1
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Kojja V, Rudraram V, Kancharla B, Siva H, Tangutur AD, Nayak PK. Identification of phytoestrogens as sirtuin inhibitor against breast cancer: Multitargeted approach. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108168. [PMID: 39127010 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment strategies, breast cancer remains a primary risk to female health as indicated by second most cancer-deaths globally caused by this cancer. High risk mutation is linked to prognosis of breast cancer. Due to high resistance of breast cancer against current therapies, there is necessity of novel treatment strategies. Sirtuins are signaling proteins belonging to histone deacetylase class III family, known to control several cellular processes. Therefore, targeting sirtuins could be one of the approaches to treat breast cancer. Several plants synthesize phytoestrogens which exhibit structural and physiological similarities to estrogens and have been recognized to possess anticancer activity. In our study, we investigated several phytoestrogens for sirtuin inhibition by conducting molecular docking studies, and in-vitro studies against breast cancer cell lines. In molecular docking studies, we identified coumestrol possessing high binding energy with sirtuin proteins 1-3 as compared to other phytoestrogens. The molecular dynamic studies showed stable interaction of ligand and protein with higher affinity at sirtuin proteins 1-3 binding sites. In cell proliferation assay and colony formation assay using breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDAMB-231) coumestrol caused significant reduction in cell proliferation and number of colonies formed. Further, the flow cytometric analysis showed that coumestrol induces intracellular reactive oxygen species and the western blot analysis revealed reduction in the level of SIRT-1 expression in breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, in-silico data and in-vitro studies suggest that the phytoestrogen coumestrol has sirtuin inhibitory activity against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Kojja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vanitha Rudraram
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Bhanukiran Kancharla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hemalatha Siva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anjana Devi Tangutur
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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2
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Abeywardana MY, Whedon SD, Lee K, Nam E, Dovarganes R, DuBois-Coyne S, Haque IA, Wang ZA, Cole PA. Multifaceted regulation of sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) deacetylase activity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107722. [PMID: 39214297 PMCID: PMC11458557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) is a member of the sirtuin family of NAD-dependent lysine deacylases and plays important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and gene expression. As a nucleocytoplasmic deacetylase, Sirt2 has been shown to target both histone and nonhistone acetylated protein substrates. The central catalytic domain of Sirt2 is flanked by flexible N and C termini, which vary in length and composition with alternative splicing. These termini are further subject to posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation. Here, we investigate the function of the N and C termini on deacetylation of nuclear substrates by Sirt2. Remarkably, we find that the C terminus autoinhibits deacetylation, while the N terminus enhances deacetylation of proteins and peptides, but not nucleosomes-a chromatin model substrate. Using protein semisynthesis, we characterize the effect of cell cycle-linked N-terminal phosphorylation at two major phosphorylation sites (Ser23/Ser25) and find that these further enhance protein/peptide deacetylation, with no effect on nucleosome deacetylation. Additionally, we find that VRK1, an established binding partner of both Sirt2 and nucleosomes, can stimulate deacetylation of nucleosomes by Sirt2, likely through an electrostatic mechanism. Taken together, these findings reveal multiple mechanisms regulating the activity of Sirt2, which allow for a broad range of activities across its multiple biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheeshi Yapa Abeywardana
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel D Whedon
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwangwoon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eunju Nam
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafael Dovarganes
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah DuBois-Coyne
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ishraq A Haque
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhipeng A Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Desai Sethi Urology Institute & Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Philip A Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Eguchi A, Olsen JV. Phosphoproteomic investigation of targets of protein phosphatases in EGFR signaling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7908. [PMID: 38575675 PMCID: PMC10995159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) initiate cellular signaling pathways, which are regulated through a delicate balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. While many studies of RTKs have focused on downstream-activated kinases catalyzing the site-specific phosphorylation, few studies have focused on the phosphatases carrying out the dephosphorylation. In this study, we analyzed six protein phosphatase networks using chemical inhibitors in context of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. Specifically, we focused on protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), involved in attenuating p38-dependent signaling pathways in various cellular responses, and confirmed its effect in regulating p38 activity in EGFR signaling. Furthermore, utilizing a p38 inhibitor, we classified phosphosites whose phosphorylation status depends on PP2C inhibition into p38-dependent and p38-independent sites. This study provides a large-scale dataset of phosphatase-regulation of EGF-responsive phosphorylation sites, which serves as a useful resource to deepen our understanding of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Eguchi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Maure A, Lawarée E, Fiorentino F, Pawlik A, Gona S, Giraud-Gatineau A, Eldridge MJG, Danckaert A, Hardy D, Frigui W, Keck C, Gutierrez C, Neyrolles O, Aulner N, Mai A, Hamon M, Barreiro LB, Brodin P, Brosch R, Rotili D, Tailleux L. A host-directed oxadiazole compound potentiates antituberculosis treatment via zinc poisoning in human macrophages and in a mouse model of infection. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002259. [PMID: 38683873 PMCID: PMC11081512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Antituberculosis drugs, mostly developed over 60 years ago, combined with a poorly effective vaccine, have failed to eradicate tuberculosis. More worryingly, multiresistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are constantly emerging. Innovative strategies are thus urgently needed to improve tuberculosis treatment. Recently, host-directed therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to be used in adjunct with existing or future antibiotics, by improving innate immunity or limiting immunopathology. Here, using high-content imaging, we identified novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compounds, which allow human macrophages to control MTB replication. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that these molecules induced zinc remobilization inside cells, resulting in bacterial zinc intoxication. More importantly, we also demonstrated that, upon treatment with these novel compounds, MTB became even more sensitive to antituberculosis drugs, in vitro and in vivo, in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Manipulation of heavy metal homeostasis holds thus great promise to be exploited to develop host-directed therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maure
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Lawarée
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Saideep Gona
- Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anne Danckaert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UTechS BioImaging-C2RT, Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Histopathology Platform, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Camille Keck
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Claude Gutierrez
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UTechS BioImaging-C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci-bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mélanie Hamon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Chromatine et Infection unit, Paris, France
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovic Tailleux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
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5
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Samoilova EM, Romanov SE, Chudakova DA, Laktionov PP. Role of sirtuins in epigenetic regulation and aging control. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:215-227. [PMID: 38680178 PMCID: PMC11043508 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in modern healthcare in developed countries make it possible to extend the human lifespan, which is why maintaining active longevity is becoming increasingly important. After the sirtuin (SIRT) protein family was discovered, it started to be considered as a significant regulator of the physiological processes associated with aging. SIRT has deacetylase, deacylase, and ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and modifies a variety of protein substrates, including chromatin components and regulatory proteins. This multifactorial regulatory system affects many processes: cellular metabolism, mitochondrial functions, epigenetic regulation, DNA repair and more. As is expected, the activity of sirtuin proteins affects the manifestation of classic signs of aging in the body, such as cellular senescence, metabolic disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, genomic instability, and the disruption of epigenetic regulation. Changes in the SIRT activity in human cells can also be considered a marker of aging and are involved in the genesis of various age-dependent disorders. Additionally, experimental data obtained in animal models, as well as data from population genomic studies, suggest a SIRT effect on life expectancy. At the same time, the diversity of sirtuin functions and biochemical substrates makes it extremely complicated to identify cause-and-effect relationships and the direct role of SIRT in controlling the functional state of the body. However, the SIRT influence on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during the aging process and the development of disorders is one of the most important aspects of maintaining the homeostasis of organs and tissues. The presented review centers on the diversity of SIRT in humans and model animals. In addition to a brief description of the main SIRT enzymatic and biological activity, the review discusses its role in the epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure, including the context of the development of genome instability associated with aging. Studies on the functional connection between SIRT and longevity, as well as its effect on pathological processes associated with aging, such as chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and neuroinflammation, have been critically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Samoilova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Romanov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D A Chudakova
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - P P Laktionov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Piracha ZZ, Saeed U, Piracha IE, Noor S, Noor E. Decoding the multifaceted interventions between human sirtuin 2 and dynamic hepatitis B viral proteins to confirm their roles in HBV replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1234903. [PMID: 38239506 PMCID: PMC10794644 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1234903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The human sirtuin 2 gene (SIRT2) encodes a full-length Sirt2 protein (i.e., the Sirt2 isoform 1), which primarily functions as a cytoplasmic α-tubulin deacetylase, and which promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication itself, or HBV X (HBx) protein-mediated transcriptional transactivation, enhances Sirt2.1 expression; therefore, Sirt2.1 itself is capable of positively increasing HBV transcription and replication. Sirt2.1 is linked to liver fibrosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and, consequently, augments the risk of HCC. The Sirt2.1 protein enhances the HBV replication cycle by activating the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/β-catenin pathway. It also activates the transcription of the viral enhancer I/HBx promoter (EnI/Xp) and enhancer II/HBc promoter (EnII/Cp) by targeting the transcription factor p53. The Sirt2 isoform 2 (Sirt2.2) is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, and the N-terminus is shorter by 37 amino acids than that of Sirt2.1. Despite the truncation of the N-terminal region, Sirt2.2 is still capable of enhancing HBV replication and activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. The Sirt2 isoform 5 (Sirt2.5) is primarily localized to the nucleus, it lacks a nuclear export signal (NES), and the catalytic domain (CD) is truncated. Upon HBV replication, expression of the Sirt2 isoforms is also enhanced, which further upregulates the HBV replication, and, therefore, supports the vicious cycle of viral replication and progression of the disease. Sirt2 diversely affects HBV replication such that its isoform 1 intensely augments HBV replication and isoform 2 (despite of the truncated N-terminal region) moderately enhances HBV replication. Isoform 5, on the other hand, tends to protect the cell (for smooth long-term continued viral replication) from HBV-induced extreme damage or death via a discrete set of regulatory mechanisms impeding viral mRNAs, the hepatitis B core/capsid protein (HBc), core particles, replicative intermediate (RI) DNAs, and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) levels, and, consequently, limiting HBV replication. In contrast to Sirt2.1 and Sirt 2.2, the Sirt2.5-mediated HBV replication is independent of the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling cascade. Sirt2.5 is recruited more at cccDNA than the recruitment of Sirt2.1 onto the cccDNA. This recruitment causes the deposition of more histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs), including SETDB1, SUV39H1, EZH2, and PR-Set7, along with the respective corresponding transcriptional repressive markers such as H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K20me1 onto the HBV cccDNA. In HBV-replicating cells, Sirt2.5 can also make complexes with PR-Set7 and SETDB1. In addition, Sirt2.5 has the ability to turn off transcription from cccDNA through epigenetic modification via either direct or indirect interaction with HKMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zahid Piracha
- Department of Medical Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Saeed
- Clinical and Biomedical Research Centre (CBRC) and Multidisciplinary Lab (MDL), Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ellahi Piracha
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Seneen Noor
- Department of Medical Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Elyeen Noor
- Department of Medical Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
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7
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Li Y, Bie J, Song C, Li Y, Zhang T, Li H, Zhao L, You F, Luo J. SIRT2 negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway by deacetylating G3BP1. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57500. [PMID: 37870259 PMCID: PMC10702829 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2, a cytoplasmic member of the Sirtuin family, has important roles in immunity and inflammation. However, its function in regulating the response to DNA virus infection remains elusive. Here, we find that SIRT2 is a unique regulator among the Sirtuin family that negatively modulates the cGAS-STING-signaling pathway. SIRT2 is down-regulated after Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, and SIRT2 deficiency markedly elevates the expression levels of type I interferon (IFN). SIRT2 inhibits the DNA binding ability and droplet formation of cGAS by interacting with and deacetylating G3BP1 at K257, K276, and K376, leading to the disassembly of the cGAS-G3BP1 complex, which is critical for cGAS activation. Administration of AGK2, a selective SIRT2 inhibitor, protects mice from HSV-1 infection and increases the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. Our study shows that SIRT2 negatively regulates cGAS activation through G3BP1 deacetylation, suggesting a potential antiviral strategy by modulating SIRT2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Bie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Chen Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyInstitute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Tianzhuo Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Haishuang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fuping You
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyInstitute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
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8
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Santos L, Benitez-Rosendo A, Bresque M, Camacho-Pereira J, Calliari A, Escande C. Sirtuins: The NAD +-Dependent Multifaceted Modulators of Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:1185-1208. [PMID: 37767625 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases regulating important processes in cellular biology such as inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent Advances: Despite initially being discovered to regulate transcription and life span via histone deacetylase activities, emerging data continually uncover new targets and propose additional roles. Due to the outstanding importance of the sirtuins in the control of the inflammatory response, their roles in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory-based diseases have become an area of intense research. Although sirtuins have been traditionally regarded as anti-inflammatory players, several recent findings suggest that their role in inflammation is complex and that in some cases sirtuins can indeed promote inflammation. Critical Issues: In this article, we provide an update on the latest findings concerning the new mechanisms of action and concepts about the role of sirtuins during inflammation. We focus on the impact that inflammatory-based processes exert on the liver, adipose tissue, and nervous system as well as on macrophage function and activation. Also, we discuss available data pointing to the dual role that, in particular contexts, sirtuins may have on inflammation control. Future Directions: Since the knowledge of sirtuin impact on metabolism is continually expanding, new venues of research arise. Besides become being regarded as candidates of therapeutic targets, posttranscriptional control of sirtuin expression by means of microRNAs challenges our traditional concepts of sirtuin regulation; importantly, the emerging role of NAD+ metabolism in aging and longevity has added a new dimension to the interest in sirtuin function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 1185-1208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Santos
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Benitez-Rosendo
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bresque
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Juliana Camacho-Pereira
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aldo Calliari
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Biosciences, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Escande
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Xu S, Xi J, Wu T, Wang Z. The Role of Adipocyte Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Obese Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: A Review. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4405-4418. [PMID: 37789878 PMCID: PMC10543758 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s428482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction plays an important role in metabolic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and lipid ectopic deposition in obese patients. In recent years, it has been found that under the stimulation of adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the over-activated ER unfolded protein response (UPR) exacerbates the inflammatory response of adipose tissue by interfering with the normal metabolism of adipose tissue, promotes the secretion of adipokines, and affects the browning and thermogenic pathways of adipose tissue, ultimately leading to the manifestation of metabolic syndrome such as ectopic lipid deposition and disorders of glucolipid metabolism in obese patients. This paper mainly summarizes the relationship between adipocyte ERS and obese adipose tissue dysfunction and provides an overview of the mechanisms by which ERS induces metabolic disorders such as catabolism, thermogenesis and inflammation in obese adipose tissue through the regulation of molecules and pathways such as NF-κB, ADPN, STAMP2, LPIN1, TRIP-Br2, NF-Y and SIRT2 and briefly describes the current mechanisms targeting adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress to improve obesity and provide ideas for intervention and treatment of obese adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Xu
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiu Xi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wu
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Callahan SM, Hancock TJ, Doster RS, Parker CB, Wakim ME, Gaddy JA, Johnson JG. A secreted sirtuin from Campylobacter jejuni contributes to neutrophil activation and intestinal inflammation during infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2693. [PMID: 37566649 PMCID: PMC10421069 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications control numerous processes in eukaryotes, including inflammation. Some bacterial pathogens alter the activity or expression of host-derived factors, including sirtuins, to modify histones and induce responses that promote infection. In this study, we identified a deacetylase encoded by Campylobacter jejuni which has sirtuin activities and contributes to activation of human neutrophils by the pathogen. This sirtuin is secreted from the bacterium into neutrophils, where it associates with and deacetylates host histones to promote neutrophil activation and extracellular trap production. Using the murine model of campylobacteriosis, we found that a mutant of this bacterial sirtuin efficiently colonized the gastrointestinal tract but was unable to induce cytokine production, gastrointestinal inflammation, and tissue pathology. In conclusion, these results suggest that secreted bacterial sirtuins represent a previously unreported class of bacterial effector and that bacterial-mediated modification of host histones is responsible for the inflammation and pathology that occurs during campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Callahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Trevor J. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN 37930, USA
| | - Ryan S. Doster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Caroline B. Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mary E. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeremiah G. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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11
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Silva RDFE, Bassi G, Câmara NOS, Moretti NS. Sirtuins: Key pieces in the host response to pathogens' puzzle. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:150-160. [PMID: 37437515 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is changing the distribution of different pathogens around the globe, and humans are more susceptible to new or re-emerging infections. The human response to microbes is complex and involves different mechanisms of the immune system. Regulation of gene expression of immunity genes and of metabolism of immune cells are essential in this process. Both mechanisms could be regulated by protein lysine acetylation that will control chromatin structure affecting gene expression or key enzyme activity involved in cellular processes. Protein acetylation is crucial for the immunity and involves two families of enzymes: lysine acetyltransferases (KATs), which will promote protein acetylation, and lysine deacetylases (KDACs) that will reduce this modification. Lysine deacetylases are divided into Zinc-dependent or HDACs and NAD+ -dependent, or Sirtuins. These enzymes are in the nucleus, cytosol, and mitochondria of mammalian cells affecting different cellular pathways, such as metabolism, gene expression, DNA repair, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, opening the opportunity to explore these proteins as drug targets in different diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative illness. Although widely explored in chronic diseases, very little is known about the role of Sirtuins during host response against microbes' infection. In this review we aim to explore the most recent literature evidencing a role for these enzymes during host responses to viruses, bacterial and protozoan infections, pointing out how these proteins can be manipulated by these pathogens to progress in the infection. Moreover, we will uncover the potential of host KDACs as therapeutic targets to prevent infections by activating effector immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogens, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogens, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Roche KL, Remiszewski S, Todd MJ, Kulp JL, Tang L, Welsh AV, Barry AP, De C, Reiley WW, Wahl A, Garcia JV, Luftig MA, Shenk T, Tonra JR, Murphy EA, Chiang LW. An allosteric inhibitor of sirtuin 2 deacetylase activity exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e158978. [PMID: 37317966 PMCID: PMC10266789 DOI: 10.1172/jci158978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most drugs used to treat viral disease target a virus-coded product. They inhibit a single virus or virus family, and the pathogen can readily evolve resistance. Host-targeted antivirals can overcome these limitations. The broad-spectrum activity achieved by host targeting can be especially useful in combating emerging viruses and for treatment of diseases caused by multiple viral pathogens, such as opportunistic agents in immunosuppressed patients. We have developed a family of compounds that modulate sirtuin 2, an NAD+-dependent deacylase, and now report the properties of a member of that family, FLS-359. Biochemical and x-ray structural studies show that the drug binds to sirtuin 2 and allosterically inhibits its deacetylase activity. FLS-359 inhibits the growth of RNA and DNA viruses, including members of the coronavirus, orthomyxovirus, flavivirus, hepadnavirus, and herpesvirus families. FLS-359 acts at multiple levels to antagonize cytomegalovirus replication in fibroblasts, causing modest reductions in viral RNAs and DNA, together with a much greater reduction in infectious progeny, and it exhibits antiviral activity in humanized mouse models of infection. Our results highlight the potential of sirtuin 2 inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals and set the stage for further understanding of how host epigenetic mechanisms impact the growth and spread of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Roche
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Remiszewski
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J. Todd
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John L. Kulp
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Liudi Tang
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison V. Welsh
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chandrav De
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James R. Tonra
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eain A. Murphy
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Lillian W. Chiang
- Evrys Bio LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Agosto LM, Mallory MJ, Ferretti MB, Blake D, Krick KS, Gazzara MR, Garcia BA, Lynch KW. Alternative splicing of HDAC7 regulates its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins to alter histone marks and target gene expression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112273. [PMID: 36933216 PMCID: PMC10113009 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin regulation and alternative splicing are both critical mechanisms guiding gene expression. Studies have demonstrated that histone modifications can influence alternative splicing decisions, but less is known about how alternative splicing may impact chromatin. Here, we demonstrate that several genes encoding histone-modifying enzymes are alternatively spliced downstream of T cell signaling pathways, including HDAC7, a gene previously implicated in controlling gene expression and differentiation in T cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and cDNA expression, we show that differential inclusion of HDAC7 exon 9 controls the interaction of HDAC7 with protein chaperones, resulting in changes to histone modifications and gene expression. Notably, the long isoform, which is induced by the RNA-binding protein CELF2, promotes expression of several critical T cell surface proteins including CD3, CD28, and CD69. Thus, we demonstrate that alternative splicing of HDAC7 has a global impact on histone modification and gene expression that contributes to T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Agosto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Mallory
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max B Ferretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Davia Blake
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keegan S Krick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Gazzara
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Genomic and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Quan X, Xin Y, Wang HL, Sun Y, Chen C, Zhang J. Implications of altered sirtuins in metabolic regulation and oral cancer. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14752. [PMID: 36815979 PMCID: PMC9936870 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs 1-7) are a group of histone deacetylase enzymes with a wide range of enzyme activities that target a range of cellular proteins in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria for posttranslational modifications by acetylation (SIRT1, 2, 3, and 5) or ADP ribosylation (SIRT4, 6, and 7). A variety of cellular functions, including mitochondrial functions and functions in energy homeostasis, metabolism, cancer, longevity and ageing, are regulated by sirtuins. Compromised sirtuin functions and/or alterations in the expression levels of sirtuins may lead to several pathological conditions and contribute significantly to alterations in metabolic phenotypes as well as oral carcinogenesis. Here, we describe the basic characteristics of seven mammalian sirtuins. This review also emphasizes the key molecular mechanisms of sirtuins in metabolic regulation and discusses the possible relationships of sirtuins with oral cancers. This review will provide novel insight into new therapeutic approaches targeting sirtuins that may potentially lead to effective strategies for combating oral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Quan
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pathology, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He-Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chanchan Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangying Zhang
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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15
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Cheng S, Fahmi NA, Park M, Sun J, Thao K, Yeh HS, Zhang W, Yong J. mTOR Contributes to the Proteome Diversity through Transcriptome-Wide Alternative Splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012416. [PMID: 36293270 PMCID: PMC9604279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is crucial in energy metabolism and cell proliferation. Previously, we reported transcriptome-wide 3′-untranslated region (UTR) shortening by alternative polyadenylation upon mTOR activation and its impact on the proteome. Here, we further interrogated the mTOR-activated transcriptome and found that hyperactivation of mTOR promotes transcriptome-wide exon skipping/exclusion, producing short isoform transcripts from genes. This widespread exon skipping confers multifarious regulations in the mTOR-controlled functional proteomics: AS in coding regions widely affects the protein length and functional domains. They also alter the half-life of proteins and affect the regulatory post-translational modifications. Among the RNA processing factors differentially regulated by mTOR signaling, we found that SRSF3 mechanistically facilitates exon skipping in the mTOR-activated transcriptome. This study reveals a role of mTOR in AS regulation and demonstrates that widespread AS is a multifaceted modulator of the mTOR-regulated functional proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA
| | - Naima Ahmed Fahmi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Meeyeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Thao
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA
| | - Hsin-Sung Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +1-407-823-2763 (W.Z.); +1-612-626-2420 (J.Y.)
| | - Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55445, USA
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +1-407-823-2763 (W.Z.); +1-612-626-2420 (J.Y.)
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16
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Bürkle A, Mangerich A. Fueling genome maintenance: On the versatile roles of NAD + in preserving DNA integrity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102037. [PMID: 35595095 PMCID: PMC9194868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a versatile biomolecule acting as a master regulator and substrate in various cellular processes, including redox regulation, metabolism, and various signaling pathways. In this article, we concisely and critically review the role of NAD+ in mechanisms promoting genome maintenance. Numerous NAD+-dependent reactions are involved in the preservation of genome stability, the cellular DNA damage response, and other pathways regulating nucleic acid metabolism, such as gene expression and cell proliferation pathways. Of note, NAD+ serves as a substrate to ADP-ribosyltransferases, sirtuins, and potentially also eukaryotic DNA ligases, all of which regulate various aspects of DNA integrity, damage repair, and gene expression. Finally, we critically analyze recent developments in the field as well as discuss challenges associated with therapeutic actions intended to raise NAD+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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17
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A selective PPM1A inhibitor activates autophagy to restrict the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1126-1139.e12. [PMID: 35320734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal-dependent protein phosphatases (PPMs) have essential roles in a variety of cellular processes, including inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses, which are intensively investigated in cancer and metabolic diseases. Targeting PPMs to modulate host immunity in response to pathogens is an ambitious proposition. The feasibility of such a strategy is unproven because development of inhibitors against PPMs is challenging and suffers from poor selectivity. Combining a biomimetic modularization strategy with function-oriented synthesis, we design, synthesize and screen more than 500 pseudo-natural products, resulting in the discovery of a potent, selective, and non-cytotoxic small molecule inhibitor for PPM1A, SMIP-30. Inhibition of PPM1A with SMIP-30 or its genetic ablation (ΔPPM1A) activated autophagy through a mechanism dependent on phosphorylation of p62-SQSTM1, which restricted the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and in the lungs of infected mice. SMIP-30 provides proof of concept that PPMs are druggable and promising targets for the development of host-directed therapies against tuberculosis.
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18
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Liu Y, Li M, Lv X, Bao K, Yu Tian X, He L, Shi L, Zhu Y, Ai D. YAP Targets the TGFβ Pathway to Mediate High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet-Induced Arterial Stiffness. Circ Res 2022; 130:851-867. [PMID: 35176871 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is related to cardiovascular diseases, which is attributed in part, to arterial stiffness; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of metabolic syndrome-induced arterial stiffness and to identify new therapeutic targets. METHODS Arterial stiffness was induced by high-fat/high-sucrose diet in mice, which was quantified by Doppler ultrasound. Four-dimensional label-free quantitative proteomic analysis, affinity purification and mass spectrometry, and immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of YAP (Yes-associated protein)-mediated TGF (transforming growth factor) β pathway activation. RESULTS YAP protein was upregulated in the aortic tunica media of mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 2 weeks and precedes arterial stiffness. Smooth muscle cell-specific YAP knockdown attenuated high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced arterial stiffness and activation of TGFβ-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in arteries. By contrast, Myh11CreERT2-YapTg mice exhibited exacerbated high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced arterial stiffness and enhanced TGFβ-activated Smad2/3 phosphorylation in arteries. PPM1B (protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1B) was identified as a YAP-bound phosphatase that translocates into the nucleus to dephosphorylate Smads in response to TGFβ. This process was inhibited by YAP through removal of the K63-linked ubiquitin chain of PPM1B at K326. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a new mechanism by which smooth muscle cell YAP regulates the TGFβ pathway and a potential therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome-associated arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, China. (Y.L., X.L., D.A.)
| | - Mengke Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China. (M.L., Y.Z., D.A.)
| | - Xue Lv
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, China. (Y.L., X.L., D.A.)
| | - Kaiwen Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China. (K.B., L.S.)
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong (X.Y.T., L.H.)
| | - Lei He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong (X.Y.T., L.H.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China. (K.B., L.S.)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China. (M.L., Y.Z., D.A.)
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, China. (Y.L., X.L., D.A.).,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China. (M.L., Y.Z., D.A.)
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19
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Rana S, Maurya S, Mohapatra G, Singh S, Babar R, Chandrasekhar H, Chamoli G, Rathore D, Kshetrapal P, Srikanth CV. Activation of epigenetic regulator KDM6B by Salmonella Typhimurium enables chronic infections. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1986665. [PMID: 34696686 PMCID: PMC8555538 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1986665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections result in self limiting gastroenteritis except in rare cases wherein manifestations of chronic infections can occur. Strategies employed by Salmonella to thrive in hostile environments of host during chronic infections are complex and multifaceted. In chronic state, a coordinated action of bacterial effectors allows reprogramming of macrophages to M2 subtype and thereby creating a permissible replicative niche. The mechanistic details of these processes are not fully known. In the current study we identified, histone H3-lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3)-specific demethylase, KDM6B to be upregulated in both cell culture and in murine model of Salmonella infection. KDM6B recruitment upon infection exhibited an associated loss of overall H3K27me3 in host cells and was Salmonella SPI1 effectors coordinated. ChIP-qRT-PCR array analysis revealed several new gene promoter targets of KDM6B demethylase activity including PPARδ, a crucial regulator of fatty acid oxidation pathway and Salmonella-persistent infections. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of KDM6B demethylase activity with GSKJ4 in chronic Salmonella infection mice model led to a significant reduction in pathogen load and M2 macrophage polarization in peripheral lymphoid organs. The following work thus reveals Salmonella effector-mediated epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages responsible for its long-term survival and chronic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonalika Maurya
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rohan Babar
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Hridya Chandrasekhar
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Garima Chamoli
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Rathore
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - C. V. Srikanth
- Laboratory of Gut Infection and Inflammation Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India,CONTACT C. V. Srikanth Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
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20
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Epigenetic repression of Wnt receptors in AD: a role for Sirtuin2-induced H4K16ac deacetylation of Frizzled1 and Frizzled7 promoters. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3024-3033. [PMID: 35296808 PMCID: PMC9205772 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for deficient Wnt signalling in Alzheimer's disease (AD). First, the Wnt antagonist DKK1 is elevated in AD brains and is required for amyloid-β-induced synapse loss. Second, LRP6 Wnt co-receptor is required for synapse integrity and three variants of this receptor are linked to late-onset AD. However, the expression/role of other Wnt signalling components remain poorly explored in AD. Wnt receptors Frizzled1 (Fzd1), Fzd5, Fzd7 and Fzd9 are of interest due to their role in synapse formation/plasticity. Our analyses showed reduced FZD1 and FZD7 mRNA levels in the hippocampus of human early AD stages and in the hAPPNLGF/NLGF mouse model. This transcriptional downregulation was accompanied by reduced levels of the pro-transcriptional histone mark H4K16ac and a concomitant increase of its deacetylase Sirt2 at Fzd1 and Fzd7 promoters in AD. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Sirt2 rescued Fzd1 and Fzd7 mRNA expression and H4K16ac levels at their promoters. In addition, we showed that Sirt2 recruitment to Fzd1 and Fzd7 promoters is dependent on FoxO1 activity in AD, thus acting as a co-repressor. Finally, we found reduced levels of SIRT2 inhibitory phosphorylation in nuclear samples from human early AD stages with a concomitant increase in the SIRT2 phosphatase PP2C. This results in hyperactive nuclear Sirt2 and favours Fzd1 and Fzd7 repression in AD. Collectively, our findings define a novel role for nuclear hyperactivated SIRT2 in repressing Fzd1 and Fzd7 expression via H4K16ac deacetylation in AD. We propose SIRT2 as an attractive target to ameliorate AD pathology.
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Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Vachharajani V. Sirtuins and Sepsis: Cross Talk between Redox and Epigenetic Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010003. [PMID: 35052507 PMCID: PMC8772830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients in the US. The immune response in sepsis transitions from a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant hyper-inflammation to an anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective hypo-inflammatory phase. While 1/3rd sepsis-related deaths occur during hyper-, a vast majority of sepsis-mortality occurs during the hypo-inflammation. Hyper-inflammation is cytotoxic for the immune cells and cannot be sustained. As a compensatory mechanism, the immune cells transition from cytotoxic hyper-inflammation to a cytoprotective hypo-inflammation with anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive phase. However, the hypo-inflammation is associated with an inability to clear invading pathogens, leaving the host susceptible to secondary infections. Thus, the maladaptive immune response leads to a marked departure from homeostasis during sepsis-phases. The transition from hyper- to hypo-inflammation occurs via epigenetic programming. Sirtuins, a highly conserved family of histone deacetylators and guardians of homeostasis, are integral to the epigenetic programming in sepsis. Through their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, the sirtuins modulate the immune response in sepsis. We review the role of sirtuins in orchestrating the interplay between the oxidative stress and epigenetic programming during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Gandhirajan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (A.G.); (S.R.)
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Histone H3 deacetylation promotes host cell viability for efficient infection by Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010173. [PMID: 34929015 PMCID: PMC8722725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For many intracellular bacterial pathogens manipulating host cell survival is essential for maintaining their replicative niche, and is a common strategy used to promote infection. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is well known to hijack host machinery for its own benefit, such as targeting the host histone H3 for modification by SIRT2. However, by what means this modification benefits infection, as well as the molecular players involved, were unknown. Here we show that SIRT2 activity supports Listeria intracellular survival by maintaining genome integrity and host cell viability. This protective effect is dependent on H3K18 deacetylation, which safeguards the host genome by counteracting infection-induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, infection causes SIRT2 to interact with the nucleic acid binding protein TDP-43 and localise to genomic R-loops, where H3K18 deacetylation occurs. This work highlights novel functions of TDP-43 and R-loops during bacterial infection and identifies the mechanism through which L. monocytogenes co-opts SIRT2 to allow efficient infection. To cause systemic disease Listeria monocytogenes assumes an intracellular lifestyle which supports its growth and dissemination during infection. In order to maintain the intracellular niche L. monocytogenes manipulates various host cell processes thereby promoting its own survival and infection. One such example is the hijacking of a host deacetylase called SIRT2 which upon infection localises to chromatin, specifically modifies lysine 18 of histone H3 and promotes intracellular bacterial growth. Here we identify how SIRT2 promotes infection. We show that SIRT2-mediated H3K18 deacetylation counteracts infection-induced DNA damage and identify the molecular complex at play. Such SIRT2 activity has a crucial role in promoting host cell viability during infection, allowing for better survival upon heavy intracellular bacterial burden, and resulting in enhanced infection by L. monocytogenes.
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23
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Li M, Xu X, Su Y, Shao X, Zhou Y, Yan J. A comprehensive overview of PPM1A: From structure to disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:453-461. [PMID: 34861123 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211061883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PPM1A (magnesium-dependent phosphatase 1 A, also known as PP2Cα) is a member of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase family. Protein phosphatases catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from proteins via hydrolysis, thus opposing the role of protein kinases. The PP2C family is generally considered a negative regulator in the eukaryotic stress response pathway. PPM1A can bind and dephosphorylate various proteins and is therefore involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes. It plays a crucial role in transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis and has been suggested to be closely related to the occurrence and development of cancers of the lung, bladder, and breast, amongst others. Moreover, it is closely related to certain autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we provide an insight into currently available knowledge of PPM1A, including its structure, biological function, involvement in signaling pathways, and association with diseases. Lastly, we discuss whether PPM1A could be targeted for therapy of certain human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xingfeng Xu
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianguo Yan
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
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24
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Roussin M, Salcedo SP. NAD+-targeting by bacteria: an emerging weapon in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6315328. [PMID: 34223888 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a major cofactor in redox reactions in all lifeforms. A stable level of NAD+ is vital to ensure cellular homeostasis. Some pathogens can modulate NAD+ metabolism to their advantage and even utilize or cleave NAD+ from the host using specialized effectors known as ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins and NADases, leading to energy store depletion, immune evasion, or even cell death. This review explores recent advances in the field of bacterial NAD+-targeting toxins, highlighting the relevance of NAD+ modulation as an emerging pathogenesis strategy. In addition, we discuss the role of specific NAD+-targeting toxins in niche colonization and bacterial lifestyle as components of Toxin/Antitoxin systems and key players in inter-bacterial competition. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, regulation, and secretion of these toxins will provide interesting leads in the search for new antimicrobial treatments in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roussin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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25
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Seumen CHT, Grimm TM, Hauck CR. Protein phosphatases in TLR signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:45. [PMID: 33882943 PMCID: PMC8058998 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical sensors for the detection of potentially harmful microbes. They are instrumental in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogenic organisms. However, exaggerated activation of TLR receptor signaling can also be responsible for the onset of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. While positive regulators of TLR signaling, such as protein serine/threonine kinases, have been studied intensively, only little is known about phosphatases, which counterbalance and limit TLR signaling. In this review, we summarize protein phosphorylation events and their roles in the TLR pathway and highlight the involvement of protein phosphatases as negative regulators at specific steps along the TLR-initiated signaling cascade. Then, we focus on individual phosphatase families, specify the function of individual enzymes in TLR signaling in more detail and give perspectives for future research. A better understanding of phosphatase-mediated regulation of TLR signaling could provide novel access points to mitigate excessive immune activation and to modulate innate immune signaling.![]() Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis H T Seumen
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja M Grimm
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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26
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Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Kibler C, Bauer SR, Nagy LE, Vachharajani V. Ethanol Exposure Attenuates Immune Response in Sepsis via Sirtuin 2 Expression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:338-350. [PMID: 33368409 PMCID: PMC7974377 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock kill over 270,000 patients per year in the United States. Sepsis transitions from a hyper-inflammatory to a hypo-inflammatory phase. Alcohol dependence is a risk factor for mortality from sepsis. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure impairs pathogen clearance through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) interferes with pathogen clearance in immune cells but its role in the effects of EtOH on sepsis is unknown. We studied the effect of EtOH exposure on hyper- and hypo-inflammation and the role of SIRT2 in mice. METHODS We exposed C57Bl/6 (WT) mice to EtOH via drinking water and used intraperitoneal cecal slurry (CS)-induced sepsis to study: (i) 7-day survival, (ii) leukocyte adhesion (LA) in the mesenteric microcirculation during hyper- and hypo-inflammation, (iii) peritoneal cavity bacterial clearance, and (iv) SIRT2 expression in peritoneal macrophages. Using EtOH-exposed and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 (RAW) cell macrophages for 4 hours or 24 hours, we studied: (i) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and SIRT2 expression, and (ii) the effect of the SIRT2 inhibitor AK-7 on inflammatory response at 24 hours. Lastly, we studied the effect of EtOH on sepsis in whole body Sirt2 knockout (SIRT2KO) mice during hyper- and hypo-inflammation, bacterial clearance, and 7-day survival. RESULTS WT EtOH-sepsis mice showed: (i) Decreased survival, (ii) Muted LA in the microcirculation, (iii) Lower plasma TNF-α and IL-6 expression, (iv) Decreased bacterial clearance, and (v) Increased SIRT2 expression in peritoneal macrophages versus vehicle-sepsis. EtOH-exposed LPS-stimulated RAW cells showed: (i) Muted TNF-α, IL-6, and increased IL-10 expression at 4 hours, (ii) endotoxin tolerance at 24 hours, and (iii) reversal of endotoxin tolerance with the SIRT2 inhibitor AK-7. EtOH-exposed SIRT2KO-sepsis mice showed greater 7-day survival, LA, and bacterial clearance than WT EtOH-sepsis mice. CONCLUSION EtOH exposure decreases survival and reduces the inflammatory response to sepsis via increased SIRT2 expression. SIRT2 is a potential therapeutic target in EtOH with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
| | | | | | - Laura E. Nagy
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
- Department of Critical Care, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic
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27
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Acosta E, Bowlin T, Brooks J, Chiang L, Hussein I, Kimberlin D, Kauvar LM, Leavitt R, Prichard M, Whitley R. Advances in the Development of Therapeutics for Cytomegalovirus Infections. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S32-S44. [PMID: 32134483 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutics for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, while progressing, has not matched the pace of new treatments of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections; nevertheless, recent developments in the treatment of CMV infections have resulted in improved human health and perhaps will encourage the development of new therapeutic approaches. First, the deployment of ganciclovir and valganciclovir for both the prevention and treatment of CMV infections and disease in transplant recipients has been further improved with the licensure of the efficacious and less toxic letermovir. Regardless, late-onset CMV disease, specifically pneumonia, remains problematic. Second, the treatment of congenital CMV infections with valganciclovir has beneficially improved both hearing and neurologic outcomes, both fundamental advances for these children. In these pediatric studies, viral load was decreased but not eliminated. Thus, an important lesson learned from studies in both populations is the need for new antiviral agents and the necessity for combination therapies as has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of HIV infections, among others. The development of monoclonal antibodies, sirtuins, and cyclopropovir may provide new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Acosta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Richard Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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28
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Lee YH, Im E, Hyun M, Park J, Chung KC. Protein phosphatase PPM1B inhibits DYRK1A kinase through dephosphorylation of pS258 and reduces toxic tau aggregation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100245. [PMID: 33380426 PMCID: PMC7948726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is mainly caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), and patients display a variety of developmental symptoms, including characteristic facial features, physical growth delay, intellectual disability, and neurodegeneration (i.e., Alzheimer's disease; AD). One of the pathological hallmarks of AD is insoluble deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that consist of hyperphosphorylated tau. The human DYRK1A gene is mapped to chromosome 21, and the protein is associated with the formation of inclusion bodies in AD. For example, DYRK1A directly phosphorylates multiple serine and threonine residues of tau, including Thr212. However, the mechanism underpinning DYRK1A involvement in Trisomy 21-related pathological tau aggregation remains unknown. Here, we explored a novel regulatory mechanism of DYRK1A and subsequent tau pathology through a phosphatase. Using LC-MS/MS technology, we analyzed multiple DYRK1A-binding proteins, including PPM1B, a member of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, in HEK293 cells. We found that PPM1B dephosphorylates DYRK1A at Ser258, contributing to the inhibition of DYRK1A activity. Moreover, PPM1B-mediated dephosphorylation of DYRK1A reduced tau phosphorylation at Thr212, leading to inhibition of toxic tau oligomerization and aggregation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DYRK1A autophosphorylates Ser258, the dephosphorylation target of PPM1B, and PPM1B negatively regulates DYRK1A activity. This finding also suggests that PPM1B reduces the toxic formation of phospho-tau protein via DYRK1A modulation, possibly providing a novel cellular protective mechanism to regulate toxic tau-mediated neuropathology in AD of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hyung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunju Im
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minju Hyun
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongkyu Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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Jain N, Janning P, Neumann H. 14-3-3 Protein Bmh1 triggers short-range compaction of mitotic chromosomes by recruiting sirtuin deacetylase Hst2. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100078. [PMID: 33187982 PMCID: PMC7948448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosomes are compacted in length by more than 100-fold into rod-shaped forms. In yeast, this process depends on the presence of a centromere, which promotes condensation in cis by recruiting mitotic kinases such as Aurora B kinase. This licensing mechanism enables the cell to discriminate chromosomal from noncentromeric DNA and to prohibit the propagation of the latter. Aurora B kinase elicits a cascade of events starting with phosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 (H3S10ph), which signals the recruitment of lysine deacetylase Hst2 and the removal of lysine 16 acetylation in histone 4. The unmasked histone 4 tails interact with the acidic patch of neighboring nucleosomes to drive short-range compaction of chromatin, but the mechanistic details surrounding the Hst2 activity remain unclear. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we demonstrate that the interaction of Hst2 with H3S10ph is mediated by the yeast 14-3-3 protein Bmh1. As a homodimer, Bmh1 binds simultaneously to H3S10ph and the phosphorylated C-terminus of Hst2. Our pull-down experiments with extracts of synchronized cells show that the Hst2–Bmh1 interaction is cell cycle dependent, peaking in the M phase. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of C-terminal residues of Hst2, introduced by genetic code expansion, stimulates its deacetylase activity. Hence, the data presented here identify Bmh1 as a key player in the mechanism of licensing of chromosome compaction in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heinz Neumann
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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30
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Hu A, Yang LY, Liang J, Lu D, Zhang JL, Cao FF, Fu JY, Dai WJ, Zhang JF. SIRT2 modulates VEGFD-associated lymphangiogenesis by deacetylating EPAS1 in human head and neck cancer. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1280-1291. [PMID: 32965071 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is one of seven mammalian homologs of silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) and an NAD+ -dependent deacetylase; however, its critical role in lymphangiogenesis remains to be explored. We investigate SIRT2 mediated regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD) expression and lymphangiogenesis by deacetylating endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) in head and neck cancer (HNC) in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we report that SIRT2, rather than other members of the Sir2 family, reduces the expression of VEGFD and lymphangiogenesis in hypoxia-induced HNC cells and transplanted HNC mice models by reducing EPAS1 acetylation at Lys674 and decreasing the transcriptional activity of EPAS1 target genes. The expression of SIRT2 was closely related to the expression of VEGFD, lymphangiogenesis in subcutaneously transplanted mice models, and lymphangiogenesis in patients with HNC. Our results suggest that SIRT2 plays a central role in tumor lymphangiogenesis via deacetylating EPAS1 protein. Reagents targeting the NAD+ -dependent deacetylase activity of SIRT2 would be beneficial for inhibiting tumor lymphangiogenesis and treating other hypoxia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Li Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jinqiao Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Fan Cao
- Department of Sino-French Cooperative Central Lab, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Ying Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jun Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Fei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Fellows R, Varga-Weisz P. Chromatin dynamics and histone modifications in intestinal microbiota-host crosstalk. Mol Metab 2020; 38:100925. [PMID: 31992511 PMCID: PMC7300386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota in the human gut are an important component of normal physiology that has co-evolved from the earliest multicellular organisms. Therefore, it is unsurprising that there is intimate crosstalk between the microbial world in the gut and the host. Genome regulation through microbiota-host interactions not only affects the host's immunity, but also metabolic health and resilience against cancer. Chromatin dynamics of the host epithelium involving histone modifications and other facets of the epigenetic machinery play an important role in this process. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent findings relevant to how chromatin dynamics shape the crosstalk between the microbiota and its host, with a special focus on the role of histone modifications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Host-microbiome interactions are important evolutionary drivers and are thus expected to be hardwired into and mould the epigenetic machinery in multicellular organisms. Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are dominant determinants of microbiome-host interactions, and the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) by SCFA is a key mechanism in this process. The discovery of alternative histone acylations, such as crotonylation, in addition to the canonical histone acetylation reveals a new layer of complexity in this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Varga-Weisz
- Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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32
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Regulation of histone deacetylase activities and functions by phosphorylation and its physiological relevance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:427-445. [PMID: 32683534 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are conserved enzymes that regulate many cellular processes by catalyzing the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones and non-histone proteins. As appropriate for proteins that occupy such an essential biological role, HDAC activities and functions are in turn highly regulated. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HDACs plays a major role in many human diseases. The regulation of HDACs is achieved by multiple different mechanisms, including posttranslational modifications. One of the most common posttranslational modifications on HDACs is reversible phosphorylation. Many HDAC phosphorylations are context-dependent, occurring in specific tissues or as a consequence of certain stimuli. Additionally, whereas phosphorylation can regulate some HDACs in a non-specific manner, many HDAC phosphorylations result in specific consequences. Although some of these modifications support normal HDAC function, aberrations can contribute to disease development. Here we review and critically evaluate how reversible phosphorylation activates or deactivates HDACs and, thereby, regulates their many functions under various cellular and physiological contexts.
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Metal-dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PPM family: Evolution, structures, diseases and inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107622. [PMID: 32650009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases and kinases control multiple cellular events including proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses through regulating reversible protein phosphorylation, the most important post-translational modification. Members of metal-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) family, also known as PP2C phosphatases, are Ser/Thr phosphatases that bind manganese/magnesium ions (Mn2+/Mg2+) in their active center and function as single subunit enzymes. In mammals, there are 20 isoforms of PPM phosphatases: PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1E, PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM1H, PPM1J, PPM1K, PPM1L, PPM1M, PPM1N, ILKAP, PDP1, PDP2, PHLPP1, PHLPP2, PP2D1, PPTC7, and TAB1, whereas there are only 8 in yeast. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences of vertebrate PPM isoforms revealed that they can be divided into 12 different classes: PPM1A/PPM1B/PPM1N, PPM1D, PPM1E/PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM1H/PPM1J/PPM1M, PPM1K, PPM1L, ILKAP, PDP1/PDP2, PP2D1/PHLPP1/PHLPP2, TAB1, and PPTC7. PPM-family members have a conserved catalytic core region, which contains the metal-chelating residues. The different isoforms also have isoform specific regions within their catalytic core domain and terminal domains, and these regions may be involved in substrate recognition and/or functional regulation of the phosphatases. The twenty mammalian PPM phosphatases are involved in regulating diverse cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell differentiation, immune responses, and cell metabolism. Mutation, overexpression, or deletion of the PPM phosphatase gene results in abnormal cellular responses, which lead to various human diseases. This review focuses on the structures and biological functions of the PPM-phosphatase family and their associated diseases. The development of specific inhibitors against the PPM phosphatase family as a therapeutic strategy will also be discussed.
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Chen G, Huang P, Hu C. The role of SIRT2 in cancer: A novel therapeutic target. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:3297-3304. [PMID: 32449165 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) belongs to the sirtuins family. It exists in many tissues and organs of the human body and regulates a wide range of biological functions. Studies have found that the abnormal expression of SIRT2 was associated with a variety of malignant tumors. SIRT2 possesses an important role in tumorigenesis, with both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing function. However, the mechanisms in which SIRT2 plays the roles in cancer are still controversial. This article reviews the role and molecular mechanism of SIRT2 in tumor evolution, and provides ideas for future research in this field, to guide the targeted therapy and drug development of related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cong Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Pathogenic Biohacking: Induction, Modulation and Subversion of Host Transcriptional Responses by Listeria monocytogenes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050294. [PMID: 32380645 PMCID: PMC7290974 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, the foodborne bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes dynamically influences the gene expression profile of host cells. Infection-induced transcriptional changes are a typical feature of the host-response to bacteria and contribute to the activation of protective genes such as inflammatory cytokines. However, by using specialized virulence factors, bacterial pathogens can target signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms to alter host gene expression, thereby reprogramming the response to infection. Therefore, the transcriptional profile that is established in the host is delicately balanced between antibacterial responses and pathogenesis, where any change in host gene expression might significantly influence the outcome of infection. In this review, we discuss the known transcriptional and epigenetic processes that are engaged during Listeria monocytogenes infection, the virulence factors that can remodel them, and the impact these processes have on the outcome of infection.
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Krishnamoorthy V, Vilwanathan R. Silencing Sirtuin 6 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Genomics 2020; 112:3703-3712. [PMID: 32360514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-7), are NAD-dependent deacetylases and ADP-ribosyl transferases, plays a major part in carcinogenesis. The previous report suggests that in cancer, sirtuins gained tremendous interest and critical regulators of the unusual processes. In carcinogenesis, sirtuins possess either tumor suppressor or promoter. However, in lung cancer condition the studies of sirtuins are less studied. Hence, this designed study investigates the impact of multifaceted sirtuins in NSCLC cells. We evaluated the mRNA and protein expressions of sirtuins by RTPCR and western blot. We found SIRT6 significantly overexpressed in NCI-H520, A549, and NCI-H460 compared with the normal BEAS-2B cell line. Silencing of SIRT6 by siRNA in NSCLC cells caused activation of p53/p21 mediated inhibition of cell proliferation leading to arrest in cell cycle and apoptosis induction. Our results implied that SIRT6 is a tumor promoter in NSCLC development, progression, and regulation. The silencing of SIRT6 to be a novel therapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varunkumar Krishnamoorthy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India.
| | - Ravikumar Vilwanathan
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India.
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Active nuclear import of the deacetylase Sirtuin-2 is controlled by its C-terminus and importins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2034. [PMID: 32042025 PMCID: PMC7010746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) functions in diverse cellular processes including the cell cycle, metabolism, and has important roles in tumorigenesis and bacterial infection. SIRT2 predominantly resides in the cytoplasm but can also function in the nucleus. Consequently, SIRT2 localisation and its interacting partners may greatly impact its function and need to be defined more clearly. In this study we used mass spectrometry to determine the interactomes of SIRT2 in whole cells and in specific cellular fractions; cytoplasm, nucleus and chromatin. Using this approach, we identified novel interacting partners of SIRT2. These included a number of proteins that function in nuclear import. We show that multiple importins interact with and contribute to the basal nuclear shuttling of SIRT2 and that one of these, IPO7 is required for SIRT2 mediated H3K18 deacetylation in response to bacterial infection. Furthermore, we reveal that the unstructured C-terminus of SIRT2 negatively regulates importin-binding and nuclear transport. This study demonstrates that SIRT2 is actively transported into the nucleus via a process regulated by its C-terminus and provides a resource of SIRT2 interacting partners.
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38
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Revealing eukaryotic histone-modifying mechanisms through bacterial infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:201-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pagliuso A, Tham TN, Allemand E, Robertin S, Dupuy B, Bertrand Q, Bécavin C, Koutero M, Najburg V, Nahori MA, Tangy F, Stavru F, Bessonov S, Dessen A, Muchardt C, Lebreton A, Komarova AV, Cossart P. An RNA-Binding Protein Secreted by a Bacterial Pathogen Modulates RIG-I Signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:823-835.e11. [PMID: 31761719 PMCID: PMC6907008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) perform key cellular activities by controlling the function of bound RNAs. The widely held assumption that RBPs are strictly intracellular has been challenged by the discovery of secreted RBPs. However, extracellular RBPs have been described in eukaryotes, while secreted bacterial RBPs have not been reported. Here, we show that the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes secretes a small RBP that we named Zea. We show that Zea binds a subset of L. monocytogenes RNAs, causing their accumulation in the extracellular medium. Furthermore, during L. monocytogenes infection, Zea binds RIG-I, the non-self-RNA innate immunity sensor, potentiating interferon-β production. Mouse infection studies reveal that Zea affects L. monocytogenes virulence. Together, our results unveil that bacterial RNAs can be present extracellularly in association with RBPs, acting as “social RNAs” to trigger a host response during infection. L. monocytogenes secretes an RNA-binding protein, Zea Zea binds and protects L. monocytogenes RNA, resulting in extracellular RNA accumulation During infection, Zea binds RIG-I and modulates RIG-I-dependent IFN response Zea plays a role in L. monocytogenes virulence in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pagliuso
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France.
| | - To Nam Tham
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Eric Allemand
- Unité de régulation épigénétique, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stevens Robertin
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Bertrand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bécavin
- Hub de bioinformatique et biostatistique - Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative, Unité mixte de Service et Recherche 3756 Institut Pasteur - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75015, France
| | - Mikael Koutero
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Nahori
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizia Stavru
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Sergey Bessonov
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Epigenetics and Tumor Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, Grenoble, France; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Christian Muchardt
- Unité de régulation épigénétique, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alice Lebreton
- Équipe Infection et Devenir de l'ARN, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Université Paris, Paris 75005, France; INRA, IBENS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U604 Inserm, Paris, France; USC2020 INRA, Paris, France.
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Wang Y, Yang J, Hong T, Chen X, Cui L. SIRT2: Controversy and multiple roles in disease and physiology. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100961. [PMID: 31505260 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that was under studied compared to other sirtuin family members. SIRT2 is the only sirtuin protein which is predominantly found in the cytoplasm but is also found in the mitochondria and in the nucleus. Recently, accumulating evidence has uncovered a growing number of substrates and additional detailed functions of SIRT2 in a wide range of biological processes, marking its crucial role. Here, we give a comprehensive profile of the crucial physiological functions of SIRT2 and its role in neurological diseases, cancers, and other diseases. This review summarizes the functions of SIRT2 in the nervous system, mitosis regulation, genome integrity, cell differentiation, cell homeostasis, aging, infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. SIRT2 inhibition rescues neurodegenerative disease symptoms and hence SIRT2 is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease. SIRT2 is undoubtedly dysfunctional in cancers and plays a dual-faced role in different types of cancers, and although its mechanism is unresolved, SIRT2 remains a promising therapeutic target for certain cancers. In future, the continued rapid growth in SIRT2 research will help clarify its role in human health and disease, and promote the progress of this target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingqi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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41
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Spiegelman NA, Zhang X, Jing H, Cao J, Kotliar IB, Aramsangtienchai P, Wang M, Tong Z, Rosch KM, Lin H. SIRT2 and Lysine Fatty Acylation Regulate the Activity of RalB and Cell Migration. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2014-2023. [PMID: 31433161 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine fatty acylation is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and important protein post-translation modification. Recently, it has been shown that K-Ras4a, R-Ras2, and Rac1 are regulated by lysine fatty acylation. Here, we investigated whether other members of the Ras superfamily could also be regulated by lysine fatty acylation. Several small GTPases exhibit hydroxylamine resistant fatty acylation, suggesting they may also have protein lysine fatty acylation. We further characterized one of these GTPases, RalB. We show that RalB has C-terminal lysine fatty acylation, with the predominant modification site being Lys200. The lysine acylation of RalB is regulated by SIRT2, a member of the sirtuin family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein lysine deacylases. Lysine fatty acylated RalB exhibited enhanced plasma membrane localization and recruited its known effectors Sec5 and Exo84, members of the exocyst complex, to the plasma membrane. RalB lysine fatty acylation did not affect the proliferation or anchorage-independent growth but did affect the trans-well migration of A549 lung cancer cells. This study thus identified an additional function for protein lysine fatty acylation and the deacylase SIRT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Spiegelman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ilana B. Kotliar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kelly M. Rosch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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42
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Zurzolo C, Enninga J. The best of both worlds- bringing together cell biology and infection at the Institut Pasteur. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:254-262. [PMID: 31374255 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Only a profound understanding of the structure and function of cells - either as single units or in the context of tissues and whole organisms - will allow a comprehension of what happens in pathological conditions and provides the means to fight disease. The Cell Biology and Infection (BCI for Biologie Cellulaire et Infection) department was created in 2002 at the Institut Pasteur in Paris to develop a research program under the umbrella of cell biology, infection biology and microbiology. Its visionary ambition was to shape a common framework for cellular microbiology, and to interface the latter with hard sciences like physics and mathematics and cutting-edge technology. This concept, ahead of time, has given high visibility to the field of cellular microbiology and quantitative cell biology, and it has allowed the successful execution of highly interdisciplinary research programs linking a molecular understanding of cellular events with disease. Now, the BCI department embraces additional pathologies, namely cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we will portray how the integrative research approach of BCI has led to major scientific breakthroughs during the last ten years, and where we see scientific opportunities for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Jost Enninga
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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43
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Zurzolo C, Enninga J. The best of both worlds-bringing together cell biology and infection at the Institut Pasteur. Genes Immun 2019; 20:426-435. [PMID: 31019256 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Only a profound understanding of the structure and function of cells-either as single units or in the context of tissues and whole organisms-will allow a comprehension of what happens in pathological conditions and provides the means to fight disease. The Cell Biology and Infection (BCI for Biologie Cellulaire et Infection) department was created in 2002 at the Institut Pasteur in Paris to develop a research program under the umbrella of cell biology, infection biology, and microbiology. Its visionary ambition was to shape a common framework for cellular microbiology, and to interface the latter with hard sciences like physics and mathematics and cutting-edge technology. This concept, ahead of time, has given high visibility to the field of cellular microbiology and quantitative cell biology, and it has allowed the successful execution of highly interdisciplinary research programs linking a molecular understanding of cellular events with disease. Now, the BCI department embraces additional pathologies, namely cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we will portray how the integrative research approach of BCI has led to major scientific breakthroughs during the last 10 years, and where we see scientific opportunities for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zurzolo
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- The Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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44
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The function of histone acetylation in cervical cancer development. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190527. [PMID: 30886064 PMCID: PMC6465204 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female cancer in the world. It is well known that cervical cancer is closely related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, epigenetics has increasingly been recognized for its role in tumorigenesis. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression levels based on non-gene sequence changes, primarily through transcription or translation of genes regulation, thus affecting its function and characteristics. Typical post-translational modifications (PTMs) include acetylation, propionylation, butyrylation, malonylation and succinylation, among which the acetylation modification of lysine sites has been studied more clearly so far. The acetylation modification of lysine residues in proteins is involved in many aspects of cellular life activities, including carbon metabolism, transcriptional regulation, amino acid metabolism and so on. In this review, we summarize the latest discoveries on cervical cancer development arising from the aspect of acetylation, especially histone acetylation.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Successful bacterial colonizers and pathogens have evolved with their hosts and have acquired mechanisms to customize essential processes that benefit their lifestyle. In large part, bacterial survival hinges on shaping the transcriptional signature of the host, a process regulated at the chromatin level. Modifications of chromatin, either on histone proteins or on DNA itself, are common targets during bacterium-host cross talk and are the focus of this article.
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46
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Wang P, Liu T, Zhou X, Zhu G. Evaluation of the Potential Phosphorylation Effect on Isocitrate Dehydrogenases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 187:1131-1142. [PMID: 30903384 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is regulated by reversible phosphorylation on Ser113. Latest phosphoproteomic studies revealed that eukaryotic IDHs can also be phosphorylated on the analogous Ser site. So as to understand the possible phosphorylation mechanism, the equivalent Ser of NADP-IDHs from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScIDH) and Yarrowia lipolytica(YlIDH) were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. ScIDH Ser110 and YlIDH Ser103 were replaced by Asp or Glu to mimic a continuous phosphorylation state. Meanwhile, the effects of another four amino acids (Thr, Tyr, Gly, Ala) with various side chain on IDH activity were determined as well. Enzymatic analysis showed that replacement of Ser with Asp or Glu nearly inactivated ScIDH and YlIDH. Four other mutant enzymes of ScIDH, S110T, S110G, S110A, and S110Y, retained 38.07%, 3.24%, 2.65%, and 0.01% of its original activity, and four other mutant enzymes of YlIDH, S103T, S103G, S103A, and S103Y retained 44.26%, 27.99%, 16.29%, and 0.01% of its original activity, respectively. These results suggested that phosphorylation on eukaryotic IDHs has identical consequence to that on the bacterial IDHs. We thus presume that phosphorylation on the substrate-binding Ser shall be a common regulatory mechanism among IDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, No.1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, No.1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, No.1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, No.1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
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47
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Kosciuk T, Wang M, Hong JY, Lin H. Updates on the epigenetic roles of sirtuins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 51:18-29. [PMID: 30875552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a class of enzyme with NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacylase activities. They were initially discovered to regulate transcription and life span via histone deacetylase activities. Later studies expanded their activities to other proteins and acyl lysine modifications. Through deacylating various substrate proteins, they regulate many biological processes, including transcription, DNA repair and genome stability, metabolism, and signal transduction. Here, we review recent understandings of the epigenetic functions (broadly defined to include transcriptional, post-transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair) of mammalian sirtuins. Because of the important functions of sirtuins, their own regulation is of great interest and is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Kosciuk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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