1
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Zhang Z, Tang F, Li Y, Feng X. A spatial transformation-based CAN model for information integration within grid cell modules. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1861-1876. [PMID: 39104694 PMCID: PMC11297887 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal-entorhinal circuit is considered to play an important role in the spatial cognition of animals. However, the mechanism of the information flow within the circuit and its contribution to the function of the grid-cell module are still topics of discussion. Prevailing theories suggest that grid cells are primarily influenced by self-motion inputs from the Medial Entorhinal Cortex, with place cells serving a secondary role by contributing to the visual calibration of grid cells. However, recent evidence suggests that both self-motion inputs and visual cues may collaboratively contribute to the formation of grid-like patterns. In this paper, we introduce a novel Continuous Attractor Network model based on a spatial transformation mechanism. This mechanism enables the integration of self-motion inputs and visual cues within grid-cell modules, synergistically driving the formation of grid-like patterns. From the perspective of individual neurons within the network, our model successfully replicates grid firing patterns. From the view of neural population activity within the network, the network can form and drive the activated bump, which describes the characteristic feature of grid-cell modules, namely, path integration. Through further exploration and experimentation, our model can exhibit significant performance in path integration. This study provides a new insight into understanding the mechanism of how the self-motion and visual inputs contribute to the neural activity within grid-cell modules. Furthermore, it provides theoretical support for achieving accurate path integration, which holds substantial implications for various applications requiring spatial navigation and mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.114, Nanta Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
- University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.135, Chuangxin Road Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169 Liaoning China
| | - Fengzhen Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.114, Nanta Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.135, Chuangxin Road Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169 Liaoning China
| | - Yiping Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.114, Nanta Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.135, Chuangxin Road Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169 Liaoning China
| | - Xisheng Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.114, Nanta Street Heping District, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning China
- University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.135, Chuangxin Road Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169 Liaoning China
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2
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Rolls ET, Treves A. A theory of hippocampal function: New developments. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 238:102636. [PMID: 38834132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We develop further here the only quantitative theory of the storage of information in the hippocampal episodic memory system and its recall back to the neocortex. The theory is upgraded to account for a revolution in understanding of spatial representations in the primate, including human, hippocampus, that go beyond the place where the individual is located, to the location being viewed in a scene. This is fundamental to much primate episodic memory and navigation: functions supported in humans by pathways that build 'where' spatial view representations by feature combinations in a ventromedial visual cortical stream, separate from those for 'what' object and face information to the inferior temporal visual cortex, and for reward information from the orbitofrontal cortex. Key new computational developments include the capacity of the CA3 attractor network for storing whole charts of space; how the correlations inherent in self-organizing continuous spatial representations impact the storage capacity; how the CA3 network can combine continuous spatial and discrete object and reward representations; the roles of the rewards that reach the hippocampus in the later consolidation into long-term memory in part via cholinergic pathways from the orbitofrontal cortex; and new ways of analysing neocortical information storage using Potts networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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3
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Fenton AA. Remapping revisited: how the hippocampus represents different spaces. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:428-448. [PMID: 38714834 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The representation of distinct spaces by hippocampal place cells has been linked to changes in their place fields (the locations in the environment where the place cells discharge strongly), a phenomenon that has been termed 'remapping'. Remapping has been assumed to be accompanied by the reorganization of subsecond cofiring relationships among the place cells, potentially maximizing hippocampal information coding capacity. However, several observations challenge this standard view. For example, place cells exhibit mixed selectivity, encode non-positional variables, can have multiple place fields and exhibit unreliable discharge in fixed environments. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that, when measured at subsecond timescales, the moment-to-moment cofiring of a pair of cells in one environment is remarkably similar in another environment, despite remapping. Here, I propose that remapping is a misnomer for the changes in place fields across environments and suggest instead that internally organized manifold representations of hippocampal activity are actively registered to different environments to enable navigation, promote memory and organize knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Coughlin C, Pudhiyidath A, Roome HE, Varga NL, Nguyen KV, Preston AR. Asynchronous development of memory integration and differentiation influences temporal memory organization. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13437. [PMID: 37608740 PMCID: PMC10884351 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Adults remember items with shared contexts as occurring closer in time to one another than those associated with different contexts, even when their objective temporal distance is fixed. Such temporal memory biases are thought to reflect within-event integration and between-event differentiation processes that organize events according to their contextual similarities and differences, respectively. Within-event integration and between-event differentiation are hypothesized to differentially rely on binding and control processes, which may develop at different ages. To test this hypothesis, 5- to 12-year-olds and adults (N = 134) studied quartets of image pairs that contained either the same scene (same-context) or different scenes (different-context). Participants remembered same-context items as occurring closer in time by older childhood (7-9 years), whereas different-context items were remembered as occurring farther apart by early adolescence (10-12 years). The differential emergence of these temporal memory biases suggests within-event integration and between-event differentiation emerge at different ages. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Children are less likely than adults to use contextual information (e.g., location) to organize their continuous experience in memory, as indicated by temporal memory biases. Biases reflecting within-event integration (i.e., remembering elements with a shared context as occurring closer together in time) emerged in late childhood. Biases reflecting between-event differentiation (i.e., remembering elements from different contexts as occurring farther apart in time) emerged in early adolescence. The differential emergence of biases reflecting within-event integration and between-event differentiation suggests they are distinct, yet complementary, processes that support developmental improvements in event memory organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athula Pudhiyidath
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Hannah E. Roome
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Nicole L. Varga
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kim V. Nguyen
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Alison R. Preston
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin
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5
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Bowler JC, Losonczy A. Direct cortical inputs to hippocampal area CA1 transmit complementary signals for goal-directed navigation. Neuron 2023; 111:4071-4085.e6. [PMID: 37816349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The subregions of the entorhinal cortex (EC) are conventionally thought to compute dichotomous representations for spatial processing, with the medial EC (MEC) providing a global spatial map and the lateral EC (LEC) encoding specific sensory details of experience. Yet, little is known about the specific types of information EC transmits downstream to the hippocampus. Here, we exploit in vivo sub-cellular imaging to record from EC axons in CA1 while mice perform navigational tasks in virtual reality (VR). We uncover distinct yet overlapping representations of task, location, and context in both MEC and LEC axons. MEC transmitted highly location- and context-specific codes; LEC inputs were biased by ongoing navigational goals. However, during tasks with reliable reward locations, the animals' position could be accurately decoded from either subregion. Our results revise the prevailing dogma about EC information processing, revealing novel ways spatial and non-spatial information is routed and combined upstream of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Bowler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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6
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Schøyen V, Pettersen MB, Holzhausen K, Fyhn M, Malthe-Sørenssen A, Lepperød ME. Coherently remapping toroidal cells but not Grid cells are responsible for path integration in virtual agents. iScience 2023; 26:108102. [PMID: 37867941 PMCID: PMC10589895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that grid cells provide cues for path integration, with place cells encoding an animal's location and environmental identity. When entering a new environment, these cells remap concurrently, sparking debates about their causal relationship. Using a continuous attractor recurrent neural network, we study spatial cell dynamics in multiple environments. We investigate grid cell remapping as a function of global remapping in place-like units through random resampling of place cell centers. Dimensionality reduction techniques reveal that a subset of cells manifest a persistent torus across environments. Unexpectedly, these toroidal cells resemble band-like cells rather than high grid score units. Subsequent pruning studies reveal that toroidal cells are crucial for path integration while grid cells are not. As we extend the model to operate across many environments, we delineate its generalization boundaries, revealing challenges with modeling many environments in current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemund Schøyen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
| | | | | | - Marianne Fyhn
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
| | - Anders Malthe-Sørenssen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
| | - Mikkel Elle Lepperød
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
- Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
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7
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Aoun A, Shetler O, Raghuraman R, Rodriguez GA, Hussaini SA. Beyond Correlation: Optimal Transport Metrics For Characterizing Representational Stability and Remapping in Neurons Encoding Spatial Memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.11.548592. [PMID: 37503011 PMCID: PMC10369988 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.11.548592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Spatial representations in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HPC) are fundamental to cognitive functions like navigation and memory. These representations, embodied in spatial field maps, dynamically remap in response to environmental changes. However, current methods, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, struggle to capture the complexity of these remapping events, especially when fields do not overlap, or transformations are non-linear. This limitation hinders our understanding and quantification of remapping, a key aspect of spatial memory function. To address this, we propose a family of metrics based on the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) as a versatile framework for characterizing remapping. Applied to both normalized and unnormalized distributions, the EMD provides a granular, noise-resistant, and rate-robust description of remapping. This approach enables the identification of specific cell types and the characterization of remapping in various scenarios, including disease models. Furthermore, the EMD's properties can be manipulated to identify spatially tuned cell types and to explore remapping as it relates to alternate information forms such as spatiotemporal coding. By employing approximations of the EMD, we present a feasible, lightweight approach that complements traditional methods. Our findings underscore the potential of the EMD as a powerful tool for enhancing our understanding of remapping in the brain and its implications for spatial navigation, memory studies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Aoun
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Oliver Shetler
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Radha Raghuraman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gustavo A. Rodriguez
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S. Abid Hussaini
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Fenton AA, Hurtado JR, Broek JAC, Park E, Mishra B. Do Place Cells Dream of Deceptive Moves in a Signaling Game? Neuroscience 2023; 529:129-147. [PMID: 37591330 PMCID: PMC10592151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We consider the possibility of applying game theory to analysis and modeling of neurobiological systems. Specifically, the basic properties and features of information asymmetric signaling games are considered and discussed as having potential to explain diverse neurobiological phenomena; we focus on neuronal action potential discharge that can represent cognitive variables in memory and purposeful behavior. We begin by arguing that there is a pressing need for conceptual frameworks that can permit analysis and integration of information and explanations across many scales of biological function including gene regulation, molecular and biochemical signaling, cellular and metabolic function, neuronal population, and systems level organization to generate plausible hypotheses across these scales. Developing such integrative frameworks is crucial if we are to understand cognitive functions like learning, memory, and perception. The present work focuses on systems neuroscience organized around the connected brain regions of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. These areas are intensely studied in rodent subjects as model neuronal systems that undergo activity-dependent synaptic plasticity to form neuronal circuits and represent memories and spatial knowledge used for purposeful navigation. Examples of cognition-related spatial information in the observed neuronal discharge of hippocampal place cell populations and medial entorhinal head-direction cell populations are used to illustrate possible challenges to information maximization concepts. It may be natural to explain these observations using the ideas and features of information asymmetric signaling games.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fenton
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - José R Hurtado
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jantine A C Broek
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - EunHye Park
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bud Mishra
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Simon Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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9
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Mugnaini M, Trinchero MF, Schinder AF, Piatti VC, Kropff E. Unique potential of immature adult-born neurons for the remodeling of CA3 spatial maps. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113086. [PMID: 37676761 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hippocampal circuits undergo extensive remodeling through adult neurogenesis. While this process has been widely studied, the specific contribution of adult-born granule cells (aGCs) to spatial operations in the hippocampus remains unknown. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of 4-week-old (young) aGCs in free-foraging mice produces a non-reversible reconfiguration of spatial maps in proximal CA3 while rarely evoking neural activity. Stimulation of the same neuronal cohort on subsequent days recruits CA3 neurons with increased efficacy but fails to induce further remapping. In contrast, stimulation of 8-week-old (mature) aGCs can reliably activate CA3 cells but produces no alterations in spatial maps. Our results reveal a unique role of young aGCs in remodeling CA3 representations, a potential that can be depleted and is lost with maturation. This ability could contribute to generate orthogonalized downstream codes supporting pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Mugnaini
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Dr. Héctor Maldonado, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; Laboratory of Physiology and Algorithms of the Brain, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mariela F Trinchero
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F Schinder
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Verónica C Piatti
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Emilio Kropff
- Laboratory of Physiology and Algorithms of the Brain, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
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10
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Allison EAMA, Moore JW, Arkell D, Thomas J, Dudchenko PA, Wood ER. The medial entorhinal cortex is necessary for the stimulus control over hippocampal place fields by distal, but not proximal, landmarks. Hippocampus 2023; 33:811-829. [PMID: 36808771 PMCID: PMC10946748 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental property of place cells in the hippocampus is the anchoring of their firing fields to salient landmarks within the environment. However, it is unclear how such information reaches the hippocampus. In the current experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the stimulus control exerted by distal visual landmarks requires input from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Place cells were recorded from mice with ibotenic acid lesions of the MEC (n = 7) and from sham-lesioned mice (n = 6) following 90° rotations of either distal landmarks or proximal cues in a cue- controlled environment. We found that lesions of the MEC impaired the anchoring of place fields to distal landmarks, but not proximal cues. We also observed that, relative to sham-lesioned mice, place cells in animals with MEC lesions exhibited significantly reduced spatial information and increased sparsity. These results support the view that distal landmark information reaches the hippocampus via the MEC, but that proximal cue information can do so via an alternative neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe W. Moore
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Daisy Arkell
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Julia Thomas
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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11
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Morris G, Derdikman D. The chicken and egg problem of grid cells and place cells. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:125-138. [PMID: 36437188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Place cells and grid cells are major building blocks of the hippocampal cognitive map. The prominent forward model postulates that grid-cell modules are generated by a continuous attractor network; that a velocity signal evoked during locomotion moves entorhinal activity bumps; and that place-cell activity constitutes summation of entorhinal grid-cell modules. Experimental data support the first postulate, but not the latter two. Several families of solutions that depart from these postulates have been put forward. We suggest a modified model (spatial modulation continuous attractor network; SCAN), whereby place cells are generated from spatially selective nongrid cells. Locomotion causes these cells to move the hippocampal activity bump, leading to movement of the entorhinal manifolds. Such inversion accords with the shift of hippocampal thought from navigation to more abstract functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genela Morris
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Dori Derdikman
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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12
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Igarashi KM. Entorhinal cortex dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:124-136. [PMID: 36513524 PMCID: PMC9877178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the brain region that often exhibits the earliest histological alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and cell death. Recently, brain imaging studies from preclinical AD patients and electrophysiological recordings from AD animal models have shown that impaired neuronal activity in the EC precedes neurodegeneration. This implies that memory impairments and spatial navigation deficits at the initial stage of AD are likely caused by activity dysfunction rather than by cell death. This review focuses on recent findings on EC dysfunction in AD, and discusses the potential pathways for mitigating AD progression by protecting the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei M Igarashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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13
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Bilash OM, Chavlis S, Johnson CD, Poirazi P, Basu J. Lateral entorhinal cortex inputs modulate hippocampal dendritic excitability by recruiting a local disinhibitory microcircuit. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111962. [PMID: 36640337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) provides multisensory information to the hippocampus, directly to the distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. LEC neurons perform important functions for episodic memory processing, coding for contextually salient elements of an environment or experience. However, we know little about the functional circuit interactions between the LEC and the hippocampus. We combine functional circuit mapping and computational modeling to examine how long-range glutamatergic LEC projections modulate compartment-specific excitation-inhibition dynamics in hippocampal area CA1. We demonstrate that glutamatergic LEC inputs can drive local dendritic spikes in CA1 pyramidal neurons, aided by the recruitment of a disinhibitory VIP interneuron microcircuit. Our circuit mapping and modeling further reveal that LEC inputs also recruit CCK interneurons that may act as strong suppressors of dendritic spikes. These results highlight a cortically driven GABAergic microcircuit mechanism that gates nonlinear dendritic computations, which may support compartment-specific coding of multisensory contextual features within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesia M Bilash
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Spyridon Chavlis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Cara D Johnson
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece.
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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14
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Gateway identity and spatial remapping in a combined grid and place cell attractor. Neural Netw 2023; 157:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Lee SA. Navigational roots of spatial and temporal memory structure. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:87-95. [PMID: 36480071 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our minds are constantly in transit, from the present to the past to the future, across places we have and have not directly experienced. Nevertheless, memories of our mental time travel are not organized continuously and are adaptively chunked into contexts and episodes. In this paper, I will review evidence that suggests that spatial boundary representations play a critical role in providing structure to both our spatial and temporal memories. I will illustrate the intimate connection between hippocampal spatial mapping and temporal sequencing of episodic memory to propose that high-level cognitive processes like mental time travel and conceptual mapping are rooted in basic navigational mechanisms that we humans and nonhuman animals share. Our neuroscientific understanding of hippocampal function across species may provide new insight into the origins of even the most uniquely human cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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16
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Valero M, Navas-Olive A, de la Prida LM, Buzsáki G. Inhibitory conductance controls place field dynamics in the hippocampus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111232. [PMID: 36001959 PMCID: PMC9595125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells receive a disparate collection of excitatory and inhibitory currents that endow them with spatially selective discharges and rhythmic activity. Using a combination of in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings with opto/chemogenetic manipulations and computational modeling, we investigate the influence of inhibitory and excitatory inputs on CA1 pyramidal cell responses. At the cell bodies, inhibition leads and is stronger than excitation across the entire theta cycle. Pyramidal neurons fire on the ascending phase of theta when released from inhibition. Computational models equipped with the observed conductances reproduce these dynamics. In these models, place field properties are favored when the increased excitation is coupled with a reduction of inhibition within the field. As predicted by our simulations, firing rate within place fields and phase locking to theta are impaired by DREADDs activation of interneurons. Our results indicate that decreased inhibitory conductance is critical for place field expression. Valero et al. examine the influence of inhibition on place fields. They show that hippocampal neurons are dominated by inhibitory conductances during theta oscillations. A transient increase of excitation and drop of inhibition mediates place field emergence in simulations. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of interneurons deteriorates place cell properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valero
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrea Navas-Olive
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Liset M de la Prida
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain.
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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17
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A direct excitatory projection from entorhinal layer 6b neurons to the hippocampus contributes to spatial coding and memory. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4826. [PMID: 35974109 PMCID: PMC9381769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) plays a key role in several higher brain functions, such as spatial coding, learning and memory. Its simple circuit architecture is often viewed as a trisynaptic loop, processing input originating from the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex (EC) and sending it back to its deeper layers. Here, we show that excitatory neurons in layer 6b of the mouse EC project to all sub-regions comprising the HF and receive input from the CA1, thalamus and claustrum. Furthermore, their output is characterized by unique slow-decaying excitatory postsynaptic currents capable of driving plateau-like potentials in their postsynaptic targets. Optogenetic inhibition of the EC-6b pathway affects spatial coding in CA1 pyramidal neurons, while cell ablation impairs not only acquisition of new spatial memories, but also degradation of previously acquired ones. Our results provide evidence of a functional role for cortical layer 6b neurons in the adult brain.
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18
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Zutshi I, Valero M, Fernández-Ruiz A, Buzsáki G. Extrinsic control and intrinsic computation in the hippocampal CA1 circuit. Neuron 2022; 110:658-673.e5. [PMID: 34890566 PMCID: PMC8857017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In understanding circuit operations, a key problem is the extent to which neuronal spiking reflects local computation or responses to upstream inputs. We addressed this issue in the hippocampus by performing combined optogenetic and pharmacogenetic local and upstream inactivation. Silencing the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) largely abolished extracellular theta and gamma currents in CA1 while only moderately affecting firing rates. In contrast, CA3 and local CA1 silencing strongly decreased firing of CA1 neurons without affecting theta currents. Each perturbation reconfigured the CA1 spatial map. However, the ability of the CA1 circuit to support place field activity persisted, maintaining the same fraction of spatially tuned place fields and reliable assembly expression as in the intact mouse. Thus, the CA1 network can induce and maintain coordinated cell assemblies with minimal reliance on its inputs, but these inputs can effectively reconfigure and assist in maintaining stability of the CA1 map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Zutshi
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manuel Valero
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ruiz
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Robinson JC, Brandon MP. Skipping ahead: A circuit for representing the past, present, and future. eLife 2021; 10:e68795. [PMID: 34647521 PMCID: PMC8516414 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Envisioning the future is intuitively linked to our ability to remember the past. Within the memory system, substantial work has demonstrated the involvement of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus in representing the past and present. Recent data shows that both the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus encode future trajectories, which are segregated in time by alternating cycles of the theta rhythm. Here, we discuss how information is temporally organized by these brain regions supported by the medial septum, nucleus reuniens, and parahippocampal regions. Finally, we highlight a brain circuit that we predict is essential for the temporal segregation of future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Robinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences and Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Mark P Brandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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20
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Abstract
Entorhinal cortical grid cells fire in a periodic pattern that tiles space, which is suggestive of a spatial coordinate system. However, irregularities in the grid pattern as well as responses of grid cells in contexts other than spatial navigation have presented a challenge to existing models of entorhinal function. In this Perspective, we propose that hippocampal input provides a key informative drive to the grid network in both spatial and non-spatial circumstances, particularly around salient events. We build on previous models in which neural activity propagates through the entorhinal-hippocampal network in time. This temporal contiguity in network activity points to temporal order as a necessary characteristic of representations generated by the hippocampal formation. We advocate that interactions in the entorhinal-hippocampal loop build a topological representation that is rooted in the temporal order of experience. In this way, the structure of grid cell firing supports a learned topology rather than a rigid coordinate frame that is bound to measurements of the physical world.
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21
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Dvorak D, Chung A, Park EH, Fenton AA. Dentate spikes and external control of hippocampal function. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109497. [PMID: 34348165 PMCID: PMC8369486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hippocampus CA1 place-cell discharge typically encodes current location, but during slow gamma dominance (SGdom), when SG oscillations (30-50 Hz) dominate mid-frequency gamma oscillations (70-90 Hz) in CA1 local field potentials, CA1 discharge switches to represent distant recollected locations. We report that dentate spike type 2 (DSM) events initiated by medial entorhinal cortex II (MECII)→ dentate gyrus (DG) inputs promote SGdom and change excitation-inhibition coordinated discharge in DG, CA3, and CA1, whereas type 1 (DSL) events initiated by lateral entorhinal cortex II (LECII)→DG inputs do not. Just before SGdom, LECII-originating SG oscillations in DG and CA3-originating SG oscillations in CA1 phase and frequency synchronize at the DSM peak when discharge within DG and CA3 increases to promote excitation-inhibition cofiring within and across the DG→CA3→CA1 pathway. This optimizes discharge for the 5-10 ms DG-to-CA1 neuro-transmission that SGdom initiates. DSM properties identify extrahippocampal control of SGdom and a cortico-hippocampal mechanism that switches between memory-related modes of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Dvorak
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ain Chung
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Eun Hye Park
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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22
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Ness N, Schultz SR. A computational grid-to-place-cell transformation model indicates a synaptic driver of place cell impairment in early-stage Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009115. [PMID: 34133417 PMCID: PMC8238223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Synaptic dysfunction is an established early symptom, which correlates strongly with cognitive decline, and is hypothesised to mediate the diverse neuronal network abnormalities observed in AD. However, how synaptic dysfunction contributes to network pathology and cognitive impairment in AD remains elusive. Here, we present a grid-cell-to-place-cell transformation model of long-term CA1 place cell dynamics to interrogate the effect of synaptic loss on network function and environmental representation. Synapse loss modelled after experimental observations in the APP/PS1 mouse model was found to induce firing rate alterations and place cell abnormalities that have previously been observed in AD mouse models, including enlarged place fields and lower across-session stability of place fields. Our results support the hypothesis that synaptic dysfunction underlies cognitive deficits, and demonstrate how impaired environmental representation may arise in the early stages of AD. We further propose that dysfunction of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells may cause distinct impairments in place cell function, namely reduced stability and place map resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ness
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Remapping and realignment in the human hippocampal formation predict context-dependent spatial behavior. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:863-872. [PMID: 33859438 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To guide spatial behavior, the brain must retrieve memories that are appropriately associated with different navigational contexts. Contextual memory might be mediated by cell ensembles in the hippocampal formation that alter their responses to changes in context, processes known as remapping and realignment in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, respectively. However, whether remapping and realignment guide context-dependent spatial behavior is unclear. To address this issue, human participants learned object-location associations within two distinct virtual reality environments and subsequently had their memory tested during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning. Entorhinal grid-like representations showed realignment between the two contexts, and coincident changes in fMRI activity patterns consistent with remapping were observed in the hippocampus. Critically, in a third ambiguous context, trial-by-trial remapping and realignment in the hippocampal-entorhinal network predicted context-dependent behavior. These results reveal the hippocampal-entorhinal mechanisms mediating human contextual memory and suggest that the hippocampal formation plays a key role in spatial behavior under uncertainty.
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24
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Jacob PY, Van Cauter T, Poucet B, Sargolini F, Save E. Medial entorhinal cortex lesions induce degradation of CA1 place cell firing stability when self-motion information is used. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953004. [PMID: 33088918 PMCID: PMC7545758 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal–hippocampus network plays a central role in navigation and episodic memory formation. To investigate these interactions, we examined the effect of medial entorhinal cortex lesions on hippocampal place cell activity. Since the medial entorhinal cortex is suggested to play a role in the processing of self-motion information, we hypothesised that such processing would be necessary for maintaining stable place fields in the absence of environmental cues. Place cells were recorded as medial entorhinal cortex–lesioned rats explored a circular arena during five 16-min sessions comprising a baseline session with all sensory inputs available followed by four sessions during which environmental (i.e. visual, olfactory, tactile) cues were progressively reduced to the point that animals could rely exclusively on self-motion cues to maintain stable place fields. We found that place field stability and a number of place cell firing properties were affected by medial entorhinal cortex lesions in the baseline session. When rats were forced to rely exclusively on self-motion cues, within-session place field stability was dramatically decreased in medial entorhinal cortex rats relative to SHAM rats. These results support a major role of the medial entorhinal cortex in processing self-motion cues, with this information being conveyed to the hippocampus to help anchor and maintain a stable spatial representation during movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jacob
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Van Cauter
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Poucet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Sargolini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
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25
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The Generation of Time in the Hippocampal Memory System. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1649-1658.e6. [PMID: 31412236 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that ramping time cells in the lateral entorhinal cortex can be produced by synaptic adaptation and demonstrate this in an integrate-and-fire attractor network model. We propose that competitive networks in the hippocampal system can convert these entorhinal ramping cells into hippocampal time cells and demonstrate this in a competitive network. We propose that this conversion is necessary to provide orthogonal hippocampal time representations to encode the temporal sequence of events in hippocampal episodic memory, and we support that with analytic arguments. We demonstrate that this processing can produce hippocampal neuronal ensembles that not only show replay of the sequence later on, but can also do this in reverse order in reverse replay. This research addresses a major issue in neuroscience: the mechanisms by which time is encoded in the brain and how the time representations are then useful in the hippocampal memory of events and their order.
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26
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A Brain-Inspired Adaptive Space Representation Model Based on Grid Cells and Place Cells. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 2020:1492429. [PMID: 32849862 PMCID: PMC7439180 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1492429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grid cells and place cells are important neurons in the animal brain. The information transmission between them provides the basis for the spatial representation and navigation of animals and also provides reference for the research on the autonomous navigation mechanism of intelligent agents. Grid cells are important information source of place cells. The supervised learning and unsupervised learning models can be used to simulate the generation of place cells from grid cell inputs. However, the existing models preset the firing characteristics of grid cell. In this paper, we propose a united generation model of grid cells and place cells. First, the visual place cells with nonuniform distribution generate the visual grid cells with regional firing field through feedforward network. Second, the visual grid cells and the self-motion information generate the united grid cells whose firing fields extend to the whole space through genetic algorithm. Finally, the visual place cells and the united grid cells generate the united place cells with uniform distribution through supervised fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) network. Simulation results show that this model has stronger environmental adaptability and can provide reference for the research on spatial representation model and brain-inspired navigation mechanism of intelligent agents under the condition of nonuniform environmental information.
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27
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Agmon H, Burak Y. A theory of joint attractor dynamics in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex accounts for artificial remapping and grid cell field-to-field variability. eLife 2020; 9:56894. [PMID: 32779570 PMCID: PMC7447444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The representation of position in the mammalian brain is distributed across multiple neural populations. Grid cell modules in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) express activity patterns that span a low-dimensional manifold which remains stable across different environments. In contrast, the activity patterns of hippocampal place cells span distinct low-dimensional manifolds in different environments. It is unknown how these multiple representations of position are coordinated. Here, we develop a theory of joint attractor dynamics in the hippocampus and the MEC. We show that the system exhibits a coordinated, joint representation of position across multiple environments, consistent with global remapping in place cells and grid cells. In addition, our model accounts for recent experimental observations that lack a mechanistic explanation: variability in the firing rate of single grid cells across firing fields, and artificial remapping of place cells under depolarization, but not under hyperpolarization, of layer II stellate cells of the MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggai Agmon
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoram Burak
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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28
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Altered Hippocampal Place Cell Representation and Theta Rhythmicity following Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3556-3569.e5. [PMID: 32707066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) leads to profound deficits in spatial memory and synaptic and cellular alterations to the hippocampus that last into adulthood. Neurons in the hippocampus called place cells discharge as an animal enters specific places in an environment, establish distinct ensemble codes for familiar and novel places, and are modulated by local theta rhythms. Spatial memory is thought to critically depend on the integrity of hippocampal place cell firing. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that hippocampal place cell firing is impaired after PAE by performing in vivo recordings from the hippocampi (CA1 and CA3) of moderate PAE and control adult rats. Our results show that hippocampal CA3 neurons from PAE rats have reduced spatial tuning. Second, CA1 and CA3 neurons from PAE rats are less likely to orthogonalize their firing between directions of travel on a linear track and between changes in contextual stimuli in an open arena compared to control neurons. Lastly, reductions in the number of hippocampal place cells exhibiting significant theta rhythmicity and phase precession were observed, which may suggest changes to hippocampal microcircuit function. Together, the reduced spatial tuning and sensitivity to contextual changes provide a neural systems-level mechanism to explain spatial memory impairment after moderate PAE.
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29
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Disrupted Place Cell Remapping and Impaired Grid Cells in a Knockin Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuron 2020; 107:1095-1112.e6. [PMID: 32697942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from spatial memory impairment and wandering behavior, but the brain circuit mechanisms causing such symptoms remain largely unclear. In healthy brains, spatially tuned hippocampal place cells and entorhinal grid cells exhibit distinct spike patterns in different environments, a circuit function called "remapping." We tested remapping in amyloid precursor protein knockin (APP-KI) mice with impaired spatial memory. CA1 neurons, including place cells, showed disrupted remapping, although their spatial tuning was only mildly diminished. Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) neurons severely lost their spatial tuning and grid cells were almost absent. Fast gamma oscillatory coupling between the MEC and CA1 was also impaired. Mild disruption of MEC grid cells emerged in younger APP-KI mice, although the spatial memory and CA1 remapping of the animals remained intact. These results point to remapping impairment in the hippocampus, possibly linked to grid cell disruption, as circuit mechanisms underlying spatial memory impairment in AD.
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30
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Bulkin DA, Sinclair DG, Law LM, Smith DM. Hippocampal state transitions at the boundaries between trial epochs. Hippocampus 2020; 30:582-595. [PMID: 31793687 PMCID: PMC11127720 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus encodes distinct contexts with unique patterns of activity. Representational shifts with changes in context, referred to as remapping, have been extensively studied. However, less is known about transitions between representations. In this study, we leverage a large dataset of neuronal recordings taken while rats performed an olfactory memory task with a predictable temporal structure involving trials and intertrial intervals (ITIs), separated by salient boundaries at the trial start and trial end. We found that trial epochs were associated with stable hippocampal representations despite moment-to-moment variability in stimuli and behavior. Representations of trial and ITI epochs were far more distinct than spatial factors would predict and the transitions between the two were abrupt. The boundary was associated with a large spike in multiunit activity, with many individual cells specifically active at the start or end of each trial. Both epochs and boundaries were encoded by hippocampal populations, and these representations carried information on orthogonal axes readily identified using principal component analysis. We suggest that the hippocampus orthogonalizes representations of the trial and ITI epochs and the activity spike at trial boundaries might serve to drive hippocampal activity from one stable state to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Bulkin
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David G. Sinclair
- Department of Statistical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - L. Matthew Law
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David M. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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31
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Xiao Z, Lin K, Fellous JM. Conjunctive reward-place coding properties of dorsal distal CA1 hippocampus cells. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2020; 114:285-301. [PMID: 32266474 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-020-00830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous motivated spatial navigation in animals or robots requires the association between spatial location and value. Hippocampal place cells are involved in goal-directed spatial navigation and the consolidation of spatial memories. Recently, Gauthier and Tank (Neuron 99(1):179-193, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.008) have identified a subpopulation of hippocampal cells selectively activated in relation to rewarded goals. However, the relationship between these cells' spiking activity and goal representation remains elusive. We analyzed data from experiments in which rats underwent five consecutive tasks in which reward locations and spatial context were manipulated. We found CA1 populations with properties continuously ranging from place cells to reward cells. Specifically, we found typical place cells insensitive to reward locations, reward cells that only fired at correct rewarded feeders in each task regardless of context, and "hybrid cells" that responded to spatial locations and change of reward locations. Reward cells responded mostly to the reward delivery rather than to its expectation. In addition, we found a small group of neurons that transitioned between place and reward cells properties within the 5-task session. We conclude that some pyramidal cells (if not all) integrate both spatial and reward inputs to various degrees. These results provide insights into the integrative coding properties of CA1 pyramidal cells, focusing on their abilities to carry both spatial and reward information in a mixed and plastic manner. This conjunctive coding property prompts a re-thinking of current computational models of spatial navigation in which hippocampal spatial and subcortical value representations are independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Xiao
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Fellous
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd, Suite 312, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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32
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Dentate gyrus circuits for encoding, retrieval and discrimination of episodic memories. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:153-168. [PMID: 32042144 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) has a key role in hippocampal memory formation. Intriguingly, DG lesions impair many, but not all, hippocampus-dependent mnemonic functions, indicating that the rest of the hippocampus (CA1-CA3) can operate autonomously under certain conditions. An extensive body of theoretical work has proposed how the architectural elements and various cell types of the DG may underlie its function in cognition. Recent studies recorded and manipulated the activity of different neuron types in the DG during memory tasks and have provided exciting new insights into the mechanisms of DG computational processes, particularly for the encoding, retrieval and discrimination of similar memories. Here, we review these DG-dependent mnemonic functions in light of the new findings and explore mechanistic links between the cellular and network properties of, and the computations performed by, the DG.
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Li T, Arleo A, Sheynikhovich D. Modeling place cells and grid cells in multi-compartment environments: Entorhinal–hippocampal loop as a multisensory integration circuit. Neural Netw 2020; 121:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jin W, Qin H, Zhang K, Chen X. Spatial Navigation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1284:63-90. [PMID: 32852741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7086-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for spatial navigation. In this review, we focus on the role of the hippocampus in three basic strategies used for spatial navigation: path integration, stimulus-response association, and map-based navigation. First, the hippocampus is not required for path integration unless the path of path integration is too long and complex. The hippocampus provides mnemonic support when involved in the process of path integration. Second, the hippocampus's involvement in stimulus-response association is dependent on how the strategy is conducted. The hippocampus is not required for the habit form of stimulus-response association. Third, while the hippocampus is fully engaged in map-based navigation, the shared characteristics of place cells, grid cells, head direction cells, and other spatial encoding cells, which are detected in the hippocampus and associated areas, offer a possibility that there is a stand-alone allocentric space perception (or mental representation) of the environment outside and independent of the hippocampus, and the spatially specific firing patterns of these spatial encoding cells are the unfolding of the intermediate stages of the processing of this allocentric spatial information when conveyed into the hippocampus for information storage or retrieval. Furthermore, the presence of all the spatially specific firing patterns in the hippocampus and the related neural circuits during the path integration and map-based navigation support such a notion that in essence, path integration is the same allocentric space perception provided with only idiothetic inputs. Taken together, the hippocampus plays a general mnemonic role in spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Han Qin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Monsalve‐Mercado MM, Roudi Y. Hippocampal spike‐time correlations and place field overlaps during open field foraging. Hippocampus 2019; 30:354-366. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro M. Monsalve‐Mercado
- Physik‐Department Technische Universitat Munchen Munich Germany
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University New York New York
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Yasser Roudi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, NTNU Trondheim Norway
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Sabariego M, Schönwald A, Boublil BL, Zimmerman DT, Ahmadi S, Gonzalez N, Leibold C, Clark RE, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S. Time Cells in the Hippocampus Are Neither Dependent on Medial Entorhinal Cortex Inputs nor Necessary for Spatial Working Memory. Neuron 2019; 102:1235-1248.e5. [PMID: 31056352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A key function of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is to bridge events that are discontinuous in time, and it has been proposed that medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) supports memory retention by sustaining the sequential activity of hippocampal time cells. Therefore, we recorded hippocampal neuronal activity during spatial working memory and asked whether time cells depend on mEC inputs. Working memory was impaired in rats with mEC lesions, but the occurrence of time cells and of trajectory-coding cells in the stem did not differ from controls. Rather, the main effect of mEC lesions was an extensive spatial coding deficit of CA1 cells, which included inconsistency over time and reduced firing differences between positions on the maze. Therefore, mEC is critical for providing stable and distinct spatial information to hippocampus, while working memory (WM) maintenance is likely supported either by local synaptic plasticity in hippocampus or by activity patterns elsewhere in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sabariego
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonia Schönwald
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brittney L Boublil
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David T Zimmerman
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Siavash Ahmadi
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nailea Gonzalez
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Leibold
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Chenani A, Sabariego M, Schlesiger MI, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S, Leibold C. Hippocampal CA1 replay becomes less prominent but more rigid without inputs from medial entorhinal cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1341. [PMID: 30902981 PMCID: PMC6430812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is an essential brain area for learning and memory. However, the network mechanisms underlying memory storage, consolidation and retrieval remain incompletely understood. Place cell sequences during theta oscillations are thought to be replayed during non-theta states to support consolidation and route planning. In animals with medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) lesions, the temporal organization of theta-related hippocampal activity is disrupted, which allows us to test whether replay is also compromised. Two different analyses—comparison of co-activation patterns between running and rest epochs and analysis of the recurrence of place cell sequences—reveal that the enhancement of replay by behavior is reduced in MEC-lesioned versus control rats. In contrast, the degree of intrinsic network structure prior and subsequent to behavior remains unaffected by MEC lesions. The MEC-dependent temporal coordination during theta states therefore appears to facilitate behavior-related plasticity, but does not disrupt pre-existing functional connectivity. Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is involved in memory processes that entail the replay of sequential firing of hippocampal place cells during rest periods and during behaviour. Here, the authors show that MEC lesioned animals show intact replay after an epoch of rats running on a linear track, while replay during the behavioral epoch is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Chenani
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Sabariego
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Magdalene I Schlesiger
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Christian Leibold
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, 82152, Germany. .,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
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