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Okumura A, Aoshima K, Tanimizu N. Generation of in vivo-like multicellular liver organoids by mimicking developmental processes: A review. Regen Ther 2024; 26:219-234. [PMID: 38903867 PMCID: PMC11186971 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver is involved in metabolic reactions, ammonia detoxification, and immunity. Multicellular liver tissue cultures are more desirable for drug screening, disease modeling, and researching transplantation therapy, than hepatocytes monocultures. Hepatocytes monocultures are not stable for long. Further, hepatocyte-like cells induced from pluripotent stem cells and in vivo hepatocytes are functionally dissimilar. Organoid technology circumvents these issues by generating functional ex vivo liver tissue from intrinsic liver progenitor cells and extrinsic stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells. To function as in vivo liver tissue, the liver organoid cells must be arranged precisely in the 3-dimensional space, closely mimicking in vivo liver tissue. Moreover, for long term functioning, liver organoids must be appropriately vascularized and in contact with neighboring epithelial tissues (e.g., bile canaliculi and intrahepatic bile duct, or intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts). Recent discoveries in liver developmental biology allows one to successfully induce liver component cells and generate organoids. Thus, here, in this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on liver development with a focus on its application in generating different liver organoids. We also cover the future prospects in creating (functionally and structurally) in vivo-like liver organoids using the current knowledge on liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Kenji Aoshima
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
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2
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Fujisawa H, Ota N, Shiojiri N. Inversin-deficient (inv) mice do not establish a polarized duct system in the liver and pancreas. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2197-2212. [PMID: 37921502 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Inversin-deficient (inv) mice have anomalies in liver and pancreatic development in addition to an inverted left-right axis of the body. The present study was undertaken to unveil mechanisms of bile and pancreatic duct development from immunohistochemical analyses of anomalies in inv mice. Intrahepatic bile ducts having proximodistal polarity in size and the height of their epithelia, and ductules were formed in livers of wild-type neonates. By contrast, in inv mice, ductal plates, precursor structures of intrahepatic bile ducts and ductules, persisted without the proximodistal polarity. Their epithelial cells did not acquire planar cell polarity (PCP) in terms of expression of tight junction proteins although they expressed bile duct markers, HNF1β and SOX9. They had an apicobasal polarity from expression of basal laminar components. Enlargement of the hepatic artery and poor connective tissue development, including the abnormal deposition of the extracellular matrices, were also noted in inv mice, suggesting that bile duct development was coupled to that of the hepatic artery and portal vein. In pancreata of inv neonates, neither the main pancreatic duct was formed, nor dilated duct-like structures had the morphological polarity from the connecting point with the common bile duct. Lumina of acini was dilated, and centroacinar cells changed their position in the acini to their neck region. Immunohistochemical analyses of tight junction proteins suggested that epithelial cells of the duct-like structures did not have a PCP. Thus, Invs may be required for the establishment of the PCP of the whole duct system in the liver and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Fujisawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ota
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shiojiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
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Raab M, Christodoulou E, Krishnankutty R, Gradinaru A, Walker AD, Olaizola P, Younger NT, Lyons AM, Jarman EJ, Gournopanos K, von Kriegsheim A, Waddell SH, Boulter L. Van Gogh-like 2 is essential for the architectural patterning of the mammalian biliary tree. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00149-1. [PMID: 38460794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the developing liver, bipotent epithelial progenitor cells undergo lineage segregation to form hepatocytes, which constitute the bulk of the liver parenchyma, and biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), which comprise the bile duct (a complex tubular network that is critical for normal liver function). Notch and TGFβ signalling promote the formation of a sheet of biliary epithelial cells, the ductal plate, that organises into discontinuous tubular structures. How these structures elongate and connect to form a continuous duct remains undefined. We aimed to define the mechanisms by which the ductal plate transitions from a simple sheet of epithelial cells into a complex and connected bile duct. METHODS By combining single-cell RNA sequencing of embryonic mouse livers with genetic tools and organoid models we functionally dissected the role of planar cell polarity in duct patterning. RESULTS We show that the planar cell polarity protein VANGL2 is expressed late in intrahepatic bile duct development and patterns the formation of cell-cell contacts between biliary cells. The patterning of these cell contacts regulates the normal polarisation of the actin cytoskeleton within biliary cells and loss of Vangl2 function results in the abnormal distribution of cortical actin remodelling, leading to the failure of bile duct formation. CONCLUSIONS Planar cell polarity is a critical step in the post-specification sculpture of the bile duct and is essential for establishing normal tissue architecture. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Like other branched tissues, such as the lung and kidney, the bile ducts use planar cell polarity signalling to coordinate cell movements; however, how these biochemical signals are linked to ductular patterning remains unclear. Here we show that the core planar cell polarity protein VANGL2 patterns how cell-cell contacts form in the mammalian bile duct and how ductular cells transmit confluent mechanical changes along the length of a duct. This work sheds light on how biological tubes are patterned across mammalian tissues (including within the liver) and will be important in how we promote ductular growth in patients where the duct is mis-patterned or poorly formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Raab
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ersi Christodoulou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Andreea Gradinaru
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Paula Olaizola
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | - Edward Joseph Jarman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | | | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK; Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Lu M, Knight CT, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T, Mii Y, Ooki T, Kikuchi I, Kikuchi A, Barker N, Susaki EA, Taira M, Hatakeyama M. The Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein disrupts Wnt/PCP signaling and promotes hyperproliferation of pyloric gland base cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabp9020. [PMID: 37463245 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abp9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains that deliver the oncoprotein CagA into gastric epithelial cells are the major etiologic agents of upper gastric diseases including gastric cancer. CagA promotes gastric carcinogenesis through interactions with multiple host proteins. Here, we show that CagA also disrupts Wnt-dependent planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP), which orients cells within the plane of an epithelium and coordinates collective cell behaviors such as convergent extension to enable epithelial elongation during development. Ectopic expression of CagA in Xenopus laevis embryos impaired gastrulation, neural tube formation, and axis elongation, processes driven by convergent extension movements that depend on the Wnt/PCP pathway. Mice specifically expressing CagA in the stomach epithelium had longer pyloric glands and mislocalization of the tetraspanin proteins VANGL1 and VANGL2 (VANGL1/2), which are critical components of Wnt/PCP signaling. The increased pyloric gland length was due to hyperproliferation of cells at the gland base, where Lgr5+ stem and progenitor cells reside, and was associated with fewer differentiated enteroendocrine cells. In cultured human gastric epithelial cells, the N terminus of CagA interacted with the C-terminal cytoplasmic tails of VANGL1/2, which impaired Wnt/PCP signaling by inducing the mislocalization of VANGL1/2 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Thus, CagA may contribute to the development of gastric cancer by subverting a Wnt/PCP-dependent mechanism that restrains pyloric gland stem cell proliferation and promotes enteroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mengxue Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Division of Epithelial Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 924-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Research Center of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
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Paramore SV, Goodwin K, Nelson CM. How to build an epithelial tree. Phys Biol 2022; 19. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac9e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nature has evolved a variety of mechanisms to build epithelial trees of diverse architectures within different organs and across species. Epithelial trees are elaborated through branch initiation and extension, and their morphogenesis ends with branch termination. Each of these steps of the branching process can be driven by the actions of epithelial cells themselves (epithelial-intrinsic mechanisms) or by the cells of their surrounding tissues (epithelial-extrinsic mechanisms). Here, we describe examples of how these mechanisms drive each stage of branching morphogenesis, drawing primarily from studies of the lung, kidney, salivary gland, mammary gland, and pancreas, all of which contain epithelial trees that form through collective cell behaviors. Much of our understanding of epithelial branching comes from experiments using mice, but we also include examples here from avian and reptilian models. Throughout, we highlight how distinct mechanisms are employed in different organs and species to build epithelial trees. We also highlight how similar morphogenetic motifs are used to carry out conserved developmental programs or repurposed to support novel ones. Understanding the unique strategies used by nature to build branched epithelia from across the tree of life can help to inspire creative solutions to problems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Dreyer CA, VanderVorst K, Carraway KL. Vangl as a Master Scaffold for Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887100. [PMID: 35646914 PMCID: PMC9130715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of polarity within tissues and dynamic cellular morphogenetic events are features common to both developing and adult tissues, and breakdown of these programs is associated with diverse human diseases. Wnt/Planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling, a branch of non-canonical Wnt signaling, is critical to the establishment and maintenance of polarity in epithelial tissues as well as cell motility events critical to proper embryonic development. In epithelial tissues, Wnt/PCP-mediated planar polarity relies upon the asymmetric distribution of core proteins to establish polarity, but the requirement for this distribution in Wnt/PCP-mediated cell motility remains unclear. However, in both polarized tissues and migratory cells, the Wnt/PCP-specific transmembrane protein Vangl is required and appears to serve as a scaffold upon which the core pathway components as well as positive and negative regulators of Wnt/PCP signaling assemble. The current literature suggests that the multiple interaction domains of Vangl allow for the binding of diverse signaling partners for the establishment of context- and tissue-specific complexes. In this review we discuss the role of Vangl as a master scaffold for Wnt/PCP signaling in epithelial tissue polarity and cellular motility events in developing and adult tissues, and address how these programs are dysregulated in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Li L, Gao S, Wang L, Bu T, Chu J, Lv L, Tahir A, Mao B, Li H, Li X, Wang Y, Wu X, Ge R, Cheng CY. PCP Protein Inversin Regulates Testis Function Through Changes in Cytoskeletal Organization of Actin and Microtubules. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6519617. [PMID: 35106541 PMCID: PMC8870424 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inversin is an integrated component of the Frizzled (Fzd)/Dishevelled (Dvl)/Diversin planar cell polarity (PCP) complex that is known to work in concert with the Van Gogh-like protein (eg, Vangl2)/Prickle PCP complex to support tissue and organ development including the brain, kidney, pancreas, and others. These PCP protein complexes are also recently shown to confer developing haploid spermatid PCP to support spermatogenesis in adult rat testes. However, with the exception of Dvl3 and Vangl2, other PCP proteins have not been investigated in the testis. Herein, we used the technique of RNA interference (RNAi) to examine the role of inversin (Invs) in Sertoli cell (SC) and testis function by corresponding studies in vitro and in vivo. When inversin was silenced by RNAi using specific small interfering RNA duplexes by transfecting primary cultures of SCs in vitro or testes in vivo, it was shown that inversin knockdown (KD) perturbed the SC tight junction-barrier function in vitro and in vivo using corresponding physiological and integrity assays. More important, inversin exerted its regulatory effects through changes in the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, including reducing the ability of their polymerization. These changes, in turn, induced defects in spermatogenesis by loss of spermatid polarity, disruptive distribution of blood-testis barrier-associated proteins at the SC-cell interface, appearance of multinucleated round spermatids, and defects in the release of sperm at spermiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Correspondence: Linxi Li, PhD, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Sheng Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Tiao Bu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jinjin Chu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lixiu Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Anam Tahir
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Baiping Mao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- Correspondence: C. Yan Cheng, PhD, Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China. ;
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8
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Ahuja N, Cleaver O. The cell cortex as mediator of pancreatic epithelial development and endocrine differentiation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 72:118-127. [PMID: 34929610 PMCID: PMC8915777 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis is the complex process of cells coordinating their own proliferation with changes to their shape, cell migration and cell-cell signaling, so that they transform into a three dimensional functional tissue, with its own custom range of differentiated cell types. Understanding when and where critical signals emanate from, and how those signals are transduced and interpreted, is the fundamental challenge of developmental biology. Here, we review recent findings regarding how progenitor cells interpret cues during pancreatic morphogenesis and how they coordinate cell fate determination. Recent evidence suggests that molecules located in the cell cortex play a crticial role in determining cellular behavior during pancreatic morphogenesis. Specifically, we find that control of cell adhesion, polarity, and constriction are all integral to both initiation of epithelial development and to later cell differentiation. Here, we review key molecules that coordinate these processes and suggest that the cell cortex acts as a signaling center that relays cues during pancreas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Lu S, Yakirevich E, Yang D, Xiao Y, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Wnt Family Member 9b (Wnt9b) Is a New Sensitive and Specific Marker for Breast Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1633-1640. [PMID: 34324458 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Confirming the tumor origin is often a diagnostic challenge in pathology and carries significant therapeutic impacts. Cytokeratin 7, estrogen receptor, and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) are well-established diagnostic markers frequently used to support a tumor's breast origin. However, their specificities still have room to improve. Many nonbreast tumors express cytokeratin 7 and estrogen receptor, and urothelial tumors frequently express GATA3. There is a practical need for a new breast lineage marker that is sensitive and specific. Wnt family member proteins play critical roles in embryo development, tissue homeostasis and tumor development through β-catenin dependent and independent pathways. The current study evaluated Wnt9b and GATA3 expression in 163 primary breast cancers, 63 metastatic breast cancers, and 525 nonbreast epithelial tumors. The positive rates of Wnt9b and GATA3 in primary breast cancer were both 98.7%. The positive rates in metastatic breast cancer were 87.3% for Wnt9b and 96.8% for GATA3. For nonbreast tumors, including 64 cases of urothelial carcinoma, Wnt9b was negative in all except salivary gland carcinomas. The study demonstrated that Wnt9b is a breast cancer marker with similar sensitivity as GATA3 but with greater specificity than GATA3 and may ultimately become a useful diagnostic tool in routine surgical pathology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Lee BH, Seijo-Barandiaran I, Grapin-Botton A. Epithelial morphogenesis in organoids. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:30-37. [PMID: 34794006 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial organoids can recapitulate many processes reminiscent of morphogenesis in vivo including lumen and multilayer formation, folding, branching, delamination and elongation. While being noisier in vitro than in vivo, these processes can be monitored live and subjected to interferences, a field that is emerging. We elaborate on the signalling molecules controlling morphogenesis, from the medium and their emergence as signalling centers in the organoids. Further, we discuss how organoid shape is controlled by mechanical cues within the organoid and their interplay with the material properties of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Lee
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Seijo-Barandiaran
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Vakilian M, Ghaedi K. A new hypothetical model for pancreatic development based on change in the cell division orientation. Gene 2021; 785:145607. [PMID: 33775847 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although lifelong renewal and additional compensatory growth in response to demand are undeniable facts, so far, no specific stem cells have been found for pancreatic cells. According to the consensus model, the development of pancreas results from the hierarchical differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards the appearance of the first endocrine and exocrine cells at approximately 7.5 to 8th gestation week (GW) of human embryo. However, the primitive endocrine cells arising from the embryonic phase of development do not appear to be mature or fully functional. Asymmetric localization of cellular components, such as Numb, partition protein complexes (PAR), planar cell polarity components, and certain mRNAs on the apical and basal sides of epithelial cells, causes cellular polarization. According to our model, the equal distribution of cellular components during symmetric cell division yields similar daughter cells that are associated with duct expansion. In contrast, asymmetric cell division is associated with uneven distribution of cellular components among daughter cells, resulting in different fates. Asymmetric cell division leads to duct branching and the development of acinar and stellate cells by a daughter cell, as well as the development of islet progenitor cells through partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and delamination of another daughter cell. Recently, we have developed an efficient method to obtain insulin-secreting cells from the transdifferentiation of hESC-derived ductal cells inducing a partial EMT by treatment with Wnt3A and activin A in a hypoxic environment. Similar models can be offered for other tissues and organs such as mammary glands, lungs, prostate, liver, etc. This model may open a new horizon in the field of regenerative medicine and be useful in explaining the cause of certain abnormalities, such as the occurrence of certain cysts and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Vakilian
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga (UMA), The Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science & Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., Isfahan, Iran.
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Romitti M, Eski SE, Fonseca BF, Gillotay P, Singh SP, Costagliola S. Single-Cell Trajectory Inference Guided Enhancement of Thyroid Maturation In Vitro Using TGF-Beta Inhibition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657195. [PMID: 34135860 PMCID: PMC8202408 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and growth via secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid follicular cells (TFCs). Loss of TFCs, by cellular dysfunction, autoimmune destruction or surgical resection, underlies hypothyroidism. Recovery of thyroid hormone levels by transplantation of mature TFCs derived from stem cells in vitro holds great therapeutic promise. However, the utilization of in vitro derived tissue for regenerative medicine is restricted by the efficiency of differentiation protocols to generate mature organoids. Here, to improve the differentiation efficiency for thyroid organoids, we utilized single-cell RNA-Seq to chart the molecular steps undertaken by individual cells during the in vitro transformation of mouse embryonic stem cells to TFCs. Our single-cell atlas of mouse organoid systematically and comprehensively identifies, for the first time, the cell types generated during production of thyroid organoids. Using pseudotime analysis, we identify TGF-beta as a negative regulator of thyroid maturation in vitro. Using pharmacological inhibition of TGF-beta pathway, we improve the level of thyroid maturation, in particular the induction of Nis expression. This in turn, leads to an enhancement of iodide organification in vitro, suggesting functional improvement of the thyroid organoid. Our study highlights the potential of single-cell molecular characterization in understanding and improving thyroid maturation and paves the way for identification of therapeutic targets against thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
| | | | | | | | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
| | - Sabine Costagliola
- *Correspondence: Mírian Romitti, ; Sumeet Pal Singh, ; Sabine Costagliola,
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Abstract
The pancreas of adult mammals displays a branched structure which transports digestive enzymes produced in the distal acini through a tree-like network of ducts into the duodenum. In contrast to several other branched organs, its branching patterns are not stereotypic. Moreover, the branches do not grow from dichotomic splitting of an initial stem but rather from the formation of microlumen in a mass of cells. These lumen progressively assemble into a hyperconnected network that refines into a tree by the time of birth. We review the cell remodeling events and the molecular mechanisms governing pancreas branching, as well as the role of the surrounding tissues in this process. Furthermore, we draw parallels with other branched organs such as the salivary and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Flasse
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Coline Schewin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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