1
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Li JM, Bai YZ, Zhang SQ. Advances and challenges in serine in the central nervous system: physicochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01418-4. [PMID: 39186223 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the primary cause of human disability and mortality globally, however, current medications slightly alleviate some symptoms of degenerative diseases. Serine is an important amino acid for the brain function and involved in a variety of biosynthetic pathways and signal transduction processes. The imbalance of serine metabolism is associated with neurodegeneration, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Altered activities of serine metabolizing enzymes and accumulation of serine metabolites affect the survival and function of nerve cells. Abnormal serine levels are observed in animal models with neurological diseases, but not all human studies, therefore, the maintenance of serine homeostasis is a potentially therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. To date, physiological and pharmacological roles of serine in neurological diseases have not been systemically recapitulated, and the association between serine and neurological diseases is controversial. In this review, we summarize physicochemical properties of serine, biological processes of serine in the brain (source, biotransformation, and transport), and the application of serine in neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. Here, we highlight physicochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potentials of serine in the prevention and treatment of neurological dysfunction. Our work provides valuable hints for future investigation that will lead to a comprehensive understanding of serine and its metabolism in cellular physiology and pharmacology. Although broad by necessity, the review helps researchers to understand great potentials of serine in the prevention and treatment of neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Meng Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ya-Zhi Bai
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
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2
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Gangwar SP, Yelshanskaya MV, Nadezhdin KD, Yen LY, Newton TP, Aktolun M, Kurnikova MG, Sobolevsky AI. Kainate receptor channel opening and gating mechanism. Nature 2024; 630:762-768. [PMID: 38778115 PMCID: PMC11186766 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Kainate receptors, a subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors, are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission1-4. Kainate receptors modulate neuronal circuits and synaptic plasticity during the development and function of the central nervous system and are implicated in various neurological and psychiatric diseases, including epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and autism5-11. Although structures of kainate receptor domains and subunit assemblies are available12-18, the mechanism of kainate receptor gating remains poorly understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the kainate receptor GluK2 in the presence of the agonist glutamate and the positive allosteric modulators lectin concanavalin A and BPAM344. Concanavalin A and BPAM344 inhibit kainate receptor desensitization and prolong activation by acting as a spacer between the amino-terminal and ligand-binding domains and a stabilizer of the ligand-binding domain dimer interface, respectively. Channel opening involves the kinking of all four pore-forming M3 helices. Our structures reveal the molecular basis of kainate receptor gating, which could guide the development of drugs for treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Pal Gangwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria V Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirill D Nadezhdin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Y Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muhammed Aktolun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria G Kurnikova
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Brunetti V, Soda T, Berra-Romani R, De Sarro G, Guerra G, Scarpellino G, Moccia F. Two Signaling Modes Are Better than One: Flux-Independent Signaling by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Is Coming of Age. Biomedicines 2024; 12:880. [PMID: 38672234 PMCID: PMC11048239 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamatergic transmission can be mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which mediate rapid synaptic depolarization that can be associated with Ca2+ entry and activity-dependent change in the strength of synaptic transmission, as well as by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which mediate slower postsynaptic responses through the recruitment of second messenger systems. A wealth of evidence reported over the last three decades has shown that this dogmatic subdivision between iGluRs and mGluRs may not reflect the actual physiological signaling mode of the iGluRs, i.e., α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR), kainate receptors (KARs), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs). Herein, we review the evidence available supporting the notion that the canonical iGluRs can recruit flux-independent signaling pathways not only in neurons, but also in brain astrocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Understanding the signaling versatility of iGluRs can exert a profound impact on our understanding of glutamatergic synapses. Furthermore, it may shed light on novel neuroprotective strategies against brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Brunetti
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, 27110 Pavia, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.S.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.S.); (G.D.S.)
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88110 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “Vincenzo Tiberio”, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, 27110 Pavia, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “Vincenzo Tiberio”, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
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4
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Bay Y, Venskutonytė R, Frantsen SM, Thorsen TS, Musgaard M, Frydenvang K, Francotte P, Pirotte B, Biggin PC, Kristensen AS, Boesen T, Pickering DS, Gajhede M, Kastrup JS. Small-molecule positive allosteric modulation of homomeric kainate receptors GluK1-3: development of screening assays and insight into GluK3 structure. FEBS J 2024; 291:1506-1529. [PMID: 38145505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The kainate receptors GluK1-3 (glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate receptors 1-3) belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors and are essential for fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and are associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases. How these receptors can be modulated by small-molecule agents is not well understood, especially for GluK3. We show that the positive allosteric modulator BPAM344 can be used to establish robust calcium-sensitive fluorescence-based assays to test agonists, antagonists, and positive allosteric modulators of GluK1-3. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of BPAM344 for potentiating the response of 100 μm kainate was determined to be 26.3 μm for GluK1, 75.4 μm for GluK2, and 639 μm for GluK3. Domoate was found to be a potent agonist for GluK1 and GluK2, with an EC50 of 0.77 and 1.33 μm, respectively, upon co-application of 150 μm BPAM344. At GluK3, domoate acts as a very weak agonist or antagonist with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 14.5 μm, in presence of 500 μm BPAM344 and 100 μm kainate for competition binding. Using H523A-mutated GluK3, we determined the first dimeric structure of the ligand-binding domain by X-ray crystallography, allowing location of BPAM344, as well as zinc-, sodium-, and chloride-ion binding sites at the dimer interface. Molecular dynamics simulations support the stability of the ion sites as well as the involvement of Asp761, Asp790, and Glu797 in the binding of zinc ions. Using electron microscopy, we show that, in presence of glutamate and BPAM344, full-length GluK3 adopts a dimer-of-dimers arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bay
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raminta Venskutonytė
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine M Frantsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor S Thorsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette S Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Díaz-Rodríguez SM, Herrero-Turrión MJ, García-Peral C, Gómez-Nieto R. Delving into the significance of the His289Tyr single-nucleotide polymorphism in the glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate-1 ( Grik1) gene of a genetically audiogenic seizure model. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1322750. [PMID: 38249292 PMCID: PMC10797026 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1322750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities affecting glutamate receptors are central to excitatory overload-driven neuronal mechanisms that culminate in seizures, making them pivotal targets in epilepsy research. Increasingly used to advance this field, the genetically audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) exhibits generalized seizures triggered by high-intensity acoustic stimulation and harbors significant genetic variants recently identified through whole-exome sequencing. Here, we addressed the influence of the missense single-nucleotide polymorphism (C9586732T, p.His289Tyr) in the glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate-1 (Grik1) gene and its implications for the GASH/Sal seizure susceptibility. Using a protein 3D structure prediction, we showed a potential effect of this sequence variation, located in the amino-terminal domain, on the stability and/or conformation of the kainate receptor subunit-1 protein (GluK1). We further employed a multi-technique approach, encompassing gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in bright-field and confocal fluorescence microscopy, to investigate critical seizure-associated brain regions in GASH/Sal animals under seizure-free conditions compared to matched wild-type controls. We detected disruptions in the transcriptional profile of the Grik1 gene within the audiogenic seizure-associated neuronal network. Alterations in GluK1 protein levels were also observed in various brain structures, accompanied by an unexpected lower molecular weight band in the inferior and superior colliculi. This correlated with substantial disparities in GluK1-immunolabeling distribution across multiple brain regions, including the cerebellum, hippocampus, subdivisions of the inferior and superior colliculi, and the prefrontal cortex. Notably, the diffuse immunolabeling accumulated within perikarya, axonal fibers and terminals, exhibiting a prominent concentration in proximity to the cell nucleus. This suggests potential disturbances in the GluK1-trafficking mechanism, which could subsequently affect glutamate synaptic transmission. Overall, our study sheds light on the genetic underpinnings of seizures and underscores the importance of investigating the molecular mechanisms behind synaptic dysfunction in epileptic neural networks, laying a crucial foundation for future research and therapeutic strategies targeting GluK1-containing kainate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Díaz-Rodríguez
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Neurological Tissue Bank INCYL (BTN-INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Peral
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Bogdanović N, Segura-Covarrubias G, Zhang L, Tajima N. Structural dynamics of GluK2 kainate receptors in apo and partial agonist bound states. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3592604. [PMID: 38076992 PMCID: PMC10705692 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3592604/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that regulate neurotransmitter release and excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. While KARs share overall architectures with other iGluR subfamilies, their dynamics are significantly different from those of other iGluRs. KARs are activated by both full and partial agonists. While there is less efficacy with partial agonists than with full agonists, the detailed mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of homomeric rat GluK2 KARs in the absence of ligands (apo) and in complex with a partial agonist. Intriguingly, the apo state KARs were captured in desensitized conformation. This structure confirms the KAR desensitization prior to activation. Structures of KARs complexed to the partial agonist domoate populate in domoate bound desensitized and non-active/non-desensitized states. These previously unseen intermediate structures highlight the molecular mechanism of partial agonism in KARs. Additionally, we show how N-glycans stabilized the ligand-binding domain dimer via cation/anion binding and modulated receptor gating properties using electrophysiology. Our findings provide vital structural and functional insights into the unique KAR gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Bogdanović
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Guadalupe Segura-Covarrubias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Nami Tajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
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7
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Chałupnik P, Szymańska E. Kainate Receptor Antagonists: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1908. [PMID: 36768227 PMCID: PMC9916396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, ionotropic glutamate receptors have served as an outstanding target for drug discovery research aimed at the discovery of new neurotherapeutic agents. With the recent approval of perampanel, the first marketed non-competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors, particular interest has been directed toward 'non-NMDA' (AMPA and kainate) receptor inhibitors. Although the role of AMPA receptors in the development of neurological or psychiatric disorders has been well recognized and characterized, progress in understanding the function of kainate receptors (KARs) has been hampered, mainly due to the lack of specific and selective pharmacological tools. The latest findings in the biology of KA receptors indicate that they are involved in neurophysiological activity and play an important role in both health and disease, including conditions such as anxiety, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and migraine. Therefore, we reviewed recent advances in the field of competitive and non-competitive kainate receptor antagonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Due to the high level of structural divergence among the compounds described here, we decided to divide them into seven groups according to their overall structure, presenting a total of 72 active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Szymańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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8
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Jatzlau J, Burdzinski W, Trumpp M, Obendorf L, Roßmann K, Ravn K, Hyvönen M, Bottanelli F, Broichhagen J, Knaus P. A versatile Halo- and SNAP-tagged BMP/TGFβ receptor library for quantification of cell surface ligand binding. Commun Biol 2023; 6:34. [PMID: 36635368 PMCID: PMC9837045 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβs, BMPs and Activins regulate numerous developmental and homeostatic processes and signal through hetero-tetrameric receptor complexes composed of two types of serine/threonine kinase receptors. Each of the 33 different ligands possesses unique affinities towards specific receptor types. However, the lack of specific tools hampered simultaneous testing of ligand binding towards all BMP/TGFβ receptors. Here we present a N-terminally Halo- and SNAP-tagged TGFβ/BMP receptor library to visualize receptor complexes in dual color. In combination with fluorescently labeled ligands, we established a Ligand Surface Binding Assay (LSBA) for optical quantification of receptor-dependent ligand binding in a cellular context. We highlight that LSBA is generally applicable to test (i) binding of different ligands such as Activin A, TGFβ1 and BMP9, (ii) for mutant screens and (iii) evolutionary comparisons. This experimental set-up opens opportunities for visualizing ligand-receptor binding dynamics, essential to determine signaling specificity and is easily adaptable for other receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Jatzlau
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiktor Burdzinski
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Trumpp
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leon Obendorf
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kilian Roßmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Ravn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Petra Knaus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Yan Q, Li W, Gong X, Hu R, Chen L. Transcriptomic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated gluk2 Knockout in Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081441. [PMID: 36011351 PMCID: PMC9408333 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a subtype of kainite receptors (KARs), GluK2 plays a role in the perception of cold in the periphery sensory neuron. However, the molecular mechanism for gluk2 on the cold stress in fish has not been reported. In this article, real-time PCR assays showed that gluk2 was highly expressed in the brain and eyes of adult zebrafish. To study the functions of gluk2, gene knockout was carried out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. According to RNA-seq analysis, we selected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that had significant differences in at least three tissues of the liver, gill, intestine, skin, brain, and eyes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that cry1ba, cry2, per1b, per2, hsp70.1, hsp70.2, hsp70l, hsp90aa1.1, hsp90aa1.2, hspb1, trpv1, slc27a1b, park2, ucp3, and METRNL were significantly enriched in the ‘Response to temperature stimulus’ pathway. Through behavioral phenotyping assay, the gluk2−/− larval mutant displayed obvious deficiency in cold stress. Furthermore, TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) staining proved that the gill apoptosis of gluk2−/− mutant was increased approximately 60 times compared with the wild-type after gradient cooling to 8 °C for 15 h. Overall, our data suggested that gluk2 was necessary for cold tolerance in zebrafish.
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10
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Taniguchi S, Stolz JR, Swanson GT. The Antiseizure Drug Perampanel Is a Subunit-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator of Kainate Receptors. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5499-5509. [PMID: 35654603 PMCID: PMC9295835 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2397-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Perampanel (PMP) is a third-generation antiseizure drug reported to be a potent and selective noncompetitive negative allosteric modulator of one subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR), the α-amino-3-hydroxy-S-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). However, the recent structural resolution of AMPARs in complex with PMP revealed that its binding pocket is formed from residues that are largely conserved in two members of another family of iGluRs, the GluK4 and GluK5 kainate receptor (KAR) subunits. We show here that PMP inhibits both recombinant and neuronal KARs, contrary to the previous reports, and that the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) activity requires GluK5 subunits to be channel constituents. PMP inhibited heteromeric GluK1/GluK5 and GluK2/GluK5 KARs at IC50 values comparable to that for AMPA receptors but was much less potent on homomeric GluK1 or GluK2 KARs. The auxiliary subunits Neto1 or Neto2 also made GluK2-containing KARs more sensitive to inhibition. Finally, PMP inhibited mouse neuronal KARs containing GluK5 subunits and Neto proteins in nociceptive dorsal root ganglia neurons and hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal neuron synapses. These data suggest that clinical actions of PMP could arise from differential inhibition of AMPAR or KAR signaling and that more selective drugs might maintain antiseizure efficacy while reducing adverse effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT PMP is a regulatory approved antiseizure drug used for refractory partial-onset and generalized tonic-clonic seizures that acts as a selective negative allosteric modulator of AMPARs. Here, we demonstrate that PMP inhibits KARs, a second family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, in addition to AMPARs. NAM activity on KARs required GluK5 subunits or Neto auxiliary subunits as channel constituents. KAR inhibition, therefore, could contribute to PMP antiseizure action or the adverse effects that are significant with this drug. Drug discovery aimed at more selective allosteric modulators that discriminate between AMPARs and KARs could yield next-generation drugs with improved therapeutic profiles for treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jacob R Stolz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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11
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Poulie CBM, Larsen Y, Leteneur C, Barthet G, Bjørn-Yoshimoto WE, Malhaire F, Nielsen B, Pin JP, Mulle C, Pickering DS, Bunch L. ( S)-2-Mercaptohistidine: A First Selective Orthosteric GluK3 Antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1580-1587. [PMID: 35475632 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of tool compounds for the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) remains an important research objective, as these are essential for the study and understanding of the roles of these receptors in health and disease. Herein, we report on the pharmacological characterization of (S)-2-hydroxyhistidine (2a) and (S)-2-mercaptohistidine (2b) as mediators of glutamatergic neurotransmission. While 2a displayed negligible binding affinity or activity at all glutamate receptors and transporters investigated, 2b displayed selectivity for homomeric GluK3 with binding affinities in the low micromolar range (Ki = 6.42 ± 0.74 μM). The iGluR subtype selectivity ratio for 2b was calculated at ∼30-fold for GluK1/GluK3, GluA3/GluK3, and GluA4/GluK3 and >100-fold for GluK2/GluK3, GluA1/GluK3, and GluA2/GluK3. Unexpectedly, functional characterization of 2b revealed that the compound is an antagonist (Kb = 7.6 μM) at homomeric GluK3 receptors while exhibiting only weak agonist activity at GluA2 (EC50 = 3.25 ± 0.55 mM). The functional properties of 2b were explored further in electrophysiological recordings of mouse hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B. M. Poulie
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Younes Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cindie Leteneur
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaël Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Walden E. Bjørn-Yoshimoto
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fanny Malhaire
- IGF, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Phillippe Pin
- IGF, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Darryl S. Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Birke R, Ast J, Roosen DA, Lee J, Roßmann K, Huhn C, Mathes B, Lisurek M, Bushiri D, Sun H, Jones B, Lehmann M, Levitz J, Haucke V, Hodson DJ, Broichhagen J. Sulfonated red and far-red rhodamines to visualize SNAP- and Halo-tagged cell surface proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5967-5980. [PMID: 35188523 PMCID: PMC9346974 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The (in)ability to permeate membranes is a key feature of chemical biology probes that defines their suitability for specific applications. Here we report sulfonated rhodamines that endow xanthene dyes with cellular impermeability for analysis of surface proteins. We fuse charged sulfonates to red and far-red dyes to obtain Sulfo549 and Sulfo646, respectively, and further link these to benzylguanine and choloralkane substrates for SNAP-tag and Halo-tag labelling. Sulfonated rhodamine-conjugated fluorophores maintain desirable photophysical properties, such as brightness and photostability. While transfected cells with a nuclear localized SNAP-tag remain unlabelled, extracellular exposed tags can be cleanly visualized. By multiplexing with a permeable rhodamine, we are able to differentiate extra- and intracellular SNAP- and Halo-tags, including those installed on the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, a prototypical class B G protein-coupled receptor. Sulfo549 and Sulfo646 also labelled transfected neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), allowing STED nanoscopy of the axonal membrane. Together, this work provides a new avenue for rendering dyes impermeable for exclusive extracellular visualization via self-labelling protein tags. We anticipate that Sulfo549, Sulfo646 and their congeners will be useful for a number of cell biology applications where labelling of intracellular sites interferes with accurate surface protein analysis. Sulfonated rhodamine dyes allow SNAP- and Halo-tag labelling of cell surface protein fusions. A far-red version can be used for STED nanoscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Birke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dorien A. Roosen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kilian Roßmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Huhn
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Mathes
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lisurek
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Bushiri
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Han Sun
- Structural Chemistry and Computational Biophysics, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Volker Haucke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Neural communication and modulation are complex processes. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) significantly contribute to mediating the fast-excitatory branch of neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. Kainate receptors (KARs), a subfamily of the iGluRs, act as modulators of the neuronal circuitry by playing important roles at both the post- and presynaptic sites of specific neurons. The functional tetrameric receptors are formed by two different gene families, low agonist affinity (GluK1-GluK3) and high agonist affinity (GluK4-GluK5) subunits. These receptors garnered attention in the past three decades, and since then, much work has been done to understand their localization, interactome, physiological functions, and regulation. Cloning of the receptor subunits (GluK1-GluK5) in the early 1990s led to recombinant expression of kainate receptors in heterologous systems. This facilitated understanding of the functional differences between subunit combinations, splice variants, trafficking, and drug discovery. Structural studies of individual domains and recent full-length homomeric and heteromeric kainate receptors have revealed unique functional mechanisms, which have answered several long-standing questions in the field of kainate receptor biology. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of kainate receptors and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Dhingra
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Juhi Yadav
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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14
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Ast J, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ. Reagents and models for detecting endogenous GLP1R and GIPR. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103739. [PMID: 34911028 PMCID: PMC8669301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists target the GLP1R, whereas dual GLP1R/ gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonists target both the GLP1R and GIPR. Despite the importance of these drug classes for the treatment of diabetes and obesity, still very little is known about the localization of GLP1R and GIPR themselves. Complicating matters is the low abundance of GLP1R and GIPR mRNA/protein, as well as a lack of specific and validated reagents for their detection. Without knowing where GLP1R and GIPR are located, it is difficult to propose mechanisms of action in the various target organs, and whether this is indirect or direct. In the current review, we will explain the steps needed to properly validate reagents for endogenous GLP1R/GIPR detection, describe the available approaches to visualize GLP1R/GIPR, and provide an update on the state-of-art. The overall aim is to provide a reference resource for researchers interested in GLP1R and GIPR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
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