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Nakashima A, Takeuchi H. Roles of odorant receptors during olfactory glomerular map formation. Genesis 2024; 62:e23610. [PMID: 38874301 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The organization of the olfactory glomerular map involves the convergence of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) into glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB). A remarkable feature of the olfactory glomerular map formation is that the identity of OR instructs the topography of the bulb, resulting in thousands of discrete glomeruli in mice. Several lines of evidence indicate that ORs control the expression levels of various kinds of transmembrane proteins to form glomeruli at appropriate regions of the OB. In this review, we will discuss how the OR identity is decoded by OSNs into gene expression through intracellular regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nakashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Raja R, Dumontier E, Phen A, Cloutier JF. Insertion of a neomycin selection cassette in the Amigo1 locus alters gene expression in the olfactory epithelium leading to region-specific defects in olfactory receptor neuron development. Genesis 2024; 62:e23594. [PMID: 38590146 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
During development of the nervous system, neurons connect to one another in a precisely organized manner. Sensory systems provide a good example of this organization, whereby the composition of the outside world is represented in the brain by neuronal maps. Establishing correct patterns of neural circuitry is crucial, as inaccurate map formation can lead to severe disruptions in sensory processing. In rodents, olfactory stimuli modulate a wide variety of behaviors essential for survival. The formation of the olfactory glomerular map is dependent on molecular cues that guide olfactory receptor neuron axons to broad regions of the olfactory bulb and on cell adhesion molecules that promote axonal sorting into specific synaptic units in this structure. Here, we demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule Amigo1 is expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons, and we investigate its role in the precise targeting of olfactory receptor neuron axons to the olfactory bulb using a genetic loss-of-function approach in mice. While ablation of Amigo1 did not lead to alterations in olfactory sensory neuron axonal targeting, our experiments revealed that the presence of a neomycin resistance selection cassette in the Amigo1 locus can lead to off-target effects that are not due to loss of Amigo1 expression, including unexpected altered gene expression in olfactory receptor neurons and reduced glomerular size in the ventral region of the olfactory bulb. Our results demonstrate that insertion of a neomycin selection cassette into the mouse genome can have specific deleterious effects on the development of the olfactory system and highlight the importance of removing antibiotic resistance cassettes from genetic loss-of-function mouse models when studying olfactory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reesha Raja
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alina Phen
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Sipione R, Liaudet N, Rousset F, Landis BN, Hsieh JW, Senn P. Axonal Regrowth of Olfactory Sensory Neurons In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12863. [PMID: 37629041 PMCID: PMC10454582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent causes of olfactory loss includes traumatic brain injury with subsequent shearing of olfactory axons at the level of the cribriform plate (anterior skull base). Scar tissue at this level may prevent axonal regrowth toward the olfactory bulb. Currently, there is no cure for this debilitating and often permanent condition. One promising therapeutic concept is to implant a synthetic scaffold with growth factors through the cribriform plate/scar tissue to induce neuroregeneration. The first step toward this goal is to investigate the optimum conditions (growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins) to boost this regeneration. However, the lack of a specifically tailored in vitro model and an automated procedure for quantifying axonal length limits our ability to address this issue. The aim of this study is to create an automated quantification tool to measure axonal length and to determine the ideal growth factors and extracellular proteins to enhance axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons in a mouse organotypic 2D model. We harvested olfactory epithelium (OE) of C57BL/6 mice and cultured them during 15 days on coverslips coated with various extracellular matrix proteins (Fibronectin, Collagen IV, Laminin, none) and different growth factors: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), retinoic acid (RA), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and none. We measured the attachment rate on coverslips, the presence of cellular and axonal outgrowth, and finally, the total axonal length with a newly developed automated high-throughput quantification tool. Whereas the coatings did not influence attachment and neuronal outgrowth rates, the total axonal length was enhanced on fibronectin and collagen IV (p = 0.001). The optimum growth factor supplementation media to culture OE compared to the control condition were as follows: FGF2 alone and FGF2 from day 0 to 7 followed by FGF2 in combination with NGF from day 7 to 15 (p < 0.0001). The automated quantification tool to measure axonal length outperformed the standard Neuron J application by reducing the average analysis time from 22 to 3 min per specimen. In conclusion, robust regeneration of murine olfactory neurons in vitro can be induced, controlled, and efficiently measured using an automated quantification tool. These results will help advance the therapeutic concept closer toward preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sipione
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francis Rousset
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Basile N. Landis
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Wen Hsieh
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Senn
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.S.); (F.R.); (B.N.L.); (P.S.)
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Kim H, Kim H, Nguyen LT, Ha T, Lim S, Kim K, Kim SH, Han K, Hyeon SJ, Ryu H, Park YS, Kim SH, Kim IB, Hong GS, Lee SE, Choi Y, Cohen LB, Oh U. Amplification of olfactory signals by Anoctamin 9 is important for mammalian olfaction. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102369. [PMID: 36330924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sensing smells of foods, prey, or predators determines animal survival. Olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) detect odorants, where cAMP and Ca2+ play a significant role in transducing odorant inputs to electrical activity. Here we show Anoctamin 9, a cation channel activated by cAMP/PKA pathway, is expressed in the OE and amplifies olfactory signals. Ano9-deficient mice had reduced olfactory behavioral sensitivity, electro-olfactogram signals, and neural activity in the olfactory bulb. In line with the difference in olfaction between birds and other vertebrates, chick ANO9 failed to respond to odorants, whereas chick CNGA2, a major transduction channel, showed greater responses to cAMP. Thus, we concluded that the signal amplification by ANO9 is important for mammalian olfactory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsup Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesu Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Luan Thien Nguyen
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoong Ha
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ho Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungreem Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Sang Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsook Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lawrence B Cohen
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Uhtaek Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Bach VN, Ding J, Yeung M, Conrad T, Odeh HN, Cubberly P, Figy C, Ding HF, Trumbly R, Yeung KC. A Negative Regulatory Role for RKIP in Breast Cancer Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153605. [PMID: 35892864 PMCID: PMC9330697 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Regulation of breast cancer metastasis remains an elusive phenomenon. Elucidating the mechanistic pathway of metastatic signaling may identify targets for regulating cancer metastatic potential. Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) has been shown to negatively regulate signaling pathways involved in cancer progression and metastasis. RKIP may suppress metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulating elements of the immune system. Abstract Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein was first identified as a negative regulator of the Raf signaling pathway. Subsequently, it was shown to have a causal role in containing cancer progression and metastasis. Early studies suggested that RKIP blocks cancer progression by inhibiting the Raf-1 pathway. However, it is not clear if the RKIP tumor and metastasis suppression function involve other targets. In addition to the Raf signaling pathway, RKIP has been found to modulate several other signaling pathways, affecting diverse biological functions including immune response. Recent advances in medicine have identified both positive and negative roles of immune response in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. It is possible that one way that RKIP exerts its effect on cancer is by targeting an immune response mechanism. Here, we provide evidence supporting the causal role of tumor and metastasis suppressor RKIP in downregulating signaling pathways involved with immune response in breast cancer cells and discuss its potential ramification on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu N. Bach
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Jane Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.); (H.-F.D.)
| | - Miranda Yeung
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Taylor Conrad
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Hussain N. Odeh
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Paige Cubberly
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Christopher Figy
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.); (H.-F.D.)
| | - Robert Trumbly
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (K.C.Y.)
| | - Kam C. Yeung
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (V.N.B.); (M.Y.); (T.C.); (H.N.O.); (P.C.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (K.C.Y.)
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6
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Dorrego-Rivas A, Grubb MS. Developing and maintaining a nose-to-brain map of odorant identity. Open Biol 2022; 12:220053. [PMID: 35765817 PMCID: PMC9240688 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium of the nose transduce chemical odorant stimuli into electrical signals. These signals are then sent to the OSNs' target structure in the brain, the main olfactory bulb (OB), which performs the initial stages of sensory processing in olfaction. The projection of OSNs to the OB is highly organized in a chemospatial map, whereby axon terminals from OSNs expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) coalesce into individual spherical structures known as glomeruli. This nose-to-brain map of odorant identity is built from late embryonic development to early postnatal life, through a complex combination of genetically encoded, OR-dependent and activity-dependent mechanisms. It must then be actively maintained throughout adulthood as OSNs experience turnover due to external insult and ongoing neurogenesis. Our review describes and discusses these two distinct and crucial processes in olfaction, focusing on the known mechanisms that first establish and then maintain chemospatial order in the mammalian OSN-to-OB projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dorrego-Rivas
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthew S. Grubb
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Francia S, Lodovichi C. The role of the odorant receptors in the formation of the sensory map. BMC Biol 2021; 19:174. [PMID: 34452614 PMCID: PMC8394594 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the olfactory system, odorant receptors (ORs) expressed at the cell membrane of olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and direct sensory axons toward precise target locations in the brain, reflected in the presence of olfactory sensory maps. This dual role of ORs is corroborated by their subcellular expression both in cilia, where they bind odorants, and at axon terminals, a location suitable for axon guidance cues. Here, we provide an overview and discuss previous work on the role of ORs in establishing the topographic organization of the olfactory system and recent findings on the mechanisms of activation and function of axonal ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Francia
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. .,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy.
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8
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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9
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The Olfactory System as Marker of Neurodegeneration in Aging, Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136976. [PMID: 34209997 PMCID: PMC8297221 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research studies that focus on understanding the onset of neurodegenerative pathology and therapeutic interventions to inhibit its causative factors, have shown a crucial role of olfactory bulb neurons as they transmit and propagate nerve impulses to higher cortical and limbic structures. In rodent models, removal of the olfactory bulb results in pathology of the frontal cortex that shows striking similarity with frontal cortex features of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders. Widely different approaches involving behavioral symptom analysis, histopathological and molecular alterations, genetic and environmental influences, along with age-related alterations in cellular pathways, indicate a strong correlation of olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Indeed, declining olfactory acuity and olfactory deficits emerge either as the very first symptoms or as prodromal symptoms of progressing neurodegeneration of classical conditions. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with most neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and communication disorders. Evidence revealing the dual molecular function of the olfactory receptor neurons at dendritic and axonal ends indicates the significance of olfactory processing pathways that come under environmental pressure right from the onset. Here, we review findings that olfactory bulb neuronal processing serves as a marker of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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10
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Chacón-Quintero MV, Pineda-López LG, Villegas-Lanau CA, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Beta-Secretase 1 Underlies Reactive Astrocytes and Endothelial Disruption in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:656832. [PMID: 34025357 PMCID: PMC8136516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.656832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the neurovascular unit (NVU) is a key component in the progressive deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is critical in vascular dementia. Recent studies have shown that inflammation plays early and perhaps causal roles in the pathogenesis of AD related to NVU damage, possibly in part by overactivating the aspartic acid protease activity of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which until now has almost solely been studied in the context of the β-amyloid cascade. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of BACE1 with astrocytes and blood vessels in human brains with sporadic and familial dementia [Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), and familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)] and how BACE1 inhibition affects astrocytes and endothelial cells under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Our results show increased BACE1, PHF (Paired helical filaments)-tau and GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein) immunoreactivity (IR) in the CA1 hippocampal regions of FAD and SAD brains. Furthermore, BACE1 immunoprecipitated with GFAP in tissue samples from all study cases, but their immunofluorescence close to (10 μm3) or overlapping blood vessels was only increased in FAD and SAD brains, and PHF-tau was present around the vessels mainly in FAD brains. Interestingly, the increased BACE1 levels were associated with reactive astrocytes, characterized by morphological changes and upregulation of GFAP under pathological and stressful conditions, and endothelial disruption by glutamate excitotoxicity, and these effects were reversed by BACE1 inhibition; further, BACE1-inhibited astrocytes protected endothelial cell integrity by preserving zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) distribution and decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers. Taken together, these findings suggest that BACE1 dysregulation in astrocytes may have a role in the alterations in NVU integrity implicated in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Chacón-Quintero
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lina Gisela Pineda-López
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia
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11
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Redolfi N, Lodovichi C. Spontaneous Afferent Activity Carves Olfactory Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637536. [PMID: 33767612 PMCID: PMC7985084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity has a key role in shaping neuronal circuits during development. In most sensory modalities, early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts the initial layout of neuronal wiring. With the maturation of the sense organs, the system relies more on sensory-evoked electrical activity. Stimuli-driven neuronal discharge is required for the transformation of immature circuits in the specific patterns of neuronal connectivity that subserve normal brain function. The olfactory system (OS) differs from this organizational plan. Despite the important role of odorant receptors (ORs) in shaping olfactory topography, odor-evoked activity does not have a prominent role in refining neuronal wiring. On the contrary, afferent spontaneous discharge is required to achieve and maintain the specific diagram of connectivity that defines the topography of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we provide an overview of the development of olfactory topography, with a focus on the role of afferent spontaneous discharge in the formation and maintenance of the specific synaptic contacts that result in the topographic organization of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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12
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Boccaccio A, Menini A, Pifferi S. The cyclic AMP signaling pathway in the rodent main olfactory system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:429-443. [PMID: 33447881 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Odor perception begins with the detection of odorant molecules by the main olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity. Odorant molecules bind to and activate a large family of G-protein-coupled odorant receptors and trigger a cAMP-mediated transduction cascade that converts the chemical stimulus into an electrical signal transmitted to the brain. Morever, odorant receptors and cAMP signaling plays a relevant role in olfactory sensory neuron development and axonal targeting to the olfactory bulb. This review will first explore the physiological response of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants and then analyze the different components of cAMP signaling and their different roles in odorant detection and olfactory sensory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boccaccio
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Genova, Italy.
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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13
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Lodovichi C. Topographic organization in the olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:457-472. [PMID: 33404841 PMCID: PMC7873094 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the olfactory system to detect and discriminate a broad spectrum of odor molecules with extraordinary sensitivity relies on a wide range of odorant receptors and on the distinct architecture of neuronal circuits in olfactory brain areas. More than 1000 odorant receptors, distributed almost randomly in the olfactory epithelium, are plotted out in two mirror-symmetric maps of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, the first relay station of the olfactory system. How does such a precise spatial arrangement of glomeruli emerge from a random distribution of receptor neurons? Remarkably, the identity of odorant receptors defines not only the molecular receptive range of sensory neurons but also their glomerular target. Despite their key role, odorant receptors are not the only determinant, since the specificity of neuronal connections emerges from a complex interplay between several molecular cues and electrical activity. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying olfactory circuit formation. In particular, recent findings on the role of odorant receptors in regulating axon targeting and of spontaneous activity in the development and maintenance of synaptic connections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR, Department of Biomedical Science, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy.
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14
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Lankford CK, Laird JG, Inamdar SM, Baker SA. A Comparison of the Primary Sensory Neurons Used in Olfaction and Vision. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:595523. [PMID: 33250719 PMCID: PMC7676898 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.595523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the tools used to perceive and navigate the world. They enable us to obtain essential resources such as food and highly desired resources such as mates. Thanks to the investments in biomedical research the molecular unpinning’s of human sensation are rivaled only by our knowledge of sensation in the laboratory mouse. Humans rely heavily on vision whereas mice use smell as their dominant sense. Both modalities have many features in common, starting with signal detection by highly specialized primary sensory neurons—rod and cone photoreceptors (PR) for vision, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) for the smell. In this chapter, we provide an overview of how these two types of primary sensory neurons operate while highlighting the similarities and distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten K Lankford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joseph G Laird
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shivangi M Inamdar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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15
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Saternos H, Ley S, AbouAlaiwi W. Primary Cilia and Calcium Signaling Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7109. [PMID: 32993148 PMCID: PMC7583801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a diverse secondary messenger with a near-ubiquitous role in a vast array of cellular processes. Cilia are present on nearly every cell type in either a motile or non-motile form; motile cilia generate fluid flow needed for a variety of biological processes, such as left-right body patterning during development, while non-motile cilia serve as the signaling powerhouses of the cell, with vital singling receptors localized to their ciliary membranes. Much of the research currently available on Ca2+-dependent cellular actions and primary cilia are tissue-specific processes. However, basic stimuli-sensing pathways, such as mechanosensation, chemosensation, and electrical sensation (electrosensation), are complex processes entangled in many intersecting pathways; an overview of proposed functions involving cilia and Ca2+ interplay will be briefly summarized here. Next, we will focus on summarizing the evidence for their interactions in basic cellular activities, including the cell cycle, cell polarity and migration, neuronal pattering, glucose-mediated insulin secretion, biliary regulation, and bone formation. Literature investigating the role of cilia and Ca2+-dependent processes at a single-cellular level appears to be scarce, though overlapping signaling pathways imply that cilia and Ca2+ interact with each other on this level in widespread and varied ways on a perpetual basis. Vastly different cellular functions across many different cell types depend on context-specific Ca2+ and cilia interactions to trigger the correct physiological responses, and abnormalities in these interactions, whether at the tissue or the single-cell level, can result in diseases known as ciliopathies; due to their clinical relevance, pathological alterations of cilia function and Ca2+ signaling will also be briefly touched upon throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wissam AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.S.); (S.L.)
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16
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Lodovichi C. Role of Axonal Odorant Receptors in Olfactory Topography. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520923411. [PMID: 32529185 PMCID: PMC7262975 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520923411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature in the organization of the olfactory system is the dual role of the odorant receptors: they detect odors in the nasal epithelium and they play an instructive role in the convergence of olfactory sensory neuron axons in specific loci, ie, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb. The dual role is corroborated by the expression of the odorant receptors in 2 specific locations of the olfactory sensory neurons: the cilia that protrude in the nostril, where the odorant receptors interact with odors, and the axon terminal, a suitable location for a potential axon guidance molecule. The mechanism of activation and function of the odorant receptors expressed at the axon terminal remained unknown for almost 20 years. A recent study identified the first putative ligand of the axonal odorant receptors, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein1, a molecule expressed in the olfactory bulb. The distinctive mechanisms of activation of the odorant receptors expressed at the opposite locations in sensory neurons, by odors, at the cilia, and by molecules expressed in the olfactory bulb, at the axon terminal, explain the dual role of the odorant receptors and link the specificity of odor perception with its internal representation, in the topographic map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR, Department of Biomedical Science, Padova, Italy.,PNC, Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy.,VIMM, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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17
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Menini A, Reisert J. Alzheimer's Disease: What Can We Learn From the Peripheral Olfactory System? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:440. [PMID: 32508565 PMCID: PMC7248389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been shown to deteriorate in patients with some neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), decreased ability to smell is associated with early disease stages. Thus, olfactory neurons in the nose and olfactory bulb (OB) may provide a window into brain physiology and pathophysiology to address the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Because nasal olfactory receptor neurons regenerate throughout life, the olfactory system offers a broad variety of cellular mechanisms that could be altered in AD, including odorant receptor expression, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the olfactory epithelium, axonal targeting to the OB, and synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the OB. This review focuses on pathophysiological changes in the periphery of the olfactory system during the progression of AD in mice, highlighting how the olfactory epithelium and the OB are particularly sensitive to changes in proteins and enzymes involved in AD pathogenesis. Evidence reviewed here in the context of the emergence of other typical pathological changes in AD suggests that olfactory impairments could be used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the early phases of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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18
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Hua T, Chen B, Lu D, Sakurai K, Zhao S, Han BX, Kim J, Yin L, Chen Y, Lu J, Wang F. General anesthetics activate a potent central pain-suppression circuit in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:854-868. [PMID: 32424286 PMCID: PMC7329612 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) can produce analgesia (loss of pain) independent of inducing loss of consciousness, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that GA suppresses pain in part by activating supraspinal analgesic circuits. We discovered a distinct population of GABAergic neurons activated by GA in the mouse central amygdala (CeAGA neurons). In vivo calcium imaging revealed that different GA drugs activate a shared ensemble of CeAGA neurons. CeAGA neurons also possess basal activity that mostly reflects animals' internal state rather than external stimuli. Optogenetic activation of CeAGA potently suppressed both pain-elicited reflexive and self-recuperating behaviors across sensory modalities and abolished neuropathic pain-induced mechanical (hyper-)sensitivity. Conversely, inhibition of CeAGA activity exacerbated pain, produced strong aversion and canceled the analgesic effect of low-dose ketamine. CeAGA neurons have widespread inhibitory projections to many affective pain-processing centers. Our study points to CeAGA as a potential powerful therapeutic target for alleviating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Hua
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dongye Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bao-Xia Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luping Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinghao Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Core facilities offer visiting scientists access to equipment and expertise to generate and analyze data. For some projects, it might however be more efficient to collaborate remotely by sending in samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia Lippens
- VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department for NeuroscienceKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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