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Morimoto K, Takahashi R, Takahashi G, Miyajima M, Nakajima K. Maternal immunoglobulins are distributed in the offspring's brain to support the maintenance of cortical interneurons in the postnatal period. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:24. [PMID: 38750507 PMCID: PMC11094934 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known that maternal immunoglobulins (Igs) are transferred to the offspring across the placenta. However, receiving maternal Igs, especially before the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed in the offspring's brain, carries the risk of transferring some brain-reactive Igs. It is thus hypothesized that there may be some unknown benefit to the offspring's brain that overweighs this risk. In this study, we show that the Ig detected in the embryonic/perinatal mouse brain is IgG not produced by the pups themselves, but is basically transferred from the mother across the placenta using the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) during embryonic stages. The amount of IgG in the brain gradually decreases after birth, and almost disappears within 3 weeks postnatally. IgG is detected on axon bundles, microglia, and some meningeal cells, including border-associated macrophages (BAMs), endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Using Fcer1g knock-out (KO) mice, we show that BAMs and microglia receive maternal IgG in an Fc receptor γ chain (FcRγ)-dependent manner, but IgG on other meningeal cells and axon bundles is received independently of the FcRγ. These results suggest that maternal IgG may be used in multiple ways by different mechanisms. In maternal IgG-deficient mice, the number of interneurons in the cerebral cortex is not altered around birth but is reduced postnatally, suggesting that receipt of maternal IgG is necessary for the maintenance of cortical interneurons in the postnatal period. These data suggest that maternal IgG has an important function in the developing brain, where neither obvious inflammation nor infection is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Rikuo Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Goro Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michio Miyajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Escoubas CC, Molofsky AV. Microglia as integrators of brain-associated molecular patterns. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:358-370. [PMID: 38658221 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that play key roles in brain development and experience dependent plasticity. In this review we discuss recent findings regarding the molecular mechanisms through which mammalian microglia sense the unique molecular patterns of the homeostatic brain. We propose that microglial function is acutely controlled in response to 'brain-associated molecular patterns' (BAMPs) that function as indicators of neuronal activity and neural circuit remodeling. A further layer of regulation comes from instructive cytokine cues that define unique microglial functional states. A systematic investigation of the receptors and signaling pathways that mediate these two regulatory axes may begin to define a functional code for microglia-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Escoubas
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Pöpplau JA, Schwarze T, Dorofeikova M, Pochinok I, Günther A, Marquardt A, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Reorganization of adolescent prefrontal cortex circuitry is required for mouse cognitive maturation. Neuron 2024; 112:421-440.e7. [PMID: 37979584 PMCID: PMC10855252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Most cognitive functions involving the prefrontal cortex emerge during late development. Increasing evidence links this delayed maturation to the protracted timeline of prefrontal development, which likely does not reach full maturity before the end of adolescence. However, the underlying mechanisms that drive the emergence and fine-tuning of cognitive abilities during adolescence, caused by circuit wiring, are still unknown. Here, we continuously monitored prefrontal activity throughout the postnatal development of mice and showed that an initial activity increase was interrupted by an extensive microglia-mediated breakdown of activity, followed by the rewiring of circuit elements to achieve adult-like patterns and synchrony. Interfering with these processes during adolescence, but not adulthood, led to a long-lasting microglia-induced disruption of prefrontal activity and neuronal morphology and decreased cognitive abilities. These results identified a nonlinear reorganization of prefrontal circuits during adolescence and revealed its importance for adult network function and cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jastyn A Pöpplau
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Timo Schwarze
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mariia Dorofeikova
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Pochinok
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Günther
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Marquardt
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience (HCNS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Liwang JK, Kronman FA, Minteer JA, Wu YT, Vanselow DJ, Ben-Simon Y, Taormina M, Parmaksiz D, Way SW, Zeng H, Tasic B, Ng L, Kim Y. epDevAtlas: Mapping GABAergic cells and microglia in postnatal mouse brains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.24.568585. [PMID: 38045330 PMCID: PMC10690281 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.24.568585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
During development, brain regions follow encoded growth trajectories. Compared to classical brain growth charts, high-definition growth charts could quantify regional volumetric growth and constituent cell types, improving our understanding of typical and pathological brain development. Here, we create high-resolution 3D atlases of the early postnatal mouse brain, using Allen CCFv3 anatomical labels, at postnatal days (P) 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14, and determine the volumetric growth of different brain regions. We utilize 11 different cell type-specific transgenic animals to validate and refine anatomical labels. Moreover, we reveal region-specific density changes in γ-aminobutyric acid-producing (GABAergic), cortical layer-specific cell types, and microglia as key players in shaping early postnatal brain development. We find contrasting changes in GABAergic neuronal densities between cortical and striatal areas, stabilizing at P12. Moreover, somatostatin-expressing cortical interneurons undergo regionally distinct density reductions, while vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons show no significant changes. Remarkably, microglia transition from high density in white matter tracks to gray matter at P10, and show selective density increases in sensory processing areas that correlate with the emergence of individual sensory modalities. Lastly, we create an open-access web-visualization ( https://kimlab.io/brain-map/epDevAtlas ) for cell-type growth charts and developmental atlases for all postnatal time points.
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Compans B, Burrone J. Chandelier cells shine a light on the formation of GABAergic synapses. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102697. [PMID: 36907075 PMCID: PMC10682383 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the wiring rules employed by neurons during development represents a formidable challenge with important repercussions for neurodevelopmental disorders. Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a singular GABAergic interneuron type, with a unique morphology, that have recently begun to shed light on the rules that drive the formation and plasticity of inhibitory synapses. This review will focus on the wealth of recent data charting the emergence of synapses formed by ChCs onto pyramidal cells, from the molecules involved to the plasticity of these connections during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Compans
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, London, UK. https://twitter.com/jbneuro
| | - Juan Burrone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
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Lin YJ, Huang TN, Hsueh YP. Quantification of the density and morphology of dendritic spines and synaptic protein distribution using Thy1-YFP transgenic mice. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102290. [PMID: 37149854 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathy, which encompasses morphological deficits and any abnormal protein distribution of synapses, is a critical feature of many neurological diseases. We here provide a protocol using mice stably expressing a Thy1-YFP transgene to assess synaptic features in vivo. We describe steps for recording the entire morphology of projection neurons using confocal microscopy based on YFP signals. We detail assessment of the density and size of dendritic spines and the distributions of synaptic proteins using ImageJ and statistical analysis using Prism. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shih et al. (2020).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Jui Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China.
| | - Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China.
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Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
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Bridlance C, Thion MS. Multifaceted microglia during brain development: Models and tools. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1125729. [PMID: 37034157 PMCID: PMC10076615 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain resident macrophages, are multifaceted glial cells that belong to the central nervous and immune systems. As part of the immune system, they mediate innate immune responses, regulate brain homeostasis and protect the brain in response to inflammation or injury. At the same time, they can perform a wide array of cellular functions that relate to the normal functioning of the brain. Importantly, microglia are key actors of brain development. Indeed, these early brain invaders originate outside of the central nervous system from yolk sac myeloid progenitors, and migrate into the neural folds during early embryogenesis. Before the generation of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, microglia thus occupy a unique position, constituting the main glial population during early development and participating in a wide array of embryonic and postnatal processes. During this developmental time window, microglia display remarkable features, being highly heterogeneous in time, space, morphology and transcriptional states. Although tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of their ontogeny and roles, there are several limitations for the investigation of specific microglial functions as well as their heterogeneity during development. This review summarizes the current murine tools and models used in the field to study the development of these peculiar cells. In particular, we focus on the methodologies used to label and deplete microglia, monitor their behavior through live-imaging and also discuss the progress currently being made by the community to unravel microglial functions in brain development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bridlance
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Morgane Sonia Thion,
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Sparse postnatal labeling and quantification of superficial cortical cell synapses in the mouse neocortex. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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