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Wirth D, Özdemir E, Hristova K. Probing phosphorylation events in biological membranes: The transducer function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184362. [PMID: 38885782 PMCID: PMC11365757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular environment is sensed by receptors in the plasma membrane. Some of these receptors initiate cytoplasmic signaling cascades involving phosphorylation: the addition of a phosphate group to a specific amino acid, such as tyrosine, in a protein. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are one large class of membrane receptors that can directly initiate signaling cascades through their intracellular kinase domains, which both catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation and get phosphorylated. In the first step of signaling, the ligands stabilize phosphorylation-competent RTK dimers and oligomers, which leads to the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the activation loop of the kinases. Here we discuss quantitative measurements of tyrosine phosphorylation efficiencies for RTKs, described by the "transducer function". The transducer function links the phosphorylation (the response) and the binding of the activating ligand to the receptor (the stimulus). We overview a methodology that allows such measurements in direct response to ligand binding. We discuss experiments which demonstrate that EGF is a partial agonist, and that two tyrosines in the intracellular domain of EGFR, Y1068 and Y1173, are differentially phosphorylated in the EGF-bound EGFR dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wirth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Ece Özdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America.
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2
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Huang Y, Hou R, Lam FS, Jia Y, Zhou Y, He X, Li G, Xiong F, Cao Y, Wang D, Li X. Agonist Discovery for Membrane Proteins on Live Cells by Using DNA-encoded Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24638-24653. [PMID: 39171830 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Identifying biologically active ligands for membrane proteins is an important task in chemical biology. We report an approach to directly identify small molecule agonists against membrane proteins by selecting DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) on live cells. This method connects extracellular ligand binding with intracellular biochemical transformation, thereby biasing the selection toward agonist identification. We have demonstrated the methodology with three membrane proteins: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR), and insulin receptor (INSR). A ∼30 million and a 1.033 billion-compound DEL were selected against these targets, and novel agonists with subnanomolar affinity and low micromolar cellular activities have been discovered. The INSR agonists activated the receptor by possibly binding to an allosteric site, exhibited clear synergistic effects with insulin, and activated the downstream signaling pathways. Notably, the agonists did not activate the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), a highly homologous receptor whose activation may lead to tumor progression. Collectively, this work has developed an approach toward "functional" DEL selections on the cell surface and may provide a widely applicable method for agonist discovery for membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission, Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Fong Sang Lam
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yunxuan Jia
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission, Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xun He
- Shenzhen NewDEL Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Shenzhen NewDEL Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission, Units 1503-1511, 15/F., Building 17W, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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3
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Takayama M, Maeda S, Watanabe D, Takebayashi K, Hiroshima M, Ueda M. Cholesterol suppresses spontaneous activation of EGFR-mediated signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 704:149673. [PMID: 38401305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signal transduction controls cell growth and proliferation. The signaling pathway is regulated so that it is activated only by external EGF stimuli, but the mechanisms that prevent EGF-independent spontaneous activation of EGFR-mediated signaling are unknown. Here we report cholesterol depletion activates EGFR-mediated signaling without EGF. We applied automated single-molecule imaging to EGFR and characterized the lateral diffusion and cluster formation on cholesterol-depleted and cholesterol-supplemented membranes. In cells in which cholesterol was depleted by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) treatment, EGFR exhibited a reduction in lateral diffusion, an acceleration of cluster formation, and autophosphorylation without EGF. Concurrently, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is regulated by EGFR-mediated signaling, exhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation without EGF. These cholesterol depletion-induced changes were similar, albeit less efficient, to those that occurred with EGF stimulation in normal cells without MβCD, indicating the spontaneous activation of EGFR signaling. The exogenous supplementation of cholesterol suppressed the MβCD-induced spontaneous activation of EGFR and ERK nuclear translocation. Single-molecule imaging of EGFR in a large number of cells revealed cell-to-cell heterogeneity, with a sub-population showing a high ability for spontaneous activation. These results provide evidence that EGFR-mediated signaling is properly regulated by cholesterol metabolism to prevent uncontrolled spontaneous activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Takayama
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Sakura Maeda
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takebayashi
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Michio Hiroshima
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory of Single Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, BDR (Biosystems and Dynamics Research Center), RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
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4
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muñoz-Vega M, Salinas ML, Wang X, Chapkin RS. Dysregulation of cellular membrane homeostasis as a crucial modulator of cancer risk. FEBS J 2024; 291:1299-1352. [PMID: 36282100 PMCID: PMC10126207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes serve as an epicentre combining extracellular and cytosolic components with membranous effectors, which together support numerous fundamental cellular signalling pathways that mediate biological responses. To execute their functions, membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates arrange, in a highly coordinated manner, into well-defined assemblies displaying diverse biological and biophysical characteristics that modulate several signalling events. The loss of membrane homeostasis can trigger oncogenic signalling. More recently, it has been documented that select membrane active dietaries (MADs) can reshape biological membranes and subsequently decrease cancer risk. In this review, we emphasize the significance of membrane domain structure, organization and their signalling functionalities as well as how loss of membrane homeostasis can steer aberrant signalling. Moreover, we describe in detail the complexities associated with the examination of these membrane domains and their association with cancer. Finally, we summarize the current literature on MADs and their effects on cellular membranes, including various mechanisms of dietary chemoprevention/interception and the functional links between nutritional bioactives, membrane homeostasis and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Erazo-Oliveras
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Michael L. Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Department of Nutrition; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
- Center for Environmental Health Research; Texas A&M University; College Station, Texas, 77843; USA
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5
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Lee JY, Bhandare RR, Boddu SHS, Shaik AB, Saktivel LP, Gupta G, Negi P, Barakat M, Singh SK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumour suppressor genes in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116275. [PMID: 38394846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor genes play a cardinal role in the development of a large array of human cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Therefore, extensive studies have been committed to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of alterations of tumour suppressor genes in governing tumourigenesis, as well as resistance to cancer therapies. In spite of the encouraging clinical outcomes demonstrated by lung cancer patients on initial treatment, the subsequent unresponsiveness to first-line treatments manifested by virtually all the patients is inherently a contentious issue. In light of the aforementioned concerns, this review compiles the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of some of the tumour suppressor genes implicated in lung cancer that are either frequently mutated and/or are located on the chromosomal arms having high LOH rates (1p, 3p, 9p, 10q, 13q, and 17p). Our study identifies specific genomic loci prone to LOH, revealing a recurrent pattern in lung cancer cases. These loci, including 3p14.2 (FHIT), 9p21.3 (p16INK4a), 10q23 (PTEN), 17p13 (TP53), exhibit a higher susceptibility to LOH due to environmental factors such as exposure to DNA-damaging agents (carcinogens in cigarette smoke) and genetic factors such as chromosomal instability, genetic mutations, DNA replication errors, and genetic predisposition. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current treatment landscape and advancements for lung cancers, including the challenges and endeavours to overcome it. This review envisages inspired researchers to embark on a journey of discovery to add to the list of what was known in hopes of prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Richie R Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afzal B Shaik
- St. Mary's College of Pharmacy, St. Mary's Group of Institutions Guntur, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Chebrolu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522212, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Lakshmana Prabu Saktivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman-11937, Jordan
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara 144411, India; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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6
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Iyer RS, Needham SR, Galdadas I, Davis BM, Roberts SK, Man RCH, Zanetti-Domingues LC, Clarke DT, Fruhwirth GO, Parker PJ, Rolfe DJ, Gervasio FL, Martin-Fernandez ML. Drug-resistant EGFR mutations promote lung cancer by stabilizing interfaces in ligand-free kinase-active EGFR oligomers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2130. [PMID: 38503739 PMCID: PMC10951324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is frequently found to be mutated in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogenic EGFR has been successfully targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but acquired drug resistance eventually overcomes the efficacy of these treatments. Attempts to surmount this therapeutic challenge are hindered by a poor understanding of how and why cancer mutations specifically amplify ligand-independent EGFR auto-phosphorylation signals to enhance cell survival and how this amplification is related to ligand-dependent cell proliferation. Here we show that drug-resistant EGFR mutations manipulate the assembly of ligand-free, kinase-active oligomers to promote and stabilize the assembly of oligomer-obligate active dimer sub-units and circumvent the need for ligand binding. We reveal the structure and assembly mechanisms of these ligand-free, kinase-active oligomers, uncovering oncogenic functions for hitherto orphan transmembrane and kinase interfaces, and for the ectodomain tethered conformation of EGFR. Importantly, we find that the active dimer sub-units within ligand-free oligomers are the high affinity binding sites competent to bind physiological ligand concentrations and thus drive tumor growth, revealing a link with tumor proliferation. Our findings provide a framework for future drug discovery directed at tackling oncogenic EGFR mutations by disabling oligomer-assembling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sumanth Iyer
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Immunocore Limited, 92 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, UK
| | - Sarah R Needham
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ioannis Galdadas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- ISPSO, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin M Davis
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Selene K Roberts
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rico C H Man
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer Group, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - David T Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapies and Cancer Group, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Rolfe
- Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Francesco L Gervasio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- ISPSO, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Chemistry Department, University College London, London, UK.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Muraro E, Montico B, Lum B, Colizzi F, Giurato G, Salvati A, Guerrieri R, Rizzo A, Comaro E, Canzonieri V, Anichini A, Del Vecchio M, Mortarini R, Milione M, Weisz A, Pizzichetta MA, Simpson F, Dolcetti R, Fratta E, Sigalotti L. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-inducing anti-EGFR antibodies as effective therapeutic option for cutaneous melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336566. [PMID: 38510242 PMCID: PMC10950948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction About 50% of cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients present activating BRAF mutations that can be effectively targeted by BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). However, 20% of CM patients exhibit intrinsic drug resistance to BRAFi, while most of the others develop adaptive resistance over time. The mechanisms involved in BRAFi resistance are disparate and globally seem to rewire the cellular signaling profile by up-regulating different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). RTKs inhibitors have not clearly demonstrated anti-tumor activity in BRAFi resistant models. To overcome this issue, we wondered whether the shared up-regulated RTK phenotype associated with BRAFi resistance could be exploited by using immune weapons as the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediated effect of anti-RTKs antibodies, and kill tumor cells independently from the mechanistic roots. Methods and results By using an in vitro model of BRAFi resistance, we detected increased membrane expression of EGFR, both at mRNA and protein level in 4 out of 9 BRAFi-resistant (VR) CM cultures as compared to their parental sensitive cells. Increased EGFR phosphorylation and AKT activation were observed in the VR CM cultures. EGFR signaling appeared dispensable for maintaining resistance, since small molecule-, antibody- and CRISPR-targeting of EGFR did not restore sensitivity of VR cells to BRAFi. Importantly, immune-targeting of EGFR by the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab efficiently and specifically killed EGFR-expressing VR CM cells, both in vitro and in humanized mouse models in vivo, triggering ADCC by healthy donors' and patients' peripheral blood cells. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the efficacy of immune targeting of RTKs expressed by CM relapsing on BRAFi, providing the proof-of-concept supporting the assessment of anti-RTK antibodies in combination therapies in this setting. This strategy might be expected to concomitantly trigger the crosstalk of adaptive immune response leading to a complementing T cell immune rejection of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Montico
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Benedict Lum
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Francesca Colizzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health - CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Annamaria Salvati
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health - CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
- Molecular Pathology and Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona' University of Salerno and Rete Oncologica Campana, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberto Guerrieri
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Elisa Comaro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Division of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Del Vecchio
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mortarini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Pathology Unit 1, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health - CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
- Molecular Pathology and Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona' University of Salerno and Rete Oncologica Campana, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Translational and Clinical Immunotherapy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Luca Sigalotti
- Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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8
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Benman W, Huang Z, Iyengar P, Wilde D, Mumford TR, Bugaj LJ. A temperature-inducible protein module for control of mammalian cell fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.19.581019. [PMID: 38464222 PMCID: PMC10925237 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.19.581019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Inducible protein switches are used throughout the biosciences to allow on-demand control of proteins in response to chemical or optical inputs. However, these inducers either cannot be controlled with precision in space and time or cannot be applied in optically dense settings, limiting their application in tissues and organisms. Here we introduce a protein module whose active state can be reversibly toggled with a small change in temperature, a stimulus that is both penetrant and dynamic. This protein, called Melt (Membrane localization through temperature), exists as a monomer in the cytoplasm at elevated temperatures but both oligomerizes and translocates to the plasma membrane when temperature is lowered. Using custom devices for rapid and high-throughput temperature control during live-cell microscopy, we find that the original Melt variant fully switches states between 28-32°C, and state changes can be observed within minutes of temperature changes. Melt was highly modular, permitting thermal control over diverse intracellular processes including signaling, proteolysis, and nuclear shuttling through straightforward end-to-end fusions with no further engineering. Melt was also highly tunable, giving rise to a library of Melt variants with switch point temperatures ranging from 30-40°C. The variants with higher switch points allowed control of molecular circuits between 37°C-41°C, a well-tolerated range for mammalian cells. Finally, Melt could thermally regulate important cell decisions over this range, including cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis. Thus Melt represents a versatile thermogenetic module that provides straightforward, temperature-based, real-time control of mammalian cells with broad potential for biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Benman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zikang Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pavan Iyengar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Delaney Wilde
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas R. Mumford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lukasz J. Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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9
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Xiong D, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Lee D, Gupta S, Torres M, Lu W, Liang S, Kang JJ, Eng C, Loscalzo J, Cheng F, Yu H. Structurally-informed human interactome reveals proteome-wide perturbations by disease mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.24.538110. [PMID: 37162909 PMCID: PMC10168245 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human genome sequencing studies have identified numerous loci associated with complex diseases. However, translating human genetic and genomic findings to disease pathobiology and therapeutic discovery remains a major challenge at multiscale interactome network levels. Here, we present a deep-learning-based ensemble framework, termed PIONEER (Protein-protein InteractiOn iNtErfacE pRediction), that accurately predicts protein binding partner-specific interfaces for all known protein interactions in humans and seven other common model organisms, generating comprehensive structurally-informed protein interactomes. We demonstrate that PIONEER outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. We further systematically validated PIONEER predictions experimentally through generating 2,395 mutations and testing their impact on 6,754 mutation-interaction pairs, confirming the high quality and validity of PIONEER predictions. We show that disease-associated mutations are enriched in PIONEER-predicted protein-protein interfaces after mapping mutations from ~60,000 germline exomes and ~36,000 somatic genomes. We identify 586 significant protein-protein interactions (PPIs) enriched with PIONEER-predicted interface somatic mutations (termed oncoPPIs) from pan-cancer analysis of ~11,000 tumor whole-exomes across 33 cancer types. We show that PIONEER-predicted oncoPPIs are significantly associated with patient survival and drug responses from both cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. We identify a landscape of PPI-perturbing tumor alleles upon ubiquitination by E3 ligases, and we experimentally validate the tumorigenic KEAP1-NRF2 interface mutation p.Thr80Lys in non-small cell lung cancer. We show that PIONEER-predicted PPI-perturbing alleles alter protein abundance and correlates with drug responses and patient survival in colon and uterine cancers as demonstrated by proteogenomic data from the National Cancer Institute's Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium. PIONEER, implemented as both a web server platform and a software package, identifies functional consequences of disease-associated alleles and offers a deep learning tool for precision medicine at multiscale interactome network levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Xiong
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Center for Innovative Proteomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yunguang Qiu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dongjin Lee
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shobhita Gupta
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Center for Innovative Proteomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Biophysics Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mateo Torres
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Center for Innovative Proteomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siqi Liang
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jin Joo Kang
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Center for Innovative Proteomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Center for Innovative Proteomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Mudumbi KC, Burns EA, Schodt DJ, Petrova ZO, Kiyatkin A, Kim LW, Mangiacapre EM, Ortiz-Caraveo I, Rivera Ortiz H, Hu C, Ashtekar KD, Lidke KA, Lidke DS, Lemmon MA. Distinct interactions stabilize EGFR dimers and higher-order oligomers in cell membranes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113603. [PMID: 38117650 PMCID: PMC10835193 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with important roles in many cellular processes as well as in cancer and other diseases. EGF binding promotes EGFR dimerization and autophosphorylation through interactions that are well understood structurally. How these dimers relate to higher-order EGFR oligomers seen in cell membranes, however, remains unclear. Here, we used single-particle tracking (SPT) and Förster resonance energy transfer imaging to examine how each domain of EGFR contributes to receptor oligomerization and the rate of receptor diffusion in the cell membrane. Although the extracellular region of EGFR is sufficient to drive receptor dimerization, we find that the EGF-induced EGFR slowdown seen by SPT requires higher-order oligomerization-mediated in part by the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain when it adopts an active conformation. Our data thus provide important insight into the interactions required for higher-order EGFR assemblies involved in EGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Mudumbi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Eric A Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David J Schodt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Zaritza O Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Anatoly Kiyatkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Lucy W Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Emma M Mangiacapre
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Irais Ortiz-Caraveo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hector Rivera Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Kumar D Ashtekar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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11
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Gormal RS, Martinez-Marmol R, Brooks AJ, Meunier FA. Location, location, location: Protein kinase nanoclustering for optimised signalling output. eLife 2024; 13:e93902. [PMID: 38206309 PMCID: PMC10783869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) are proteins at the core of cellular signalling and are thereby responsible for most cellular physiological processes and their regulations. As for all intracellular proteins, PKs are subjected to Brownian thermal energy that tends to homogenise their distribution throughout the volume of the cell. To access their substrates and perform their critical functions, PK localisation is therefore tightly regulated in space and time, relying upon a range of clustering mechanisms. These include post-translational modifications, protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, as well as liquid-liquid phase separation, allowing spatial restriction and ultimately regulating access to their substrates. In this review, we will focus on key mechanisms mediating PK nanoclustering in physiological and pathophysiological processes. We propose that PK nanoclusters act as a cellular quantal unit of signalling output capable of integration and regulation in space and time. We will specifically outline the various super-resolution microscopy approaches currently used to elucidate the composition and mechanisms driving PK nanoscale clustering and explore the pathological consequences of altered kinase clustering in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ramon Martinez-Marmol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Frazer Institute, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaAustralia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of QueenslandSt LuciaAustralia
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12
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Zheng LW, Liu CC, Yu KD. Phase separations in oncogenesis, tumor progressions and metastasis: a glance from hallmarks of cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:123. [PMID: 38110976 PMCID: PMC10726551 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a novel principle for interpreting precise spatiotemporal coordination in living cells through biomolecular condensate (BMC) formation via dynamic aggregation. LLPS changes individual molecules into membrane-free, droplet-like BMCs with specific functions, which coordinate various cellular activities. The formation and regulation of LLPS are closely associated with oncogenesis, tumor progressions and metastasis, the specific roles and mechanisms of LLPS in tumors still need to be further investigated at present. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the conditions of LLPS and identify mechanisms involved in abnormal LLPS in cancer processes, including tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis from the perspective of cancer hallmarks. We have also reviewed the clinical applications of LLPS in oncologic areas. This systematic summary of dysregulated LLPS from the different dimensions of cancer hallmarks will build a bridge for determining its specific functions to further guide basic research, finding strategies to intervene in LLPS, and developing relevant therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Wei Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke-Da Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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13
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Schultz DF, Billadeau DD, Jois SD. EGFR trafficking: effect of dimerization, dynamics, and mutation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1258371. [PMID: 37752992 PMCID: PMC10518470 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1258371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous dimerization of EGF receptors (EGFR) and dysregulation of EGFR signaling has been associated with the development of different cancers. Under normal physiological conditions and to maintain homeostatic cell growth, once EGFR signaling occurs, it needs to be attenuated. Activated EGFRs are rapidly internalized, sorted through early endosomes, and ultimately degraded in lysosomes by a process generally known as receptor down-regulation. Through alterations to EGFR trafficking, tumors develop resistance to current treatment strategies, thus highlighting the necessity for combination treatment strategies that target EGFR trafficking. This review covers EGFR structure, trafficking, and altered surface expression of EGFR receptors in cancer, with a focus on how therapy targeting EGFR trafficking may aid tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Seetharama D. Jois
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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14
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Chhabra Y, Seiffert P, Gormal RS, Vullings M, Lee CMM, Wallis TP, Dehkhoda F, Indrakumar S, Jacobsen NL, Lindorff-Larsen K, Durisic N, Waters MJ, Meunier FA, Kragelund BB, Brooks AJ. Tyrosine kinases compete for growth hormone receptor binding and regulate receptor mobility and degradation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112490. [PMID: 37163374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) acts via JAK2 and LYN to regulate growth, metabolism, and neural function. However, the relationship between these tyrosine kinases remains enigmatic. Through an interdisciplinary approach combining cell biology, structural biology, computation, and single-particle tracking on live cells, we find overlapping LYN and JAK2 Box1-Box2-binding regions in GH receptor (GHR). Our data implicate direct competition between JAK2 and LYN for GHR binding and imply divergent signaling profiles. We show that GHR exhibits distinct mobility states within the cell membrane and that activation of LYN by GH mediates GHR immobilization, thereby initiating its nanoclustering in the membrane. Importantly, we observe that LYN mediates cytokine receptor degradation, thereby controlling receptor turnover and activity, and this applies to related cytokine receptors. Our study offers insight into the molecular interactions of LYN with GHR and highlights important functions for LYN in regulating GHR nanoclustering, signaling, and degradation, traits broadly relevant to many cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
| | - Pernille Seiffert
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Manon Vullings
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Tristan P Wallis
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Farhad Dehkhoda
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory & Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina L Jacobsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory & Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nela Durisic
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Mudumbi KC, Burns EA, Schodt DJ, Petrova ZO, Kiyatkin A, Kim LW, Mangiacapre EM, Ortiz-Caraveo I, Ortiz HR, Hu C, Ashtekar KD, Lidke KA, Lidke DS, Lemmon MA. Distinct interactions stabilize EGFR dimers and higher-order oligomers in cell membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536273. [PMID: 37090557 PMCID: PMC10120646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) with important roles in many cellular processes as well as cancer and other diseases. EGF binding promotes EGFR dimerization and autophosphorylation through interactions that are well understood structurally. However, it is not clear how these dimers relate to higher-order EGFR oligomers detected at the cell surface. We used single-particle tracking (SPT) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging to examine how each domain within EGFR contributes to receptor dimerization and the rate of its diffusion in the cell membrane. We show that the EGFR extracellular region is sufficient to drive receptor dimerization, but that the EGF-induced EGFR slow-down seen by SPT requires formation of higher order oligomers, mediated in part by the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain - but only when in its active conformation. Our data thus provide important insight into higher-order EGFR interactions required for EGF signaling.
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16
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Luo Y, Xiang S, Feng J. Protein Phase Separation: New Insights into Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235971. [PMID: 36497453 PMCID: PMC9740862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase separation is now acknowledged as an essential biologic mechanism wherein distinct activated molecules assemble into a different phase from the surrounding constituents of a cell. Condensates formed by phase separation play an essential role in the life activities of various organisms under normal physiological conditions, including the advanced structure and regulation of chromatin, autophagic degradation of incorrectly folded or unneeded proteins, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. During malignant transformation, abnormally altered condensate assemblies are often associated with the abnormal activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors, resulting in the promotion of the carcinogenic process. Thus, understanding the role of phase separation in various biological evolutionary processes will provide new ideas for the development of drugs targeting specific condensates, which is expected to be an effective cancer therapy strategy. However, the relationship between phase separation and cancer has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we mainly summarize the main processes and characteristics of phase separation and the main methods for detecting phase separation. In addition, we summarize the cancer proteins and signaling pathways involved in phase separation and discuss their promising future applications in addressing the unmet clinical therapeutic needs of people with cancer. Finally, we explain the means of targeted phase separation and cancer treatment.
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17
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Srinivasan S, Regmi R, Lin X, Dreyer CA, Chen X, Quinn SD, He W, Coleman MA, Carraway KL, Zhang B, Schlau-Cohen GS. Ligand-induced transmembrane conformational coupling in monomeric EGFR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3709. [PMID: 35794108 PMCID: PMC9259572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Single pass cell surface receptors regulate cellular processes by transmitting ligand-encoded signals across the plasma membrane via changes to their extracellular and intracellular conformations. This transmembrane signaling is generally initiated by ligand binding to the receptors in their monomeric form. While subsequent receptor-receptor interactions are established as key aspects of transmembrane signaling, the contribution of monomeric receptors has been challenging to isolate due to the complexity and ligand-dependence of these interactions. By combining membrane nanodiscs produced with cell-free expression, single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations, we report that ligand binding induces intracellular conformational changes within monomeric, full-length epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Our observations establish the existence of extracellular/intracellular conformational coupling within a single receptor molecule. We implicate a series of electrostatic interactions in the conformational coupling and find the coupling is inhibited by targeted therapeutics and mutations that also inhibit phosphorylation in cells. Collectively, these results introduce a facile mechanism to link the extracellular and intracellular regions through the single transmembrane helix of monomeric EGFR, and raise the possibility that intramolecular transmembrane conformational changes upon ligand binding are common to single-pass membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Srinivasan
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Raju Regmi
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Present Address: Institut Curie, CNRS, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xingcheng Lin
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Courtney A. Dreyer
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Xuyan Chen
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Steven D. Quinn
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Present Address: Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Wei He
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Matthew A. Coleman
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Kermit L. Carraway
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gabriela S. Schlau-Cohen
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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19
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Nitsch L, Jensen P, Yoon H, Koeppel J, Burman SSR, Fischer ES, Scholl C, Fröhling S, Słabicki M. BTB BCL6 dimers as building blocks for reversible drug-induced protein oligomerization. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100193. [PMID: 35497498 PMCID: PMC9046236 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we characterize the BTB domain of the transcription factor BCL6 (BTBBCL6) as a small-molecule-controlled, reversible oligomerization switch, which oligomerizes upon BI-3802 treatment and de-oligomerizes upon addition of BI-3812. We show that the magnitude of oligomerization can be controlled in vitro by BI-3802 concentration and exposure time. In cellular models, exposure to BI-3802/BI-3812 can drive multiple cycles of foci formation consisting of BTBBCL6 fused to EGFP, which are not degraded due to the lack of a degron. We generated an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-BTBBCL6 fusion. Treatment with BI-3802, as an ON switch, induced EGFR-BTBBCL6 phosphorylation and activation of downstream effectors, which could in part be reversed by the addition of BI-3812, as an OFF switch. Finally, BI-3802-induced oligomerization of the EGFR-BTBBCL6 fusion enhanced proliferation of an EGF-dependent cell line in absence of EGF. These results demonstrate the successful application of small-molecule-induced, reversible oligomerization as a switch for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Nitsch
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Jensen
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hojong Yoon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Koeppel
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Shourya Sonkar Roy Burman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Sebastian Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikołaj Słabicki
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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20
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Schamber MR, Vafabakhsh R. Mechanism of sensitivity modulation in the calcium-sensing receptor via electrostatic tuning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2194. [PMID: 35459864 PMCID: PMC9033857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer of information across membranes is fundamental to the function of all organisms and is primarily initiated by transmembrane receptors. For many receptors, how ligand sensitivity is fine-tuned and how disease associated mutations modulate receptor conformation to allosterically affect receptor sensitivity are unknown. Here we map the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) - a dimeric class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and responsible for maintaining extracellular calcium in vertebrates. We show that CaSR undergoes unique conformational rearrangements compared to other class C GPCRs owing to specific structural features. Moreover, by analyzing disease associated mutations, we uncover a large permissiveness in the architecture of the extracellular domain of CaSR, with dynamics- and not specific receptor topology- determining the effect of a mutation. We show a structural hub at the dimer interface allosterically controls CaSR activation via focused electrostatic repulsion. Changes in the surface charge distribution of this hub, which is highly variable between organisms, finely tune CaSR sensitivity. This is potentially a general tuning mechanism for other dimeric receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Schamber
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Reza Vafabakhsh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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21
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Gomez-Soler M, Gehring MP, Lechtenberg BC, Zapata-Mercado E, Ruelos A, Matsumoto MW, Hristova K, Pasquale EB. Ligands with different dimeric configurations potently activate the EphA2 receptor and reveal its potential for biased signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103870. [PMID: 35243233 PMCID: PMC8858996 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase activates signaling pathways with different, and sometimes opposite, effects in cancer and other pathologies. Thus, highly specific and potent biased ligands that differentially control EphA2 signaling responses could be therapeutically valuable. Here, we use EphA2-specific monomeric peptides to engineer dimeric ligands with three different geometric configurations to combine a potential ability to differentially modulate EphA2 signaling responses with the high potency and prolonged receptor residence time characteristic of dimeric ligands. The different dimeric peptides readily induce EphA2 clustering, autophosphorylation and signaling, the best with sub-nanomolar potency. Yet, there are differences in two EphA2 signaling responses induced by peptides with different configurations, which exhibit distinct potency and efficacy. The peptides bias signaling when compared with the ephrinA1-Fc ligand and do so via different mechanisms. These findings provide insights into Eph receptor signaling, and proof-of-principle that different Eph signaling responses can be distinctly modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricel Gomez-Soler
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marina P. Gehring
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernhard C. Lechtenberg
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elmer Zapata-Mercado
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alyssa Ruelos
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike W. Matsumoto
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Wang L, Zhang G, Qin L, Ye H, Wang Y, Long B, Jiao Z. Anti-EGFR Binding Nanobody Delivery System to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Solid Tumours. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:200-211. [PMID: 32885759 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200904111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and members of its homologous protein family mediate transmembrane signal transduction by binding to a specific ligand, which leads to regulated cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. With the development and application of Genetically Engineered Antibodies (GEAs), Nanobodies (Nbs) constitute a new research hot spot in many diseases. A Nb is characterized by its low molecular weight, deep tissue penetration, good solubility and high antigen-binding affinity, the anti-EGFR Nbs are of significance for the diagnosis and treatment of EGFR-positive tumours. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the information about the molecular structure of EGFR and its transmembrane signal transduction mechanism, and discuss the anti-EGFR-Nbs influence on the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. METHODS Data were obtained from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. All patents are searched from the following websites: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®), the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO®) and Google Patents. RESULTS EGFR is a key target for regulating transmembrane signaling. The anti-EGFR-Nbs for targeted drugs could effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. CONCLUSION EGFR plays a role in transmembrane signal transduction. The Nbs, especially anti- EGFR-Nbs, have shown effectiveness in the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. How to increase the affinity of Nb and reduce its immunogenicity remain a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Gengyuan Zhang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Long Qin
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Huili Ye
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Cuiying Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Long
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- The First Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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23
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4-Acetyl-Antroquinonol B Improves the Sensitization of Cetuximab on Both Kras Mutant and Wild Type Colorectal Cancer by Modulating the Expression of Ras/Raf/miR-193a-3p Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147508. [PMID: 34299137 PMCID: PMC8307961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutation is one of the leading driver mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC), and it is usually associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance. Therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) are widely used for end-stage CRC. However, patients with KRAS mutant genes cannot benefit from this therapy because of Ras signaling activation by KRAS mutant genes. Our previous study revealed the anti-proliferative effect of 4-acetyl-antroquinonol B (4-AAQB) on CRC cells, but whether the drug is effective in KRAS-mutant CRC remains unknown. We screened CRC cell lines harboring the KRAS mutation, namely G12A, G12C, G12V and G13D, with one wild type cell line as the control; SW1463 and Caco-2 cell lines were used for further experiments. Sulforhodamine B assays, together with the clonogenicity and invasion assay, revealed that KRAS-mutant SW1463 cells were resistant to cetuximab; however, 4-AAQB treatment effectively resensitized CRC cells to cetuximab through the reduction of colony formation, invasion, and tumorsphere generation and of oncogenic KRAS signaling cascade of CRC cells. Thus, inducing cells with 4-AAQB before cetuximab therapy could resensitize KRAS-mutant, but not wild-type, cells to cetuximab. Therefore, we hypothesized that 4-AAQB can inhibit KRAS. In silico analysis of the publicly available GEO (GSE66548) dataset of KRAS-mutated versus KRAS wild-type CRC patients confirmed that miR-193a-3p was significantly downregulated in the former compared with the latter patient population. Overexpression of miR-193a-3p considerably reduced the oncogenicity of both CRC cells. Furthermore, KRAS is a key target of miR-193a-3p. In vivo treatment with the combination of 4-AAQB and cetuximab significantly reduced the tumor burden of a xenograft mice model through the reduction of the expression of oncogenic markers (EGFR) and p-MEK, p-ERK, and c-RAF/p-c-RAF signaling, with the simultaneous induction of miR-193a-3p expression in the plasma. In summary, our findings provide strong evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of 4-AAQB on KRAS-mutant CRC cells. Furthermore, 4-AAQB effectively inhibits Ras singling in CRC cells, through which KRAS-mutant CRC can be resensitized to cetuximab.
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24
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Nanopore-mediated protein delivery enabling three-color single-molecule tracking in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012229118. [PMID: 33495347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012229118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicolor single-molecule tracking (SMT) provides a powerful tool to mechanistically probe molecular interactions in living cells. However, because of the limitations in the optical and chemical properties of currently available fluorophores and the multiprotein labeling strategies, intracellular multicolor SMT remains challenging for general research studies. Here, we introduce a practical method employing a nanopore-electroporation (NanoEP) technique to deliver multiple organic dye-labeled proteins into living cells for imaging. It can be easily expanded to three channels in commercial microscopes or be combined with other in situ labeling methods. Utilizing NanoEP, we demonstrate three-color SMT for both cytosolic and membrane proteins. Specifically, we simultaneously monitored single-molecule events downstream of EGFR signaling pathways in living cells. The results provide detailed resolution of the spatial localization and dynamics of Grb2 and SOS recruitment to activated EGFR along with the resultant Ras activation.
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25
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Dine E, Reed EH, Toettcher JE. Positive feedback between the T cell kinase Zap70 and its substrate LAT acts as a clustering-dependent signaling switch. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109280. [PMID: 34161759 PMCID: PMC8292983 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein clustering is pervasive in cell signaling, yet how signaling from higher-order assemblies differs from simpler forms of molecular organization is still poorly understood. We present an optogenetic approach to switch between oligomers and heterodimers with a single point mutation. We apply this system to study signaling from the kinase Zap70 and its substrate linker for activation of T cells (LAT), proteins that normally form membrane-localized condensates during T cell activation. We find that fibroblasts expressing synthetic Zap70:LAT clusters activate downstream signaling, whereas one-to-one heterodimers do not. We provide evidence that clusters harbor a positive feedback loop among Zap70, LAT, and Src-family kinases that binds phosphorylated LAT and further activates Zap70. Finally, we extend our optogenetic approach to the native T cell signaling context, where light-induced LAT clustering is sufficient to drive a calcium response. Our study reveals a specific signaling function for protein clusters and identifies a biochemical circuit that robustly senses protein oligomerization state. Dine et al. study how different modes of molecular organization contribute to cell signaling using the kinase Zap70 and its substrate LAT as a model system. Optogenetic manipulation reveals that LAT:Zap70 clusters—but not dimers—trigger potent signaling via localized positive feedback among LAT, Zap70, and Src-family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Dine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ellen H Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; IRCC International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan.
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26
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Wolf P, Gavins G, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Seitz O. Strategies for Site-Specific Labeling of Receptor Proteins on the Surfaces of Living Cells by Using Genetically Encoded Peptide Tags. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1717-1732. [PMID: 33428317 PMCID: PMC8248378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy imaging enables receptor proteins to be investigated within their biological context. A key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties into proteins without interfering with biological functions or cellular networks. Small peptide tags offer the opportunity to combine inducible labeling with small tag sizes that avoid receptor perturbation. Herein, we review the current state of live-cell labeling of peptide-tagged cell-surface proteins. Considering their importance as targets in medicinal chemistry, we focus on membrane receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We discuss peptide tags that i) are subject to enzyme-mediated modification reactions, ii) guide the complementation of reporter proteins, iii) form coiled-coil complexes, and iv) interact with metal complexes. Given our own contributions in the field, we place emphasis on peptide-templated labeling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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27
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Fuentes NR, Mlih M, Wang X, Webster G, Cortes-Acosta S, Salinas ML, Corbin IR, Karpac J, Chapkin RS. Membrane therapy using DHA suppresses epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by disrupting nanocluster formation. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100026. [PMID: 33515553 PMCID: PMC7933808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling drives the formation of many types of cancer, including colon cancer. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19), a chemoprotective long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid suppresses EGFR signaling. However, the mechanism underlying this phenotype remains unclear. Therefore, we used super-resolution microscopy techniques to investigate the mechanistic link between EGFR function and DHA-induced alterations to plasma membrane nanodomains. Using isogenic in vitro (YAMC and IMCE mouse colonic cell lines) and in vivo (Drosophila, wild type and Fat-1 mice) models, cellular DHA enrichment via therapeutic nanoparticle delivery, endogenous synthesis, or dietary supplementation reduced EGFR-mediated cell proliferation and downstream Ras/ERK signaling. Phospholipid incorporation of DHA reduced membrane rigidity and the size of EGFR nanoclusters. Similarly, pharmacological reduction of plasma membrane phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or cholesterol was associated with a decrease in EGFR nanocluster size. Furthermore, in DHA-treated cells only the addition of cholesterol, unlike PA or PIP2, restored EGFR nanoscale clustering. These findings reveal that DHA reduces EGFR signaling in part by reshaping EGFR proteolipid nanodomains, supporting the feasibility of using membrane therapy, i.e., dietary/drug-related strategies to target plasma membrane organization, to reduce EGFR signaling and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad R Fuentes
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mohamed Mlih
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella Webster
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Cortes-Acosta
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Salinas
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian R Corbin
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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28
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Ambrosetti E, Bernardinelli G, Hoffecker I, Hartmanis L, Kiriako G, de Marco A, Sandberg R, Högberg B, Teixeira AI. A DNA-nanoassembly-based approach to map membrane protein nanoenvironments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:85-95. [PMID: 33139936 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins at the plasma membrane are not uniformly distributed but localize to dynamic domains of nanoscale dimensions. To investigate their functional relevance, there is a need for methods that enable comprehensive analysis of the compositions and spatial organizations of membrane protein nanodomains in cell populations. Here we describe the development of a non-microscopy-based method for ensemble analysis of membrane protein nanodomains. The method, termed nanoscale deciphering of membrane protein nanodomains (NanoDeep), is based on the use of DNA nanoassemblies to translate membrane protein organization information into a DNA sequencing readout. Using NanoDeep, we characterized the nanoenvironments of Her2, a membrane receptor of critical relevance in cancer. Importantly, we were able to modulate by design the inventory of proteins analysed by NanoDeep. NanoDeep has the potential to provide new insights into the roles of the composition and spatial organization of protein nanoenvironments in the regulation of membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulio Bernardinelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Hoffecker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Hartmanis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Högberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Salavessa L, Sauvonnet N. Stoichiometry of Receptors at the Plasma Membrane During Their Endocytosis Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent (TIRF) Microscopy Live Imaging and Single-Molecule Tracking. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2233:3-17. [PMID: 33222124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1044-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Determination of protein stoichiometry in living cells is key to understanding basic biological processes. This is particularly important for receptor-mediated endocytosis, a highly regulated mechanism that requires the sequential assembly of numerous factors. Here, we describe a quantitative approach to analyze receptor clustering dynamics at the plasma membrane. Our workflow combines TIRF live imaging of a CRISPR-Cas9-edited cell line expressing a GFP-tagged receptor in a physiological relevant environment, a calibration technique for single-molecule analysis of GFP, and detection and tracking with an open-source software. This method allows to determine the number of receptor molecules at the plasma membrane in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salavessa
- Group intracellular trafficking and tissue homeostasis. Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,U1202, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sud, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Group intracellular trafficking and tissue homeostasis. Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,U1202, INSERM, Paris, France.
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30
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Karl K, Paul MD, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. Ligand bias in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18494-18507. [PMID: 33122191 PMCID: PMC7939482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand bias is the ability of ligands to differentially activate certain receptor signaling responses compared with others. It reflects differences in the responses of a receptor to specific ligands and has implications for the development of highly specific therapeutics. Whereas ligand bias has been studied primarily for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there are also reports of ligand bias for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the understanding of RTK ligand bias is lagging behind the knowledge of GPCR ligand bias. In this review, we highlight how protocols that were developed to study GPCR signaling can be used to identify and quantify RTK ligand bias. We also introduce an operational model that can provide insights into the biophysical basis of RTK activation and ligand bias. Finally, we discuss possible mechanisms underpinning RTK ligand bias. Thus, this review serves as a primer for researchers interested in investigating ligand bias in RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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31
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Baldering TN, Karathanasis C, Harwardt MLIE, Freund P, Meurer M, Rahm JV, Knop M, Dietz MS, Heilemann M. CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated labeling of MET receptor enables quantitative single-molecule imaging of endogenous protein organization and dynamics. iScience 2020; 24:101895. [PMID: 33364584 PMCID: PMC7753144 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) reports on protein organization in cells with near-molecular resolution and in combination with stoichiometric labeling enables protein counting. Fluorescent proteins allow stoichiometric labeling of cellular proteins; however, most methods either lead to overexpression or are complex and time demanding. We introduce CRISPR/Cas12a for simple and efficient tagging of endogenous proteins with a photoactivatable protein for quantitative SMLM and single-particle tracking. We constructed a HEK293T cell line with the receptor tyrosine kinase MET tagged with mEos4b and demonstrate full functionality. We determine the oligomeric state of MET with quantitative SMLM and find a reorganization from monomeric to dimeric MET upon ligand stimulation. In addition, we measured the mobility of single MET receptors in vivo in resting and ligand-treated cells. The combination of CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted endogenous protein labeling and super-resolution microscopy represents a powerful tool for cell biological research with molecular resolution. CRISPR/Cas12a enables endogenous protein labeling for super-resolution microscopy HEK293T cells were generated with MET endogenously labeled with mEos4b Quantitative PALM microscopy reports efficient dimerization of MET receptor Single-particle tracking shows increased MET immobilization upon ligand treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim N Baldering
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marie-Lena I E Harwardt
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Petra Freund
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Meurer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna V Rahm
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Knop
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina S Dietz
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Single Molecule Biophysics, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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32
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Live cell PNA labelling enables erasable fluorescence imaging of membrane proteins. Nat Chem 2020; 13:15-23. [PMID: 33288896 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology is an emerging field that promises fascinating opportunities for the manipulation and imaging of proteins on a cell surface. The key to progress is the ability to create a nucleic acid-protein junction in the context of living cells. Here we report a covalent labelling reaction that installs a biostable peptide nucleic acid (PNA) tag. The reaction proceeds within minutes and is specific for proteins carrying a 2 kDa coiled-coil peptide tag. Once installed, the PNA label serves as a generic landing platform that enables the recruitment of fluorescent dyes via nucleic acid hybridization. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by recruiting different fluorophores, assembling multiple fluorophores for increased brightness and achieving reversible labelling by way of toehold-mediated strand displacement. Additionally, we show that labelling can be carried out using two different coiled-coil systems, with epidermal growth factor receptor and endothelin receptor type B, on both HEK293 and CHO cells. Finally, we apply the method to monitor internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor on CHO cells.
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33
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Conserved roles for receptor tyrosine kinase extracellular regions in regulating receptor and pathway activity. Biochem J 2020; 477:4207-4220. [PMID: 33043983 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) comprise a diverse group of cell-surface receptors that mediate key signaling events during animal development and are frequently activated in cancer. We show here that deletion of the extracellular regions of 10 RTKs representing 7 RTK classes or their substitution with the dimeric immunoglobulin Fc region results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation but fails to result in phosphorylation of downstream signaling effectors Erk or Akt. Conversely, substitution of RTK extracellular regions with the extracellular region of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) results in increases in effector phosphorylation in response to EGF. These results indicate that the activation signal generated by the EGFR extracellular region is capable of activating at least seven different RTK classes. Failure of phosphorylated Fc-RTK chimeras or RTKs with deleted extracellular regions to stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors indicates that either dimerization and receptor phosphorylation per se are insufficient to activate signaling or constitutive dimerization leads to pathway inhibition.
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34
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Wan H, Selvaggio G, Pearlstein RA. Toward in vivo-relevant hERG safety assessment and mitigation strategies based on relationships between non-equilibrium blocker binding, three-dimensional channel-blocker interactions, dynamic occupancy, dynamic exposure, and cellular arrhythmia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234946. [PMID: 33147278 PMCID: PMC7641409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go-related voltage-gated cardiac ion channel (commonly known as hERG) conducts the rapid outward repolarizing potassium current in cardiomyocytes (IKr). Inadvertent blockade of this channel by drug-like molecules represents a key challenge in pharmaceutical R&D due to frequent overlap between the structure-activity relationships of hERG and many primary targets. Building on our previous work, together with recent cryo-EM structures of hERG, we set about to better understand the energetic and structural basis of promiscuous blocker-hERG binding in the context of Biodynamics theory. We propose a two-step blocker binding process consisting of: The initial capture step: diffusion of a single fully solvated blocker copy into a large cavity lined by the intra-cellular cyclic nucleotide binding homology domain (CNBHD). Occupation of this cavity is a necessary but insufficient condition for ion current disruption.The IKr disruption step: translocation of the captured blocker along the channel axis, such that: The head group, consisting of a quasi-rod-shaped moiety, projects into the open pore, accompanied by partial de-solvation of the binding interface.One tail moiety packs along a kink between the S6 helix and proximal C-linker helix adjacent to the intra-cellular entrance of the pore, likewise accompanied by mutual de-solvation of the binding interface (noting that the association barrier is comprised largely of the total head + tail group de-solvation cost).Blockers containing a highly planar moiety that projects into a putative constriction zone within the closed channel become trapped upon closing, as do blockers terminating prior to this region.A single captured blocker copy may conceivably associate and dissociate to/from the pore many times before exiting the CNBHD cavity. Lastly, we highlight possible flaws in the current hERG safety index (SI), and propose an alternate in vivo-relevant strategy factoring in: Benefit/risk.The predicted arrhythmogenic fractional hERG occupancy (based on action potential (AP) simulations of the undiseased human ventricular cardiomyocyte).Alteration of the safety threshold due to underlying disease.Risk of exposure escalation toward the predicted arrhythmic limit due to patient-to-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, drug-drug interactions, overdose, and use for off-label indications in which the hERG safety parameters may differ from their on-label counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Selvaggio
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Pearlstein
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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35
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Jiang S, Fagman JB, Chen C, Alberti S, Liu B. Protein phase separation and its role in tumorigenesis. eLife 2020; 9:60264. [PMID: 33138914 PMCID: PMC7609067 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, but the precise pathological mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis often remain to be elucidated. In recent years, condensates formed by phase separation have emerged as a new principle governing the organization and functional regulation of cells. Increasing evidence links cancer-related mutations to aberrantly altered condensate assembly, suggesting that condensates play a key role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest progress on the formation, regulation, and function of condensates. Special emphasis is given to emerging evidence regarding the link between condensates and the initiation and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bourghardt Fagman
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changyan Chen
- Department of Oncology at the Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Alberti
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Center for Large-scale cell-based screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Rukhlenko O, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W. Systems biology approaches to macromolecules: the role of dynamic protein assemblies in information processing. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 67:61-68. [PMID: 33126139 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular protein assemblies govern many cellular processes and are disturbed in many diseases including cancer. Often seen as static molecular machines, protein complexes involved in signal transduction networks exhibit intricate dynamics that are critical for their function. Using the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway as example we discuss recent progress in our understanding of protein complex dynamics achieved through mathematical modelling, computational simulations and structural studies. The emerging picture highlights that both spatial and temporal dynamics cooperate to enable correct signal processing and the fine tuning of timing, duration and strengths of signalling. These dynamic processes are subverted by oncogenic mutations and contribute to tumorigenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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37
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Koseska A, Bastiaens PI. Processing Temporal Growth Factor Patterns by an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Network Dynamically Established in Space. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 36:359-383. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-013020-103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogenic epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase whose sensitivity and response to growth factor signals that vary over time and space determine cellular behavior within a developing tissue. The molecular reorganization of the receptors on the plasma membrane and the enzyme-kinetic mechanisms of phosphorylation are key determinants that couple growth factor binding to EGFR signaling. To enable signal initiation and termination while simultaneously accounting for suppression of aberrant signaling, a coordinated coupling of EGFR kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase activity is established through space by vesicular dynamics. The dynamical operation mode of this network enables not only time-varying growth factor sensing but also adaptation of the response depending on cellular context. By connecting spatially coupled enzymatic kinase/phosphatase processes and the corresponding dynamical systems description of the EGFR network, we elaborate on the general principles necessary for processing complex growth factor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Koseska
- Lise Meitner Group Cellular Computations and Learning, Centre of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), D-53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe I.H. Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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38
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Modulation of hepatitis B virus infection by epidermal growth factor secreted from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14349. [PMID: 32873852 PMCID: PMC7462976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes derived from human iPSCs are useful to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, however infection efficiency is rather poor. In order to improve the efficiency of HBV infection to iPSC-derived hepatocytes, we set a co-culture of hepatocytes with liver non-parenchymal cells and found that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) enhanced HBV infection by secreting epidermal growth factor (EGF). While EGF receptor (EGFR) is known as a co-receptor for HBV, we found that EGF enhanced HBV infection at a low dose of EGF, whereas EGF at a high dose suppressed HBV infection. EGFR is internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) pathways depending on the dose of EGF. At a high dose of EGF, the endocytosed EGFR via CIE is degraded in the lysosome. This study is the first to provide evidence that HBV is endocytosed via CME and CIE pathways at a low and high dose of EGF, respectively. In conclusion, we developed an in vitro system of HBV infection using iPSC-derived liver cells, and show that EGF secreted from LSECs modulates HBV infection in a dose dependent manner.
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39
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Duffy C, Sorolla A, Wang E, Golden E, Woodward E, Davern K, Ho D, Johnstone E, Pfleger K, Redfern A, Iyer KS, Baer B, Blancafort P. Honeybee venom and melittin suppress growth factor receptor activation in HER2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2020; 4:24. [PMID: 32923684 PMCID: PMC7463160 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-020-00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of study, the molecular mechanisms and selectivity of the biomolecular components of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom as anticancer agents remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that honeybee venom and its major component melittin potently induce cell death, particularly in the aggressive triple-negative and HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes. Honeybee venom and melittin suppress the activation of EGFR and HER2 by interfering with the phosphorylation of these receptors in the plasma membrane of breast carcinoma cells. Mutational studies reveal that a positively charged C-terminal melittin sequence mediates plasma membrane interaction and anticancer activity. Engineering of an RGD motif further enhances targeting of melittin to malignant cells with minimal toxicity to normal cells. Lastly, administration of melittin enhances the effect of docetaxel in suppressing breast tumor growth in an allograft model. Our work unveils a molecular mechanism underpinning the anticancer selectivity of melittin, and outlines treatment strategies to target aggressive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Duffy
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Edina Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Emily Golden
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Eleanor Woodward
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kathleen Davern
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Facility, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Diwei Ho
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Elizabeth Johnstone
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin Pfleger
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, Australia.,Dimerix Limited; Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Facility, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology; University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,The Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
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40
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Zhang J, Peng J, Huang Y, Meng L, Li Q, Xiong F, Li X. Identification of Histone deacetylase (HDAC)‐Associated Proteins with DNA‐Programmed Affinity Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17525-17532. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jianzhao Peng
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology China 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Qingrong Li
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology China 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
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41
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Zhang J, Peng J, Huang Y, Meng L, Li Q, Xiong F, Li X. Identification of Histone deacetylase (HDAC)‐Associated Proteins with DNA‐Programmed Affinity Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jianzhao Peng
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology China 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Qingrong Li
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology China 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Health@InnoHK Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
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42
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Byrne PO, Hristova K, Leahy DJ. EGFR forms ligand-independent oligomers that are distinct from the active state. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13353-13362. [PMID: 32727847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that forms activated oligomers in response to ligand. Much evidence indicates that EGFR/ERBB1 also forms oligomers in the absence of ligand, but the structure and physiological role of these ligand-independent oligomers remain unclear. To examine these features, we use fluorescence microscopy to measure the oligomer stability and FRET efficiency for homo- and hetero-oligomers of fluorescent protein-labeled forms of EGFR and its paralog, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) in vesicles derived from mammalian cell membranes. We observe that both receptors form ligand-independent oligomers at physiological plasma membrane concentrations. Mutations introduced in the kinase region at the active state asymmetric kinase dimer interface do not affect the stability of ligand-independent EGFR oligomers. These results indicate that ligand-independent EGFR oligomers form using interactions that are distinct from the EGFR active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Dobner J, Simons IM, Rufinatscha K, Hänsch S, Schwarten M, Weiergräber OH, Abdollahzadeh I, Gensch T, Bode JG, Hoffmann S, Willbold D. Deficiency of GABARAP but not its Paralogs Causes Enhanced EGF-induced EGFR Degradation. Cells 2020; 9:E1296. [PMID: 32456010 PMCID: PMC7291022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) and its close paralogs GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2 constitute a subfamily of the autophagy-related 8 (Atg8) protein family. Being associated with a variety of dynamic membranous structures of autophagic and non-autophagic origin, Atg8 proteins functionalize membranes by either serving as docking sites for other proteins or by acting as membrane tethers or adhesion factors. In this study, we describe that deficiency for GABARAP alone, but not for its close paralogs, is sufficient for accelerated EGF receptor (EGFR) degradation in response to EGF, which is accompanied by the downregulation of EGFR-mediated MAPK signaling, altered target gene expression, EGF uptake, and EGF vesicle composition over time. We further show that GABARAP and EGFR converge in the same distinct compartments at endogenous GABARAP expression levels in response to EGF stimulation. Furthermore, GABARAP associates with EGFR in living cells and binds to synthetic peptides that are derived from the EGFR cytoplasmic tail in vitro. Thus, our data strongly indicate a unique and novel role for GABARAP during EGFR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Dobner
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.D.); (I.M.S.)
| | - Indra M. Simons
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.D.); (I.M.S.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Kerstin Rufinatscha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (K.R.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Department of Biology, Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Melanie Schwarten
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Iman Abdollahzadeh
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Molecular and Cell Physiology (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Molecular and Cell Physiology (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Johannes G. Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (K.R.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Silke Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.D.); (I.M.S.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.S.); (O.H.W.); (I.A.); (S.H.)
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Trenker R, Jura N. Receptor tyrosine kinase activation: From the ligand perspective. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:174-185. [PMID: 32114309 PMCID: PMC7813211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are single-span transmembrane receptors in which relatively conserved intracellular kinase domains are coupled to divergent extracellular modules. The extracellular domains initiate receptor signaling upon binding to either soluble or membrane-embedded ligands. The diversity of extracellular domain structures allows for coupling of many unique signaling inputs to intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation. The combinatorial power of this receptor system is further increased by the fact that multiple ligands can typically interact with the same receptor. Such ligands often act as biased agonists and initiate distinct signaling responses via activation of the same receptor. Mechanisms behind such biased agonism are largely unknown for RTKs, especially at the level of receptor-ligand complex structure. Using recent progress in understanding the structures of active RTK signaling units, we discuss selected mechanisms by which ligands couple receptor activation to distinct signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trenker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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DDR1 autophosphorylation is a result of aggregation into dense clusters. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17104. [PMID: 31745115 PMCID: PMC6863838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagen receptor DDR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes progression of a wide range of human disorders. Little is known about how ligand binding triggers DDR1 kinase activity. We previously reported that collagen induces DDR1 activation through lateral dimer association and phosphorylation between dimers, a process that requires specific transmembrane association. Here we demonstrate ligand-induced DDR1 clustering by widefield and super-resolution imaging and provide evidence for a mechanism whereby DDR1 kinase activity is determined by its molecular density. Ligand binding resulted in initial DDR1 reorganisation into morphologically distinct clusters with unphosphorylated DDR1. Further compaction over time led to clusters with highly aggregated and phosphorylated DDR1. Ligand-induced DDR1 clustering was abolished by transmembrane mutations but did not require kinase activity. Our results significantly advance our understanding of the molecular events underpinning ligand-induced DDR1 kinase activity and provide an explanation for the unusually slow DDR1 activation kinetics.
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Kozer N, Clayton AHA. In-cell structural dynamics of an EGF receptor during ligand-induced dimer-oligomer transition. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2019; 49:21-37. [PMID: 31740999 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a membrane protein that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, and is a drug target for cancer therapy. Ligand-induced activation of the EGFR kinase is generally regarded to require ligand-bound-dimers, while phosphorylation and down-stream signalling is modulated by oligomers. Recent work has unveiled changes in EGFR dynamics from ligand-induced dimerization in membranes extracted from cells, however, less is known about the changes in EGFR dynamics that accompany the ligand-induced oligomerization in a live cell environment. Here, we determine the dynamics of a c-terminal GFP tag attached to EGFR in the unliganded dimer and in the liganded oligomers. By means of the single-frequency polarized phasor ellipse approach we extracted two correlation times on the sub-nanosecond and super-nanosecond timescales, respectively. EGF binding to the EGFR-GFP dimer lengthened the sub-nanosecond correlation time (from 0.1 to 1.3 ns) and shortened the super-nanosecond correlation time (from 210 to 56 ns) of the c-terminal GFP probe. The sub-nanosecond depolarization processes were assigned to electronic energy migration between proximal GFPs in the EGFR dimer or oligomer, while the super-nanosecond correlation times were assigned to nanosecond fluctuations of the GFP probe in the EGFR complex. Accordingly, these results show that ligand binding increased the average separation between the c-terminal tags and increased their rotational mobility. We propose that the dynamics are linked to an inhibitory function of the c-terminal tail in the un-liganded dimer and to the requirement of facile stochastic switching between kinase activation and cytoplasmic adaptor/effector binding in the active oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Kozer
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew H A Clayton
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Aran V, Omerovic J. Current Approaches in NSCLC Targeting K-RAS and EGFR. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5701. [PMID: 31739412 PMCID: PMC6888213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The research and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have achieved some important advances in recent years. Nonetheless, the overall survival rates for NSCLC remain low, indicating the importance to effectively develop new therapies and improve current approaches. The understanding of the function of different biomarkers involved in NSCLC progression, survival and response to therapy are important for the development of early detection tools and treatment options. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K-RAS) are two of the main significant biomarkers for the management of NSCLC. Mutations in these genes were associated with development and response to therapies. For example, the use of small molecule tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors and immunotherapy has led to benefits in some, but not all patients with altered EGFR. In contrast, there is still no effective approved drug to act upon patients harbouring K-RAS mutations. In addition, K-RAS mutations have been associated with lack of activity of TK inhibitors. However, promising approaches aimed to inhibit mutant K-RAS are currently under study. Therefore, this review will discuss these approaches and also EGFR therapies, and hopefully, it will draw attention to the need of continued research in the field in order to improve the outcomes in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aran
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Av. Brasil 500, 20940-070 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jasminka Omerovic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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49
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Paul MD, Hristova K. The transition model of RTK activation: A quantitative framework for understanding RTK signaling and RTK modulator activity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 49:23-31. [PMID: 31711797 PMCID: PMC6898792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discuss the transition model of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation, which is derived from biophysical investigations of RTK interactions and signaling. The model postulates that (1) RTKs can interact laterally to form dimers even in the absence of ligand, (2) different unliganded RTK dimers have different stabilities, (3) ligand binding stabilizes the RTK dimers, and (4) ligand binding causes structural changes in the RTK dimer. The model is grounded in the principles of physical chemistry and provides a framework to understand RTK activity and to make predictions in quantitative terms. It can guide basic research aimed at uncovering the mechanism of RTK activation and, in the long run, can empower the search for modulators of RTK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States.
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50
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Diwanji D, Thaker T, Jura N. More than the sum of the parts: Toward full-length receptor tyrosine kinase structures. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:706-720. [PMID: 31046201 PMCID: PMC6531341 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication governs complex physiological processes ranging from growth and development to the maintenance of cellular and organ homeostasis. In nearly all metazoans, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are central players in these diverse and fundamental signaling processes. Aberrant RTK signaling is at the root of many developmental diseases and cancers and it remains a key focus of targeted therapies, several of which have achieved considerable success in patients. These therapeutic advances in targeting RTKs have been propelled by numerous genetic, biochemical, and structural studies detailing the functions and molecular mechanisms of regulation and activation of RTKs. The latter in particular have proven to be instrumental for the development of new drugs, selective targeting of mutant forms of RTKs found in disease, and counteracting ensuing drug resistance. However, to this day, such studies have not yet yielded high-resolution structures of intact RTKs that encompass the extracellular and intracellular domains and the connecting membrane-spanning transmembrane domain. Technically challenging to obtain, these structures are instrumental to complete our understanding of the mechanisms by which RTKs are activated by extracellular ligands and of the effect of pathological mutations that do not directly reside in the catalytic sites of tyrosine kinase domains. In this review, we focus on the recent progress toward obtaining such structures and the insights already gained by structural studies of the subdomains of the receptors that belong to the epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor RTK families. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):706-720, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Diwanji
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tarjani Thaker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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