1
|
Pranoto IKA, Kwon YV. Protocol to analyze Drosophila intestinal tumor cellular heterogeneity using immunofluorescence imaging and nuclear size quantification. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102946. [PMID: 38470911 PMCID: PMC10945268 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Drosophila intestinal tumors show an extended cellular heterogeneity. We devise a protocol to assess tumor cell heterogeneity by employing nuclear size measurement and immunofluorescence-based cell lineage analysis. We describe steps for intestinal dissection, staining, and imaging, followed by detailed procedures for nuclear size analysis. This approach detects overall heterogeneity across the entire tumor cell population and deviations within specific cell populations. The procedure is also applicable for analyzing the heterogeneity of wild-type intestinal cells in various contexts. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pranoto et al.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Young V Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Destoumieux-Garzón D, Montagnani C, Dantan L, Nicolas NDS, Travers MA, Duperret L, Charrière GM, Toulza E, Mitta G, Cosseau C, Escoubas JM. Cross-talk and mutual shaping between the immune system and the microbiota during an oyster's life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230065. [PMID: 38497271 PMCID: PMC10945412 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas lives in microbe-rich marine coastal systems subjected to rapid environmental changes. It harbours a diversified and fluctuating microbiota that cohabits with immune cells expressing a diversified immune gene repertoire. In the early stages of oyster development, just after fertilization, the microbiota plays a key role in educating the immune system. Exposure to a rich microbial environment at the larval stage leads to an increase in immune competence throughout the life of the oyster, conferring a better protection against pathogenic infections at later juvenile/adult stages. This beneficial effect, which is intergenerational, is associated with epigenetic remodelling. At juvenile stages, the educated immune system participates in the control of the homeostasis. In particular, the microbiota is fine-tuned by oyster antimicrobial peptides acting through specific and synergistic effects. However, this balance is fragile, as illustrated by the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a disease causing mass mortalities in oysters worldwide. In this disease, the weakening of oyster immune defences by OsHV-1 µVar virus induces a dysbiosis leading to fatal sepsis. This review illustrates the continuous interaction between the highly diversified oyster immune system and its dynamic microbiota throughout its life, and the importance of this cross-talk for oyster health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Noémie de San Nicolas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Léo Duperret
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Ifremer, IRD, ILM, Université de Polynésie Française, UMR EIO, Vairao 98179, French Polynesia
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Q, Wang F, Tang L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Jin M, Fu A, Li W. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 alleviated intestinal damage induced by inflammatory via modulating intestinal microbiota and intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111675. [PMID: 38377852 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our research was to investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 on growth performance, immune status, intestinal stem cells (ISC) proliferation and differentiation, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. Twelve piglets (male, 21 days old, 6.11 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly allocated to CON and SC06 (1 × 108 cfu/kg to diet) groups. This experiment lasted three weeks. Our results showed that SC06 increased (P < 0.05) growth performance and reduced the diarrhea rate in weaned piglets. In addition, SC06 increased intestinal morphology and interleukin (IL)-10 levels, and decreased (P < 0.01) necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels in jejunum and serum. Moreover, weaning piglets fed SC06 had a better balance of colonic microbiota, with an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus. Furthermore, SC06 enhanced ISCs proliferation and induced its differentiation to goblet cells via activating wnt/β-catenin pathway in weaned piglets and intestinal organoid. Taken together, SC06 supplementation improved the growth performance and decreased inflammatory response of piglets by modulating intestinal microbiota, thereby accelerating ISC proliferation and differentiation and promoting epithelial barrier healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Huzhou Kangyou Co., Ltd, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Aikun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Huzhou Kangyou Co., Ltd, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China.
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Huzhou Kangyou Co., Ltd, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Wang F, Zhou Y, Li X, Xu S, Jin Q, Li W. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 Relieving Intestinal Inflammation by Modulating Intestinal Stem Cells Proliferation and Differentiation via AhR/STAT3 Pathway in LPS-Challenged Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6096-6109. [PMID: 38484112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a well-accepted probiotic, with many benefits for both humans and animals. The ability of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to develop into several intestinal epithelial cell types helps accelerate intestinal epithelial regeneration. Limited knowledge exists on how bacteria regulated ISCs proliferation and regeneration. Our study investigated the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation on ISC proliferation and regeneration and intestinal mucosal barrier functions in piglets exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Eighteen piglets (male, 21 days old) were randomly split into 3 clusters: CON cluster, LPS cluster, and SC06+LPS cluster. On day 21, 100 μg/kg body weight of LPS was intraperitoneally administered to the SC06+LPS and LPS groups. We found SC06 supplementation maintained the intestinal barrier integrity, enhanced intestinal antioxidant capacity, reduced generation of inflammatory response, and suppressed enterocyte apoptosis against the deleterious effects triggered by LPS. In addition, our research indicated that the SC06 supplementation not only improved the ISC regeneration, but also resulted in upregulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in LPS-challenge piglets. Further studies showed that SC06 also induced ISC differentiation toward goblet cells and inhibited their differentiation to intestinal absorptive cells and enterocytes. The coculture system of SC06 and ileum organoids revealed that SC06 increased the growth of ISCs and repaired LPS-induced organoid damage through activating the AhR/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings showed that SC06, possibly through the AhR/STAT3 pathway, accelerated ISC proliferation and promoted epithelial barrier healing, providing a potential clinical treatment for IBD. Our research demonstrated that SC06 is effective in preventing intestinal epithelial damage after pathological injury, restoring intestinal homeostasis, and maintaining intestinal epithelial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shujie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Zhang G, Li Q, Lu F, Yang K, Dai X. Carrageenan oligosaccharide alleviates intestinal damage via gut microflora through activating IMD/relish pathway in female Drosophila melanogaster. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23455. [PMID: 38308636 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301218r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the anti-inflammatory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharides (COS). The effects of COS on intestinal injury induced by 0.6% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the molecular mechanisms involved were investigated in this study. 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/mL COS in diet had no toxic effect in flies, and they could all prolong SDS-treated female flies' survival rate. 1.25 mg/mL COS prevented the development of inflammation by improving the intestinal barrier integrity and maintaining the intestinal morphology stability, inhibited the proliferation of intestine stem cells (ISCs), and the production of lysosomes induced by SDS, accompanied by a decrease in the expression of autophagy-related genes. Moreover, COS decreased the active oxygen species (ROS) content in gut and increased the antioxidant activity in SDS-induced female flies, while COS still played a role in increasing survival rate and decreasing intestinal leakage in CncC-RNAi flies. The improvement of anti-inflammation capacity may be associated with the regulation of intestinal microflora with COS supplementation for Drosophila melanogaster. COS changed the gut microbiota composition, and COS had no effect on germ-free (GF) flies. It is highlighted that COS could not work in Relish-RNAi flies, indicating relish is required for COS to perform beneficial effects. These results provide insights into the study of gut microbiota interacting with COS to modulate intestinal inflammation in specific hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangyuan Lu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianjun Dai
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohan S, Hakami MA, Dailah HG, Khalid A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA. Bridging autoimmunity and epigenetics: The influence of lncRNA MALAT1. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155041. [PMID: 38199135 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders represent a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions defined by an immune system's atypical reactivity against endogenous constituents. In the complex anatomy of autoimmune pathogenesis, lncRNAs have appeared as pivotal arbiters orchestrating the mechanisms of ailment initiation, immune cascades, and transcriptional modulation. One such lncRNA, MALAT1, has garnered attention for its potential association with the aetiology of several autoimmune diseases. MALAT1 has been shown to influence a wide spectrum of cellular processes, which include cell multiplication and specialization, as well as apoptosis and inflammation. In autoimmune diseases, MALAT1 exhibits both disease-specific and shared patterns of dysregulation, often correlating with disease severity. The molecular mechanisms underlying MALAT1's impact on autoimmune disorders include epigenetic modifications, alternative splicing, and modulation of gene expression networks. Additionally, MALAT1's intricate interactions with microRNAs, other lncRNAs, and protein-coding genes further underscore its role in immune regulation and autoimmune disease progression. Understanding the contribution of MALAT1 in autoimmune pathogenesis across different diseases could offer valuable insights into shared pathways, thereby clearing a path for the creation of innovative and enhanced therapeutic approaches to address these complex disorders. This review aims to elucidate the complex role of MALAT1 in autoimmune disorders, encompassing rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of MALAT1 as a diagnostic biomarker, therapeutic target, and prognostic indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taracena-Agarwal ML, Hixson B, Nandakumar S, Girard-Mejia AP, Chen RY, Huot L, Padilla N, Buchon N. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes adjusts cell proliferation and endoreplication to respond to physiological challenges. BMC Biol 2024; 22:22. [PMID: 38281940 PMCID: PMC10823748 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause human diseases. Pathogen acquisition and transmission occur when female mosquitoes blood feed to acquire nutrients for reproduction. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes serves as the point of entry for transmissible viruses and parasites. RESULTS We studied midgut epithelial dynamics in five major mosquito vector species by quantifying PH3-positive cells (indicative of mitotic proliferation), the incorporation of nucleotide analogs (indicative of DNA synthesis accompanying proliferation and/or endoreplication), and the ploidy (by flow cytometry) of cell populations in the posterior midgut epithelium of adult females. Our results show that the epithelial dynamics of post-emergence maturation and of mature sugar-fed guts were similar in members of the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera. In the first three days post-emergence, ~ 20% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs, concurrent with both proliferative activity and a broad shift toward higher ploidy. In mature mosquitoes maintained on sugar, an average of 3.5% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs from five to eight days post-emergence, with a consistent presence of mitotic cells indicating constant cell turnover. Oral bacterial infection triggered a sharp increase in mitosis and nucleotide analog incorporation, suggesting that the mosquito midgut undergoes accelerated cellular turnover in response to damage. Finally, blood feeding resulted in an increase in cell proliferation, but the nature and intensity of the response varied by mosquito species and by blood source (human, bovine, avian or artificial). In An. gambiae, enterocytes appeared to reenter the cell cycle to increase ploidy after consuming blood from all sources except avian. CONCLUSIONS We saw that epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and endoreplication reshape the blood-fed gut to increase ploidy, possibly to facilitate increased metabolic activity. Our results highlight the plasticity of the midgut epithelium in mosquitoes' physiological responses to distinct challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Taracena-Agarwal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - B Hixson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - S Nandakumar
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - A P Girard-Mejia
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - R Y Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - L Huot
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA
| | - N Padilla
- Grupo de Biología y Control de Vectores, Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | - N Buchon
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rana S, Singh P, Bhardwaj T, Somvanshi P. A Comprehensive Metagenome Study Identifies Distinct Biological Pathways in Asthma Patients: An In-Silico Approach. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10635-y. [PMID: 38285123 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a multifactorial disease with phenotypes and several clinical and pathophysiological characteristics. Besides innate and adaptive immune responses, the gut microbiome generates Treg cells, mediating the allergic response to environmental factors and exposure to allergens. Because of the complexity of asthma, microbiome analysis and other precision medicine methods are now widely regarded as essential elements of efficient disease therapy. An in-silico pipeline enables the comparative taxonomic profiling of 16S rRNA metagenomic profiles of 20 asthmatic patients and 15 healthy controls utilizing QIIME2. Further, PICRUSt supports downstream gene enrichment and pathway analysis, inferring the enriched pathways in a diseased state. A significant abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, Sutterella, and Megamonas is identified in asthma patients and a diminished genus Akkermansia. Nasal samples reveal a high relative abundance of Mycoplasma in the nasal samples. Further, differential functional profiling identifies the metabolic pathways related to cofactors and amino acids, secondary metabolism, and signaling pathways. These findings support that a combination of bacterial communities is involved in mediating the responses involved in chronic respiratory conditions like asthma by exerting their influence on various metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Rana
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences (SC&IS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, JNU Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences (SC&IS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, JNU Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Tulika Bhardwaj
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences (SC&IS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, JNU Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Special Centre of Systems Medicine (SCSM), Jawaharlal Nehru University, JNU Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao R, Hu Z, Zhang X, Huang S, Yu G, Wu Z, Yu W, Lu J, Ruan B. The oncogenic mechanisms of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in digestive tract tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38273295 PMCID: PMC10809652 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Digestive tract tumors are heterogeneous and involve the dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway plays a notable role in the oncogenesis of digestive tract tumors. Typically activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, it regulates important biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune responses, and inflammation. The aberrant activation of this pathway manifests in different forms, including mutations in JAKs, overexpression of cytokine receptors, and sustained STAT activation, and contributes to promoting the malignant characteristics of cancer cells, including uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, enhanced invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, acquisition of stem-like properties, and drug resistance. Numerous studies have shown that aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway is closely related to the development and progression of digestive tract tumors, contributing to tumor survival, angiogenesis, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and even immune escape processes. In addition, this signaling pathway also affects the sensitivity of digestive tract tumors to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehensively understand the oncogenic mechanisms underlying the JAK-STAT pathway in order to develop effective therapeutic strategies against digestive tract tumors. Currently, several JAK-STAT inhibitors are undergoing clinical and preclinical trials as potential treatments for various human diseases. However, further investigation is required to determine the role of this pathway, as well as the effectiveness and safety of its inhibitors, especially in the context of digestive tract tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure, classic activation, and negative regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Furthermore, we discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of JAK-STAT signaling in different digestive tract tumors, with the aim of identifying potential novel therapeutic targets. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Zhangmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Guodong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
| | - Bing Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan SA, Kojour MAM, Han YS. Recent trends in insect gut immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272143. [PMID: 38193088 PMCID: PMC10773798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful substances in their environment and diet. Distinct insect gut compartments possess unique functionalities contributing to their physiological processes, including immunity. The insect gut's cellular composition is vital for cellular and humoral immunity. The peritrophic membrane, mucus layer, lumen, microvilli, and various gut cells provide essential support for activating and regulating immune defense mechanisms. These components also secrete molecules and enzymes that are imperative in physiological activities. Additionally, the gut microbiota initiates various signaling pathways and produces vitamins and minerals that help maintain gut homeostasis. Distinct immune signaling pathways are activated within the gut when insects ingest pathogens or hazardous materials. The pathway induced depends on the infection or pathogen type; include immune deficiency (imd), Toll, JAK/STAT, Duox-ROS, and JNK/FOXO regulatory pathways. These pathways produce different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and maintain gut homeostasis. Furthermore, various signaling mechanisms within gut cells regulate insect gut recovery following infection. Although some questions regarding insect gut immunity in different species require additional study, this review provides insights into the insect gut's structure and composition, commensal microorganism roles in Drosophila melanogaster and Tenebrio molitor life cycles, different signaling pathways involved in gut immune systems, and the insect gut post-infection recovery through various signaling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohmmadie Kojour
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang M, Liu H, Huang M, Huang Y, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. Immunomodulatory functions of microorganisms in tissue regenerative healing. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:38-52. [PMID: 37816417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
External pathogenic microorganisms and commensal microorganisms in the body have either harmful or beneficial impacts on the regenerative repair of tissues, and the immune system plays a crucial regulatory role in this process. This review summarises our current understanding of microorganism-immune system interactions, with a focus on how these interactions impact the renewal and repair ability of tissues, including skin, bone, gut, liver, and nerves. This review concludes with a discussion of the mechanisms by which microbes act on various types of immune cells to affect tissue regeneration, offers potential strategies for using microbial therapies to enhance the regenerative repair function of tissues, and suggest novel therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microbiological communities have crucial impacts on human health and illness by participating in energy collection and storage and performing various metabolic processes. External pathogenic microorganisms and commensal microorganisms in the body have either harmful or beneficial impacts on the regenerative repair of tissues, and the immune system plays a critical regulatory role in this process. This study reviews the important correlation between microorganisms and the immune system and investigates the mechanism of various microorganism that participate in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs by modulating immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nagai H, Nagai LAE, Tasaki S, Nakato R, Umetsu D, Kuranaga E, Miura M, Nakajima Y. Nutrient-driven dedifferentiation of enteroendocrine cells promotes adaptive intestinal growth in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1764-1781.e10. [PMID: 37689060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-developmental organ resizing improves organismal fitness under constantly changing nutrient environments. Although stem cell abundance is a fundamental determinant of adaptive resizing, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains primarily limited to the regulation of stem cell division. Here, we demonstrate that nutrient fluctuation induces dedifferentiation in the Drosophila adult midgut to drive adaptive intestinal growth. From lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify a subpopulation of enteroendocrine (EE) cells that convert into functional intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to dietary glucose and amino acids by activating the JAK-STAT pathway. Genetic ablation of EE-derived ISCs severely impairs ISC expansion and midgut growth despite the retention of resident ISCs, and in silico modeling further indicates that EE dedifferentiation enables an efficient increase in the midgut cell number while maintaining epithelial cell composition. Our findings identify a physiologically induced dedifferentiation that ensures ISC expansion during adaptive organ growth in concert with nutrient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | | | - Sohei Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou J, Boutros M. Intestinal stem cells and their niches in homeostasis and disease. Cells Dev 2023; 175:203862. [PMID: 37271243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues such as the intestine harbor stem cells that have remarkable functional plasticity in response to a dynamic environment. To adapt to the environment, stem cells constantly receive information from their surrounding microenvironment (also called the 'niche') that instructs them how to adapt to changes. The Drosophila midgut shows morphological and functional similarities to the mammalian small intestine and has been a useful model system to study signaling events in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the Drosophila midgut regarding how stem cells communicate with microenvironmental niches including enteroblasts, enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells and visceral muscles to coordinate tissue regeneration and homeostasis. In addition, distant cells such as hemocytes or tracheal cells have been shown to interact with stem cells and influence the development of intestinal diseases. We discuss the contribution of stem cell niches in driving or counteracting disease progression, and review conceptual advances derived from the Drosophila intestine as a model for stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lamont RJ, Miller DP, Bagaitkar J. Illuminating the oral microbiome: cellular microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad045. [PMID: 37533213 PMCID: PMC10657920 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, VA23298, United States
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, OH43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, OH43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li S. Modulation of immunity by tryptophan microbial metabolites. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1209613. [PMID: 37521424 PMCID: PMC10382180 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1209613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, the 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway (also the Serotonin pathway), and the Microbial pathway. Of these, the Microbial Trp metabolic pathways in the gut have recently been extensively studied for their production of bioactive molecules. The gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism and immunity, and microbial Trp metabolites can influence the development and progression of various diseases, including inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer, by mediating the body's immunity. This review briefly outlines the crosstalk between gut microorganisms and Trp metabolism in the body, starting from the three metabolic pathways of Trp. The mechanisms by which microbial Trp metabolites act on organism immunity are summarized, and the potential implications for disease prevention and treatment are highlighted.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pani G. Fusobacterium & Co. at the Stem of Cancer: Microbe-Cancer Stem Cell Interactions in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092583. [PMID: 37174049 PMCID: PMC10177588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells lie at the crossroads of tissue repair, inflammation, and malignancy. Intestinal microbiota and microbe-host interactions are pivotal to maintaining gut homeostasis and response to injury, and participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, limited knowledge is available on whether and how bacteria directly crosstalk with intestinal stem cells (ISC), particularly cancerous stem-like cells (CR-CSC), as engines for colorectal cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastatic dissemination. Among several bacterial species alleged to initiate or promote colorectal cancer (CRC), the pathobiont Fusobacterium Nucleatum has recently drawn significant attention for its epidemiologic association and mechanistic linkage with the disease. We will therefore focus on current evidence for an F. nucleatum-CRCSC axis in tumor development, highlighting the commonalities and differences between F. nucleatum-associated colorectal carcinogenesis and gastric cancer driven by Helicobacter Pylori. We will explore the diverse facets of the bacteria-CSC interaction, analyzing the signals and pathways whereby bacteria either confer "stemness" properties to tumor cells or primarily target stem-like elements within the heterogeneous tumor cell populations. We will also discuss the extent to which CR-CSC cells are competent for innate immune responses and participate in establishing a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Finally, by capitalizing on the expanding knowledge of how the microbiota and ISC crosstalk in intestinal homeostasis and response to injury, we will speculate on the possibility that CRC arises as an aberrant repair response promoted by pathogenic bacteria upon direct stimulation of intestinal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Pani
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, L. go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zan GX, Qin YC, Xie WW, Gao CQ, Yan HC, Wang XQ, Zhou JY. Heat stress disrupts intestinal stem cell migration and differentiation along the crypt-villus axis through FAK signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119431. [PMID: 36632926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During heat stress (HS), the intestinal epithelium suffers damage due to imbalance of tissue homeostasis. However, the specific mechanism by which intestinal stem cells (ISCs) migrate and differentiate along the crypt-villus axis to heal lesions upon insult is unclear. In our study, C57BL/6 mice and IPEC-J2 cells were subjected to normal ambient conditions (25 °C for 7 days in vivo and 37 °C for 18 h in vitro) or 41 °C. The results showed that HS impaired intestinal morphology and barrier function. The numbers of ISCs (SOX9+ cells), mitotic cells (PCNA+ cells), and differentiated cells (Paneth cells marked by lysozyme, absorptive cells marked by Villin, goblet cells marked by Mucin2, enteroendocrine cells marked by Chromogranin A, and tuft cells marked by DCAMKL1) were reduced under high temperature. Importantly, BrdU incorporation confirmed the decreased migration ability of jejunal epithelial cells exposed to 41 °C. Furthermore, intestinal organoids (IOs) expanded from jejunal crypt cells in the HS group exhibited greater growth disadvantages. Mechanistically, the occurrence of these phenotypes was accompanied by FAK/paxillin/F-actin signaling disruption in the jejunum. The fact that the FAK agonist ZINC40099027 reversed the HS-triggered inhibition of IPEC-J2 cell differentiation and migration further confirmed the dominant role of FAK in response to high-temperature conditions. Overall, the present investigation is the first to reveal a major role of FAK/paxillin/F-actin signaling in HS-induced ISC migration and differentiation along the crypt-villus axis, which indicates a new therapeutic target for intestinal epithelial regeneration after heat injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Xiu Zan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying-Chao Qin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen-Wen Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China; HenryFok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lactobacillus salivarius Promotion of Intestinal Stem Cell Activity in Hens Is Associated with Succinate-Induced Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. mSystems 2022; 7:e0090322. [PMID: 36413033 PMCID: PMC9765032 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00903-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the regulation of Lactobacillus on intestinal stem cells (ISCs) attracts broad attention, but their active ingredients and the underlying mechanism are worthy of further study. Previously, host intestinal commensal bacteria were verified to drive the differentiation of ISCs. In this study, the strong bacteriostatic activity of Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus agilis were illustrated, and the components (supernatant, precipitation) of L. salivarius or L. agilis were further demonstrated to decrease the differentiation of ISCs in vivo. Interestingly, antibiotics feeding decreased ISCs differentiation in vivo as well. However, the administration of L. salivarius supernatant following antibiotics feeding was shown to promote ISCs differentiation dramatically when compared with the antibiotics feeding group, indicating that some active ingredients existed in its supernatant to promote ISCs activity. Strikingly, in vitro, the treatment of L. salivarius supernatant was further confirmed to promote the intestinal organoids' size, budding, and LGR5 expression. Next, the metabolomics analysis of Lactobacilli' supernatants suggested that succinate might be a crucial metabolite to promote ISCs activity. Further, the succinate treatment in vitro (1000 μM) and in vivo (50 mM) was confirmed to enhance the expression of LGR5 and PCNA. SLC13A3 (a sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter) was detected in the intestinal organoids and demonstrated to transport succinate into ISCs, as confirmed by the contact of FITC-succinate with ISCs nucleus. Subsequently, high mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species levels appeared in the intestinal organoids upon succinate treatment. Collectively, the promotion of L. salivarius on ISCs activity is associated with succinate-induced mitochondrial energy metabolism. IMPORTANCE In our previous study, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus agilis were demonstrated to regulate intestinal stem cell activity in hens, but their active ingredients and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, L. salivarius supernatant was shown to directly promote intestinal stem cell activity. Furthermore, the succinate (a critical metabolite of L. salivarius) was screened out to promote intestinal stem cell activity. Moreover, the succinate was confirmed to enter intestinal stem cells and induce high mitochondrial energy metabolism, finally promoting intestinal stem cell activity. These findings will advance uncovering the mechanism by which Lactobacillus regulate intestinal stem cell activity in chickens.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou Z, Yu L, Cao J, Yu J, Lin Z, Hong Y, Jiang S, Chen C, Mi Y, Zhang C, Li J. Lactobacillus salivarius Promotion of Intestinal Stem Cell Activity in Hens Is Associated with Succinate-Induced Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. mSystems 2022. [PMID: 36413033 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00775-22/asset/3402de12-8ca9-422c-8fed-418dbbb5ec9a/assets/images/medium/msystems.00775-22-f005.gif] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the regulation of Lactobacillus on intestinal stem cells (ISCs) attracts broad attention, but their active ingredients and the underlying mechanism are worthy of further study. Previously, host intestinal commensal bacteria were verified to drive the differentiation of ISCs. In this study, the strong bacteriostatic activity of Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus agilis were illustrated, and the components (supernatant, precipitation) of L. salivarius or L. agilis were further demonstrated to decrease the differentiation of ISCs in vivo. Interestingly, antibiotics feeding decreased ISCs differentiation in vivo as well. However, the administration of L. salivarius supernatant following antibiotics feeding was shown to promote ISCs differentiation dramatically when compared with the antibiotics feeding group, indicating that some active ingredients existed in its supernatant to promote ISCs activity. Strikingly, in vitro, the treatment of L. salivarius supernatant was further confirmed to promote the intestinal organoids' size, budding, and LGR5 expression. Next, the metabolomics analysis of Lactobacilli' supernatants suggested that succinate might be a crucial metabolite to promote ISCs activity. Further, the succinate treatment in vitro (1000 μM) and in vivo (50 mM) was confirmed to enhance the expression of LGR5 and PCNA. SLC13A3 (a sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter) was detected in the intestinal organoids and demonstrated to transport succinate into ISCs, as confirmed by the contact of FITC-succinate with ISCs nucleus. Subsequently, high mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species levels appeared in the intestinal organoids upon succinate treatment. Collectively, the promotion of L. salivarius on ISCs activity is associated with succinate-induced mitochondrial energy metabolism. IMPORTANCE In our previous study, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus agilis were demonstrated to regulate intestinal stem cell activity in hens, but their active ingredients and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, L. salivarius supernatant was shown to directly promote intestinal stem cell activity. Furthermore, the succinate (a critical metabolite of L. salivarius) was screened out to promote intestinal stem cell activity. Moreover, the succinate was confirmed to enter intestinal stem cells and induce high mitochondrial energy metabolism, finally promoting intestinal stem cell activity. These findings will advance uncovering the mechanism by which Lactobacillus regulate intestinal stem cell activity in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Cao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sibo Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Chen
- Yanping Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanping, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Mi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zeng T, Jaffar S, Xu Y, Qi Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315132. [PMID: 36499457 PMCID: PMC9740067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
|
22
|
Deshpande R, Lee B, Grewal SS. Enteric bacterial infection in Drosophila induces whole-body alterations in metabolic gene expression independently of the immune deficiency signaling pathway. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6628587. [PMID: 35781508 PMCID: PMC9635644 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
When infected by intestinal pathogenic bacteria, animals initiate both local and systemic defence responses. These responses are required to reduce pathogen burden and also to alter host physiology and behavior to promote infection tolerance, and they are often mediated through alterations in host gene expression. Here, we have used transcriptome profiling to examine gene expression changes induced by enteric infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas entomophila in adult female Drosophila. We find that infection induces a strong upregulation of metabolic gene expression, including gut and fat body-enriched genes involved in lipid transport, lipolysis, and beta-oxidation, as well as glucose and amino acid metabolism genes. Furthermore, we find that the classic innate immune deficiency (Imd)/Relish/NF-KappaB pathway is not required for, and in some cases limits, these infection-mediated increases in metabolic gene expression. We also see that enteric infection with Pseudomonas entomophila downregulates the expression of many transcription factors and cell–cell signaling molecules, particularly those previously shown to be involved in gut-to-brain and neuronal signaling. Moreover, as with the metabolic genes, these changes occurred largely independent of the Imd pathway. Together, our study identifies many metabolic, signaling, and transcription factor gene expression changes that may contribute to organismal physiological and behavioral responses to enteric pathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rujuta Deshpande
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Byoungchun Lee
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Savraj S Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen X, An M, Zhang W, Li K, Kulyar MFEA, Duan K, Zhou H, Wu Y, Wan X, Li J, Quan L, Mai Z, Bai W, Wu Y. Integrated Bacteria-Fungi Diversity Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbial Changes in Buffalo With Mastitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918541. [PMID: 35832328 PMCID: PMC9271935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial community is closely related to mastitis, but studies regarding the influences of mastitis on gut microbiota in buffalo remain scarce. Herein, we characterized the differences in gut bacterial and fungal communities between mastitis-affected and healthy buffalos. Interestingly, although mastitis had no effect on gut bacterial and fungal diversities in the buffalos, some bacterial and fungal taxa were significantly altered. Bacterial and fungal taxonomic analysis showed that the preponderant bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) in buffalo were the same regardless of health status. At the level of genus, the changes in some gut bacterial and fungal abundances between both groups were gradually observed. Compared with healthy buffalos, the proportions of 3 bacterial genera (uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae, Eubacterium_nodatum_group, and Lachnoclostridium_10) and 1 fungal genus (Pichia) in the mastitis-affected buffalo were significantly increased, whereas 4 bacterial genera (Ruminococcus_2, Candidatus_Stoquefichus, Turicibacter, and Cellulosilyticum) and 4 fungal genera (Cladosporium, Thermothelomyces, Ganoderma and Aspergillus) were significantly decreased. Taken together, this research revealed that there was significant difference in the compositions of the gut microbial community between the healthy and mastitis-affected buffalos. To our knowledge, this is the first insight into the characteristics of the gut microbiota in buffalos with mastitis, which is beneficial to understand the gut microbial information of buffalo in different health states and elucidate the pathogenesis of mastitis from the gut microbial perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiushuang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Kun Duan
- China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lingtong Quan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenxia Bai
- Nanjing Superbiotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wu
| |
Collapse
|