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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Zhang YX, Ou MY, Yang ZH, Sun Y, Li QF, Zhou SB. Adipose tissue aging is regulated by an altered immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125395. [PMID: 36875140 PMCID: PMC9981968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a widely distributed organ that plays a critical role in age-related physiological dysfunctions as an important source of chronic sterile low-grade inflammation. Adipose tissue undergoes diverse changes during aging, including fat depot redistribution, brown and beige fat decrease, functional decline of adipose progenitor and stem cells, senescent cell accumulation, and immune cell dysregulation. Specifically, inflammaging is common in aged adipose tissue. Adipose tissue inflammaging reduces adipose plasticity and pathologically contributes to adipocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and ultimately, adipose tissue dysfunction. Adipose tissue inflammaging also contributes to age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. There is an increased infiltration of immune cells into adipose tissue, and these infiltrating immune cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Several important molecular and signaling pathways mediate the process, including JAK/STAT, NFκB and JNK, etc. The roles of immune cells in aging adipose tissue are complex, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this review, we summarize the consequences and causes of inflammaging in adipose tissue. We further outline the cellular/molecular mechanisms of adipose tissue inflammaging and propose potential therapeutic targets to alleviate age-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Yi Ou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Han Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Bai Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang CR, Tsai HW. Immediate-release tofacitinib reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic active rheumatoid arthritis patients: A single-center retrospective study. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:454-465. [PMID: 35800413 PMCID: PMC9210542 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i6.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased risk of insulin resistance (IR) has been identified in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder with elevated levels of pathogenic cytokines. Biologics targeting proinflammatory cytokines can control the disease and improve insulin sensitivity in RA. Although Janus kinase (JAK) signaling can regulate cytokine receptors and participate in RA pathogenesis, it remains to be elucidated whether there is a reduction of IR in such patients under JAK inhibitor (JAKi) therapy.
AIM To study the effect of JAKi treatment on the reduction of IR in RA patients with active disease.
METHODS A retrospective study was carried out from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2021 in a population of non-diabetic patients with active RA who were undergoing tofacitinib (TOF) therapy with 5 mg twice-daily immediate-release formulation.
RESULTS Fifty-six RA patients, aged 30 years to 75 years (mean ± SD: 52.3 ± 11.1) with disease activity score 28 values ranging from 4.54 to 7.37 (5.82 ± 0.74), were classified into high-IR (> 2.0) and low-IR (≤ 2.0) groups based on their baseline homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR levels. They had no previous exposure to JAKi, and received TOF therapy for no less than 6 mo. In 30 patients who were naïve to biologics, after a 24-week therapeutic period, the high-IR group showed reduced HOMA-IR levels (3.331 ± 1.036 vs 2.292 ± 0.707, P < 0.001). In another 26 patients who were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-6 blockers, the high-IR group, despite having achieved a decrease but with lower magnitude than in naïve patients, showed reduced HOMA-IR levels (2.924 ± 0.790 vs 2.545 ± 1.080, P = 0.018).
CONCLUSION In this retrospective study, reduced IR was achieved in non-diabetic active RA patients following 24 wk of TOF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrong-Reen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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4
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Nutrient-Response Pathways in Healthspan and Lifespan Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091568. [PMID: 35563873 PMCID: PMC9102925 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular, small invertebrate and vertebrate models are a driving force in biogerontology studies. Using various models, such as yeasts, appropriate tissue culture cells, Drosophila, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the mouse, has tremendously increased our knowledge around the relationship between diet, nutrient-response signaling pathways and lifespan regulation. In recent years, combinatorial drug treatments combined with mutagenesis, high-throughput screens, as well as multi-omics approaches, have provided unprecedented insights in cellular metabolism, development, differentiation, and aging. Scientists are, therefore, moving towards characterizing the fine architecture and cross-talks of growth and stress pathways towards identifying possible interventions that could lead to healthy aging and the amelioration of age-related diseases in humans. In this short review, we briefly examine recently uncovered knowledge around nutrient-response pathways, such as the Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) and the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin signaling pathways, as well as specific GWAS and some EWAS studies on lifespan and age-related disease that have enhanced our current understanding within the aging and biogerontology fields. We discuss what is learned from the rich and diverse generated data, as well as challenges and next frontiers in these scientific disciplines.
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Shi S, Ye L, Jin K, Xiao Z, Yu X, Wu W. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Emerging Players in Pancreatic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073748. [PMID: 35409105 PMCID: PMC8998564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Common pancreatic diseases have caused significant economic and social burdens worldwide. The interstitial microenvironment is involved in and plays a crucial part in the occurrence and progression of pancreatic diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), an innate population of immune cells which have only gradually entered our visual field in the last 10 years, play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, regulating metabolism, and participating in regeneration and repair. Recent evidence indicates that ILCs in the pancreas, as well as in other tissues, are also key players in pancreatic disease and health. Herein, we examined the possible functions of different ILC subsets in common pancreatic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and discussed the potential practical implications of the relevant findings for future further treatment of these pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-21-6403-1446 (X.Y. & W.W.)
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.S.); (L.Y.); (K.J.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-21-6403-1446 (X.Y. & W.W.)
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The Missing LNK: Evolution from Cytosis to Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis and Germline SH2B3 Mutation. Case Rep Genet 2022; 2022:6977041. [PMID: 35281324 PMCID: PMC8904908 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6977041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a rare but distinct hematological neoplasm with overlapping features of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Individuals with CMML have persistent monocytosis and bone marrow dyspoiesis associated with various constitutional symptoms like fevers, unintentional weight loss, or night sweats. It is established that there is a strong association of CMML with preceding or coexisting autoimmune diseases and systemic inflammatory syndromes affecting around 20% of patients. Various molecular abnormalities like TET2, SRSF2, ASXL1, and RAS are reported in the pathogenesis of CMML, but no such mutations have been described to explain the strong association of autoimmune diseases and severe inflammatory phenotype seen in CMML. Germline mutation in SH2B adaptor protein 3 (SH2B3) had been reported before to affect a family with autoimmune disorders and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In this report, we describe the first case of a female subject with many years of preceding history of multiple sclerosis before the diagnosis of CMML. We outline the evidence supporting the pathogenic role of SH2B3 p.E395K germline mutation, connecting the dots of association between autoimmune diseases and CMML genesis.
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7
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Murphy MB, Kim K, Kannankeril PJ, Subati T, Van Amburg JC, Barnett JV, Murray KT. Optimizing transesophageal atrial pacing in mice to detect atrial fibrillation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H36-H43. [PMID: 34767487 PMCID: PMC8698503 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00434.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice are routinely used to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the atrial fibrillation (AF) substrate. We sought to optimize transesophageal rapid atrial pacing (RAP) protocols for the detection of AF susceptibility in mouse models. Hypertensive and control C57Bl/6J mice were subjected to burst RAP at a fixed stimulus amplitude. The role of parasympathetic involvement in pacing-related atrioventricular (AV) block and AF was examined using an intraperitoneal injection of atropine. In a crossover study, burst and decremental RAP at twice diastolic threshold were compared for induction of AV block during pacing. The efficacy of burst and decremental RAP to elicit an AF phenotype was subsequently investigated in mice deficient in the lymphocyte adaptor protein (Lnk-/-) resulting in systemic inflammation, or the paired-like homeodomain-2 transcription factor (Pitx2+/-) as a positive control. When pacing at a fixed stimulus intensity, pacing-induced AV block with AF induction occurred frequently, so that there was no difference in AF burden between hypertensive and control mice. These effects were prevented by atropine administration, implicating parasympathetic activation due to ganglionic stimulation as the etiology. When mice with AV block during pacing were eliminated from the analysis, male Lnk-/- mice displayed an AF phenotype only during burst RAP compared with controls, whereas male Pitx2+/- mice showed AF susceptibility during burst and decremental RAP. Notably, Lnk-/- and Pitx2+/- females exhibited no AF phenotype. Our data support the conclusion that multiple parameters should be used to ascertain AF inducibility and facilitate reproducibility across models and studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Methods were developed to optimize transesophageal rapid atrial pacing (RAP) to detect AF susceptibility in new and established mouse models. High stimulus intensity and pacing rates caused parasympathetic stimulation, with pacing-induced AV block and excessive AF induction in normal mice. For a given model, pacing at twice TH enabled improved phenotype discrimination in a pacing mode and sex-specific manner. Transesophageal RAP should be individually optimized when developing a mouse model of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Murphy
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prince J Kannankeril
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tuerdi Subati
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph C Van Amburg
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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8
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Hakim A, Moll M, Brancale J, Liu J, Lasky-Su JA, Silverman EK, Vilarinho S, Jiang ZG, Pita-Juárez YH, Vlachos IS, Zhang X, Åberg F, Afdhal NH, Hobbs BD, Cho MH. Genetic Variation in the Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase Is Associated With Liver Injury. Hepatology 2021; 74:3394-3408. [PMID: 34216018 PMCID: PMC8639615 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most of the genetic basis of chronic liver disease remains undiscovered. APPROACH AND RESULTS To identify genetic loci that modulate the risk of liver injury, we performed genome-wide association studies on circulating levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin across 312,671 White British participants in the UK Biobank. We focused on variants associated with elevations in all four liver biochemistries at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8 ) and that replicated using Mass General Brigham Biobank in 19,323 European ancestry individuals. We identified a genetic locus in mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM rs10787429) associated with increased levels of ALT (P = 1.4 × 10-30 ), AST (P = 3.6 × 10-10 ), ALP (P = 9.5 × 10-30 ), and total bilirubin (P = 2.9 × 10-12 ). This common genetic variant was also associated with an allele dose-dependent risk of alcohol-associated liver disease (odd ratio [OR] = 1.34, P = 2.6 × 10-5 ) and fatty liver disease (OR = 1.18, P = 5.8 × 10-4 ) by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. We identified significant interactions between GPAM rs10787429 and elevated body mass index in association with ALT and AST (P = 7.1 × 10-9 and 3.95 × 10-8 , respectively), as well as between GPAM rs10787429 and weekly alcohol consumption in association with ALT, AST, and alcohol-associated liver disease (P = 4.0 × 10-2 , 1.6 × 10-2 , and 1.3 × 10-2 , respectively). Unlike previously described genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of liver injury but confer a protective effect on circulating lipids, GPAM rs10787429 was associated with an increase in total cholesterol (P = 2.0 × 10-17 ), LDL cholesterol (P = 2.0 × 10-10 ), and HDL cholesterol (P = 6.6 × 10-37 ). Single-cell RNA-sequencing data demonstrated hepatocyte-predominant expression of GPAM in cells that co-express genes related to VLDL production (P = 9.4 × 10-103 ). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in GPAM is associated with susceptibility to liver injury. GPAM may represent a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hakim
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Moll
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Brancale
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jiangyuan Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica A. Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Silvia Vilarinho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ioannis S. Vlachos
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fredrik Åberg
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery Clinic, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nezam H. Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Brian D. Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Zhen Y, Shu W, Hou X, Wang Y. Innate Immune System Orchestrates Metabolic Homeostasis and Dysfunction in Visceral Adipose Tissue During Obesity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702835. [PMID: 34421909 PMCID: PMC8377368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Arising incidence of metabolic disorders and related diseases caused by obesity is a global health concern. Elucidating the role of the immune system in this process will help to understand the related mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Here, we have focused on innate immune cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and summarized the roles of these cells in maintaining the homeostasis of VAT. Furthermore, this review reveals the importance of quantitative and functional changes of innate immune cells when the metabolic microenvironment changes due to obesity or excess lipids, and confirms that these changes eventually lead to the occurrence of chronic inflammation and metabolic diseases of VAT. Two perspectives are reviewed, which include sequential changes in various innate immune cells in the steady state of VAT and its imbalance during obesity. Cross-sectional interactions between various innate immune cells at the same time point are also reviewed. Through delineation of a comprehensive perspective of VAT homeostasis in obesity-induced chronic inflammation, and ultimately metabolic dysfunction and disease, we expect to clarify the complex interactive networks among distinct cell populations and propose that these interactions should be taken into account in the development of biotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Shu
- Department of Biobank, Division of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xintong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Biobank, Division of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Type 1 diabetes: genes associated with disease development. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 45:439-453. [PMID: 33658892 PMCID: PMC7882399 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the third most common autoimmune disease which develops due to genetic and environmental risk factors. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) report from 2014 the number of people suffering from all types of diabetes ascended to 422 million, compared to 108 million in 1980. It was calculated that this number will double by the end of 2030. In 2015 American Diabetes Association (ADA) announced that 30.3 million Americans (that is 9.4% of the overall population) had diabetes of which only approximately 1.25 million had T1D. Nowadays, T1D represents roughly 10% of adult diabetes cases total. Multiple genetic abnormalities at different loci have been found to contribute to type 1 diabetes development. The analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1D has identified over 50 susceptible regions (and genes within these regions). Many of these regions are defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) but molecular mechanisms through which they increase or lower the risk of diabetes remain unknown. Genetic factors (in existence since birth) can be detected long before the emergence of immunological or clinical markers. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the multiple genetic factors underlying T1D is extremely important for further clinical trials and development of personalized medicine for diabetic patients. We present an overview of current studies and information about regions in the human genome associated with T1D. Moreover, we also put forward information about epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs and environmental factors involved in T1D development and onset.
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Huang LO, Rauch A, Mazzaferro E, Preuss M, Carobbio S, Bayrak CS, Chami N, Wang Z, Schick UM, Yang N, Itan Y, Vidal-Puig A, den Hoed M, Mandrup S, Kilpeläinen TO, Loos RJF. Genome-wide discovery of genetic loci that uncouple excess adiposity from its comorbidities. Nat Metab 2021; 3:228-243. [PMID: 33619380 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of individuals with obesity do not suffer cardiometabolic comorbidities. The mechanisms that uncouple adiposity from its cardiometabolic complications are not fully understood. Here, we identify 62 loci of which the same allele is significantly associated with both higher adiposity and lower cardiometabolic risk. Functional analyses show that the 62 loci are enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue, and for regulatory variants that influence nearby genes that affect adipocyte differentiation. Genes prioritized in each locus support a key role of fat distribution (FAM13A, IRS1 and PPARG) and adipocyte function (ALDH2, CCDC92, DNAH10, ESR1, FAM13A, MTOR, PIK3R1 and VEGFB). Several additional mechanisms are involved as well, such as insulin-glucose signalling (ADCY5, ARAP1, CREBBP, FAM13A, MTOR, PEPD, RAC1 and SH2B3), energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation (IGF2BP2), browning of white adipose tissue (CSK, VEGFA, VEGFB and SLC22A3) and inflammation (SH2B3, DAGLB and ADCY9). Some of these genes may represent therapeutic targets to reduce cardiometabolic risk linked to excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam O Huang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Functional Genomics & Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital and Steno Diabetes Center Odense and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eugenia Mazzaferro
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Cigdem S Bayrak
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Chami
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ursula M Schick
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Yang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Functional Genomics & Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA.
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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LNK deficiency decreases obesity-induced insulin resistance by regulating GLUT4 through the PI3K-Akt-AS160 pathway in adipose tissue. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17150-17166. [PMID: 32911464 PMCID: PMC7521507 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, LNK, an adapter protein, has been found to be associated with metabolic diseases, including hypertension and diabetes. We found that the expression of LNK in human adipose tissue was positively correlated with serum glucose and insulin in obese people. We examined the role of LNK in insulin resistance and systemic energy metabolism using LNK-deficient mice (LNK-/-). With consumption of a high-fat diet, wild type (WT) mice accumulated more intrahepatic triglyceride, higher serum triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) compared with LNK-/- mice. However, there was no significant difference between LNK-/- and WT mice under normal chow diet. Meanwhile, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression in adipose tissue and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes were increased in LNK-/- mice. LNK-/- adipose tissue showed activated reactivity for IRS1/PI3K/Akt/AS160 signaling, and administration of a PI3K inhibitor impaired glucose uptake. In conclusion, LNK plays a pivotal role in adipose glucose transport by regulating insulin-mediated IRS1/PI3K/Akt/AS160 signaling.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes is a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). However, it has been questioned whether LADA exists or simply is a group of misclassified type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This review will provide an updated overview of the genetics of LADA, highlight what genetics tell us about LADA as a diabetes subtype, and point to future directions in the study of LADA. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have verified the genetic overlap between LADA and both T1D and T2D and have contributed identification of a novel LADA-specific locus, namely, PFKFB3, and subtype-specific signatures in the HLA region. Genetic risk scores comprising T1D-risk variants have been shown to be a promising tool for discriminating diabetes subtypes and identifying patients rapidly progressing to insulin dependence. Genetic data support the existence of LADA, but further studies are needed to fully determine the place of LADA in the diabetes spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Andersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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14
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Leptin receptor-expressing neuron Sh2b1 supports sympathetic nervous system and protects against obesity and metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1517. [PMID: 32251290 PMCID: PMC7089966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), energy expenditure, and weight loss; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we uncover Sh2b1 in leptin receptor (LepR) neurons as a critical component of a SNS/brown adipose tissue (BAT)/thermogenesis axis. LepR neuron-specific deletion of Sh2b1 abrogates leptin-stimulated sympathetic nerve activation and impairs BAT thermogenic programs, leading to reduced core body temperature and cold intolerance. The adipose SNS degenerates progressively in mutant mice after 8 weeks of age. Adult-onset ablation of Sh2b1 in the mediobasal hypothalamus also impairs the SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis; conversely, hypothalamic overexpression of human SH2B1 has the opposite effects. Mice with either LepR neuron-specific or adult-onset, hypothalamus-specific ablation of Sh2b1 develop obesity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. In contrast, hypothalamic overexpression of SH2B1 protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndromes. Our results unravel an unrecognized LepR neuron Sh2b1/SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis that combats obesity and metabolic disease.
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15
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Wu SZ, Wei HX, Jiang D, Li SM, Zou WH, Peng HJ. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Host Factors Required by Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:460. [PMID: 32039045 PMCID: PMC6987080 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii are obligate intracellular protoza, and due to their small genome and limited encoded proteins, they have to exploit host factors for entry, replication, and dissemination. Such host factors can be defined as host dependency factors (HDFs). Though HDFs are inessential for cell viability, they are critical for pathogen infection, and potential ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. However, information about these HDFs required by T. gondii infection is highly deficient. In this study, the genes of human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells were comprehensively edited using the lentiviral CRISPR-Cas9-sgRNA library, and then the lentivirus-treated cells were infected with T. gondii at multiplication of infection 1 (MOI = 1) for 10 days to identify HDFs essential for T. gondii infection. The survival cells were harvested and sent for sgRNA sequencing. The sgRNA sequence matched genes or miRNAs were potential HDFs. Some cells in the lentivirus-treated group could survive longer than those in the untreated control group after T. gondii infection. From a pool of 19,050 human genes and 1,864 human pri-miRNAs, 1,193 potential HDFs were identified, including 1,183 genes and 10 pri-miRNAs (corresponding with 17 mature miRNAs). Among them, seven genes and five mature miRNAs were validated with siRNAs, miRNA inhibitors, and mimics, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that, among the 1,183 genes, 53 potential HDFs were associated with regulation of host actin cytoskeleton and 23 potential HDFs coded immune negative regulators. This result indicated that actin dynamics were indispensable for T. gondii infection, and some host immune negative regulators may be involved in disarming host defenses. Our findings contribute to the current limited knowledge about host factors required by T. gondii infection and provide us with new targets for medication therapy and vaccine exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Zhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xia Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Min Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Zhong ZM, Chen X, Qi X, Wang XM, Li CY, Qin RJ, Wang SQ, Liang J, Zeng MS, Sun CZ. Adaptor protein LNK promotes anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell growth via 14-3-3 ε/γ binding. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 31938019 PMCID: PMC6953139 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid progression contributes to treatment failure in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) patients. In a preliminary study, we demonstrated that some hematopoietic factors may be involved in the progression of ATC. The adaptor protein LNK, which is a negative regulator of hematopoietic cytokine signalling, has been studied extensively in malignant hematopoietic cells. However, there are few studies on LNK in solid tumours. Methods Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis of LNK were performed on ATC cells, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cells and normal thyroid cells. In vitro assays (including pull-down, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), co-IP, MTT and colony formation) were performed to validate the effect of LNK on ATC progression and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. Results Compared with DTC cells and normal thyroid cells, ATC cells exhibit overexpression of LNK. In addition, LNK overexpression results in increased proliferation of ATC cells. Conversely, LNK knockdown significantly suppresses ATC cell proliferation. LC–MS identified the 14-3-3 ε/γ protein as a LNK binding partner. Finally, the results indicate that LNK overexpression significantly enhances the anti-apoptotic ability of ATC cells via the Akt-NFκB-Bcl-2/Bcl-xL pathway and that the oncogenic effect of LNK largely depends on 14-3-3 ε/γ binding. Conclusions The present study elucidated the important role of LNK in the growth of ATC opposite to its behaviour in the hematopoietic system and indicates that LNK is a potential target for the treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ming Zhong
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China.,2Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Ru-Jia Qin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Liang
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- 3State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Zheng Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
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