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Kubagawa H, Mahmoudi Aliabadi P, Al-Qaisi K, Jani PK, Honjo K, Izui S, Radbruch A, Melchers F. Functions of IgM fc receptor (FcµR) related to autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2323563. [PMID: 38465789 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2323563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Unlike Fc receptors for switched immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, Fc receptor for IgM (FcµR) is selectively expressed by lymphocytes. The ablation of the FcµR gene in mice impairs B cell tolerance as evidenced by concomitant production of autoantibodies of IgM and IgG isotypes. In this essay, we reiterate the autoimmune phenotypes observed in mutant mice, ie IgM homeostasis, dysregulated humoral immune responses including autoantibodies, and Mott cell formation. We also propose the potential phenotypes in individuals with FCMR deficiency and the model for FcµR-mediated regulation of self-reactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Gómez Hernández G, Domínguez T, Galicia G, Morell M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Bank1 modulates the differentiation and molecular profile of key B cell populations in autoimmunity. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e179417. [PMID: 39163122 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.179417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at defining the role of the B cell adaptor protein BANK1 in the appearance of age-associated B cells (ABCs) in 2 SLE mouse models (TLR7.tg6 and imiquimod-induced mice), crossed with Bank1-/- mice. The absence of Bank1 led to a significant reduction in ABC levels, also affecting other B cell populations. To gain deeper insights into their differentiation pathway and the effect of Bank1 on B cell populations, a single-cell transcriptome assay was performed. In the TLR7.tg6 model, we identified 10 clusters within B cells, including an ABC-specific cluster that was decreased in Bank1-deficient mice. In its absence, ABCs exhibited an antiinflammatory gene expression profile, while being proinflammatory in Bank1-sufficient lupus-prone mice. Trajectory analyses revealed that ABCs originated from marginal zone and memory-like B cells, ultimately acquiring transcriptional characteristics associated with atypical memory cells and long-lived plasma cells. Also, Bank1 deficiency normalized the presence of naive B cells, which were nearly absent in lupus-prone mice. Interestingly, Bank1 deficiency significantly reduced a distinct cluster containing IFN-responsive genes. These findings underscore the critical role of Bank1 in ABC development, affecting early B cell stages toward ABC differentiation, and the presence of IFN-stimulated gene-containing B cells, both populations determinant for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gómez Hernández
- Department of Functional Genomics, GENyO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Toro Domínguez
- Department of Functional Genomics, GENyO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Georgina Galicia
- Department of Functional Genomics, GENyO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - María Morell
- Department of Functional Genomics, GENyO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Department of Functional Genomics, GENyO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Morandini F, Rechsteiner C, Perez K, Praz V, Lopez Garcia G, Hinte LC, von Meyenn F, Ocampo A. ATAC-clock: An aging clock based on chromatin accessibility. GeroScience 2024; 46:1789-1806. [PMID: 37924441 PMCID: PMC10828344 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of aging clocks highlighted the strong link between changes in DNA methylation and aging. Yet, it is not known if other epigenetic features could be used to predict age accurately. Furthermore, previous studies have observed a lack of effect of age-related changes in DNA methylation on gene expression, putting the interpretability of DNA methylation-based aging clocks into question. In this study, we explore the use of chromatin accessibility to construct aging clocks. We collected blood from 159 human donors and generated chromatin accessibility, transcriptomic, and cell composition data. We investigated how chromatin accessibility changes during aging and constructed a novel aging clock with a median absolute error of 5.27 years. The changes in chromatin accessibility used by the clock were strongly related to transcriptomic alterations, aiding clock interpretation. We additionally show that our chromatin accessibility clock performs significantly better than a transcriptomic clock trained on matched samples. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the clock relies on cell-intrinsic chromatin accessibility alterations rather than changes in cell composition. Further, we present a new approach to construct epigenetic aging clocks based on chromatin accessibility, which bear a direct link to age-related transcriptional alterations, but which allow for more accurate age predictions than transcriptomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheyenne Rechsteiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Perez
- EPITERNA SA, Route de la Corniche 5, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Praz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo Lopez Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Departamento de Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Computación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura C Hinte
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- EPITERNA SA, Route de la Corniche 5, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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4
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Florova M, Abreu-Mota T, Paesen GC, Beetschen AS, Cornille K, Marx AF, Narr K, Sahin M, Dimitrova M, Swarnalekha N, Beil-Wagner J, Savic N, Pelczar P, Buch T, King CG, Bowden TA, Pinschewer DD. Central tolerance shapes the neutralizing B cell repertoire against a persisting virus in its natural host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318657121. [PMID: 38446855 PMCID: PMC10945855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318657121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral mimicry of host cell structures has been postulated to curtail the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire against persisting viruses through tolerance mechanisms. This concept awaits, however, experimental testing in a setting of natural virus-host relationship. We engineered mouse models expressing a monoclonal BCR specific for the envelope glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a naturally persisting mouse pathogen. When the heavy chain of the LCMV-neutralizing antibody KL25 was paired with its unmutated ancestor light chain, most B cells underwent receptor editing, a behavior reminiscent of autoreactive clones. In contrast, monoclonal B cells expressing the same heavy chain in conjunction with the hypermutated KL25 light chain did not undergo receptor editing but exhibited low levels of surface IgM, suggesting that light chain hypermutation had lessened KL25 autoreactivity. Upon viral challenge, these IgMlow cells were not anergic but up-regulated IgM, participated in germinal center reactions, produced antiviral antibodies, and underwent immunoglobulin class switch as well as further affinity maturation. These studies on a persisting virus in its natural host species suggest that central tolerance mechanisms prune the protective antiviral B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Florova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sophia Beetschen
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Narr
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Jane Beil-Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Savic
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Basel4001, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G. King
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
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5
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Ottens K, Schneider J, Satterthwaite AB. B-1a Cells, but Not Marginal Zone B Cells, Are Implicated in the Accumulation of Autoreactive Plasma Cells in Lyn-/- Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:47-56. [PMID: 38189742 PMCID: PMC10835670 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in Lyn, a tyrosine kinase that limits B cell activation, develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by the accumulation of splenic plasma cells and the production of autoantibodies. Lyn-/- mice have reduced numbers of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a B cell subset that is enriched in autoreactivity and prone to plasma cell differentiation. We hypothesized that this is due to unchecked terminal differentiation of this potentially pathogenic B cell subpopulation. However, impairing MZ B cell development in Lyn-/- mice did not reduce plasma cell accumulation or autoantibodies, and preventing plasma cell differentiation did not restore MZ B cell numbers. Instead, Lyn-/- mice accumulated B-1a cells when plasma cell differentiation was impaired. Similar to MZ B cells, B-1a cells tend to be polyreactive or weakly autoreactive and are primed for terminal differentiation. Our results implicate B-1a cells, but not MZ B cells, as contributors to the autoreactive plasma cell pool in Lyn-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jalyn Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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6
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Smit V, de Mol J, Schaftenaar FH, Depuydt MAC, Postel RJ, Smeets D, Verheijen FWM, Bogers L, van Duijn J, Verwilligen RAF, Grievink HW, Bernabé Kleijn MNA, van Ingen E, de Jong MJM, Goncalves L, Peeters JAHM, Smeets HJ, Wezel A, Polansky JK, de Winther MPJ, Binder CJ, Tsiantoulas D, Bot I, Kuiper J, Foks AC. Single-cell profiling reveals age-associated immunity in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2508-2521. [PMID: 37390467 PMCID: PMC10676459 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aging is a dominant driver of atherosclerosis and induces a series of immunological alterations, called immunosenescence. Given the demographic shift towards elderly, elucidating the unknown impact of aging on the immunological landscape in atherosclerosis is highly relevant. While the young Western diet-fed Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mouse is a widely used model to study atherosclerosis, it does not reflect the gradual plaque progression in the context of an aging immune system as occurs in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that aging promotes advanced atherosclerosis in chow diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice, with increased incidence of calcification and cholesterol crystals. We observed systemic immunosenescence, including myeloid skewing and T-cells with more extreme effector phenotypes. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry on aortic leucocytes of young vs. aged Ldlr-/- mice, we show age-related shifts in expression of genes involved in atherogenic processes, such as cellular activation and cytokine production. We identified age-associated cells with pro-inflammatory features, including GzmK+CD8+ T-cells and previously in atherosclerosis undefined CD11b+CD11c+T-bet+ age-associated B-cells (ABCs). ABCs of Ldlr-/- mice showed high expression of genes involved in plasma cell differentiation, co-stimulation, and antigen presentation. In vitro studies supported that ABCs are highly potent antigen-presenting cells. In cardiovascular disease patients, we confirmed the presence of these age-associated T- and B-cells in atherosclerotic plaques and blood. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we are the first to provide comprehensive profiling of aged immunity in atherosclerotic mice and reveal the emergence of age-associated T- and B-cells in the atherosclerotic aorta. Further research into age-associated immunity may contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools to combat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Smit
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jill de Mol
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank H Schaftenaar
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rimke J Postel
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diede Smeets
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fenne W M Verheijen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens Bogers
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janine van Duijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika W Grievink
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia N A Bernabé Kleijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Ingen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike J M de Jong
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Goncalves
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A H M Peeters
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers—location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT25.2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT25.2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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McCaw TR, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Clonal redemption of B cells in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277597. [PMID: 37965337 PMCID: PMC10640973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentially self-reactive B cells constitute a large portion of the peripheral B cell repertoire in both mice and humans. Maintenance of autoreactive B cell populations could conceivably be detrimental to the host but their conservation throughout evolution suggests performance of a critical and beneficial immune function. We discuss herein how the process of clonal redemption may provide insight to preservation of an autoreactive B cell pool in the context of infection and autoimmunity. Clonal redemption refers to additional recombination or hypermutation events decreasing affinity for self-antigen, while increasing affinity for foreign antigens. We then review findings in murine models and human patients to consider whether clonal redemption may be able to provide tumor antigen-specific B cells and how this may or may not predispose patients to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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8
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Wing E, Sutherland C, Miles K, Gray D, Goodyear CS, Otto TD, Breusch S, Cowan G, Gray M. Double-negative-2 B cells are the major synovial plasma cell precursor in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241474. [PMID: 37638026 PMCID: PMC10450142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are key pathogenic drivers of chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is limited understanding of the relationship between synovial B cell subsets and pathogenic antibody secreting cells (ASCs). This knowledge is crucial for the development of more targeted B-cell depleting therapies. While CD11c+ double-negative 2 (DN2) B cells have been suggested as an ASC precursor in lupus, to date there is no proven link between the two subsets in RA. We have used both single-cell gene expression and BCR sequencing to study synovial B cells from patients with established RA, in addition to flow cytometry of circulating B cells. To better understand the differentiation patterns within the diseased tissue, a combination of RNA-based trajectory inference and clonal lineage analysis of BCR relationships were used. Both forms of analysis indicated that DN2 B cells serve as a major precursors to synovial ASCs. This study advances our understanding of B cells in RA and reveals the origin of pathogenic ASCs in the RA synovium. Given the significant role of DN2 B cells as a progenitor to pathogenic B cells in RA, it is important to conduct additional research to investigate the origins of DN2 B cells in RA and explore their potential as therapeutic targets in place of the less specific pan-B cells depletion therapies currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Wing
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Sutherland
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Miles
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Breusch
- Orthopaedic Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Cowan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Lee S, Yang JI, Lee JH, Lee HW, Kim TJ. Low-Level Expression of CD138 Marks Naturally Arising Anergic B Cells. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e50. [PMID: 36627940 PMCID: PMC9807963 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are not entirely deleted, but some remain as immunocompetent or anergic B cells. Although the persistence of autoreactive B cells as anergic cells has been shown in transgenic mouse models with the expression of B cell receptor (BCR) reactive to engineered self-antigen, the characterization of naturally occurring anergic B cells is important to identify them and understand their contribution to immune regulation or autoimmune diseases. We report here that a low-level expression of CD138 in the splenic B cells marks naturally arising anergic B cells, not plasma cells. The CD138int B cells consisted of IgMlowIgDhigh follicular (FO) B cells and transitional 3 B cells in homeostatic conditions. The CD138int FO B cells showed an anergic gene expression profile shared with that of monoclonal anergic B cells expressing engineered BCRs and the gene expression profile was different from those of plasma cells, age-associated B cells, or germinal center B cells. The anergic state of the CD138int FO B cells was confirmed by attenuated Ca2+ response and failure to upregulate CD69 upon BCR engagement with anti-IgM, anti-IgD, anti-Igκ, or anti-IgG. The BCR repertoire of the CD138int FO B cells was distinct from that of the CD138- FO B cells and included some class-switched B cells with low-level somatic mutations. These findings demonstrate the presence of polyclonal anergic B cells in the normal mice that are characterized by low-level expression of CD138, IgM downregulation, reduced Ca2+ and CD69 responses upon BCR engagement, and distinct BCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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10
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Kumánovics A, Sadighi Akha AA. Flow cytometry for B-cell subset analysis in immunodeficiencies. J Immunol Methods 2022; 509:113327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Mouat IC, Goldberg E, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:402. [PMID: 35798993 PMCID: PMC9263041 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a transcriptionally and functionally unique B cell population. In addition to arising with age and following infection, ABCs are expanded during autoimmune disease, including those with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The exact nature of how ABCs impact disease remains unclear. Here, we review what is known regarding ABC development and distribution during diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We discuss possible mechanisms by which ABCs could contribute to disease, including the production of cytokines and autoantibodies or stimulation of T cells. Finally, we speculate on how ABCs might act as mediators between sex, infection, and autoimmune disease, and discuss avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Hiwa R, Brooks JF, Mueller JL, Nielsen HV, Zikherman J. NR4A nuclear receptors in T and B lymphocytes: Gatekeepers of immune tolerance . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:116-133. [PMID: 35174510 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Random VDJ recombination early in T and B cell development enables the adaptive immune system to recognize a vast array of evolving pathogens via antigen receptors. However, the potential of such randomly generated TCRs and BCRs to recognize and respond to self-antigens requires layers of tolerance mechanisms to mitigate the risk of life-threatening autoimmunity. Since they were originally cloned more than three decades ago, the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors have been implicated in many critical aspects of immune tolerance, including negative selection of thymocytes, peripheral T cell tolerance, regulatory T cells (Treg), and most recently in peripheral B cell tolerance. In this review, we discuss important insights from many laboratories as well as our own group into the function and mechanisms by which this small class of primary response genes promotes self-tolerance and immune homeostasis to balance the need for host defense against the inherent risks posed by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hiwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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