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Wilmet B, Michiels C, Zhang J, Callebert J, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Audo I, Zeitz C. Loss of ON-Pathway Function in Mice Lacking Lrit3 Decreases Recovery From Lens-Induced Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 39250117 PMCID: PMC11385651 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether the Lrit3-/- mouse model of complete congenital stationary night blindness with an ON-pathway defect harbors myopic features and whether the genetic defect influences the recovery from lens-induced myopia. Methods Retinal levels of dopamine (DA) and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) from adult isolated Lrit3-/- retinas were quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography after light adaptation. Natural refractive development of Lrit3-/- mice was measured from three weeks to nine weeks of age using an infrared photorefractometer. Susceptibility to myopia induction was assessed using a lens-induced myopia protocol with -25 D lenses placed in front of the right eye of the animals for three weeks; the mean interocular shift was measured with an infrared photorefractometer after two and three weeks of goggling and after one and two weeks after removal of goggles. Results Compared to wild-type littermates (Lrit3+/+), both DA and DOPAC were drastically reduced in Lrit3-/- retinas. Natural refractive development was normal but Lrit3-/- mice showed a higher myopic shift and a lower ability to recover from induced myopia. Conclusions Our data consolidate the link between ON pathway defect altered dopaminergic signaling and myopia. We document for the first time the role of ON pathway on the recovery from myopia induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Jingyi Zhang
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, United States
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Stevens-Sostre WA, Hoon M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Retinal Synapse Development. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2024; 10:377-402. [PMID: 39292551 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-102122-105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Synapse formation within the retinal circuit ensures that distinct neuronal types can communicate efficiently to process visual signals. Synapses thus form the core of the visual computations performed by the retinal circuit. Retinal synapses are diverse but can be broadly categorized into multipartner ribbon synapses and 1:1 conventional synapses. In this article, we review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the functional establishment of mammalian retinal synapses, including the role of adhesion proteins, synaptic proteins, extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal-associated proteins, and activity-dependent cues. We outline future directions and areas of research that will expand our knowledge of these mechanisms. Understanding the regulators moderating synapse formation and function not only reveals the integrated developmental processes that establish retinal circuits, but also divulges the identity of mechanisms that could be engaged during disease and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Stevens-Sostre
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Yu M, Hao W, Wang M, Ruan Z, Li Z, Xiang C, Wang L, Hu Y, Yang X. Characterizing Retinal Sensitivity and Structure in Congenital Stationary Night Blindness: A Combined Microperimetry and OCT Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:35. [PMID: 38916884 PMCID: PMC11204054 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the characteristics of microperimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), as well as their structure-function association. Methods This cross-sectional study included 32 eyes from 32 participants with CSNB, comprising 18 with complete CSNB and 14 with incomplete CSNB, along with 36 eyes from 36 CSNB-unaffected controls matched for age, sex, and spherical equivalent. Using MP-3 microperimetry, central retinal sensitivity was assessed within a 20° field, distributed across six concentric rings (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, and 10°). OCT was used to analyze retinal and choroidal thickness. The study aimed to assess the overall and ring-wise retinal sensitivity, as well as choroidal and retinal thickness in CSNB and CSNB-unaffected controls, with a secondary focus on the relationship between retinal sensitivity and microstructural features on OCT. Results In comparison with CSNB-unaffected subjects, the overall and ring-wise retinal sensitivity as well as choroidal thickness were reduced in patients with CSNB (P < 0.001). Moreover, the central sensitivity in incomplete CSNB group was lower than in complete CSNB group (25.72 ± 3.93 dB vs. 21.92 ± 4.10 dB; P < 0.001). The retinal thickness in the CSNB group was thinner outside the fovea compared with the CSNB-unaffected group. Multiple mixed regression analyses revealed that point-to-point retinal sensitivity was significantly correlated with BCVA (P = 0.002) and the corresponding retinal thickness (P = 0.004). Conclusions Examination of retinal sensitivity and OCT revealed different spatial distribution profiles in CSNB and its subtypes. In CSNB eyes, retinal sensitivity on microperimetry was associated with retinal thickness on OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Hasan N, Gregg RG. Cone Synaptic function is modulated by the leucine rich repeat (LRR) adhesion molecule LRFN2. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0120-23.2024. [PMID: 38408870 PMCID: PMC10957230 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0120-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Daylight vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors in vertebrates, which synapse with bipolar cells (BCs) and horizontal (HCs) cells. This cone synapse is functionally and anatomically complex, connecting to 8 types of depolarizing BCs (DBCs) and 5 types of hyperpolarizing BCs (HBCs) in mice. The dendrites of DBCs and HCs cells make invaginating ribbon synapses with the cone axon terminal, while HBCs form flat synapses with the cone pedicles. The molecular architecture that underpins this organization is relatively poorly understood. To identify new proteins involved in synapse formation and function we used an unbiased proteomic approach and identified LRFN2 (leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin III domain-containing 2) as a component of the DBC signaling complex. LRFN2 is selectively expressed at cone terminals and co-localizes with PNA, and other DBC signalplex members. In LRFN2 deficient mice, the synaptic markers: LRIT3, ELFN2, mGluR6, TRPM1 and GPR179 are properly localized. Similarly, LRFN2 expression and localization is not dependent on these synaptic proteins. In the absence of LRFN2 the cone-mediated photopic electroretinogram b-wave amplitude is reduced at the brightest flash intensities. These data demonstrate that LRFN2 absence compromises normal synaptic transmission between cones and cone DBCs.Significance Statement Signaling between cone photoreceptors and the downstream bipolar cells is critical to normal vision. Cones synapse with 13 different types of bipolar cells forming an invaginating ribbon synapses with 8 types, and flat synapses with 5 types, to form one of the most complex synapses in the brain. In this report a new protein, LRFN2 (leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin III domain-containing 2), was identified that is expressed at the cone synapse. Using Lrfn2 knockout mice we show LRFN2 is required for the normal cone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarul Hasan
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Ronald G. Gregg
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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Petersen-Jones SM, Komáromy AM. Canine and Feline Models of Inherited Retinal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041286. [PMID: 37217283 PMCID: PMC10835616 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) in cats and dogs provide a rich source of potential models for human IRDs. In many cases, the phenotypes between the species with mutations of the homologous genes are very similar. Both cats and dogs have a high-acuity retinal region, the area centralis, an equivalent to the human macula, with tightly packed photoreceptors and higher cone density. This and the similarity in globe size to that of humans means these large animal models provide information not obtainable from rodent models. The established cat and dog models include those for Leber congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa (including recessive, dominant, and X-linked forms), achromatopsia, Best disease, congenital stationary night blindness and other synaptic dysfunctions, RDH5-associated retinopathy, and Stargardt disease. Several of these models have proven to be important in the development of translational therapies such as gene-augmentation therapies. Advances have been made in editing the canine genome, which necessitated overcoming challenges presented by the specifics of canine reproduction. Feline genome editing presents fewer challenges. We can anticipate the generation of specific cat and dog IRD models by genome editing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Tempone MH, Borges-Martins VP, César F, Alexandrino-Mattos DP, de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, dos Santos AA, Duarte-Silva AT, Dias MS, Freitas HR, de Araújo EG, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Cossenza M, P. Silva H, P. de Carvalho R, Ventura ALM, Calaza KC, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, de Melo Reis RA. The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1120. [PMID: 38256192 PMCID: PMC10817105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is the sensory tissue responsible for the first stages of visual processing, with a conserved anatomy and functional architecture among vertebrates. To date, retinal eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and others, affect nearly 170 million people worldwide, resulting in vision loss and blindness. To tackle retinal disorders, the developing retina has been explored as a versatile model to study intercellular signaling, as it presents a broad neurochemical repertoire that has been approached in the last decades in terms of signaling and diseases. Retina, dissociated and arranged as typical cultures, as mixed or neuron- and glia-enriched, and/or organized as neurospheres and/or as organoids, are valuable to understand both neuronal and glial compartments, which have contributed to revealing roles and mechanisms between transmitter systems as well as antioxidants, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Overall, contributions in understanding neurogenesis, tissue development, differentiation, connectivity, plasticity, and cell death are widely described. A complete access to the genome of several vertebrates, as well as the recent transcriptome at the single cell level at different stages of development, also anticipates future advances in providing cues to target blinding diseases or retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H. Tempone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Vladimir P. Borges-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Felipe César
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Dio Pablo Alexandrino-Mattos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Camila S. de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Aline Araujo dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Aline Teixeira Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana Santana Dias
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elisabeth G. de Araújo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Victor Tulio Ribeiro-Resende
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Hilda P. Silva
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Roberto P. de Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana S. Silveira
- Laboratory for Investigation in Neuroregeneration and Development, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil;
| | - Regina C. C. Kubrusly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
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Chen W, Zhong W, Yu L, Lin X, Xie J, Liu Z. A Drosophila Model Reveals the Potential Role for mtt in Retinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:899. [PMID: 38255972 PMCID: PMC10815649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited retinal disorder, caused by over 300 mutations in 17 different genes. While there are numerous fly models available for simulating ocular diseases, most are focused on mimicking retinitis pigmentosa (RP), with animal models specifically addressing CSNB limited to mammals. Here, we present a CSNB fly model associated with the mtt gene, utilizing RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the mtt gene in fly eyes (homologous to the mammalian GRM6 gene) and construct a CSNB model. Through this approach, we observed significant defects in the eye structure and function upon reducing mtt expression in fly eyes. This manifested as disruptions in the compound eye lens structure and reduced sensitivity to light responses. These results suggest a critical role for mtt in the function of fly adult eyes. Interestingly, we found that the mtt gene is not expressed in the photoreceptor neurons of adult flies but is localized to the inner lamina neurons. In summary, these results underscore the crucial involvement of mtt in fly retinal function, providing a framework for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of CSNB and facilitating research into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenmiao Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lingqi Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiayu Xie
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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8
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Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Wang T, Sampath AP, Chen J, Field GD. Late gene therapy limits the restoration of retinal function in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8256. [PMID: 38086857 PMCID: PMC10716155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited photoreceptor degeneration that begins with rod loss followed by cone loss. This cell loss greatly diminishes vision, with most patients becoming legally blind. Gene therapies are being developed, but it is unknown how retinal function depends on the time of intervention. To uncover this dependence, we utilize a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa capable of artificial genetic rescue. This model enables a benchmark of best-case gene therapy by removing variables that complicate answering this question. Complete genetic rescue was performed at 25%, 50%, and 70% rod loss (early, mid and late, respectively). Early and mid treatment restore retinal output to near wild-type levels. Late treatment retinas exhibit continued, albeit slowed, loss of sensitivity and signal fidelity among retinal ganglion cells, as well as persistent gliosis. We conclude that gene replacement therapies delivered after 50% rod loss are unlikely to restore visual function to normal. This is critical information for administering gene therapies to rescue vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Scalabrino
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mishek Thapa
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Wakeham CM, Shi Q, Ren G, Haley TL, Duvoisin RM, von Gersdorff H, Morgans CW. Trophoblast glycoprotein is required for efficient synaptic vesicle exocytosis from retinal rod bipolar cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1306006. [PMID: 38099150 PMCID: PMC10720453 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1306006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rod bipolar cells (RBCs) faithfully transmit light-driven signals from rod photoreceptors in the outer retina to third order neurons in the inner retina. Recently, significant work has focused on the role of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins in synaptic development and signal transduction at RBC synapses. We previously identified trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG) as a novel transmembrane LRR protein localized to the dendrites and axon terminals of RBCs. Methods We examined the effects on RBC physiology and retinal processing of TPBG genetic knockout in mice using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, electroretinogram recording, patch-clamp electrophysiology, and time-resolved membrane capacitance measurements. Results The scotopic electroretinogram showed a modest increase in the b-wave and a marked attenuation in oscillatory potentials in the TPBG knockout. No effect of TPBG knockout was observed on the RBC dendritic morphology, TRPM1 currents, or RBC excitability. Because scotopic oscillatory potentials primarily reflect RBC-driven rhythmic activity of the inner retina, we investigated the contribution of TPBG to downstream transmission from RBCs to third-order neurons. Using electron microscopy, we found shorter synaptic ribbons in TPBG knockout axon terminals in RBCs. Time-resolved capacitance measurements indicated that TPBG knockout reduces synaptic vesicle exocytosis and subsequent GABAergic reciprocal feedback without altering voltage-gated Ca2+ currents. Discussion TPBG is required for normal synaptic ribbon development and efficient neurotransmitter release from RBCs to downstream cells. Our results highlight a novel synaptic role for TPBG at RBC ribbon synapses and support further examination into the mechanisms by which TPBG regulates RBC physiology and circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Wakeham
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gaoying Ren
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tammie L. Haley
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert M. Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Henrique von Gersdorff
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Catherine W. Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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10
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Yang TH, Kang EYC, Lin PH, Wu PL, Sachs JA, Wang NK. The Value of Electroretinography in Identifying Candidate Genes for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: A Diagnostic Guide. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3041. [PMID: 37835784 PMCID: PMC10572658 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of heterogeneous diseases caused by genetic mutations that specifically affect the function of the rod, cone, or bipolar cells in the retina. Electroretinography (ERG) is a diagnostic tool that measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimuli, and it can help to determine the function of these cells. A normal ERG response consists of two waves, the a-wave and the b-wave, which reflect the activity of the photoreceptor cells and the bipolar and Muller cells, respectively. Despite the growing availability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, identifying the precise genetic mutation causing an IRD can be challenging and costly. However, certain types of IRDs present with unique ERG features that can help guide genetic testing. By combining these ERG findings with other clinical information, such as on family history and retinal imaging, physicians can effectively narrow down the list of candidate genes to be sequenced, thereby reducing the cost of genetic testing. This review article focuses on certain types of IRDs with unique ERG features. We will discuss the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of, and ERG findings on, these disorders, emphasizing the unique role ERG plays in their diagnosis and genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lin
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin 640203, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Pei-Liang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jacob Aaron Sachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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11
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Malvasi M, Casillo L, Avogaro F, Abbouda A, Vingolo EM. Gene Therapy in Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies: The Usefulness of Diagnostic Tools in Candidate Patient Selections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13756. [PMID: 37762059 PMCID: PMC10531171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene therapy actually seems to have promising results in the treatment of Leber Congenital Amaurosis and some different inherited retinal diseases (IRDs); the primary goal of this strategy is to change gene defects with a wild-type gene without defects in a DNA sequence to achieve partial recovery of the photoreceptor function and, consequently, partially restore lost retinal functions. This approach led to the introduction of a new drug (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl) for replacement of the RPE65 gene in patients affected by Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA); however, the treatment results are inconstant and with variable long-lasting effects due to a lack of correctly evaluating the anatomical and functional conditions of residual photoreceptors. These variabilities may also be related to host immunoreactive reactions towards the Adenovirus-associated vector. A broad spectrum of retinal dystrophies frequently generates doubt as to whether the disease or the patient is a good candidate for a successful gene treatment, because, very often, different diseases share similar genetic characteristics, causing an inconstant genotype/phenotype correlation between clinical characteristics also within the same family. For example, mutations on the RPE65 gene cause Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) but also some forms of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS), Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) and Usher syndrome (USH), with a very wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. These confusing elements are due to the different pathways in which the product protein (retinoid isomer-hydrolase) is involved and, consequently, the overlapping metabolism in retinal function. Considering this point and the cost of the drug (over USD one hundred thousand), it would be mandatory to follow guidelines or algorithms to assess the best-fitting disease and candidate patients to maximize the output. Unfortunately, at the moment, there are no suggestions regarding who to treat with gene therapy. Moreover, gene therapy might be helpful in other forms of inherited retinal dystrophies, with more frequent incidence of the disease and better functional conditions (actually, gene therapy is proposed only for patients with poor vision, considering possible side effects due to the treatment procedures), in which this approach leads to better function and, hopefully, visual restoration. But, in this view, who might be a disease candidate or patient to undergo gene therapy, in relationship to the onset of clinical trials for several different forms of IRD? Further, what is the gold standard for tests able to correctly select the patient? Our work aims to evaluate clinical considerations on instrumental morphofunctional tests to assess candidate subjects for treatment and correlate them with clinical and genetic defect analysis that, often, is not correspondent. We try to define which parameters are an essential and indispensable part of the clinical rationale to select patients with IRDs for gene therapy. This review will describe a series of models used to characterize retinal morphology and function from tests, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electrophysiological evaluation (ERG), and its evaluation as a primary outcome in clinical trials. A secondary aim is to propose an ancillary clinical classification of IRDs and their accessibility based on gene therapy's current state of the art. MATERIAL AND METHODS OCT, ERG, and visual field examinations were performed in different forms of IRDs, classified based on clinical and retinal conditions; compared to the gene defect classification, we utilized a diagnostic algorithm for the clinical classification based on morphofunctional information of the retina of patients, which could significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and, consequently, help the ophthalmologist to make a correct diagnosis to achieve optimal clinical results. These considerations are very helpful in selecting IRD patients who might respond to gene therapy with possible therapeutic success and filter out those in which treatment has a lower chance or no chance of positive results due to bad retinal conditions, avoiding time-consuming patient management with unsatisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Malvasi
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Casillo
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.V.)
| | - Filippo Avogaro
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.V.)
| | - Alessandro Abbouda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fiorini Hospital Terracina AUSL, 04019 Terracina, Italy
| | - Enzo Maria Vingolo
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.V.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fiorini Hospital Terracina AUSL, 04019 Terracina, Italy
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12
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Takahashi K, Kwok JC, Sato Y, Aguirre GD, Miyadera K. Extended functional rescue following AAV gene therapy in a canine model of LRIT3-congenital stationary night blindness. Vision Res 2023; 209:108260. [PMID: 37220680 PMCID: PMC10524691 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a group of inherited retinal diseases in which either rod-to-ON-bipolar cell (ON-BC) signaling, or rod function is affected leading to impaired vision under low light conditions. One type of CSNB is associated with defects in genes (NYX, GRM6, TRPM1, GPR179, and LRIT3) involved in the mGluR6 signaling cascade at the ON-BC dendritic tips. We have previously characterized a canine model of LRIT3-CSNB and demonstrated short-term safety and efficacy of an ON-BC targeting AAV-LRIT3 (AAVK9#4-shGRM6-cLRIT3-WPRE) gene therapy. Herein, we demonstrate long-term functional recovery and molecular restoration following subretinal injection of the ON-BC targeting AAV-LRIT3 vector in all eight treated eyes for up to 32 months. Following subretinal administration of the therapeutic vector, expression of the LRIT3 transgene, as well as restoration of mGluR6 signaling cascade member TRPM1, were confirmed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the treated area. However, further investigation of the transgene LRIT3 transcript expression by RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) revealed off-target expression in non-BCs including the photoreceptors, inner nuclear, and ganglion cell layers, despite the use of a mutant AAVK9#4 capsid and an improved mGluR6 promoter designed to specifically transduce and promote expression in ON-BCs. While the long-term therapeutic potential of AAVK9#4-shGRM6-cLRIT3-WPRE is promising, we highlight the necessity for further optimization of AAV-LRIT3 therapy in the canine CSNB model prior to its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer C Kwok
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yu Sato
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Gregg RG, Hasan N, Borghuis BG. LRIT3 expression in cone photoreceptors restores post-synaptic bipolar cell signalplex assembly and partial function in Lrit3 -/- mice. iScience 2023; 26:106499. [PMID: 37091241 PMCID: PMC10113827 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by poor dim-light vision, myopia, and nystagmus that is caused by mutations in genes critical for signal transmission between photoreceptors and depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). One such gene, LRIT3, is required for assembly of the post-synaptic signaling complex (signalplex) at the dendritic tips of DBCs, although the number of signalplex components impacted is greater in cone DBCs (all components) than in rod bipolar cells (only TRPM1 and Nyctalopin). Here we show that rAAV-mediated expression of LRIT3 in cones results in robust rescue of cone DBC signalplex components and partially restores downstream visual function, as measured by the light-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave and electrophysiological recordings of bipolar cells (BCs) and RGCs. These data show that LRIT3 successfully restores partial function to cone DBCs most likely in a trans-synaptic manner, potentially paving the way for therapeutic intervention in LRIT3-associated cCSNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G. Gregg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Nazarul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Bart G. Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Corresponding author
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14
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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15
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Congenital Stationary Night Blindness: Clinical and Genetic Features. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314965. [PMID: 36499293 PMCID: PMC9740538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an inherited retinal disease (IRD) that causes night blindness in childhood with heterogeneous genetic, electrophysical, and clinical characteristics. The development of sequencing technologies and gene therapy have increased the ease and urgency of diagnosing IRDs. This study describes seven Taiwanese patients from six unrelated families examined at a tertiary referral center, diagnosed with CSNB, and confirmed by genetic testing. Complete ophthalmic exams included best corrected visual acuity, retinal imaging, and an electroretinogram. The effects of identified novel variants were predicted using clinical details, protein prediction tools, and conservation scores. One patient had an autosomal dominant CSNB with a RHO variant; five patients had complete CSNB with variants in GRM6, TRPM1, and NYX; and one patient had incomplete CSNB with variants in CACNA1F. The patients had Riggs and Schubert-Bornschein types of CSNB with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance patterns. This is the first report of CSNB patients in Taiwan with confirmed genetic testing, providing novel perspectives on molecular etiology and genotype-phenotype correlation of CSNB. Particularly, variants in TRPM1, NYX, and CACNA1F in our patient cohort have not previously been described, although their clinical significance needs further study. Additional study is needed for the genotype-phenotype correlation of different mutations causing CSNB. In addition to genetic etiology, the future of gene therapy for CSNB patients is reviewed and discussed.
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16
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Cao Y, Fajardo D, Guerrero-Given D, Samuel MA, Ohtsuka T, Boye SE, Kamasawa N, Martemyanov KA. Post-developmental plasticity of the primary rod pathway allows restoration of visually guided behaviors. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4783-4796.e3. [PMID: 36179691 PMCID: PMC9691582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The formation of neural circuits occurs in a programmed fashion, but proper activity in the circuit is essential for refining the organization necessary for driving complex behavioral tasks. In the retina, sensory deprivation during the critical period of development is well known to perturb the organization of the visual circuit making the animals unable to use vision for behavior. However, the extent of plasticity, molecular factors involved, and malleability of individual channels in the circuit to manipulations outside of the critical period are not well understood. In this study, we selectively disconnected and reconnected rod photoreceptors in mature animals after completion of the retina circuit development. We found that introducing synaptic rod photoreceptor input post-developmentally allowed their integration into the circuit both anatomically and functionally. Remarkably, adult mice with newly integrated rod photoreceptors gained high-sensitivity vision, even when it was absent from birth. These observations reveal plasticity of the retina circuit organization after closure of the critical period and encourage the development of vision restoration strategies for congenital blinding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Diego Fajardo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Debbie Guerrero-Given
- The Imaging Center, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- The Imaging Center, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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17
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Lin TH, Kolodkin AL. Circuit engineering: Rewiring adult outer retina connections. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1276-R1278. [PMID: 36413972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rewiring and repairing neural circuitry has long been an important goal in neuroscience research. A new study employing clever genetic tools successfully restored synaptic connections in the adult mammalian outer retina and accompanying visually evoked behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Huai Lin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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18
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Sakti DH, Ali H, Korsakova M, Saakova N, Mustafic N, Fraser CL, Jamieson RV, Cornish EE, Grigg JR. Electronegative electroretinogram in the modern multimodal imaging era. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:429-440. [PMID: 35212129 PMCID: PMC9544723 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The electronegative electroretinogram (ERG) reflecting inner retinal dysfunction can assist as a diagnostic tool to determine the anatomical location in eye disease. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency and aetiology of electronegative ERG in a tertiary ophthalmology centre and to develop a clinical algorithm to assist patient management. Methods Retrospective review of ERGs performed at the Save Sight Institute from January 2011 to December 2020. ERGs were performed according to ISCEV standard. The b:a ratio was analysed in dark adapted (DA) 3.0 or 12.0 recordings. Patients with ratio of ≤1.0 were included. Results A total of 4421 patients had ERGs performed during study period, of which 139 patients (3.1%) had electronegative ERG. The electronegative ERG patients' median age at referral time was 37 (0.7–90.6) years. The causative aetiologies were photoreceptor dystrophy (48, 34.5%), Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) (33, 23.7%), retinal ischemia (18, 12.9%), retinoschisis (15, 10.8%), paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (PAIR) and nonPAIR (14, 10.1%), batten disease (4, 2.9%), and inflammatory retinopathy (4, 2.9%). There were three patients with an unclassified diagnosis. Thirty‐two patients (23%) had good vision and a normal fundus appearance. Eleven patients (7.9%) had good vision and normal results in all multimodal imaging. Conclusions The frequency of electronegative ERG in our referral centre was 3.1% with photoreceptor dystrophy as the main aetiology. A significant number of the cases had good vision with normal fundus or normal multimodal imaging. This further highlights the value of an ERG in this modern multimodal imaging era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimas H. Sakti
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Haipha Ali
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Maria Korsakova
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nonna Saakova
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nina Mustafic
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Clare L. Fraser
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Robyn V. Jamieson
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Specialty of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Children's Hospital Network Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Elisa E. Cornish
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John R. Grigg
- Visual electrophysiology Unit, Save Sight Institute, Speciality of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
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19
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Miyadera K, Santana E, Roszak K, Iffrig S, Visel M, Iwabe S, Boyd RF, Bartoe JT, Sato Y, Gray A, Ripolles-Garcia A, Dufour VL, Byrne LC, Flannery JG, Beltran WA, Aguirre GD. Targeting ON-bipolar cells by AAV gene therapy stably reverses LRIT3-congenital stationary night blindness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117038119. [PMID: 35316139 PMCID: PMC9060458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117038119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceCanine models of inherited retinal diseases have helped advance adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies targeting specific cells in the outer retina for treating blinding diseases in patients. However, therapeutic targeting of diseases such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) that exhibit defects in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) of the midretina remains underdeveloped. Using a leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like and transmembrane domain 3 (LRIT3) mutant canine model of CSNB exhibiting ON-BC dysfunction, we tested the ability of cell-specific AAV capsids and promotors to specifically target ON-BCs for gene delivery. Subretinal injection of one vector demonstrated safety and efficacy with robust and stable rescue of electroretinography signals and night vision up to 1 y, paving the way for clinical trials in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Miyadera
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karolina Roszak
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sommer Iffrig
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Meike Visel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Simone Iwabe
- Ophthalmology Services, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI 49071
| | - Ryan F. Boyd
- Ophthalmology Services, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI 49071
| | - Joshua T. Bartoe
- Ophthalmology Services, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI 49071
| | - Yu Sato
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexa Gray
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ana Ripolles-Garcia
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Valérie L. Dufour
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Leah C. Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - John G. Flannery
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - William A. Beltran
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gustavo D. Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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20
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Yamasaki S, Tu HY, Matsuyama T, Horiuchi M, Hashiguchi T, Sho J, Kuwahara A, Kishino A, Kimura T, Takahashi M, Mandai M. A Genetic modification that reduces ON-bipolar cells in hESC-derived retinas enhances functional integration after transplantation. iScience 2022; 25:103657. [PMID: 35024589 PMCID: PMC8733179 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived retinal sheet transplanted in vivo can form structured photoreceptor layers, contact with host bipolar cells, and transmit light signals to host retinas. However, a major concern is the presence of graft bipolar cells that may impede host-graft interaction. In this study, we used human ESC-retinas with the deletion of Islet-1 (ISL1) gene to achieve the reduced graft ON-bipolar cells after xenotransplantation into end-stage retinal degeneration model rats. Compared with wild-type graft, ISL1−/− hESC-retinas showed better host-graft contact, with indication of host-graft synapse formation and significant restoration of light responsiveness in host ganglion cells. We further analyzed to find out that improved functional integration of ISL1−/− hESC-retinas seemed attributed by a better host-graft contact and a better preservation of host inner retina. ISL1−/− hESC-retinas are promising for the efficient reconstruction of a degenerated retinal network in future clinical application. Deletion of ISL1 in hESC-retinas resulted in a reduced number of ON-bipolar cells Photoreceptors in ISL1−/− hESC-retinas achieved functional maturation in vivo ISL1−/− hESC-retinas showed better host-graft contact with putative synapses ISL1−/− hESC-retinas better restored RGC light responsiveness in degenerated retina
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hung-Ya Tu
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Take Matsuyama
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Matsuri Horiuchi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Hashiguchi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Junki Sho
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuwahara
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kishino
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Kobe Center, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms (DMP), RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub., Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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21
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Thébault S. Minireview: Insights into the role of TRP channels in the retinal circulation and function. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136285. [PMID: 34634394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with their wide distribution throughout the CNS, transcripts of all transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel superfamily members have been detected in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the mammalian retina. Evidence shows that members of the TRPC (canonical, TRPC1/4/5/6), TRPV (vanilloid, TRPV1/2/4), TRPM (melastatin, TRPM1/2/3/5), TRPA (ankyrin, TRPA1), and TRPP (polycystin, TRPP2) subfamilies contribute to retinal function and circulation in health and disease, but the relevance of most TRPs has yet to be determined. Their principal role in light detection is far better understood than their participation in the control of intraocular pressure, retinal blood flow, oxidative stress, ion homeostasis, and transmitter signaling for retinal information processing. Moreover, if the therapeutic potential of targeting some TRPs to treat various retinal diseases remains speculative, recent studies highlight that vision restoration strategies are very likely to benefit from the thermo- and mechanosensitive properties of TRPs. This minireview focuses on the evidence of the past 5 years about the role of TRPs in the retina and retinal circulation, raises some possibilities about the function of TRPs in the retina, and discusses the potential sources of endogenous stimuli for TRPs in this tissue, as a reflection for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Thébault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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22
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Varin J, Bouzidi N, Gauvain G, Joffrois C, Desrosiers M, Robert C, De Sousa Dias MM, Neuillé M, Michiels C, Nassisi M, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Audo I, Dalkara D, Zeitz C. Substantial restoration of night vision in adult mice with congenital stationary night blindness. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:15-25. [PMID: 34401402 PMCID: PMC8339357 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) due to mutations in TRPM1, GRM6, GPR179, NYX, or leucine-rich repeat immunoglobulin-like transmembrane domain 3 (LRIT3) is an incurable inherited retinal disorder characterized by an ON-bipolar cell (ON-BC) defect. Since the disease is non-degenerative and stable, treatment could theoretically be administrated at any time in life, making it a promising target for gene therapy. Until now, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated therapies lead to significant functional improvements only in newborn cCSNB mice. Here we aimed to restore protein localization and function in adult Lrit3 -/ - mice. LRIT3 localizes in the outer plexiform layer and is crucial for TRPM1 localization at the dendritic tips of ON-BCs and the electroretinogram (ERG)-b-wave. AAV2-7m8-Lrit3 intravitreal injections were performed targeting either ON-BCs, photoreceptors (PRs), or both. Protein localization of LRIT3 and TRPM1 at the rod-to-rod BC synapse, functional rescue of scotopic responses, and ON-responses detection at the ganglion cell level were achieved in a few mice when ON-BCs alone or both PRs and ON-BCs, were targeted. More importantly, a significant number of treated adult Lrit3 -/- mice revealed an ERG b-wave recovery under scotopic conditions, improved optomotor responses, and on-time ON-responses at the ganglion cell level when PRs were targeted. Functional rescue was maintained for at least 4 months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Joffrois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Robert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Marion Neuillé
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.,Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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23
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Jiang X, Mahroo OA. Negative electroretinograms: genetic and acquired causes, diagnostic approaches and physiological insights. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2419-2437. [PMID: 34127841 PMCID: PMC8377097 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dark-adapted human electroretinogram (ERG) response to a standard bright flash includes a negative-going a-wave followed by a positive-going b-wave that crosses the baseline. An electronegative waveform (or negative ERG) results when the b-wave is selectively reduced such that the ERG fails to cross the baseline following the a-wave. In the context of a normally sized a-wave, it indicates a site of retinal dysfunction occurring after phototransduction (commonly at the photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapse). This is an important finding. In genetic disease, the pattern of ERG abnormality can point to variants in a small group of genes (frequently those associated with congenital stationary night blindness and X-linked retinoschisis, but negative ERGs can also be seen in other conditions including syndromic disease). In acquired disease, there are numerous causes, but specific features may point to melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR). In some cases, the visual symptoms precede the diagnosis of the melanoma and so the ERG findings can initiate investigations facilitating early detection and treatment. Negative ERGs can occur in other paraneoplastic conditions, and in a range of other diseases. This review will outline the physiological basis for the negative ERG, report prevalences in the literature from different cohorts, discuss the range of causes, displaying examples of a number of ERG phenotypes, highlight features of a clinical approach to patients, and briefly discuss further insights relating to current flows shaping the a-wave trough and from single-cell transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Jiang
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.439257.e0000 0000 8726 5837Retinal and Genetics Services, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK ,grid.425213.3Section of Ophthalmology and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.439257.e0000 0000 8726 5837Retinal and Genetics Services, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK ,grid.425213.3Section of Ophthalmology and Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Orhan E, Neuillé M, de Sousa Dias M, Pugliese T, Michiels C, Condroyer C, Antonio A, Sahel JA, Audo I, Zeitz C. A New Mouse Model for Complete Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Due to Gpr179 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094424. [PMID: 33922602 PMCID: PMC8122890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GPR179 lead to autosomal recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB). This condition represents a signal transmission defect from the photoreceptors to the ON-bipolar cells. To confirm the phenotype, better understand the pathogenic mechanism in vivo, and provide a model for therapeutic approaches, a Gpr179 knock-out mouse model was genetically and functionally characterized. We confirmed that the insertion of a neo/lac Z cassette in intron 1 of Gpr179 disrupts the same gene. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography reveals no obvious retinal structure abnormalities. Gpr179 knock-out mice exhibit a so-called no-b-wave (nob) phenotype with severely reduced b-wave amplitudes in the electroretinogram. Optomotor tests reveal decreased optomotor responses under scotopic conditions. Consistent with the genetic disruption of Gpr179, GPR179 is absent at the dendritic tips of ON-bipolar cells. While proteins of the same signal transmission cascade (GRM6, LRIT3, and TRPM1) are correctly localized, other proteins (RGS7, RGS11, and GNB5) known to regulate GRM6 are absent at the dendritic tips of ON-bipolar cells. These results add a new model of cCSNB, which is important to better understand the role of GPR179, its implication in patients with cCSNB, and its use for the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Orhan
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Marion Neuillé
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Miguel de Sousa Dias
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Thomas Pugliese
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Christelle Michiels
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Aline Antonio
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, F-75012 Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, F-75019 Paris, France
- Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, F-75006 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, F-75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Institut de la Vision, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.O.); (M.N.); (M.d.S.D.); (T.P.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (A.A.); (J.-A.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-53-46-25-40
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25
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Burger CA, Jiang D, Mackin RD, Samuel MA. Development and maintenance of vision's first synapse. Dev Biol 2021; 476:218-239. [PMID: 33848537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synapses in the outer retina are the first information relay points in vision. Here, photoreceptors form synapses onto two types of interneurons, bipolar cells and horizontal cells. Because outer retina synapses are particularly large and highly ordered, they have been a useful system for the discovery of mechanisms underlying synapse specificity and maintenance. Understanding these processes is critical to efforts aimed at restoring visual function through repairing or replacing neurons and promoting their connectivity. We review outer retina neuron synapse architecture, neural migration modes, and the cellular and molecular pathways that play key roles in the development and maintenance of these connections. We further discuss how these mechanisms may impact connectivity in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Burger
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Danye Jiang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert D Mackin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Varin J, Bouzidi N, Dias MMDS, Pugliese T, Michiels C, Robert C, Desrosiers M, Sahel JA, Audo I, Dalkara D, Zeitz C. Restoration of mGluR6 Localization Following AAV-Mediated Delivery in a Mouse Model of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 33729473 PMCID: PMC7980044 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) is an incurable inherited retinal disorder characterized by an ON-bipolar cell (ON-BC) defect. GRM6 mutations are the third most prevalent cause of cCSNB. The Grm6-/- mouse model mimics the human phenotype, showing no b-wave in the electroretinogram (ERG) and a loss of mGluR6 and other proteins of the same cascade at the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Our aim was to restore protein localization and function in Grm6-/- adult mice targeting specifically ON-BCs or the whole retina. Methods Adeno-associated virus-encoding Grm6 under two different promoters (GRM6-Grm6 and CAG-Grm6) were injected intravitreally in P15 Grm6-/- mice. ERG recordings at 2 and 4 months were performed in Grm6+/+, untreated and treated Grm6-/- mice. Similarly, immunolocalization studies were performed on retinal slices before or after treatment using antibodies against mGluR6, TRPM1, GPR179, RGS7, RGS11, Gβ5, and dystrophin. Results Following treatment, mGluR6 was localized to the dendritic tips of ON-BCs when expressed with either promoter. The relocalization efficiency in mGluR6-transduced retinas at the OPL was 2.5% versus 11% when the GRM6-Grm6 and CAG-Grm6 were used, respectively. Albeit no functional rescue was seen in ERGs, relocalization of TRPM1, GPR179, and Gβ5 was also noted using both constructs. The restoration of the localization of RGS7, RGS11, and dystrophin was more obvious in retinas treated with GRM6-Grm6 than in retinas treated with CAG-Grm6. Conclusions Our findings show the potential of treating cCSNB with GRM6 mutations; however, it appears that the transduction rate must be improved to restore visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Pugliese
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Robert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.,Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Interplay between cell-adhesion molecules governs synaptic wiring of cone photoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23914-23924. [PMID: 32879010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009940117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of functional synaptic connections in a selective manner is essential for nervous system operation. In mammalian retinas, rod and cone photoreceptors form selective synaptic connections with different classes of bipolar cells (BCs) to propagate light signals. While there has been progress in elucidating rod wiring, molecular mechanisms used by cones to establish functional synapses with BCs have remained unknown. Using an unbiased proteomic strategy in cone-dominant species, we identified the cell-adhesion molecule ELFN2 to be pivotal for the functional wiring of cones with the ON type of BC. It is selectively expressed in cones and transsynaptically recruits the key neurotransmitter receptor mGluR6 in ON-BCs to enable synaptic transmission. Remarkably, ELFN2 in cone terminals functions in synergy with a related adhesion molecule, ELFN1, and their concerted interplay during development specifies selective wiring and transmission of cone signals. These findings identify a synaptic connectivity mechanism of cones and illustrate how interplay between adhesion molecules and postsynaptic transmitter receptors orchestrates functional synaptic specification in a neural circuit.
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Agosto MA, Wensel TG. LRRTM4 is a member of the transsynaptic complex between rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:221-233. [PMID: 32390181 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leucine rich repeat transmembrane (LRRTM) proteins are synaptic adhesion molecules with roles in synapse formation and signaling. LRRTM4 transcripts were previously shown to be enriched in rod bipolar cells (BCs), secondary neurons of the retina that form synapses with rod photoreceptors. Using two different antibodies, LRRTM4 was found to reside primarily at rod BC dendritic tips, where it colocalized with the transduction channel protein, TRPM1. LRRTM4 was not detected at dendritic tips of ON-cone BCs. Following somatic knockout of LRRTM4 in BCs by subretinal injection and electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9, LRRTM4 was abolished or reduced in the dendritic tips of transfected cells. Knockout cells had a normal complement of TRPM1 at their dendritic tips, while GPR179 accumulation was partially reduced. In experiments with heterologously expressed protein, the extracellular domain of LRRTM4 was found to engage in heparan-sulfate dependent binding with pikachurin. These results implicate LRRTM4 in the GPR179-pikachurin-dystroglycan transsynaptic complex at rod synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A Agosto
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Winkler PA, Occelli LM, Petersen-Jones SM. Large Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degenerations: A Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040882. [PMID: 32260251 PMCID: PMC7226744 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing large animal models of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) have proven important in not only the development of translational therapeutic approaches, but also in improving our understanding of disease mechanisms. The dog is the predominant species utilized because spontaneous IRD is common in the canine pet population. Cats are also a source of spontaneous IRDs. Other large animal models with spontaneous IRDs include sheep, horses and non-human primates (NHP). The pig has also proven valuable due to the ease in which transgenic animals can be generated and work is ongoing to produce engineered models of other large animal species including NHP. These large animal models offer important advantages over the widely used laboratory rodent models. The globe size and dimensions more closely parallel those of humans and, most importantly, they have a retinal region of high cone density and denser photoreceptor packing for high acuity vision. Laboratory rodents lack such a retinal region and, as macular disease is a critical cause for vision loss in humans, having a comparable retinal region in model species is particularly important. This review will discuss several large animal models which have been used to study disease mechanisms relevant for the equivalent human IRD.
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Furukawa T, Ueno A, Omori Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying selective synapse formation of vertebrate retinal photoreceptor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1251-1266. [PMID: 31586239 PMCID: PMC11105113 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate central nervous systems (CNSs), highly diverse neurons are selectively connected via synapses, which are essential for building an intricate neural network. The vertebrate retina is part of the CNS and is comprised of a distinct laminar organization, which serves as a good model system to study developmental synapse formation mechanisms. In the retina outer plexiform layer, rods and cones, two types of photoreceptor cells, elaborate selective synaptic contacts with ON- and/or OFF-bipolar cell terminals as well as with horizontal cell terminals. In the mouse retina, three photoreceptor subtypes and at least 15 bipolar subtypes exist. Previous and recent studies have significantly progressed our understanding of how selective synapse formation, between specific subtypes of photoreceptor and bipolar cells, is designed at the molecular level. In the ON pathway, photoreceptor-derived secreted and transmembrane proteins directly interact in trans with the GRM6 (mGluR6) complex, which is localized to ON-bipolar cell dendritic terminals, leading to selective synapse formation. Here, we review our current understanding of the key factors and mechanisms underlying selective synapse formation of photoreceptor cells with bipolar and horizontal cells in the retina. In addition, we describe how defects/mutations of the molecules involved in photoreceptor synapse formation are associated with human retinal diseases and visual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Hasan N, Pangeni G, Ray TA, Fransen KM, Noel J, Borghuis BG, McCall MA, Gregg RG. LRIT3 is Required for Nyctalopin Expression and Normal ON and OFF Pathway Signaling in the Retina. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0002-20.2020. [PMID: 31959619 PMCID: PMC7031853 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0002-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first retinal synapse, photoreceptor→bipolar cell (BC), is both anatomically and functionally complex. Within the same synaptic region, a change in presynaptic glutamate release is sensed by both ON BCs (DBCs) via the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), and OFF BCs (HBCs) via ionotropic glutamate receptors to establish parallel signaling pathways that preferentially encode light increments (ON) or decrements (OFF), respectively. The synaptic structural organization of ON and OFF-type BCs at the photoreceptor terminal differs. DBCs make an invaginating synapse that contains a diverse but incompletely understood complex of interacting proteins (signalplex). HBCs make primarily flat contacts that contain an apparent different set of proteins that is equally uncharacterized. LRIT3 is a synaptic protein known to be essential for ON pathway visual function. In both male and female mice, we demonstrate that LRIT3 interacts with and is required for expression of nyctalopin, and thus TRPM1 at all DBC dendritic tips, but DBC signalplex components are not required for LRIT3 expression. Using whole-cell and multielectrode array (MEA) electrophysiology and glutamate imaging, we demonstrate that the loss of LRIT3 impacts both ON and OFF signaling pathway function. Without LRIT3, excitatory input to type 1 BCs is reduced, as are the visually evoked responses of many OFF retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We conclude that the absence of LRIT3 expression disrupts excitatory input to OFF BCs and, thus disrupts the normal function of OFF RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Gobinda Pangeni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Thomas A Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Kathryn M Fransen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Jennifer Noel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Ronald G Gregg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
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Kinoshita J, Hasan N, Bell BA, Peachey NS. Reduced expression of the nob8 gene does not normalize the distribution or function of mGluR6 in the mouse retina. Mol Vis 2019; 25:890-901. [PMID: 32025181 PMCID: PMC6982428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Grm6nob8 mouse carries a missense mutation in the Grm6 gene (p.Met66Leu), and exhibits a reduced b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG), abnormal localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) to the depolarizing bipolar cell (DBC) soma, and a reduced level of mGluR6 at the DBC dendritic tips. Although the underlying mechanism remains unknown, one possible explanation is that DBCs cannot efficiently traffic the mutant mGluR6. In that scenario, reducing the total amount of mutant mGluR6 protein might normalize localization, and thus, improve the ERG phenotype as well. The second purpose of this study was to determine whether the abnormal cellular distribution of mutant mGluR6 in Grm6nob8 retinas might induce late onset DBC degeneration. Methods We crossed Grm6nob8 animals with Grm6nob3 mice, which carry a null mutation in Grm6, to generate Grm6nob3/nob8 compound heterozygotes. We used western blotting to measure the total mGluR6 content, and immunohistochemistry to document mGluR6 localization within DBCs. In addition, we examined outer retinal function with ERG and retinal architecture in vivo with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results The retinal content of mGluR6 was reduced in the retinas of the Grm6nob3/nob8 compound heterozygotes compared to the Grm6nob8 homozygotes. The cellular distribution of mGluR6 in the Grm6nob3/nob8 compound heterozygotes matched that of the Grm6nob8 homozygotes, with extensive expression throughout the DBC cell body and limited expression at the DBC dendritic tips. The dark-adapted ERG b-waves of the Grm6nob3/nob8 mice were reduced in comparison to those of the Grm6nob8 homozygotes at postnatal day 21 and 28. The overall ERG waveforms obtained from 4- through 68-week old Grm6nob8 mice were in general agreement for dark- and light-adapted conditions. The maximum response and sensitivity of the dark-adapted ERG b-wave did not change statistically significantly with age. SD-OCT revealed the maintained laminar structure of the retina, including a clear inner nuclear layer (INL) at each age examined (from 11 to 57 weeks old), although the INL in the mice older than 39 weeks of age was somewhat thinner than that seen at 11 weeks. Conclusions Mislocalization of mutant mGluR6 is not normalized by reducing the total mGluR6. Mislocalized mutant mGluR6 does not trigger substantial loss of DBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazarul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Neal S. Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Das RG, Becker D, Jagannathan V, Goldstein O, Santana E, Carlin K, Sudharsan R, Leeb T, Nishizawa Y, Kondo M, Aguirre GD, Miyadera K. Genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing identify a deletion in LRIT3 associated with canine congenital stationary night blindness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14166. [PMID: 31578364 PMCID: PMC6775105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), in the complete form, is caused by dysfunctions in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) which are secondary neurons of the retina. We describe the first disease causative variant associated with CSNB in the dog. A genome-wide association study using 12 cases and 11 controls from a research colony determined a 4.6 Mb locus on canine chromosome 32. Subsequent whole-genome sequencing identified a 1 bp deletion in LRIT3 segregating with CSNB. The canine mutant LRIT3 gives rise to a truncated protein with unaltered subcellular expression in vitro. Genetic variants in LRIT3 have been associated with CSNB in patients although there is limited evidence regarding its apparently critical function in the mGluR6 pathway in ON-BCs. We determine that in the canine CSNB retina, the mutant LRIT3 is correctly localized to the region correlating with the ON-BC dendritic tips, albeit with reduced immunolabelling. The LRIT3-CSNB canine model has direct translational potential enabling studies to help understand the CSNB pathogenesis as well as to develop new therapies targeting the secondary neurons of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rueben G Das
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Doreen Becker
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Orly Goldstein
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kendall Carlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raghavi Sudharsan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuji Nishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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