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Omari S, Roded A, Eisenberg M, Ali H, Fukuda M, Galli SJ, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mast cell secretory granule fusion with amphisomes coordinates their homotypic fusion and release of exosomes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114482. [PMID: 38985670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretory granule (SG) fusion is an intermediate step in SG biogenesis. However, the precise mechanism of this process is not completely understood. We show that Golgi-derived mast cell (MC) SGs enlarge through a mechanism that is dependent on phosphoinositide (PI) remodeling and fusion with LC3+ late endosomes (amphisomes), which serve as hubs for the fusion of multiple individual SGs. Amphisome formation is regulated by the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN9, while the subsequent SG fusion event is additionally regulated by the tetraspanin protein CD63 and by PI4K. We also demonstrate that fusion with amphisomes imparts to SGs their capacity of regulated release of exosomes. Finally, we show that conversion of PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(4,5)P2 and the subsequent recruitment of dynamin stimulate SG fission. Our data unveil a key role for lipid-regulated interactions with the endocytic and autophagic systems in controlling the size and number of SGs and their capacity to release exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewar Omari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amit Roded
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maggie Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5176, USA
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Lee Y, Fracassi A, Devaraj NK. Control of giant vesicle assemblies by stimuli-responsive lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3930-3933. [PMID: 38497420 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We describe a bottom-up synthesis of giant vesicles (GVs) utilizing an artificial stimuli-responsive diazobenzene lipid building block. Controlled by light, the GVs can exhibit dynamic behaviors, including reversible formation, the generation of highly multilamellar assemblies, and vesicle capturing and releasing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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3
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Chen XK, Yi ZN, Lau JJY, Ma ACH. Distinct roles of core autophagy-related genes in zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis. Autophagy 2024; 20:830-846. [PMID: 37921505 PMCID: PMC11062383 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2274251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-described discrepancy between ATG (macroautophagy/autophagy-related) genes in the regulation of hematopoiesis, varying essentiality of core ATG proteins in vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis remains largely unclear. Here, we employed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to compare the functions of six core atg genes, including atg13, becn1 (beclin1), atg9a, atg2a, atg5, and atg3, in vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and morpholino targeting. Zebrafish with various atg mutations showed autophagic deficiency and presented partially consistent hematopoietic abnormalities during early development. All six atg mutations led to a declined number of spi1b+ (Spi-1 proto-oncogene b) myeloid progenitor cells. However, only becn1 mutation resulted in the expansion of myb+ (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and transiently increased coro1a+ (coronin, actin binding protein, 1A) leukocytes, whereas atg3 mutation decreased the number of HSPCs and leukocytes. Proteomic analysis of caudal hematopoietic tissue identified sin3aa (SIN3 transcription regulator family member Aa) as a potential modulator of atg13- and becn1-regulated definitive hematopoiesis. Disruption of sin3aa rescued the expansion of HSPCs and leukocytes in becn1 mutants and exacerbated the decrease of HSPCs in atg13 mutants. Double mutations were also performed to examine alternative functions of various atg genes in definitive hematopoiesis. Notably, becn1 mutation failed to induce HSPCs expansion with one of the other five atg mutations. These findings demonstrated the distinct roles of atg genes and their interplays in zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis, thereby suggesting that the vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis is regulated in an atg gene-dependent manner.Abbreviations: AGM: aorta-gonad-mesonephros; AO: acridine orange; atg: autophagy related; becn1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CHT: caudal hematopoietic tissue; CKO: conditional knockout; coro1a: coronin, actin binding protein, 1A; CQ: chloroquine; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; dpf: days post fertilization; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; hbae1.1: hemoglobin, alpha embryonic 1.1; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; HSPCs: hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; map1lc3/lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MO: morpholino; mpeg1.1: macrophage expressed 1, tandem duplicate 1; mpx: myeloid-specific peroxidase; myb: v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; p-H3: phospho-H3 histone; PtdIns3K: class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; rag1: recombination activating 1; rb1cc1/fip200: RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1; RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism; RNP: ribonucleoprotein; sin3aa: SIN3 transcription regulator family member Aa; spi1b: Spi-1 proto-oncogene b; ulk: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; vtg1: vitellogenin 1; WISH: whole-mount in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ke Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Yi
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Jark-Yin Lau
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin Chun-Hang Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Liu J, Xiao Y, Cao L, Lu S, Zhang S, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhang N, Yu Y, Wang X, Guo W, Wang Z, Xu H, Xing C, Song X, Cao L. Insights on E1-like enzyme ATG7: functional regulation and relationships with aging-related diseases. Commun Biol 2024; 7:382. [PMID: 38553562 PMCID: PMC10980737 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic self-renovation biological process that maintains cell homeostasis and is responsible for the quality control of proteins, organelles, and energy metabolism. The E1-like ubiquitin-activating enzyme autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) is a critical factor that initiates classic autophagy reactions by promoting the formation and extension of autophagosome membranes. Recent studies have identified the key functions of ATG7 in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, and metabolism associated with the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This review summarizes how ATG7 is precisely programmed by genetic, transcriptional, and epigenetic modifications in cells and the relationship between ATG7 and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutong Xiao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liangzi Cao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Songming Lu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yubang Wang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wendong Guo
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Liu Cao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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5
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Li X, Zhang J, Wang M, Du C, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Jiang X, Ren D, Wang H, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Tang J. Pulmonary Surfactant Homeostasis Dysfunction Mediates Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Induced Lung Fibrosis via Elevating Surface Tension. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2828-2840. [PMID: 38101421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used in many disciplines and raised great concerns about their negative health impacts, especially environmental and occupational exposure. MWCNTs have been reported to induce fibrotic responses; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely veiled. Here, we reported that MWCNTs inhalation induced lung fibrosis together with decreased lung compliance, increased elastance in the mice model, and elevated surface tension in vitro. Specifically, MWCNTs increased surface tension by impairing the function of the pulmonary surfactant. Mechanistically, MWCNTs induced lamellar body (LB) dysfunction through autophagy dysfunction, which then leads to surface tension elevated by pulmonary surfactant dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis. This is a study to investigate the molecular mechanism of MWCNTs-induced lung fibrosis and focus on surface tension. A direct mechanistic link among impaired LBs, surface tension, and fibrosis has been established. This finding elucidates the detailed molecular mechanisms of lung fibrosis induced by MWCNTs. It also highlights that pulmonary surfactants are expected to be potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of lung fibrosis induced by MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Du
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinmin Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dunqiang Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Garnique ADMB, Machado-Santelli GM. Characterization of 3D NSCLC Cell Cultures with Fibroblasts or Macrophages for Tumor Microenvironment Studies and Chemotherapy Screening. Cells 2023; 12:2790. [PMID: 38132110 PMCID: PMC10742261 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of 3D cell culture has increased in recent years as a model that mimics the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is characterized by exhibiting cellular heterogeneity, allowing the modulation of different signaling pathways that enrich this microenvironment. The TME exhibits two main cell populations: cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The aim of this study was to investigate 3D cell cultures of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) alone and in combination with short-term cultured dermal fibroblasts (FDH) and with differentiated macrophages of the THP-1 cell line. Homotypic and heterotypic spheroids were morphologically characterized using light microscopy, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Cell viability, cycle profiling and migration assay were performed, followed by the evaluation of the effects of some chemotherapeutic and potential compounds on homotypic and heterotypic spheroids. Both homotypic and heterotypic spheroids of NSCLC were generated with fibroblasts or macrophages. Heterotypic spheroids with fibroblast formed faster, while homotypic ones reached larger sizes. Different cell populations were identified based on spheroid zoning, and drug effects varied between spheroid types. Interestingly, heterotypic spheroids with fibroblasts showed similar responses to the treatment with different compounds, despite being smaller. Cellular viability analysis required multiple methods, since the responses varied depending on the spheroid type. Because of this, the complexity of the spheroid should be considered when analyzing compound effects. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the behavior and response of NSCLC cells in 3D microenvironments, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ave., Prof, Lineu Prestes, 1524, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
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Araújo SJ, Llimargas M. Tubulogenesis: Lipid-lining the path to sparkling gas filling. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1242-R1245. [PMID: 38052177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of liquid and gas filling of airways is vital for animal respiration. New research shows that a surfactant film of exosomal-derived lipids is built at the air-liquid interface of Drosophila airways before gas filling. Coordinated lysosomal and vesicular pathways synergize to assemble this lipid layer, which is essential for respiration and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia J Araújo
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, C. Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Tsarouhas V, Liu D, Tsikala G, Engström Y, Strigini M, Samakovlis C. A surfactant lipid layer of endosomal membranes facilitates airway gas filling in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5132-5146.e5. [PMID: 37992718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the construction of an air-liquid interface in respiratory organs remain elusive. Here, we use live imaging and genetic analysis to describe the morphogenetic events generating an extracellular lipid lining of the Drosophila airways required for their gas filing and animal survival. We show that sequential Rab39/Syx1A/Syt1-mediated secretion of lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase (Drosophila ASM [dASM]) and Rab11/35/Syx1A/Rop-dependent exosomal secretion provides distinct components for lipid film assembly. Tracheal inactivation of Rab11 or Rab35 or loss of Rop results in intracellular accumulation of exosomal, multi-vesicular body (MVB)-derived vesicles. On the other hand, loss of dASM or Rab39 causes luminal bubble-like accumulations of exosomal membranes and liquid retention in the airways. Inactivation of the exosomal secretion in dASM mutants counteracts this phenotype, arguing that the exosomal secretion provides the lipid vesicles and that secreted lysosomal dASM organizes them into a continuous film. Our results reveal the coordinated functions of extracellular vesicle and lysosomal secretions in generating a lipid layer crucial for airway gas filling and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Tsarouhas
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dan Liu
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Tsikala
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; IMBB, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ylva Engström
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christos Samakovlis
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; ECCPS, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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9
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Xu W, Ma X, Wang Q, Ye J, Wang N, Ye Z, Chen T. GCN5L1 regulates pulmonary surfactant production by modulating lamellar body biogenesis and trafficking in mouse alveolar epithelial cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:90. [PMID: 37936104 PMCID: PMC10631113 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary surfactant that lines the air-liquid surface within alveoli is a protein-lipid mixture essential for gas exchange. Surfactant lipids and proteins are synthesized and stored in the lamellar body (LB) before being secreted from alveolar type II (AT2) cells. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate these processes are incompletely understood. We previously identified an essential role of general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1) and the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex 1 subunit 1 (BLOS1) in surfactant system development in zebrafish. Here, we explored the role of GCN5L1 in pulmonary surfactant regulation. METHOD GCN5L1 knockout cell lines were generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. Released surfactant proteins were measured by ELISA. Released surfactant lipids were measured based on coupled enzymatic reactions. Gene overexpression was mediated through lentivirus. The RNA levels were detected through RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein levels were detected through western blotting. The cellular localization was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Morphology of the lamellar body was analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Lysotracker staining, and BODIPY phosphatidylcholine labeling. RESULTS Knocking out GCN5L1 in MLE-12 significantly decreased the release of surfactant proteins and lipids. We detected the downregulation of some surfactant-related genes and misregulation of the ROS-Erk-Foxo1-Cebpα axis in mutant cells. Modulating the activity of the axis or reconstructing the mitochondrial expression of GCN5L1 could partially restore the expression of these surfactant-related genes. We further showed that MLE-12 cells contained many LB-like organelles that were lipid enriched and positive for multiple LB markers. These organelles were smaller in size and accumulated in the absence of GCN5L1, indicating both biogenesis and trafficking defects. Accumulated endogenous surfactant protein (SP)-B or exogenously expressed SP-B/SP-C in adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporterA3 (ABCA3)-positive organelles was detected in mutant cells. GCN5L1 localized to the mitochondria and LBs. Reconstruction of mitochondrial GCN5L1 expression rescued the organelle morphology but failed to restore the trafficking defect and surfactant release, indicating specific roles associated with different subcellular localizations. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study identified GCN5L1 as a new regulator of pulmonary surfactant that plays a role in the biogenesis and positioning/trafficking of surfactant-containing LBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xu
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaocui Ma
- Henan Clinical Research Center of Childhood Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Nengqian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianbing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Basic and Clinical Transformation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Medicine of Anhui Province, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
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10
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Moreira AMS, Freitas ETF, Reis MDP, Nogueira JM, Barbosa NPDU, Reis ALM, Pelli A, Camargo PRDS, Cardoso AV, de Paula RS, Jorge EC. Acute Exposure to Two Biocides Causes Morphological and Molecular Changes in the Gill Ciliary Epithelium of the Invasive Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3258. [PMID: 37893982 PMCID: PMC10603641 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Limnoperna fortunei, the golden mussel, is a bivalve mollusk considered an invader in South America. This species is responsible for ecological and economic damages due to its voluminous fouling capability. Chemical biocides such as MXD-100™ and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are often used to control L. fortunei infestations in hydraulic systems. Thus, we proposed to investigate the effects of different periods (24, 48 and 72 h) of exposure to MXD-100™ (0.56 mg L-1) and NaDCC (1.5 mg L-1) on the gills of L. fortunei through morphological and molecular analyses. NaDCC promoted progressive morphological changes during the analyzed periods and only an upregulation of SOD and HSP70 expression during the first 24 h of exposure. MXD-100™ led to severe morphological changes from the first period of exposure, in addition to an upregulation of SOD, CAT, HSP70 and CYP expression during the first 24 h. In contrast, MXD-100™ led to a downregulation of CAT transcription between 24 and 48 h. In static conditions, NaDCC causes lethal damage after 72 h of exposure, and that exposure needs to be continuous to achieve the control of the species. Meanwhile, the MXD-100™ treatment presented several effects during the first 24 h, showing acute toxicity in a shorter period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Maria Siqueira Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Erico Tadeu Fraga Freitas
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Electron Optics Facility, Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Mariana de Paula Reis
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Júlia Meireles Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
| | - Newton Pimentel de Ulhôa Barbosa
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - André Luiz Martins Reis
- Center for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - Afonso Pelli
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Biotério Nico Nieser, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo da Silva Camargo
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Biotério Nico Nieser, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Valadão Cardoso
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Escola de Design, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Belo Horizonte 30140-091, MG, Brazil
| | - Rayan Silva de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
- Centro de Bioengenharia de Espécies Invasoras de Hidrelétricas (CBEIH), Cidade Nova, Belo Horizonte 31035-536, MG, Brazil; (E.T.F.F.); (M.d.P.R.); (N.P.d.U.B.); (A.P.); (P.R.d.S.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Erika Cristina Jorge
- Laboratório de Biologia Oral e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.M.S.M.); (J.M.N.); (R.S.d.P.)
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11
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Priem D, Huyghe J, Bertrand MJM. LC3-independent autophagy is vital to prevent TNF cytotoxicity. Autophagy 2023; 19:2585-2589. [PMID: 37014272 PMCID: PMC10392734 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2197760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The (macro)autophagy field is facing a paradigm shift after the recent discovery that cytosolic cargoes can still be selectively targeted to phagophores (the precursors to autophagosomes) even in the absence of LC3 or other Atg8-protein family members. Several in vitro studies have indeed reported on the existence of an unconventional selective autophagic pathway that involves the in-situ formation of an autophagosome around the cargo through the direct selective autophagy receptor-mediated recruitment of RB1CC1/FIP200, thereby bypassing the requirement of LC3. In an article recently published in Science, we demonstrate the physiological importance of this unconventional autophagic pathway in the context of TNF (tumor necrosis factor) signaling. We show that it promotes the degradation of the cytotoxic TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 (TNF receptor superfamily member 1A) complex II that assembles upon TNF sensing and thereby protects mice from TNFRSF1A-driven embryonic lethality and skin inflammation.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CASP: caspase; FIR: RB1CC1/FIP200-interacting region; LIR: LC3-interacting region; M1: linear; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFRSF1A: TNF receptor superfamily member 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Priem
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jon Huyghe
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu JM Bertrand
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Sipos A, Kim KJ, Sioutas C, Crandall ED. Kinetics of autophagic activity in nanoparticle-exposed lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2186568. [PMID: 37520337 PMCID: PMC10373127 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a homeostatic mechanism, is crucial in maintaining normal cellular function. Although dysregulation of autophagic processes is recognized in certain diseases, it is unknown how maintenance of cellular homeostasis might be affected by the kinetics of autophagic activity in response to various stimuli. In this study, we assessed those kinetics in lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells in response to exposure to nanoparticles (NP) and/or Rapamycin. Since NP are known to induce autophagy, we wished to determine if this phenomenon could be a driver of the harmful effects seen in lung tissues exposed to air pollution. A549 cells were loaded with a fluorescent marker (DAPRed) that labels autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Autophagic activity was assessed based on the fluorescence intensity of DAPRed measured over the entire cell volume of live single cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Autophagic activity over time was determined during exposure of A549 cells to single agents (50 nM Rapamycin; 80 μg/mL, 20 nm carboxylated polystyrene NP (PNP); or, 1 μg/mL ambient ultrafine particles (UFP) (<180 nm)), or double agents (Rapamycin + PNP or Rapamycin + UFP; concomitant and sequential), known to stimulate autophagy. Autophagic activity increased in all experimental modalities, including both single agent and double agent exposures, and reached a steady state in all cases ~2 times control from ~8 to 24 hrs, suggesting the presence of an upper limit to autophagic capacity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental stressors might exert their harmful effects, at least in part, by limiting available autophagic response to additional stimulation, thereby making nanoparticle-exposed cells more susceptible to secondary injury due to autophagic overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Sipos
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neurosciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward D. Crandall
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Li S, Huang Q, He B. SIRT1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Lung 2023; 201:201-215. [PMID: 36790647 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-023-00607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and lung function decline. It is well established that COPD represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Due to the substantial economic and social burdens associated with COPD, it is necessary to discover new targets and develop novel beneficial therapies. Although the pathogenesis of COPD is complex and remains to be robustly elucidated, numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis, autophagy, and aging are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase belonging to the silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) family. Multiple studies have indicated that SIRT1 plays an important role in oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, and cellular senescence, which contributes to the pathogenesis and development of COPD. This review aimed to discuss the functions and mechanisms of SIRT1 in the progression of COPD and concluded that SIRT1 activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Baimei He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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14
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Hasan KMM, Haque MA. Autophagy and Its Lineage-Specific Roles in the Hematopoietic System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:8257217. [PMID: 37180758 PMCID: PMC10171987 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8257217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process that regulates the selective and nonselective degradation of cytoplasmic components, such as damaged organelles and protein aggregates inside lysosomes to maintain tissue homeostasis. Different types of autophagy including macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, such as cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and developmental disorders. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism and biological functions of autophagy have been extensively studied in vertebrate hematopoiesis and human blood malignancies. In recent years, the hematopoietic lineage-specific roles of different autophagy-related (ATG) genes have gained more attention. The evolution of gene-editing technology and the easy access nature of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), hematopoietic progenitors, and precursor cells have facilitated the autophagy research to better understand how ATG genes function in the hematopoietic system. Taking advantage of the gene-editing platform, this review has summarized the roles of different ATGs at the hematopoietic cell level, their dysregulation, and pathological consequences throughout hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Md Anwarul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
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15
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Huyghe J, Priem D, Van Hove L, Gilbert B, Fritsch J, Uchiyama Y, Hoste E, van Loo G, Bertrand MJM. ATG9A prevents TNF cytotoxicity by an unconventional lysosomal targeting pathway. Science 2022; 378:1201-1207. [PMID: 36520901 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can be beneficial during infection by helping to mount proper immune responses. However, TNF-induced death can also drive a variety of inflammatory pathologies. Protectives brakes, or cell-death checkpoints, normally repress TNF cytotoxicity to protect the organism from its potential detrimental consequences. Thus, although TNF can kill, this only occurs when one of the checkpoints is inactivated. Here, we describe a checkpoint that prevents apoptosis through the detoxification of the cytotoxic complex IIa that forms upon TNF sensing. We found that autophagy-related 9A (ATG9A) and 200kD FAK family kinase-interacting protein (FIP200) promote the degradation of this complex through a light chain 3 (LC3)-independent lysosomal targeting pathway. This detoxification mechanism was found to counteract TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-mediated embryonic lethality and inflammatory skin disease in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Huyghe
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dario Priem
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisette Van Hove
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gilbert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Lazki-Hagenbach P, Kleeblatt E, Ali H, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Substance P-Bound MRGPRX2 Reveal a Novel Connection Between Macropinosome Resolution and Secretory Granule Regeneration in Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892239. [PMID: 35837385 PMCID: PMC9273857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MRGPRX2, the human member of the MAS-related G protein coupled receptors (Mrgprs), serves as the cellular target of human mast cells (MCs) for innate ligands, including neuropeptides and antimicrobial peptides. In addition, MRGPRX2 also functions as the receptor for multiple FDA-approved drugs. As such, MRGPRX2 is a mediator of MC responses in neurogenic inflammation, host defense and pseudoallergy. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of MRGPRX2 following its binding of the neuropeptide substance P (SP). Herein, we show that MRGPRX2 internalizes via both endocytosis and macropinocytosis, followed by its distribution between a perinuclear region and the secretory granules (SGs). Further, we show that MRGPRX2-containing macropinosomes undergo resolution by a mechanism that involves dynamin and LC3, giving rise to the incorporation of both LC3 and MRGPRX2 into the SGs. SP then promotes the acidification of the LC3-associated SGs, presumably by stimulating their fusion with lysosomes. Taken together, our results reveal a unique mode of MRGPRX2 trafficking that complements endocytosis and involves macropinocytosis, autophagic machinery-assisted macropinosome resolution and receptor delivery to the SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lazki-Hagenbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elisabeth Kleeblatt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg,
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17
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Zhang T, Zhang C, Zhang J, Lin J, Song D, Zhang P, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhang L. Cadmium impairs zebrafish swim bladder development via ROS mediated inhibition of the Wnt / Hedgehog pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 247:106180. [PMID: 35490551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The posterior swim bladder is an important organ in teleost fishes, that primarily maintains buoyancy and motility for swimming and survival. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) on the early development of the swim bladder in zebrafish. Embryonic Cd exposure resulted in the non-inflation of the swim bladder when the ambient Cd concentration was greater than or equal to 0.25 mg/L. Cd disturbed surfactant lipid distribution and inhibited the formation of all three tissue layers in the swim bladder. Additionally, excessive Cd down-regulated Wnt (fzd3, nkd1, fzd7 and axin2) and Hedgehog (ihh, shh, ptc1 and ptc2) signaling pathways. Conversely, Wnt signaling activation partially neutralized Cd-induced swim bladder developmental defects. Moreover, ROS scavenger reduced Glutathione (GSH) effectively recovered Cd induced defects in swim bladder and Wnt/Hedgehog signaling. Taken together, our results first revealed that Cd caused swim bladder developmental defects via ROS-mediated inhibition of the Wnt and Hedgehog pathways. These results herein provide important data for future toxicological studies and risk assessments of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Canchuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiangtian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongdong Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resourcesand Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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18
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Li X, Wang L, Hao J, Zhu Q, Guo M, Wu C, Li S, Guo Q, Ren Q, Bai N, Yi F, Jiang B, Zhang W, Feng Y, Xu H, Jiang H, Zhai X, Zhang G, Ji HL, Yang X, Zhang D, Fu J, Chang J, Song X, Cao L. The Role of Autophagy in Lamellar Body Formation and Surfactant Production in Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1107-1119. [PMID: 35173542 PMCID: PMC8771840 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lamellar body (LB), a concentric structure loaded with surfactant proteins and phospholipids, is an organelle specific to type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AT2). However, the origin of LBs has not been fully elucidated. We have previously reported that autophagy regulates Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) formation, and here we demonstrated that autophagy is involved in LB maturation, another lysosome-related organelle. We found that during development, LBs were transformed from autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic contents such as glycogen. Fusion between LBs and autophagosomes was observed in wild-type neonate mice. Moreover, the markers of autophagic activity, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), largely co-localized on the limiting membrane of the LB. Both autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) global knockout and conditional Atg7 knockdown in AT2 cells in mice led to defects in LB maturation and surfactant protein B production. Additionally, changes in autophagic activity altered LB formation and surfactant protein B production. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation of LB formation during development and the maintenance of LB homeostasis during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialin Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Guo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changjing Wu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sihui Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiuhong Ren
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Bai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, USA
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Moss JJ, Wirth M, Tooze SA, Lane JD, Hammond CL. Autophagy coordinates chondrocyte development and early joint formation in zebrafish. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22002. [PMID: 34708458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process responsible for the removal of waste and damaged cellular components by lysosomal degradation. It plays a key role in fundamental cell processes, including ER stress mitigation, control of cell metabolism, and cell differentiation and proliferation, all of which are essential for cartilage cell (chondrocyte) development and survival, and for the formation of cartilage. Correspondingly, autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in several skeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. To test the requirement for autophagy during skeletal development in zebrafish, we generated an atg13 CRISPR knockout zebrafish line. This line showed a complete loss of atg13 expression, and restricted autophagic activity in vivo. In the absence of autophagy, chondrocyte maturation was accelerated, with chondrocytes exhibiting signs of premature hypertrophy. Focussing on the jaw element, autophagy disruption affected joint articulation causing restricted mouth opening. This gross behavioural phenotype corresponded with a failure to thrive, and death in homozygote atg13 nulls within 17 days. Taken together, our results are consistent with autophagy contributing to the timely regulation of chondrocyte maturation and for extracellular matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Moss
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martina Wirth
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jon D Lane
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Choe CP, Choi SY, Kee Y, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lee Y, Park HC, Ro H. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:26. [PMID: 34496973 PMCID: PMC8424172 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its debut in the biomedical research fields in 1981, zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model organism in more than 40,000 biomedical research studies. Especially useful are zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins in a molecule, intracellular organelle, cell or tissue specific manner because they allow the visualization and tracking of molecules, intracellular organelles, cells or tissues of interest in real time and in vivo. In this review, we summarize representative transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research on signal transduction, the craniofacial skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the nervous system, the urogenital system, the digestive system and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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21
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Leung E, Ayine-Tora DM, Santos-Ledo A, Korolchuk VI, Reynisson J. Identification of novel Atg3-Atg8 inhibitors using virtual screening for autophagy modulation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105092. [PMID: 34147881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A collection of 9050 natural products, their derivatives, and mimetics, was virtually screened against the human Atg3-Atg8 (Atg - autophagy) binding scaffold. By blocking this interaction, the lipidation of Atg8 does not occur and the formation of autophagosomes is inhibited. Forty-three (43) potential ligands were tested using enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) tagged LC3, the human ortholog of Atg8, in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Three hits showed single digit µM IC50 values with AT110, an isoflavone derivative, being the best at 1.2 ± 0.6 µM. Molecular modelling against Atg8 in conjunction with structural activity relationship (SAR) strongly supports the binding to this target. Testing in a panel of cancer cell lines showed little cytotoxic effect as compared to chloroquine. However, same concentration of AT110 was shown to be toxic to young zebrafish embryos. This can be explained in terms of the autophagy process being very active in the zebrafish embryos rendering them susceptible to AT110 whereas in the cancer cells tested the autophagy is not usually active. Nevertheless, AT110 blocks autophagy flux in the zebrafish confirming that the ligand is modulating autophagy. A small molecule non-cytotoxic autophagy inhibitor would open the door for adjunct therapies to bolster many established anticancer drugs, reducing their efficacious concentration thus limiting undesirable site effects. In addition, since many cancer types rely on the autophagy mechanism to survive a therapeutic regime, recurrence can potentially be reduced. The discovery of AT110 is an important step in establishing such an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Adrián Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Newcastle under Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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22
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Organelle degradation in the lens by PLAAT phospholipases. Nature 2021; 592:634-638. [PMID: 33854238 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The eye lens of vertebrates is composed of fibre cells in which all membrane-bound organelles undergo degradation during terminal differentiation to form an organelle-free zone1. The mechanism that underlies this large-scale organelle degradation remains largely unknown, although it has previously been shown to be independent of macroautophagy2,3. Here we report that phospholipases in the PLAAT (phospholipase A/acyltransferase, also known as HRASLS) family-Plaat1 (also known as Hrasls) in zebrafish and PLAAT3 (also known as HRASLS3, PLA2G16, H-rev107 or AdPLA) in mice4-6-are essential for the degradation of lens organelles such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. Plaat1 and PLAAT3 translocate from the cytosol to various organelles immediately before organelle degradation, in a process that requires their C-terminal transmembrane domain. The translocation of Plaat1 to organelles depends on the differentiation of fibre cells and damage to organelle membranes, both of which are mediated by Hsf4. After the translocation of Plaat1 or PLAAT3 to membranes, the phospholipase induces extensive organelle rupture that is followed by complete degradation. Organelle degradation by PLAAT-family phospholipases is essential for achieving an optimal transparency and refractive function of the lens. These findings expand our understanding of intracellular organelle degradation and provide insights into the mechanism by which vertebrates acquired transparent lenses.
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23
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Morishita H, Kanda Y, Mizushima N. No air without autophagy: autophagy is important for lung and swim bladder inflation. Autophagy 2021; 17:1040-1041. [PMID: 33530832 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1885148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a catabolic process critical for the degradation of intracellular material, but its physiological functions in vertebrates are not fully understood. Here, we discuss our recent finding that macroautophagy plays a role in lamellar body maturation. The lamellar body is a lysosome-related organelle and stores phospholipid-containing surfactant complexes that reduce the surface tension of the air-water interface in order to inflate the airspace in lungs and swim bladders. In the epithelial cells of these organs, autophagosomes fuse with immature lamellar bodies to increase their size and lipid contents. This function is essential for respiration after birth in mice and for maintaining buoyancy in zebrafish. These findings unveil a novel function of macroautophagy in the maturation of surfactant-containing lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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