in synaptic vesicle dynamics and neurotransmitter release. We discuss data that provide new insights on the Aβ42 induced pathology of Alzheimer's disease and a more detailed understanding of its contribution to the synaptic deficiencies that are associated with the early stages of the disease. Although the precise mechanisms that trigger synaptic dysfunction are still under investigation, the available data so far has enabled us to put forward a model that could be used as a guide to generate new therapeutic targets for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Marsh
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Pavlos Alifragis
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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43
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Local and Use-Dependent Effects of β-Amyloid Oligomers on NMDA Receptor Function Revealed by Optical Quantal Analysis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11532-11543. [PMID: 27911757 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1603-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta amyloid (Aβ) triggers the elimination of excitatory synaptic connections in the CNS, an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. Oligomeric assemblies of Aβ peptide associate with excitatory synapses resulting in synapse elimination through a process that requires NMDA-type glutamate receptor activation. Whether Aβ affects synaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function directly and acts locally at synapses to which it has bound and whether synaptic activity influences Aβ synaptic binding and synaptotoxicity have remained fundamental questions. Here, we used subcellular Ca2+ imaging in rat hippocampal neurons to visualize NMDAR function at individual synapses before and after Aβ application. Aβ triggered a robust impairment of NMDAR Ca2+ entry at most, but not all, synapses. NMDAR function was more severely impaired at highly active synapses and synapses with bound Aβ, but activity was not required for Aβ synapse binding. Blocking NMDARs during Aβ exposure prevented Aβ-mediated impairment. Finally, Aβ impaired NMDAR Ca2+ entry at doses much lower than those required for NMDAR internalization, revealing a novel, potent mode of NMDAR regulation by Aβ. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Amyloid β (Aβ) is strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Aβ triggers the elimination of excitatory synapses through a mechanism that requires NMDA receptors (NMDARs). However, little is known about how or whether Aβ influences synaptic NMDAR function. We used an imaging-based assay to investigate the relationship among Aβ binding, activity, and NMDAR function at individual synapses. Aβ triggered a robust impairment of NMDAR Ca2+ entry at most, but not all, synapses. NMDAR function was more severely impaired at highly active synapses and synapses with bound Aβ. Blocking NMDARs during Aβ exposure prevented Aβ-mediated impairment. Together, our experiments reveal a novel use-dependent, potent, and local mode of Aβ-mediated NMDAR impairment.
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44
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Park D, Na M, Kim JA, Lee U, Cho E, Jang M, Chang S. Activation of CaMKIV by soluble amyloid-β 1-42 impedes trafficking of axonal vesicles and impairs activity-dependent synaptogenesis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/487/eaam8661. [PMID: 28698220 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The prefibrillar form of soluble amyloid-β (sAβ1-42) impairs synaptic function and is associated with the early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated how sAβ1-42 led to presynaptic defects using a quantum dot-based, single particle-tracking method to monitor synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking along axons. We found that sAβ1-42 prevented new synapse formation induced by chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP). In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, nanomolar amounts of sAβ1-42 impaired Ca2+ clearance from presynaptic terminals and increased the basal Ca2+ concentration. This caused an increase in the phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) and its substrate synapsin, which markedly inhibited SV trafficking along axons between synapses. Neurons derived from a transgenic AD mouse model had similar defects, which were prevented by an inhibitor of CaMK kinase (CaMKK; which activates CaMKIV), by antibodies against Aβ1-42, or by expression a phosphodeficient synapsin mutant. The CaMKK inhibitor also abolished the defects in activity-dependent synaptogenesis caused by sAβ1-42 Our results suggest that by disrupting SV reallocation between synapses, sAβ1-42 prevents neurons from forming new synapses or adjusting strength and activity among neighboring synapses. Targeting this mechanism might prevent synaptic dysfunction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehun Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Myeongsu Na
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Unghwi Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eunji Cho
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Mirye Jang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.,Biomembrane Plasticity Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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45
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Plá V, Barranco N, Pozas E, Aguado F. Amyloid-β Impairs Vesicular Secretion in Neuronal and Astrocyte Peptidergic Transmission. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:202. [PMID: 28701919 PMCID: PMC5487408 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated secretion of neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors critically modulates function and plasticity of synapses and circuitries. It is believed that rising amyloid-β (Aβ) concentrations, synaptic dysfunction and network disorganization underlie early phases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we analyze the impact of soluble Aβ1–42 assemblies on peptidergic secretion in cortical neurons and astrocytes. We show that neurons and astrocytes differentially produce and release carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and secretogranin III (SgIII), two dense-core vesicle (DCV) markers belonging to the regulated secretory pathway. Importantly, Aβ1–42, but not scrambled Aβ1–42, dramatically impairs basal and Ca2+-regulated secretions of endogenously produced CPE and SgIII in cultured neurons and astrocytes. Additionally, KCl-evoked secretion of the DCV cargo brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is lowered by Aβ1–42 administration, whereas glutamate release from synaptic vesicle (SVs) remains unchanged. In agreement with cell culture results, Aβ1–42 effects on CPE and SgIII secretion are faithfully recapitulated in acute adult brain slices. These results demonstrate that neuronal and astrocyte secretion of DCV cargos is impaired by Aβ in vitro and in situ. Furthermore, Aβ-induced dysregulated peptidergic transmission could have an important role in the pathogenesis of AD and DCV cargos are possible candidates as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Plá
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Barranco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Pozas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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46
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Proteomic differences in amyloid plaques in rapidly progressive and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:933-954. [PMID: 28258398 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease (rpAD) is a particularly aggressive form of Alzheimer's disease, with a median survival time of 7-10 months after diagnosis. Why these patients have such a rapid progression of Alzheimer's disease is currently unknown. To further understand pathological differences between rpAD and typical sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) we used localized proteomics to analyze the protein differences in amyloid plaques in rpAD and sAD. Label-free quantitative LC-MS/MS was performed on amyloid plaques microdissected from rpAD and sAD patients (n = 22 for each patient group) and protein expression differences were quantified. On average, 913 ± 30 (mean ± SEM) proteins were quantified in plaques from each patient and 279 of these proteins were consistently found in plaques from every patient. We found significant differences in protein composition between rpAD and sAD plaques. We found that rpAD plaques contained significantly higher levels of neuronal proteins (p = 0.0017) and significantly lower levels of astrocytic proteins (p = 1.08 × 10-6). Unexpectedly, cumulative protein differences in rpAD plaques did not suggest accelerated typical sAD. Plaques from patients with rpAD were particularly abundant in synaptic proteins, especially those involved in synaptic vesicle release, highlighting the potential importance of synaptic dysfunction in the accelerated development of plaque pathology in rpAD. Combined, our data provide new direct evidence that amyloid plaques do not all have the same protein composition and that the proteomic differences in plaques could provide important insight into the factors that contribute to plaque development. The cumulative protein differences in rpAD plaques suggest rpAD may be a novel subtype of Alzheimer's disease.
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Hou C, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Long J. Neurodegenerative Disease Related Proteins Have Negative Effects on SNARE-Mediated Membrane Fusion in Pathological Confirmation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:66. [PMID: 28377692 PMCID: PMC5359271 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Yongyao Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
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48
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Tammineni P, Ye X, Feng T, Aikal D, Cai Q. Impaired retrograde transport of axonal autophagosomes contributes to autophagic stress in Alzheimer's disease neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28085665 PMCID: PMC5235353 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons face unique challenges of transporting nascent autophagic vacuoles (AVs) from distal axons toward the soma, where mature lysosomes are mainly located. Autophagy defects have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the mechanisms underlying altered autophagy remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that defective retrograde transport contributes to autophagic stress in AD axons. Amphisomes predominantly accumulate at axonal terminals of mutant hAPP mice and AD patient brains. Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers associate with AVs in AD axons and interact with dynein motors. This interaction impairs dynein recruitment to amphisomes through competitive interruption of dynein-Snapin motor-adaptor coupling, thus immobilizing them in distal axons. Consistently, deletion of Snapin in mice causes AD-like axonal autophagic stress, whereas overexpressing Snapin in hAPP neurons reduces autophagic accumulation at presynaptic terminals by enhancing AV retrograde transport. Altogether, our study provides new mechanistic insight into AD-associated autophagic stress, thus establishing a foundation for ameliorating axonal pathology in AD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21776.001 Alzheimer’s disease is the result of protein fragments called amyloid-β peptides accumulating in the brain and forming clumps. These protein “aggregates” disrupt cellular activities and cause serious problems. To combat this process, healthy cells use a process called autophagy to destroy aggregated proteins. The aggregates are first loaded into structures called autophagosomes that then fuse with cell compartments called lysosomes, which contain enzymes that can break down the proteins. Brain cells called neurons have an unusual shape with branch-like structures and a long projection called an axon that all form off the main cell body. Autophagosomes predominantly form in the axons and need to move toward the cell body where the lysosomes are found. A motor protein called dynein drives the movement of autophagosomes by interacting with an adaptor protein known as Snapin on the surface of these structures. Autophagosomes tend to accumulate within the neurons of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not known why. Cai et al. examined the ability of autophagosomes to move to the cell body of neurons from a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease in which human amyloid-β peptides accumulate in the brain, and in the brains of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The experiments show that autophagosomes predominantly accumulate in the axons and at the ends of axons during Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β aggregates associate with autophagosomes in the axons and interact with dynein motors. This disrupts the interaction between dynein and Snapin and impairs dynein binding to the autophagosomes, trapping the autophagosomes in the axons. Increasing the production of Snapin proteins inside the mouse neurons enhances dynein binding to autophagosomes and thus helps these structures move to the cell body. The next step is to investigate whether increasing the ability of autophagosomes to move to the cell body reduces the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in the mutant mice. This will help to build a foundation for the future development of new strategies to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by protein aggregates. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21776.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Tammineni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - Xuan Ye
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - Daniyal Aikal
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
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Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in Hippocampal Neurons. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4145708. [PMID: 26881108 PMCID: PMC4736975 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4145708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Investigation of disease-related changes in BDNF transport might provide insights into the cellular mechanism underlying, for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD). To analyze the role of BDNF transport in AD, live cell imaging of fluorescently labeled BDNF was performed in hippocampal neurons of different AD model systems. BDNF and APP colocalized with low incidence in vesicular structures. Anterograde as well as retrograde transport of BDNF vesicles was reduced and these effects were mediated by factors released from hippocampal neurons into the extracellular medium. Transport of BDNF was altered at a very early time point after onset of human APP expression or after acute amyloid-beta(1-42) treatment, while the activity-dependent release of BDNF remained unaffected. Taken together, extracellular cleavage products of APP induced rapid changes in anterograde and retrograde transport of BDNF-containing vesicles while release of BDNF was unaffected by transgenic expression of mutated APP. These early transport deficits might lead to permanently impaired brain functions in the adult brain.
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