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Belfiori LF, Dueñas Rey A, Ralbovszki DM, Jimenez-Ferrer I, Fredlund F, Balikai SS, Ahrén D, Brolin KA, Swanberg M. Nigral transcriptomic profiles in Engrailed-1 hemizygous mouse models of Parkinson's disease reveal upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes associated with delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1337365. [PMID: 38374883 PMCID: PMC10875038 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1337365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, increasing both in terms of prevalence and incidence. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available, highlighting the need to increase knowledge on disease etiology in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. Hemizygosity for the gene Engrailed-1 (En1), encoding a conserved transcription factor essential for the programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to progressive nigrostriatal degeneration, motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/-). The neurodegenerative phenotype is, however, absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/-) mice. En1+/- mice are thus highly relevant tools to identify genetic factors underlying PD susceptibility. Methods Transcriptome profiles were defined by RNAseq in microdissected substantia nigra from 1-week old OF1, OF1- En1+/-, C57 and C57- En1+/- male mice. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed for functional enrichment. Neurodegeneration was assessed in 4- and 16-week old mice by histology. Results Nigrostriatal neurodegeneration was manifested in OF1- En1+/- mice by increased dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1. In contrast, C57- En1+/- mice had no significant increase in axonal swellings or cell loss in SNpc at 16 weeks. Transcriptomic analyses identified 198 DEGs between OF1- En1+/- and OF1 mice but only 52 DEGs between C57- En1+/- and C57 mice. Enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57- En1+/- mice was associated with a higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 and OF1- En1+/- mice. Discussion Our results suggest that increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated with increased resistance to PD-like nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. This highlights the importance of genetic background in PD models, how different strains can be used to model clinical and sub-clinical pathologies and provides insights to gene expression mechanisms associated with PD susceptibility and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Francisco Belfiori
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Dueñas Rey
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorottya Mária Ralbovszki
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jimenez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Filip Fredlund
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sagar Shivayogi Balikai
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dag Ahrén
- Department of Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Atterling Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ma X, Zhao LL, Yu YC, Cheng Y. Engrailed: Pathological and physiological effects of a multifunctional developmental gene. Genesis 2024; 62:e23557. [PMID: 37830136 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Engrailed-1 (EN1) is a developmental gene that encodes En1, a highly conserved transcription factor involved in regionalization during early embryogenesis and in the later maintenance of normal neurons. After birth, EN1 still plays a role in the development and physiology of the body; for example, it exerts a protective effect on midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, and loss of EN1 causes mDA neurons in the ventral midbrain to gradually die approximately 6 weeks after birth, resulting in motor and nonmotor symptoms similar to those observed in Parkinson's disease. Notably, EN1 has been identified as a possible susceptibility gene for idiopathic Parkinson's disease in humans. EN1 is involved in the processes of wound-healing scar production and tissue and organ fibrosis. Additionally, EN1 can lead to tumorigenesis and thus provides a target for the treatment of some tumors. In this review, we summarize the effects of EN1 on embryonic organ development, describe the consequences of the deletion or overexpression of the EN1 gene, and discuss the pathways in which EN1 is involved. We hope to clarify the role of EN1 as a developmental gene and present potential therapeutic targets for diseases involving the EN1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Chun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Lebœuf M, Vargas-Abonce SE, Pezé-Hedsieck E, Dupont E, Jimenez-Alonso L, Moya KL, Prochiantz A. ENGRAILED-1 transcription factor has a paracrine neurotrophic activity on adult spinal α-motoneurons. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56525. [PMID: 37534581 PMCID: PMC10398658 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several homeoprotein transcription factors transfer between cells and regulate gene expression, protein translation, and chromatin organization in recipient cells. ENGRAILED-1 is one such homeoprotein expressed in spinal V1 interneurons that synapse on α-motoneurons. Neutralizing extracellular ENGRAILED-1 by expressing a secreted single-chain antibody blocks its capture by spinal motoneurons resulting in α-motoneuron loss and limb weakness. A similar but stronger phenotype is observed in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote mouse, confirming that ENGRAILED-1 exerts a paracrine neurotrophic activity on spinal cord α-motoneurons. Intrathecal injection of ENGRAILED-1 leads to its specific internalization by spinal motoneurons and has long-lasting protective effects against neurodegeneration and weakness. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons express Engrailed-1 and, similarly to spinal cord α-motoneurons, degenerate in the heterozygote. We identify genes expressed in spinal cord motoneurons whose expression changes in mouse Engrailed-1 heterozygote midbrain neurons. Among these, p62/SQSTM1 shows increased expression during aging in spinal cord motoneurons in the Engrailed-1 heterozygote and upon extracellular ENGRAILED-1 neutralization. We conclude that ENGRAILED-1 might regulate motoneuron aging and has non-cell-autonomous neurotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lebœuf
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- BrainEver SAS, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie E Vargas-Abonce
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- BrainEver SAS, Paris, France
| | - Eugénie Pezé-Hedsieck
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Edmond Dupont
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | | | - Kenneth L Moya
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- BrainEver SAS, Paris, France
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Wang ZX, Li YL, Pu JL, Zhang BR. DNA Damage-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076313. [PMID: 37047285 PMCID: PMC10093980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease around the world; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear so far. Recent advances have shown that DNA damage and repair deficiency play an important role in the pathophysiology of PD. There is growing evidence suggesting that DNA damage is involved in the propagation of cellular damage in PD, leading to neuropathology under different conditions. Here, we reviewed the current work on DNA damage repair in PD. First, we outlined the evidence and causes of DNA damage in PD. Second, we described the potential pathways by which DNA damage mediates neurotoxicity in PD and discussed the precise mechanisms that drive these processes by DNA damage. In addition, we looked ahead to the potential interventions targeting DNA damage and repair. Finally, based on the current status of research, key problems that need to be addressed in future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Li Pu
- Correspondence: (J.-L.P.); (B.-R.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-87784752 (J.-L.P. & B.-R.Z.)
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Correspondence: (J.-L.P.); (B.-R.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-87784752 (J.-L.P. & B.-R.Z.)
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Prakash N. Developmental pathways linked to the vulnerability of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1071731. [PMID: 36618829 PMCID: PMC9815185 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of dopaminergic and other neurons in the aging brain is considered a process starting well beyond the infantile and juvenile period. In contrast to other dopamine-associated neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and drug addiction, typically diagnosed during adolescence or young adulthood and, thus, thought to be rooted in the developing brain, Parkinson's Disease (PD) is rarely viewed as such. However, evidences have accumulated suggesting that several factors might contribute to an increased vulnerability to death of the dopaminergic neurons at an already very early (developmental) phase in life. Despite the remarkable ability of the brain to compensate such dopamine deficits, the early loss or dysfunction of these neurons might predispose an individual to suffer from PD because the critical threshold of dopamine function will be reached much earlier in life, even if the time-course and strength of naturally occurring and age-dependent dopaminergic cell death is not markedly altered in this individual. Several signaling and transcriptional pathways required for the proper embryonic development of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are the most affected in PD, either continue to be active in the adult mammalian midbrain or are reactivated at the transition to adulthood and under neurotoxic conditions. The persistent activity of these pathways often has neuroprotective functions in adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas the reactivation of silenced pathways under pathological conditions can promote the survival and even regeneration of these neurons in the lesioned or aging brain. This article summarizes our current knowledge about signaling and transcription factors involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development, whose reduced gene dosage or signaling activity are implicated in a lower survival rate of these neurons in the postnatal or aging brain. It also discusses the evidences supporting the neuroprotection of the midbrain dopaminergic system after the external supply or ectopic expression of some of these secreted and nuclear factors in the adult and aging brain. Altogether, the timely monitoring and/or correction of these signaling and transcriptional pathways might be a promising approach to a much earlier diagnosis and/or prevention of PD.
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Toskas K, Yaghmaeian-Salmani B, Skiteva O, Paslawski W, Gillberg L, Skara V, Antoniou I, Södersten E, Svenningsson P, Chergui K, Ringnér M, Perlmann T, Holmberg J. PRC2-mediated repression is essential to maintain identity and function of differentiated dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1543. [PMID: 36026451 PMCID: PMC9417181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How neurons can maintain cellular identity over an entire life span remains largely unknown. Here, we show that maintenance of identity in differentiated dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons is critically reliant on the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Deletion of the obligate PRC2 component, Eed, in these neurons resulted in global loss of H3K27me3, followed by a gradual activation of genes harboring both H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications. Notably, H3K9me3 was lost at these PRC2 targets before gene activation. Neuronal survival was not compromised; instead, there was a reduction in subtype-specific gene expression and a progressive impairment of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal function, leading to behavioral deficits characteristic of Parkinson's disease and anxiety. Single-cell analysis revealed subtype-specific vulnerability to loss of PRC2 repression in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra. Our study reveals that a PRC2-dependent nonpermissive chromatin state is essential to maintain the subtype identity and function of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Toskas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Behzad Yaghmaeian-Salmani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Skiteva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J5:20 Neuro, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Paslawski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Gillberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Skara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Antoniou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Södersten
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karima Chergui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum J5:20 Neuro, Visionsgatan 4, SE-171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Markus Ringnér
- Department of Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Joliot A, Prochiantz A. Unconventional Secretion, Gate to Homeoprotein Intercellular Transfer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926421. [PMID: 35837333 PMCID: PMC9274163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional secretion allows for the secretion of fully mature and biologically active proteins mostly present in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Besides extra vesicle-driven secretion, non-extravesicular pathways also exist that specifically rely on the ability of the secreted proteins to translocate directly across the plasma membrane. This is the case for several homeoproteins, a family of over 300 transcription factors characterized by the structure of their DNA-binding homeodomain. The latter highly conserved homeodomain is necessary and sufficient for secretion, a process that requires PI(4,5)P2 binding, as is the case for FGF2 and HIV Tat unconventional secretion. An important feature of homeoproteins is their ability to cross membranes in both directions and thus to transfer between cells. This confers to homeoproteins their paracrine activity, an essential facet of their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Joliot
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alain Joliot,
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
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Roles of Transcription Factors in the Development and Reprogramming of the Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020845. [PMID: 35055043 PMCID: PMC8775916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons regulate various critical processes in the mammalian nervous system, including voluntary movement and a wide range of behaviors such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. mdDA neuronal loss is linked with one of the most prominent human movement neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease (PD). How these cells die and regenerate are two of the most hotly debated PD research topics. As for the latter, it has been long known that a series of transcription factors (TFs) involves the development of mdDA neurons, specifying cell types and controlling developmental patterns. In vitro and in vivo, TFs regulate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, all of which are critical for dopamine synthesis and transport in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons). In this review, we encapsulate the molecular mechanism of TFs underlying embryonic growth and maturation of mdDA neurons and update achievements on dopaminergic cell therapy dependent on knowledge of TFs in mdDA neuronal development. We believe that a deeper understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence DA neurons’ fate and development in the midbrain could lead to a better strategy for PD cell therapy.
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Trofimenko E, Homma Y, Fukuda M, Widmann C. The endocytic pathway taken by cationic substances requires Rab14 but not Rab5 and Rab7. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109945. [PMID: 34731620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosome dynamics are controlled by proteins of the small GTPase Rab family. Besides possible recycling routes to the plasma membrane and various organelles, previously described endocytic pathways (e.g., clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, CLIC/GEEC pathway) all appear to funnel the endocytosed material to Rab5-positive early endosomes that then mature into Rab7-positive late endosomes/lysosomes. By studying the uptake of a series of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), we identify an endocytic pathway that moves material to nonacidic Lamp1-positive late endosomes. Trafficking via this endocytic route is fully independent of Rab5 and Rab7 but requires the Rab14 protein. The pathway taken by CPPs differs from the conventional Rab5-dependent endocytosis at the stage of vesicle formation already, as it is not affected by a series of compounds that inhibit macropinocytosis or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The Rab14-dependent pathway is also used by physiological cationic molecules such as polyamines and homeodomains found in homeoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Györfi AH, Matei AE, Fuchs M, Liang C, Rigau AR, Hong X, Zhu H, Luber M, Bergmann C, Dees C, Ludolph I, Horch RE, Distler O, Wang J, Bengsch B, Schett G, Kunz M, Distler JH. Engrailed 1 coordinates cytoskeletal reorganization to induce myofibroblast differentiation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201916. [PMID: 34259830 PMCID: PMC8288503 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a key mediator of fibroblast activation in fibrotic diseases, including systemic sclerosis. Here we show that Engrailed 1 (EN1) is reexpressed in multiple fibroblast subpopulations in the skin of SSc patients. We characterize EN1 as a molecular amplifier of TGFβ signaling in myofibroblast differentiation: TGFβ induces EN1 expression in a SMAD3-dependent manner, and in turn, EN1 mediates the profibrotic effects of TGFβ. RNA sequencing demonstrates that EN1 induces a profibrotic gene expression profile functionally related to cytoskeleton organization and ROCK activation. EN1 regulates gene expression by modulating the activity of SP1 and other SP transcription factors, as confirmed by ChIP-seq experiments for EN1 and SP1. Functional experiments confirm the coordinating role of EN1 on ROCK activity and the reorganization of cytoskeleton during myofibroblast differentiation, in both standard fibroblast culture systems and in vitro skin models. Consistently, mice with fibroblast-specific knockout of En1 demonstrate impaired fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and are partially protected from experimental skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Hermina Györfi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandru-Emil Matei
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fuchs
- Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chunguang Liang
- Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aleix Rius Rigau
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xuezhi Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Markus Luber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Ludolph
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E. Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II: Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H.W. Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Ravel-Godreuil C, Massiani-Beaudoin O, Mailly P, Prochiantz A, Joshi RL, Fuchs J. Perturbed DNA methylation by Gadd45b induces chromatin disorganization, DNA strand breaks and dopaminergic neuron death. iScience 2021; 24:102756. [PMID: 34278264 PMCID: PMC8264156 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, but few studies have explored the contribution of key hallmarks of aging, namely DNA methylation changes and heterochromatin destructuration, in the neurodegenerative process. Here, we investigated the consequences of viral overexpression of Gadd45b, a multifactorial protein involved in DNA demethylation, in the mouse midbrain. Gadd45b overexpression induced global and stable changes in DNA methylation, particularly in introns of genes related to neuronal functions, as well as on LINE-1 transposable elements. This was paralleled by disorganized heterochromatin, increased DNA damage, and vulnerability to oxidative stress. LINE-1 de-repression, a potential source of DNA damage, preceded Gadd45b-induced neurodegeneration, whereas prolonged Gadd45b expression deregulated expression of genes related to heterochromatin maintenance, DNA methylation, or Parkinson's disease. Our data indicates that aging-related alterations contribute to dopaminergic neuron degeneration with potential implications for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ravel-Godreuil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Massiani-Beaudoin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Mailly
- Orion Imaging Facility, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Rajiv L. Joshi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
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12
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Aguila J, Cheng S, Kee N, Cao M, Wang M, Deng Q, Hedlund E. Spatial RNA Sequencing Identifies Robust Markers of Vulnerable and Resistant Human Midbrain Dopamine Neurons and Their Expression in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:699562. [PMID: 34305528 PMCID: PMC8297217 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.699562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining transcriptional profiles of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons is critical to understanding their differential vulnerability in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Here, we determine transcriptomes of human SNc and VTA dopamine neurons using LCM-seq on a large sample cohort. We apply a bootstrapping strategy as sample input to DESeq2 and identify 33 stably differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two subpopulations. We also compute a minimal sample size for identification of stable DEGs, which highlights why previous reported profiles from small sample sizes display extensive variability. Network analysis reveal gene interactions unique to each subpopulation and highlight differences in regulation of mitochondrial stability, apoptosis, neuronal survival, cytoskeleton regulation, extracellular matrix modulation as well as synapse integrity, which could explain the relative resilience of VTA dopamine neurons. Analysis of PD tissues showed that while identified stable DEGs can distinguish the subpopulations also in disease, the SNc markers SLIT1 and ATP2A3 were down-regulated and thus appears to be biomarkers of disease. In summary, our study identifies human SNc and VTA marker profiles, which will be instrumental for studies aiming to modulate dopamine neuron resilience and to validate cell identity of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Aguila
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shangli Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel Kee
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Electrochemically detecting DNA methylation in the EN1 gene promoter: implications for understanding ageing and disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226876. [PMID: 33135722 PMCID: PMC7670582 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for biomarkers which predict age-onset pathology. Although this is challenging, the methylome offers significant potential. Cancer is associated with the hypermethylation of many gene promoters, among which are developmental genes. Evolutionary theory suggests developmental genes arbitrate early-late life trade-offs, causing epimutations that increase disease vulnerability. Such genes could predict age-related disease. The aim of this work was to optimise an electrochemical procedure for the future investigation of a broad range of ageing-related pathologies. An electrochemical approach, which adopted three analytical techniques, was used to investigate DNA methylation in the engrailed-1 (EN1) gene promoter. Using synthetic single-stranded DNA, one technique was able to detect DNA at concentrations as low as 10 nM, with methylation status distinguishable at concentrations >25 nM. A negative correlation could be observed between % methylation of a heterogeneous solution and the key electrochemical parameter, charge transfer resistance (Rct; r = -0.982, P<0.01). The technique was applied to the breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), where a similar correlation was observed (r = -0.965, P<0.01). These results suggest electrochemistry can effectively measure DNA methylation at low concentrations of DNA. This has implications for the future detection of age-related disease.
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14
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Wulansari N, Darsono WHW, Woo HJ, Chang MY, Kim J, Bae EJ, Sun W, Lee JH, Cho IJ, Shin H, Lee SJ, Lee SH. Neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes in human brain organoids carrying Parkinson's disease-linked DNAJC6 mutations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb1540. [PMID: 33597231 PMCID: PMC7888924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of DNAJC6, encoding HSP40 auxilin, have recently been identified in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the roles of DNAJC6 in PD pathogenesis, we used human embryonic stem cells with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Here, we show that DNAJC6 mutations cause key PD pathologic features, i.e., midbrain-type dopamine (mDA) neuron degeneration, pathologic α-synuclein aggregation, increase of intrinsic neuronal firing frequency, and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions in human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs). In addition, neurodevelopmental defects were also manifested in hMLOs carrying the mutations. Transcriptomic analyses followed by experimental validation revealed that defects in DNAJC6-mediated endocytosis impair the WNT-LMX1A signal during the mDA neuron development. Furthermore, reduced LMX1A expression during development caused the generation of vulnerable mDA neurons with the pathologic manifestations. These results suggest that the human model of DNAJC6-PD recapitulates disease phenotypes and reveals mechanisms underlying disease pathology, providing a platform for assessing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahyu Handoko Wibowo Darsono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Woo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Mu MD, Qian ZM, Yang SX, Rong KL, Yung WH, Ke Y. Therapeutic effect of a histone demethylase inhibitor in Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:927. [PMID: 33116116 PMCID: PMC7595123 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is recognized as a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, reducing accumulated iron and associated oxidative stress is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. However, current iron chelators have poor membrane permeability and lack cell-type specificity. Here we identified GSK-J4, a histone demethylase inhibitor with the ability to cross blood brain barrier, as a potent iron suppressor. Only a trace amount of GSK-J4 significantly and selectively reduced intracellular labile iron in dopaminergic neurons, and suppressed H2O2 and 6-OHDA-induced cell death in vitro. The iron-suppressive effect was mainly mediated by inducing an increase in the expression of the iron exporter ferroportin-1. In parallel, GSK-J4 rescued dopaminergic neuron loss and motor defects in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, which was accompanied by reduction of oxidative stress. Importantly, GSK-J4 rescued the abnormal changes of histone methylation, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 during 6-OHDA treatment although the iron-suppressive and neuroprotective effects were sensitive to H3K4me3 inhibition only. Also, upregulating H3K4me3 increased ferroportin-1 expression and neuroprotection. Taken together, we demonstrate a previously unappreciated action of GSK-J4 on cell-specific iron suppression and neuroprotection via epigenetic mechanism. Compared with conventional iron chelators, this compound has a stronger therapeutic potential for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dao Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kang-Lin Rong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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16
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Di Nardo AA, Joliot A, Prochiantz A. Homeoprotein transduction in neurodevelopment and physiopathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc6374. [PMID: 33115744 PMCID: PMC7608782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Homeoproteins were originally identified for embryonic cell-autonomous transcription activity, but they also have non-cell-autonomous activity owing to transfer between cells. This Review discusses transfer mechanisms and focuses on some established functions, such as neurodevelopmental regulation of axon guidance, and postnatal critical periods of brain plasticity that affect sensory processing and cognition. Homeoproteins are present across all eukaryotes, and intercellular transfer occurs in plants and animals. Proposed functions have evolutionary relevance, such as morphogenetic activity and sexual exchange during the mating of unicellular eukaryotes, while others have physiopathological relevance, such as regulation of mood and cognition by influencing brain compartmentalization, connectivity, and plasticity. There are more than 250 known homeoproteins with conserved transfer domains, suggesting that this is a common mode of signal transduction but with many undiscovered functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Alain Joliot
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Apulei J, Kim N, Testa D, Ribot J, Morizet D, Bernard C, Jourdren L, Blugeon C, Di Nardo AA, Prochiantz A. Non-cell Autonomous OTX2 Homeoprotein Regulates Visual Cortex Plasticity Through Gadd45b/g. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2384-2395. [PMID: 29771284 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-cell autonomous transfer of OTX2 homeoprotein transcription factor into juvenile mouse cerebral cortex regulates parvalbumin interneuron maturation and critical period timing. By analyzing gene expression in primary visual cortex of wild-type and Otx2+/GFP mice at plastic and nonplastic ages, we identified several putative genes implicated in Otx2-dependent visual cortex plasticity for ocular dominance. Cortical OTX2 infusion in juvenile mice induced Gadd45b/g expression through direct regulation of transcription. Intriguingly, a reverse effect was found in the adult, where reducing cortical OTX2 resulted in Gadd45b/g upregulation. Viral expression of Gadd45b in adult visual cortex directly induced ocular dominance plasticity with concomitant changes in MeCP2 foci within parvalbumin interneurons and in methylation states of several plasticity gene promoters, suggesting epigenetic regulation. This interaction provides a molecular mechanism for OTX2 to trigger critical period plasticity yet suppress adult plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Apulei
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Namsuk Kim
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Damien Testa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Ribot
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - David Morizet
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Bernard
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- Genomic Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Core Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
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18
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OTX2 Non-Cell Autonomous Activity Regulates Inner Retinal Function. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0012-19.2020. [PMID: 32737182 PMCID: PMC7477954 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0012-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OTX2 is a homeoprotein transcription factor expressed in photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina. OTX2, like many other homeoproteins, transfers between cells and exerts non-cell autonomous effects such as promoting the survival of retinal ganglion cells that do not express the protein. Here we used a genetic approach to target extracellular OTX2 in the retina by conditional expression of a secreted single-chain anti-OTX2 antibody. Compared with control mice, the expression of this antibody by parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the retina is followed by a reduction in visual acuity in 1-month-old mice with no alteration of the retinal structure or cell type number or aspect. The a-waves and b-waves measured by electroretinogram were also indistinguishable from those of control mice, suggesting no functional deficit of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Mice expressing the OTX2-neutralizing antibody did show a significant doubling in the flicker amplitude and a reduction in oscillatory potential, consistent with a change in inner retinal function. Our results show that interfering in vivo with OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity in the postnatal retina leads to an alteration in inner retinal cell functions and causes a deficit in visual acuity.
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19
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Chatterjee D, Sanchez DS, Quansah E, Rey NL, George S, Becker K, Madaj Z, Steiner JA, Ma J, Escobar Galvis ML, Kordower JH, Brundin P. Loss of One Engrailed1 Allele Enhances Induced α-Synucleinopathy. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:315-326. [PMID: 30932894 PMCID: PMC6597991 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a synucleinopathy that has multiple neuropathological characteristics, with nigrostriatal dopamine system degeneration being a core feature. Current models of PD pathology typically fail to recapitulate several attributes of the pathogenic process and neuropathology. We aimed to define the effects of combining a mouse model exhibiting multiple PD-like changes with intrastriatal injections of α-synuclein (α-syn) pre-formed fibril (PFFs) aggregates. We employed the heterozygous Engrailed 1 (En1+/–) mouse that features several pathophysiological hallmarks of clinical PD. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the neuropathological changes in the En1+/– mice will promote formation of α-syn aggregates following intrastriatal injections of pathogenic human α-syn PFFs. Methods: We unilaterally injected PFFs into the striata of 1-month-old En1+/– and control wild-type mice and euthanized animals at 3 months for post-mortem analysis. Results: Using immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology, we established that PFF-injected En1+/– mice exhibited a near-threefold increase in pS129-α-syn-positive neurons in the substantia nigra compared to PFF-injected wild-type mice. The PFF-injected En1+/– mice also displayed significant increases in pS129-α-syn-positive neurons in the amygdala and ventral tegmental area; regions of known PD pathology with projections to the striatum. Additionally, we observed amplified pS129-α-syn-positive aggregation in En1+/– mice in multiple cortical regions. Conclusions: Following intrastriatal injection of PFFs, absence of an En1 allele leads to additional aggregation of pathological α-syn, potentially due to En1-loss mediated nigrostriatal impairment. We propose that further development of this double-hit model could result in a PD mouse model that predicts which experimental therapies will be effective in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptaman Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Saiz Sanchez
- Medical School, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.,Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Emmanuel Quansah
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Katelyn Becker
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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20
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Zhang G, Kang Y, Feng X, Cui R, Guo Q, Ji X, Huang Y, Ma Y, Liu S, Shi G. LncRNAs down-regulate Myh1, Casr, and Mis18a expression in the Substantia Nigra of aged male rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8313-8328. [PMID: 31576812 PMCID: PMC6814601 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are differentially expressed in the Substantia Nigra (SN) of aged and young rats. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were used to perform functional annotation of mRNAs that were either differentially expressed themselves (DEMs), targeted by differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), or the parents of differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs). A total of 112 DEMs, 163 DELs, and 98 DECs were found in the SN of aged rats. The down-regulated lncRNA NONRATT010417.2 targeted the down-regulated mRNA Myh1, while the down-regulated lncRNA NONRATT015586.2 and the up-regulated lncRNAs NONRATT000490.2 and NONRATT007029.2 all targeted the down-regulated mRNAs Casr and Mis18a. Western blots and RT-qPCR revealed that Myh1, Casr, and Mis18a protein and mRNA expression were significantly reduced in aged rats compared to young rats. This study improves our understanding of the transcriptional alterations underlying aging-related changes in the SN and provides a foundation for future studies of associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yunxiao Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Hebei Laboratory Animal Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Rui Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Qiqing Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuanxiang Huang
- Grade 2015 Eight-year Clinical Medicine Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yannan Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Hebei Laboratory Animal Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Geming Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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21
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Homeoprotein Neuroprotection of Embryonic Neuronal Cells. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0061-19.2019. [PMID: 31451602 PMCID: PMC6763833 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0061-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most homeoprotein transcription factors have a highly conserved internalization domain used in intercellular transfer. Internalization of homeoproteins ENGRAILED1 or ENGRAILED2 promotes the survival of adult dopaminergic cells, whereas that of OTX2 protects adult retinal ganglion cells. Here we characterize the in vitro neuroprotective activity of several homeoproteins in response to H2O2. Protection is observed with ENGRAILED1, ENGRAILED2, OTX2, GBX2, and LHX9 on midbrain and striatal embryonic neurons, whereas cell-permeable c-MYC shows no protective effects. Therefore, five homeoproteins belonging to three different classes (ANTENNAPEDIA, PAIRED, and LIM) share the ability to protect embryonic neurons from midbrain and striatum. Because midbrain and striatal neurons do not express the same repertoire of the four proteins, a lack of neuronal specificity together with a general protective activity can be proposed. Interestingly, hEN1 and GBX2 provided protection to primary midbrain astrocytes but not to non-neural cells, including mouse embryo fibroblasts, macrophages or HeLa cells. For the four proteins, protection against cell death correlated with a reduction in the number of H2O2-induced DNA break foci in midbrain and striatal neurons. In conclusion, within the limit of the number of cell types and homeoproteins tested, homeoprotein protection against oxidative stress-induced DNA breaks and death is specific to neurons and astrocytes but shows no homeoprotein or neuronal type specificity.
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22
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Global Analysis of Intercellular Homeodomain Protein Transfer. Cell Rep 2019; 28:712-722.e3. [PMID: 31315049 PMCID: PMC9472292 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain is found in hundreds of transcription factors that play roles in fate determination via cell-autonomous regulation of gene expression. However, some homeodomain-containing proteins (HPs) are thought to be secreted and penetrate neighboring cells to affect the recipient cell fate. To determine whether this is a general characteristic of HPs, we carried out a large-scale validation for intercellular transfer of HPs. Our screening reveals that intercellular transfer is a general feature of HPs, but it occurs in a cell-context-sensitive manner. We also found the secretion is not solely a function of the homeodomain, but it is supported by external motifs containing hydrophobic residues. Thus, mutations of hydrophobic residues of HPs abrogate secretion and consequently interfere with HP function in recipient cells. Collectively, our study proposes that HP transfer is an intercellular communication method that couples the functions of interacting cells. Lee et al. evaluate capabilities of homeodomain proteins (HPs) for transfer between cells. They find that intercellular transfer is a general but cell-context-sensitive property of HP. Intercellular HP transfer can be an unconventional way for the cells to communicate with neighboring cells that associate structurally and functionally.
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23
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Thomasson N, Pioli E, Friedel C, Monseur A, Lavaur J, Moya KL, Bezard E, Bousseau A, Prochiantz A. Engrailed-1 induces long-lasting behavior benefit in an experimental Parkinson primate model. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1082-1084. [PMID: 31077447 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth L Moya
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche Paris-Sciences-Lettres 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Alain Prochiantz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche Paris-Sciences-Lettres 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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24
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Cognitive and anxiety-like impairments accompanied by serotonergic ultrastructural and immunohistochemical alterations in early stages of parkinsonism. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:213-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Di Nardo AA, Fuchs J, Joshi RL, Moya KL, Prochiantz A. The Physiology of Homeoprotein Transduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1943-1982. [PMID: 30067157 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeoprotein family comprises ~300 transcription factors and was long seen as primarily involved in developmental programs through cell autonomous regulation. However, recent evidence reveals that many of these factors are also expressed in the adult where they exert physiological functions not yet fully deciphered. Furthermore, the DNA-binding domain of most homeoproteins contains two signal sequences allowing their secretion and internalization, thus intercellular transfer. This review focuses on this new-found signaling in cell migration, axon guidance, and cerebral cortex physiological homeostasis and speculates on how it may play important roles in early arealization of the neuroepithelium. It also describes the use of homeoproteins as therapeutic proteins in mouse models of diseases affecting the central nervous system, in particular Parkinson disease and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Rajiv L Joshi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Kenneth L Moya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
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26
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Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim S, Cho KS, Lee SB. Chromatin Changes Associated with Neuronal Maintenance and Their Pharmacological Application. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:118-125. [PMID: 28571546 PMCID: PMC5883374 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601124220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The transcriptional control of neuronal specification and early development has been intensively stud-ied over the past few decades. However, relatively little is known about transcriptional programs associated with the mainte-nance of terminally differentiated neuronal cells with respect to their functions, structures, and cell type-specific identity features. Methods: Notably, largely because of the recent advances in related techniques such as next generation sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, the physiological implications of system-wide regulation of gene expression through changes in chromatin states have begun to be extensively studied in various contexts and systems, including the nervous system. Results: Here, we attempt to review our current understanding of the link between chromatin changes and neuronal mainte-nance in the period of life after the completion of neuronal development. Perturbations involving chromatin changes in the system-wide transcriptional control are believed to be closely associated with diverse aspects of neuronal aging and neuro-degenerative conditions. Conclusion: In this review, we focused on heterochromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in neurodegenerative conditions as well as neuronal aging, the most important risk factor leading to neuronal degeneration, in order to highlight the close association between chromatin changes and neuronal maintenance. Lastly, we reviewed the cur-rently available and potential future applications of pharmacological control of the chromatin states associated with neuronal maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029. Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sunhong Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029. Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988. Korea
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27
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Blaudin de Thé FX, Rekaik H, Peze-Heidsieck E, Massiani-Beaudoin O, Joshi RL, Fuchs J, Prochiantz A. Engrailed homeoprotein blocks degeneration in adult dopaminergic neurons through LINE-1 repression. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797374. [PMID: 29941661 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 mobile genetic elements have shaped the mammalian genome during evolution. A minority of them have escaped fossilization which, when activated, can threaten genome integrity. We report that LINE-1 are expressed in substantia nigra ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons, a class of neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. In Engrailed-1 heterozygotes, these neurons show a progressive degeneration that starts at 6 weeks of age, coinciding with an increase in LINE-1 expression. Similarly, DNA damage and cell death, induced by an acute oxidative stress applied to embryonic midbrain neurons in culture or to adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo, are accompanied by enhanced LINE-1 expression. Reduction of LINE-1 activity through (i) direct transcriptional repression by Engrailed, (ii) a siRNA directed against LINE-1, (iii) the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor stavudine, and (iv) viral Piwil1 expression, protects against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo We thus propose that LINE-1 overexpression triggers oxidative stress-induced DNA strand breaks and that an Engrailed adult function is to protect mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons through the repression of LINE-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Blaudin de Thé
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Hocine Rekaik
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Eugenie Peze-Heidsieck
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivia Massiani-Beaudoin
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rajiv L Joshi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris Cedex 05, France
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28
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Kurowska Z, Kordower JH, Stoessl AJ, Burke RE, Brundin P, Yue Z, Brady ST, Milbrandt J, Trapp BD, Sherer TB, Medicetty S. Is Axonal Degeneration a Key Early Event in Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 6:703-707. [PMID: 27497486 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that in Parkinson's disease the long, thin and unmyelinated axons of dopaminergic neurons degenerate early in the disease process. We organized a workshop entitled 'Axonal Pathology in Parkinson's disease', on March 23rd, 2016, in Cleveland, Ohio with the goals of summarizing the state-of-the-art and defining key gaps in knowledge. A group of eight research leaders discussed new developments in clinical pathology, functional imaging, animal models, and mechanisms of degeneration including neuroinflammation, autophagy and axonal transport deficits. While the workshop focused on PD, comparisons were made to other neurological conditions where axonal degeneration is well recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kurowska
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Renovo Neural Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E Burke
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Renovo Neural Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Todd B Sherer
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Wang R, Yang S, Nie T, Zhu G, Feng D, Yang Q. Transcription Factors: Potential Cell Death Markers in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:552-560. [PMID: 28791585 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a long preclinical phase. The continuous loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of PD. Diagnosis largely depends on clinical observation, but motor dysfunctions do not emerge until 70%-80% of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals have been destroyed. Therefore, a biomarker that indicates the degeneration of DA neurons is urgently needed. Transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate RNA synthesis from a DNA template. The precise control of gene expression plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and survival of cells, including DA neurons. Deficiency of certain transcription factors has been associated with DA neuron loss and PD. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors and discuss their structure, function, mechanisms of neuroprotection, and their potential for use as biomarkers indicating the degeneration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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30
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Genetic Otx2 mis-localization delays critical period plasticity across brain regions. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:680-688. [PMID: 28194008 PMCID: PMC5400722 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of non-cell autonomous Otx2 homeoprotein in postnatal mouse visual cortex (V1) has been implicated in both the onset and closure of critical period (CP) plasticity. Here, we show that a genetic point mutation in the glycosaminoglycan recognition motif of Otx2 broadly delays the maturation of pivotal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons not only in V1 but also in the primary auditory (A1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Consequently, not only visual, but also auditory plasticity is delayed, including the experience-dependent expansion of tonotopic maps in A1 and the acquisition of acoustic preferences in mPFC, which mitigates anxious behavior. In addition, Otx2 mis-localization leads to dynamic turnover of selected perineuronal net (PNN) components well beyond the normal CP in V1 and mPFC. These findings reveal widespread actions of Otx2 signaling in the postnatal cortex controlling the maturational trajectory across modalities. Disrupted PV+ network function and deficits in PNN integrity are implicated in a variety of psychiatric illnesses, suggesting a potential global role for Otx2 function in establishing mental health.
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31
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Nouri N, Awatramani R. A novel floor plate boundary defined by adjacent En1 and Dbx1 microdomains distinguishes midbrain dopamine and hypothalamic neurons. Development 2017; 144:916-927. [PMID: 28174244 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mesodiencephalic floor plate (mdFP) is the source of diverse neuron types. Yet, how this structure is compartmentalized has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we identify a novel boundary subdividing the mdFP into two microdomains, defined by engrailed 1 (En1) and developing brain homeobox 1 (Dbx1). Utilizing simultaneous dual and intersectional fate mapping, we demonstrate that this boundary is precisely formed with minimal overlap between En1 and Dbx1 microdomains, unlike many other boundaries. We show that the En1 microdomain gives rise to dopaminergic (DA) neurons, whereas the Dbx1 microdomain gives rise to subthalamic (STN), premammillary (PM) and posterior hypothalamic (PH) populations. To determine whether En1 is sufficient to induce DA neuron production beyond its normal limit, we generated a mouse strain that expresses En1 in the Dbx1 microdomain. In mutants, we observed ectopic production of DA neurons derived from the Dbx1 microdomain, at the expense of STN and PM populations. Our findings provide new insights into subdivisions in the mdFP, and will impact current strategies for the conversion of stem cells into DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Nouri
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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32
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Identification of Multiple QTLs Linked to Neuropathology in the Engrailed-1 Heterozygous Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31701. [PMID: 27550741 PMCID: PMC4994027 DOI: 10.1038/srep31701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are attributed to degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DNs). Heterozygosity for Engrailed-1 (En1), one of the key factors for programming and maintenance of DNs, results in a parkinsonian phenotype featuring progressive degeneration of DNs in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), decreased striatal dopamine levels and swellings of nigro-striatal axons in the SwissOF1-En1+/− mouse strain. In contrast, C57Bl/6-En1+/− mice do not display this neurodegenerative phenotype, suggesting that susceptibility to En1 heterozygosity is genetically regulated. Our goal was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate the susceptibility to PD-like neurodegenerative changes in response to loss of one En1 allele. We intercrossed SwissOF1-En1+/− and C57Bl/6 mice to obtain F2 mice with mixed genomes and analyzed number of DNs in SNpc and striatal axonal swellings in 120 F2-En1+/− 17 week-old male mice. Linkage analyses revealed 8 QTLs linked to number of DNs (p = 2.4e-09, variance explained = 74%), 7 QTLs linked to load of axonal swellings (p = 1.7e-12, variance explained = 80%) and 8 QTLs linked to size of axonal swellings (p = 7.0e-11, variance explained = 74%). These loci should be of prime interest for studies of susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease-like damage in rodent disease models and considered in clinical association studies in PD.
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