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Bertino F, Mukherjee D, Bonora M, Bagowski C, Nardelli J, Metani L, Zanin Venturini DI, Chianese D, Santander N, Salaroglio IC, Hentschel A, Quarta E, Genova T, McKinney AA, Allocco AL, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Ammirata G, De Giorgio F, Dennis E, Allington G, Maier F, Shoukier M, Gloning KP, Munaron L, Mussano F, Salsano E, Pareyson D, di Rocco M, Altruda F, Panagiotakos G, Kahle KT, Gressens P, Riganti C, Pinton PP, Roos A, Arnold T, Tolosano E, Chiabrando D. Dysregulation of FLVCR1a-dependent mitochondrial calcium handling in neural progenitors causes congenital hydrocephalus. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101647. [PMID: 39019006 PMCID: PMC11293339 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH), occurring in approximately 1/1,000 live births, represents an important clinical challenge due to the limited knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms. The discovery of novel CH genes is thus essential to shed light on the intricate processes responsible for ventricular dilatation in CH. Here, we identify FLVCR1 (feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1) as a gene responsible for a severe form of CH in humans and mice. Mechanistically, our data reveal that the full-length isoform encoded by the FLVCR1 gene, FLVCR1a, interacts with the IP3R3-VDAC complex located on mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) that controls mitochondrial calcium handling. Loss of Flvcr1a in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) affects mitochondrial calcium levels and energy metabolism, leading to defective cortical neurogenesis and brain ventricle enlargement. These data point to defective NPCs calcium handling and metabolic activity as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms driving CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dibyanti Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christoph Bagowski
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Livia Metani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diletta Isabella Zanin Venturini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Chianese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Iris Chiara Salaroglio
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elisa Quarta
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arpana Arjun McKinney
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Lucia Allocco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ammirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco De Giorgio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Evan Dennis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felicitas Maier
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Moneef Shoukier
- Prenatal Medicine Munich, Department of Molecular Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- Bone and Dental Bioengineering Laboratory, CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Unit of Rare Neurological Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Rare Neurological Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Maja di Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Rare Diseases, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Seaver Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo P Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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2
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Nam KH, Ordureau A. How does the neuronal proteostasis network react to cellular cues? Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:581-592. [PMID: 38488108 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Even though neurons are post-mitotic cells, they still engage in protein synthesis to uphold their cellular content balance, including for organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. Additionally, they expend significant energy on tasks like neurotransmitter production and maintaining redox homeostasis. This cellular homeostasis is upheld through a delicate interplay between mRNA transcription-translation and protein degradative pathways, such as autophagy and proteasome degradation. When faced with cues such as nutrient stress, neurons must adapt by altering their proteome to survive. However, in many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, the pathway and processes for coping with cellular stress are impaired. This review explores neuronal proteome adaptation in response to cellular stress, such as nutrient stress, with a focus on proteins associated with autophagy, stress response pathways, and neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Nam
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, U.S.A
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, U.S.A
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3
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Hill MA, Sykes AM, Mellick GD. ER-phagy in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1611-1623. [PMID: 37334842 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
There are many cellular mechanisms implicated in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. However, age and the accumulation of unwanted cellular products are a common theme underlying many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Niemann-Pick type C. Autophagy has been studied extensively in these diseases and various genetic risk factors have implicated disruption in autophagy homoeostasis as a major pathogenic mechanism. Autophagy is essential in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis, as their postmitotic nature makes them particularly susceptible to the damage caused by accumulation of defective or misfolded proteins, disease-prone aggregates, and damaged organelles. Recently, autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy) has been identified as a novel cellular mechanism for regulating ER morphology and response to cellular stress. As neurodegenerative diseases are generally precipitated by cellular stressors such as protein accumulation and environmental toxin exposure the role of ER-phagy has begun to be investigated. In this review we discuss the current research in ER-phagy and its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hill
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex M Sykes
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Bryce S, Stolzer M, Crosby D, Yang R, Durand D, Lee TH. Human atlastin-3 is a constitutive ER membrane fusion catalyst. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211021. [PMID: 37102997 PMCID: PMC10140384 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic membrane fusion catalyzed by the atlastin (ATL) GTPase sustains the branched endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network in metazoans. Our recent discovery that two of the three human ATL paralogs (ATL1/2) are C-terminally autoinhibited implied that relief of autoinhibition would be integral to the ATL fusion mechanism. An alternative hypothesis is that the third paralog ATL3 promotes constitutive ER fusion with relief of ATL1/2 autoinhibition used conditionally. However, published studies suggest ATL3 is a weak fusogen at best. Contrary to expectations, we demonstrate here that purified human ATL3 catalyzes efficient membrane fusion in vitro and is sufficient to sustain the ER network in triple knockout cells. Strikingly, ATL3 lacks any detectable C-terminal autoinhibition, like the invertebrate Drosophila ATL ortholog. Phylogenetic analysis of ATL C-termini indicates that C-terminal autoinhibition is a recent evolutionary innovation. We suggest that ATL3 is a constitutive ER fusion catalyst and that ATL1/2 autoinhibition likely evolved in vertebrates as a means of upregulating ER fusion activity on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bryce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maureen Stolzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ruijin Yang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dannie Durand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tina H. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Pyromali I, Richard L, Derouault P, Vallat JM, Ghorab K, Magdelaine C, Sturtz F, Favreau F, Lia AS. The First Large Deletion of ATL3 Identified in a Patient Presenting with a Sensory Polyneuropathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37371660 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathies (HSN) are a heterogenous group of sensory neuropathies. Mutations in ATL3 have been described in patients presenting with hereditary sensory neuropathy IF (HSN1F), a subtype of HSN. Herein, by analyzing targeted-NGS data of a patient presenting with sensory neuropathy symptoms using the CovCopCan bioinformatic tool, we discovered the presence of a deletion of around 3kb in ATL3 from Chr11:63,401,422 to Chr11:63,398,182. This deletion affects ATL3 exons 11 and 12 and could lead to the mutation c.(1036-861_1539+329del), p.(Ala346_Gln513del). In addition, an analysis of the breakpoints' sequences revealed the presence of Alu transposable elements at the position of the breakpoints, which pointed to a possible erroneous recombination event following a non-allelic-homologous-recombination mechanism in this area. Moreover, electronic microscopy analysis of the patient's nerve biopsy revealed a severe rarefaction of the myelinated fibers, a demyelinating-remyelinating process, and an abnormal aspect of the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings suggest that this structural variation could potentially be responsible for the HSN symptoms of the patient. Research of structural variations in ATL3 in numerous other patients presenting similar symptoms should be broadly investigated in order to improve patients' diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pyromali
- UR 20218, NeurIT, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Paco Derouault
- Service de Bioinformatique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Karima Ghorab
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Corinne Magdelaine
- UR 20218, NeurIT, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Franck Sturtz
- UR 20218, NeurIT, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Frédéric Favreau
- UR 20218, NeurIT, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lia
- UR 20218, NeurIT, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Service de Bioinformatique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
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6
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Divya S, Ravanan P. Cellular battle against endoplasmic reticulum stress and its adverse effect on health. Life Sci 2023; 323:121705. [PMID: 37075943 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle and a reliable performer for precisely folded proteins. To maintain its function and integrity, arrays of sensory and quality control systems enhance protein folding fidelity and resolve the highest error-prone areas. Yet numerous internal and external factors disrupt its homeostasis and trigger ER stress responses. Cells try to reduce the number of misfolded proteins via the UPR mechanism, and ER-related garbage disposals systems like ER-associated degradation (ERAD), ER-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), ER-Associated RNA Silencing (ERAS), extracellular chaperoning, and autophagy systems, which activates and increase the cell survival rate by degrading misfolded proteins, prevent the aggregated proteins and remove the dysfunctional organelles. Throughout life, organisms must confront environmental stress to survive and develop. Communication between the ER & other organelles, signaling events mediated by calcium, reactive oxygen species, and inflammation are linked to diverse stress signaling pathways and regulate cell survival or cell death mechanisms. Unresolved cellular damages can cross the threshold limit of their survival, resulting in cell death or driving for various diseases. The multifaceted ability of unfolded protein response facilitates the therapeutic target and a biomarker for various diseases, helping with early diagnosis and detecting the severity of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Divya
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610005, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Mohammadi S, Jafari Khamirani H, Baneshi M, Kamal N, Manoocheri J, Saffar M, Dianatpour M, Tabei SMB, Dastgheib SA. A novel nonsense variant in the ATL3 gene is associated with disturbed pain sensitivity, numbness of distal limbs and muscle weakness. Ann Hum Genet 2023. [PMID: 36856139 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) describes as a heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies. HSN type 1 (HSN1) is one subtype characterized by distal sensory impairment that occurs in the form of numbness, tingling, or pain. To date, only two variants in the atlastin GTPase 3 (ATL3) gene have been identified that result in hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1F (HSN1F) with autosomal dominantinheritance. Methods We sudied and examined who present with sensory disturbances and muscle weakness in their lower limb. Patients underwent Whole Exome Sequencing and Sanger sequencing was performed in families for validation of detected variant. Results Here, we identified two Iranian families carrying the novel heterozygous stop variant NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter in ATL3 that led to disturbed pain and touch sensitivity. This variant in the ATL3 gene was detected in both families (NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter) by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Conclusion In this study, the subjects manifested weakness of distal limb muscles and numbness of the lower extremities. In addition, some unusual features, including hearing problems and inability to sit and walk presented in one of the patients. Eventually, we provide a case-based review of the clinical features associated with HSN1F. Hitherto, only 11 patients with HSN1F have been reported. We compared our findings to previously reported cases, suggesting that the clinical features are generally variable in the HSN1F patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Mohammadi
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Baneshi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Kamal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Manoocheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Saffar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Maternal-fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Lischka A, Lassuthova P, Çakar A, Record CJ, Van Lent J, Baets J, Dohrn MF, Senderek J, Lampert A, Bennett DL, Wood JN, Timmerman V, Hornemann T, Auer-Grumbach M, Parman Y, Hübner CA, Elbracht M, Eggermann K, Geoffrey Woods C, Cox JJ, Reilly MM, Kurth I. Genetic pain loss disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35710757 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic pain loss includes congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), hereditary sensory neuropathies and, if autonomic nerves are involved, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN). This heterogeneous group of disorders highlights the essential role of nociception in protecting against tissue damage. Patients with genetic pain loss have recurrent injuries, burns and poorly healing wounds as disease hallmarks. CIP and HSAN are caused by pathogenic genetic variants in >20 genes that lead to developmental defects, neurodegeneration or altered neuronal excitability of peripheral damage-sensing neurons. These genetic variants lead to hyperactivity of sodium channels, disturbed haem metabolism, altered clathrin-mediated transport and impaired gene regulatory mechanisms affecting epigenetic marks, long non-coding RNAs and repetitive elements. Therapies for pain loss disorders are mainly symptomatic but the first targeted therapies are being tested. Conversely, chronic pain remains one of the greatest unresolved medical challenges, and the genes and mechanisms associated with pain loss offer new targets for analgesics. Given the progress that has been made, the coming years are promising both in terms of targeted treatments for pain loss disorders and the development of innovative pain medicines based on knowledge of these genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Lischka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arman Çakar
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christopher J Record
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yesim Parman
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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9
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A role for endoplasmic reticulum dynamics in the cellular distribution of microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2104309119. [PMID: 35377783 PMCID: PMC9169640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104309119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton form a coextensive, dynamic system that pervades eukaryotic cells. The shape of the ER is generated by a set of evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins that are able to control ER morphology and dynamics independently of MTs. Here we uncover that the molecular machinery that determines ER network dynamics can influence the subcellular distribution of MTs. We show that active control of local ER tubule junction density by ER tethering and fusion is important for the spatial organization of the combined ER–MT system. Our work suggests that cells might alter ER junction dynamics to drive formation of MT bundles, which are important structures, e.g., in migrating cells or in neuronal axons. The dynamic distribution of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is crucial for the shape, motility, and internal organization of eukaryotic cells. However, the basic principles that control the subcellular position of MTs in mammalian interphase cells remain largely unknown. Here we show by a combination of microscopy and computational modeling that the dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in distributing MTs in the cell. Specifically, our physics-based model of the ER–MT system reveals that spatial inhomogeneity in the density of ER tubule junctions results in an overall contractile force that acts on MTs and influences their distribution. At steady state, cells rapidly compensate for local variability of ER junction density by dynamic formation, release, and movement of ER junctions across the ER. Perturbation of ER junction tethering and fusion by depleting the ER fusogens called atlastins disrupts the dynamics of junction equilibration, rendering the ER–MT system unstable and causing the formation of MT bundles. Our study points to a mechanical role of ER dynamics in cellular organization and suggests a mechanism by which cells might dynamically regulate MT distribution in, e.g., motile cells or in the formation and maintenance of neuronal axons.
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10
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A novel insertion mutation in atlastin 1 is associated with spastic quadriplegia, increased membrane tethering, and aberrant conformational switching. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101438. [PMID: 34808209 PMCID: PMC8688574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) comprises a heterogeneous group of neuropathies affecting upper motor neurons and causing progressive gait disorder. Mutations in the gene SPG3A/atlastin-1 (ATL1), encoding a dynamin superfamily member, which utilizes the energy from GTP hydrolysis for membrane tethering and fusion to promote the formation of a highly branched, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), account for approximately 10% of all HSP cases. The continued discovery and characterization of novel disease mutations are crucial for our understanding of HSP pathogenesis and potential treatments. Here, we report a novel disease-causing, in-frame insertion in the ATL1 gene, leading to inclusion of an additional asparagine residue at position 417 (N417ins). This mutation correlates with complex, early-onset spastic quadriplegia affecting all four extremities, generalized dystonia, and a thinning of the corpus callosum. We show using limited proteolysis and FRET-based studies that this novel insertion affects a region in the protein central to intramolecular interactions and GTPase-driven conformational change, and that this insertion mutation is associated with an aberrant prehydrolysis state. While GTPase activity remains unaffected by the insertion, membrane tethering is increased, indicative of a gain-of-function disease mechanism uncommon for ATL1-associated pathologies. In conclusion, our results identify a novel insertion mutation with altered membrane tethering activity that is associated with spastic quadriplegia, potentially uncovering a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms that may affect neuronal function.
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11
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Sun J, Harion R, Naito T, Saheki Y. INPP5K and Atlastin-1 maintain the nonuniform distribution of ER-plasma membrane contacts in neurons. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/11/e202101092. [PMID: 34556534 PMCID: PMC8507493 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the ER extends throughout all cellular processes, forming multiple contacts with the plasma membrane (PM) to fine-tune neuronal physiology. However, the mechanisms that regulate the distribution of neuronal ER-PM contacts are not known. Here, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans DA9 motor neuron as our model system and found that neuronal ER-PM contacts are enriched in soma and dendrite and mostly absent in axons. Using forward genetic screen, we identified that the inositol 5-phosphatase, CIL-1 (human INPP5K), and the dynamin-like GTPase, ATLN-1 (human Atlastin-1), help to maintain the non-uniform, somatodendritic enrichment of neuronal ER-PM contacts. Mechanistically, CIL-1 acts upstream of ATLN-1 to maintain the balance between ER tubules and sheets. In mutants of CIL-1 or ATLN-1, ER sheets expand and invade into the axon. This is accompanied by the ectopic formation of axonal ER-PM contacts and defects in axon regeneration following laser-induced axotomy. As INPP5K and Atlastin-1 have been linked to neurological disorders, the unique distribution of neuronal ER-PM contacts maintained by these proteins may support neuronal resilience during the onset and progression of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Raihanah Harion
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .,Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092341. [PMID: 34571990 PMCID: PMC8472773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology and dynamics of the ER are linked to its function. Mutations in the proteins involved in regulating ER structure and movement are implicated in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ER is also hijacked by pathogens to promote their replication. Bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis, as well as the Zika virus, bind to ER morphology and dynamics-regulating proteins to exploit the functions of the ER to their advantage. This review covers our understanding of ER morphology, including the functional subdomains and membrane contact sites that the organelle forms. We also focus on ER dynamics and the current efforts to quantify ER motion and discuss the diseases related to ER morphology and dynamics.
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13
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He L, Qian X, Cui Y. Advances in ER-Phagy and Its Diseases Relevance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092328. [PMID: 34571977 PMCID: PMC8465915 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important form of selective autophagy in cells, ER-phagy (endoplasmic reticulum-selective autophagy), the autophagic degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), degrades ER membranes and proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. The relationship between ER-phagy and human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and other metabolic diseases has been unveiled by extensive research in recent years. Starting with the catabolic process of ER-phagy and key mediators in this pathway, this paper reviews the advances in the mechanism of ER-phagy and its diseases relevance. We hope to provide some enlightenment for further study on ER-phagy and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuehong Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yixian Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (L.H.); (X.Q.)
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87267099
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14
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Behrendt L, Hoischen C, Kaether C. Disease-causing mutated ATLASTIN 3 is excluded from distal axons and reduces axonal autophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105400. [PMID: 34019998 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ER-network forming GTPase atlastin3 (ATL3) can cause axon degeneration of sensory neurons by not fully understood mechanisms. We here show that the hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy (HSAN)-causing ATL3 Y192C or P338R are excluded from distal axons by a barrier at the axon initial segment (AIS). This barrier is selective for mutated ATL3, but not wildtype ATL3 or unrelated ER-membrane proteins. Actin-depolymerization partially restores the transport of ATL3 Y192C into distal axons. The results point to the existence of a selective diffusion barrier in the ER membrane at the AIS, analogous to the AIS-based barriers for plasma membrane and cytosolic proteins. Functionally, the absence of ATL3 at the distal axon reduces axonal autophagy and the ER network deformation in the soma causes a reduction in axonal lysosomes. Both could contribute to axonal degeneration and eventually to HSAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Behrendt
- Leibniz-Institut für Alternsforschung-Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hoischen
- Leibniz-Institut für Alternsforschung-Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz-Institut für Alternsforschung-Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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15
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Ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca 2+ release and atlastin-2 GTPase activity contribute to IP 3-induced dendritic Ca 2+ signals in primary hippocampal neurons. Cell Calcium 2021; 96:102399. [PMID: 33812310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal Ca2+ signals are fundamental for synaptic transmission and activity-dependent changes in gene expression. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors play major roles in mediating external Ca2+ entry during action potential firing and glutamatergic activity. Additionally, the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also contribute to the generation of Ca2+ signals in response to neuronal activity. The ER forms a network that pervades the entire neuronal volume, allowing intracellular Ca2+ release in dendrites, soma and presynaptic boutons. Despite its unique morphological features, the contributions of ER structure and of ER-shaping proteins such as atlastin - an ER enriched GTPase that mediates homotypic ER tubule fusion - to the generation of Ca2+ signals in dendrites remains unreported. Here, we investigated the contribution of RyR-mediated Ca2+ release to IP3-generated Ca2+ signals in dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons. We also employed GTPase activity-deficient atlastin-2 (ATL2) mutants to evaluate the potential role of atlastin on Ca2+ signaling and ER-resident Ca2+ channel distribution. We found that pharmacological suppression of RyR channel activity increased the rising time and reduced the magnitude and propagation of IP3-induced Ca2+ signals. Additionally, ATL2 mutants induced specific ER morphological alterations, delayed the onset and increased the rising time of IP3-evoked Ca2+ signals, and caused RyR2 and IP3R1 aggregation and RyR2 redistribution. These results indicate that both RyR and ATL2 activity regulate IP3-induced Ca2+ signal dynamics through RyR-mediated Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, ER shaping and RyR2 distribution.
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16
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Hüsler D, Steiner B, Welin A, Striednig B, Swart AL, Molle V, Hilbi H, Letourneur F. Dictyostelium lacking the single atlastin homolog Sey1 shows aberrant ER architecture, proteolytic processes and expansion of the Legionella-containing vacuole. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13318. [PMID: 33583106 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum Sey1 is the single ortholog of mammalian atlastin 1-3 (ATL1-3), which are large homodimeric GTPases mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules. In this study, we generated a D. discoideum mutant strain lacking the sey1 gene and found that amoebae deleted for sey1 are enlarged, but grow and develop similarly to the parental strain. The ∆sey1 mutant amoebae showed an altered ER architecture, and the tubular ER network was partially disrupted without any major consequences for other organelles or the architecture of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Macropinocytic and phagocytic functions were preserved; however, the mutant amoebae exhibited cumulative defects in lysosomal enzymes exocytosis, intracellular proteolysis, and cell motility, resulting in impaired growth on bacterial lawns. Moreover, ∆sey1 mutant cells showed a constitutive activation of the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR), but they still readily adapted to moderate levels of ER stress, while unable to cope with prolonged stress. In D. discoideum ∆sey1 the formation of the ER-associated compartment harbouring the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila was also impaired. In the mutant amoebae, the ER was less efficiently recruited to the "Legionella-containing vacuole" (LCV), the expansion of the pathogen vacuole was inhibited at early stages of infection and intracellular bacterial growth was reduced. In summary, our study establishes a role of D. discoideum Sey1 in ER architecture, proteolysis, cell motility and intracellular replication of L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Steiner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Welin
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bianca Striednig
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Leoni Swart
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - François Letourneur
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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17
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Liu J, Li L, Yang Y, Hong B, Chen X, Xie Q, Han H. Automatic Reconstruction of Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum in Electron Microscopy Volumes by Deep Learning. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:599. [PMID: 32792893 PMCID: PMC7394701 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Together, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occupy more than 20% of a cell's volume, and morphological abnormality may lead to cellular function disorders. With the rapid development of large-scale electron microscopy (EM), manual contouring and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of these organelles has previously been accomplished in biological studies. However, manual segmentation of mitochondria and ER from EM images is time consuming and thus unable to meet the demands of large data analysis. Here, we propose an automated pipeline for mitochondrial and ER reconstruction, including the mitochondrial and ER contact sites (MAMs). We propose a novel recurrent neural network to detect and segment mitochondria and a fully residual convolutional network to reconstruct the ER. Based on the sparse distribution of synapses, we use mitochondrial context information to rectify the local misleading results and obtain 3D mitochondrial reconstructions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Li
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Hong
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiwei Xie
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Data Mining Lab, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Han
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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18
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Beese CJ, Brynjólfsdóttir SH, Frankel LB. Selective Autophagy of the Protein Homeostasis Machinery: Ribophagy, Proteaphagy and ER-Phagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:373. [PMID: 32039200 PMCID: PMC6985035 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell has developed intricate machineries that monitor and maintain proteome homeostasis in order to ensure cellular functionality. This involves the carefully coordinated balance between protein synthesis and degradation pathways, which are dynamically regulated in order to meet the constantly changing demands of the cell. Ribosomes, together with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are the key drivers of protein synthesis, folding, maturation and sorting, while the proteasome plays a pivotal role in terminating the existence of thousands of proteins that are misfolded, damaged or otherwise obsolete. The synthesis, structure and function of these dedicated machines has been studied for decades, however, much less is understood about the mechanisms that control and execute their own turnover. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway, mediates degradation of a large variety of cytosolic substrates, ranging from single proteins to entire organelles or multi-subunit macromolecular complexes. In this review, we focus on selective autophagy of three key components of the protein homeostasis machinery: ribosomes, ER and proteasomes, through the selective autophagy pathways of ribophagy, ER-phagy, and proteaphagy. We discuss newly discovered mechanisms for the selective clearance of these substrates, which are often stress-dependent and involve specialized signals for cargo recognition by a growing number of receptors. We further discuss the interplay between these pathways and their biological impact on key aspects of proteome homeostasis and cellular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten J Beese
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lisa B Frankel
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Wilkinson S. Emerging Principles of Selective ER Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:185-205. [PMID: 31100386 PMCID: PMC6971691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a fundamental organelle in cellular metabolism and signal transduction. It is subject to complex, dynamic sculpting of morphology and composition. Degradation of ER content has an important role to play here. Indeed, a major emerging player in ER turnover is ER-phagy, the degradation of ER fragments by selective autophagy, particularly macroautophagy. This article proposes a number of unifying principles of ER-phagy mechanism and compares these with other selective autophagy pathways. A perspective on the likely roles of ER-phagy in determining cell fate is provided. Emerging related forms of intracellular catabolism of the ER or contents, including ER-phagy by microautophagy and selective ER protein removal via the lysosome, are outlined for comparison. Unresolved questions regarding the mechanism of ER-phagy and its significance in cellular and organismal health are put forward. This review concludes with a perspective on how this fundamental knowledge might inform future clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wilkinson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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20
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Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Scaturro P, Cerikan B, Wideman JG, Tabata K, Moraes T, Oleksiuk O, Pichlmair A, Bartenschlager R. ER-shaping atlastin proteins act as central hubs to promote flavivirus replication and virion assembly. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2416-2429. [PMID: 31636417 PMCID: PMC6881184 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DV) and Zika virus, extensively remodel the cellular endomembrane network to generate replication organelles that promote viral genome replication and virus production. However, it remains unclear how these membranes and associated cellular proteins act during the virus cycle. Here, we show that atlastins (ATLs), a subset of ER resident proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases, have dichotomous effects on flaviviruses with ATL2 depletion leading to replication organelle defects and ATL3 depletion to changes in virus production pathways. We characterized non-conserved functional domains in ATL paralogues and show that the ATL interactome is profoundly reprogrammed upon DV infection. Screen analysis confirmed non-redundant ATL functions and identified a specific role for ATL3, and its interactor ARF4, in vesicle trafficking and virion maturation. Our data identify ATLs as central hubs targeted by flaviviruses to establish their replication organelle and to achieve efficient virion maturation and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pietro Scaturro
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeremy G Wideman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thaís Moraes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Oleksiuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), (Munich Partner Site), Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), (Heidelberg Partner Site), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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De Leonibus C, Cinque L, Settembre C. Emerging lysosomal pathways for quality control at the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2319-2329. [PMID: 31388984 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) might eventually lead to aggregation and cellular distress, and is a primary pathogenic mechanism in multiple human disorders. Mammals have developed evolutionary-conserved quality control mechanisms at the level of the ER. The best characterized is the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, through which misfolded proteins translocate from the ER to the cytosol and are subsequently proteasomally degraded. However, increasing evidence indicates that additional quality control mechanisms apply for misfolded ER clients that are not eligible for ERAD. This review focuses on the alternative, ERAD-independent, mechanisms of clearance of misfolded polypeptides from the ER. These processes, collectively referred to as ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation, involve ER-phagy, microautophagy or vesicular transport. The identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms is particularly important for developing new therapeutic approaches for human diseases associated with protein aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cinque
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Medical and Translational Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
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22
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Behrendt L, Kurth I, Kaether C. A disease causing ATLASTIN 3 mutation affects multiple endoplasmic reticulum-related pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1433-1445. [PMID: 30666337 PMCID: PMC6420906 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atlastins (ATLs) are membrane-bound GTPases involved in shaping of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations in ATL1 and ATL3 cause spastic paraplegia and hereditary sensory neuropathy. We here show that the sensory neuropathy causing ATL3 Y192C mutation reduces the complexity of the tubular ER-network. ATL3 Y192C delays ER-export by reducing the number of ER exit sites, reduces autophagy, fragments the Golgi and causes malformation of the nucleus. In cultured primary neurons, ATL3 Y192C does not localize to the growing axon, resulting in axon growth deficits. Patient-derived fibroblasts possess a tubular ER with reduced complexity and have a reduced number of autophagosomes. The data suggest that the disease-causing ATL3 Y192C mutation affects multiple ER-related pathways, possibly as a consequence of the distorted ER morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Behrendt
- Leibniz Institut für Alternsforschung-Fritz Lipmann Institut, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz Institut für Alternsforschung-Fritz Lipmann Institut, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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23
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Xu H, Zhang C, Cao L, Song J, Xu X, Zhang B, Chen B, Zhao G. ATL3 gene mutation in a Chinese family with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1F. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:150-155. [PMID: 30680846 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) comprises a group of progressive peripheral neuropathies predominantly affecting the sensory nerves. To date, two different ATL3 gene mutations have been reported to be responsible for HSN type 1F (HSN1F). Here, we report a family in which the members presented numbness of the lower limbs and recurrent foot ulceration. Symptoms of foot ulcers disappeared in the years after onset, which suggests that the family members showed benign and mild symptoms compared with the affected patients reported previously. Laboratory examinations and electrophysiological data suggested axonal degeneration of the peripheral sensory nerves, while motor neurons were not involved. Exome sequencing revealed the previously reported c.C1013G (p.Pro338Arg) mutation of the ATL3 gene. This is the first report of ATL3 mutation in Chinese patients with HSN. Cells expressing mutant ATL3 exhibited disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum network, suggesting a dominant-negative effect. There was no significant difference in the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) between cells expressing wild-type or mutant ATL3. Further studies are required to ascertain the relevance of the changes in endoplasmic reticulum morphology to axonal degeneration of sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Xuhua Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Baohui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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24
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Krols M, Asselbergh B, De Rycke R, De Winter V, Seyer A, Müller FJ, Kurth I, Bultynck G, Timmerman V, Janssens S. Sensory neuropathy-causing mutations in ATL3 affect ER-mitochondria contact sites and impair axonal mitochondrial distribution. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:615-627. [PMID: 30339187 PMCID: PMC6360276 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonopathies are neurodegenerative disorders caused by axonal degeneration, affecting predominantly the longest neurons. Several of these axonopathies are caused by genetic defects in proteins involved in the shaping and dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, it is unclear how these defects impinge on neuronal survival. Given its central and widespread position within a cell, the ER is a pivotal player in inter-organelle communication. Here, we demonstrate that defects in the ER fusion protein ATL3, which were identified in patients suffering from hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, result in an increased number of ER-mitochondria contact sites both in HeLa cells and in patient-derived fibroblasts. This increased contact is reflected in higher phospholipid metabolism, upregulated autophagy and augmented Ca2+ crosstalk between both organelles. Moreover, the mitochondria in these cells display lowered motility, and the number of axonal mitochondria in neurons expressing disease-causing mutations in ATL3 is strongly decreased. These results underscore the functional interdependence of subcellular organelles in health and disease and show that disorders caused by ER-shaping defects are more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Krols
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- VIB BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Seyer
- Profilomic SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, and MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory of ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Chen Q, Xiao Y, Chai P, Zheng P, Teng J, Chen J. ATL3 Is a Tubular ER-Phagy Receptor for GABARAP-Mediated Selective Autophagy. Curr Biol 2019; 29:846-855.e6. [PMID: 30773365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of the nuclear envelope and both peripheral ER sheets and a peripheral tubular network [1, 2]. In response to physiological or pathological conditions, receptor-mediated selective ER-phagy, engulfing specific ER subdomains or components, is essential for ER turnover and homeostasis [3-6]. Four mammalian receptors for ER-phagy have been reported: FAM134B [7], reticulon 3 (RTN3) [8], SEC62 [9], and CCPG1 [10]. However, these ER-phagy receptors function in subcellular- and tissue- or physiological- and pathological-condition-specific manners, so the diversity of ER-phagy receptors and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown [3, 4]. Atlastins (ATL1, ATL2, and ATL3), in mammals, are a class of membrane-bound, dynamin-like GTPases that function in ER fusion [11, 12]. ATL1 is expressed mainly in the central nervous system, while ATL2 and ATL3 are more ubiquitously distributed [13]. Recent studies showed that ATL2 mainly affects ER morphology by promoting ER fusion, whereas alterations in ER morphology are hardly detectable after ATL3 depletion [14, 15]. Here, we show that ATL3 functions as a receptor for ER-phagy, promoting tubular ER degradation upon starvation. ATL3 specifically binds to GABARAP, but not LC3, subfamily proteins via 2 GABARAP interaction motifs (GIMs). ATL3-GABARAP interaction is essential for ATL3 to function in ER-phagy. Moreover, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I)-associated ATL3 mutations (Y192C and P338R) disrupt ATL3's association with GABARAP and impair ATL3's function in ER-phagy, suggesting that defective ER-phagy is involved in HSAN I. Therefore, we reveal a new ATL3 function for GABARAP-mediated ER-phagy in the degradation of tubular ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ya Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peiyuan Chai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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26
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Altered interplay between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2328-2337. [PMID: 30659145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810932116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MFN2 gene encoding Mitofusin 2 lead to the development of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A), a dominant axonal form of peripheral neuropathy. Mitofusin 2 is localized at both the outer membrane of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum and is particularly enriched at specialized contact regions known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM). We observed that expression of MFN2R94Q induces distal axonal degeneration in the absence of overt neuronal death. The presence of mutant protein leads to reduction in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria contacts in CMT2A patient-derived fibroblasts, in primary neurons and in vivo, in motoneurons of a mouse model of CMT2A. These changes are concomitant with endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium handling defects, and changes in the geometry and axonal transport of mitochondria. Importantly, pharmacological treatments reinforcing endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk, or reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, restore the mitochondria morphology and prevent axonal degeneration. These results highlight defects in MAM as a cellular mechanism contributing to CMT2A pathology mediated by mutated MFN2.
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