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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Role of transient receptor potential channels in the regulation of vascular tone. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104051. [PMID: 38838960 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Vascular tone is a major element in the control of hemodynamics. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels conducting monovalent and/or divalent cations (e.g. Na+ and Ca2+) are expressed in the vasculature. Accumulating evidence suggests that TRP channels participate in regulating vascular tone by regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling in both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Aberrant expression/function of TRP channels in the vasculature is associated with vascular dysfunction in systemic/pulmonary hypertension and metabolic syndromes. This review intends to summarize our current knowledge of TRP-mediated regulation of vascular tone in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions and to discuss potential therapeutic approaches to tackle abnormal vascular tone due to TRP dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qun Hu
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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2
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Kuwashima Y, Yanagawa M, Maekawa M, Abe M, Sako Y, Arita M. TRPV4-dependent Ca 2+ influx determines cholesterol dynamics at the plasma membrane. Biophys J 2024; 123:867-884. [PMID: 38433447 PMCID: PMC10995426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The activities of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, are controlled by its surrounding membrane lipids (e.g., cholesterol, phosphoinositides). The transmembrane region of TRPV4 contains a cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif and its inverted (CARC) motif located in the plasmalemmal cytosolic leaflet. TRPV4 localizes in caveolae, a bulb-shaped cholesterol-rich domain at the plasma membrane. Here, we visualized the spatiotemporal interactions between TRPV4 and cholesterol at the plasma membrane in living cells by dual-color single-molecule imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. To this aim, we labeled cholesterol at the cytosolic leaflets of the plasma membrane using a cholesterol biosensor, D4H. Our single-molecule tracking analysis showed that the TRPV4 molecules colocalize with D4H-accessible cholesterol molecules mainly in the low fluidity membrane domains in which both molecules are highly clustered. Colocalization of TRPV4 and D4H-accessible cholesterol was observed both inside and outside of caveolae. Agonist-evoked TRPV4 activation remarkably decreased colocalization probability and association rate between TRPV4 and D4H-accessible cholesterol molecules. Interestingly, upon TRPV4 activation, the particle density of D4H-accessible cholesterol molecules was decreased and the D4H-accessible cholesterol molecules in the fast-diffusing state were increased at the plasma membrane. The introduction of skeletal dysplasia-associated R616Q mutation into the CRAC/CARC motif of TRPV4, which reduced the interaction with cholesterol clusters, could not alter the D4H-accessible cholesterol dynamics. Mechanistically, TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ influx and the C-terminal calmodulin-binding site of TRPV4 are essential for modulating the plasmalemmal D4H-accessible cholesterol dynamics. We propose that TRPV4 remodels its surrounding plasmalemmal environment by manipulating cholesterol dynamics through Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kuwashima
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Yanagawa
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Saitama, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Saitama, Japan.
| | - Makoto Arita
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan; Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan; Human Biology-Microbiome-Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Philip N, Yun X, Pi H, Murray S, Hill Z, Fonticella J, Perez P, Zhang C, Pathmasiri W, Sumner S, Servinsky L, Jiang H, Huetsch JC, Oldham WM, Visovatti S, Leary PJ, Gharib SA, Brittain E, Simpson CE, Le A, Shimoda LA, Suresh K. Fatty acid metabolism promotes TRPV4 activity in lung microvascular endothelial cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L252-L265. [PMID: 38226418 PMCID: PMC11280685 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00199.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a morbid disease characterized by significant lung endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. Prior work has shown that microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) isolated from animals with experimental PAH and patients with PAH exhibit significant abnormalities in metabolism and calcium signaling. With regards to metabolism, we and others have shown evidence of increased aerobic glycolysis and evidence of increased utilization of alternate fuel sources (such as fatty acids) in PAH EC. In the realm of calcium signaling, our prior work linked increased activity of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) channel to increased proliferation of MVECs isolated from the Sugen/Hypoxia rat model of PAH (SuHx-MVECs). However, the relationship between metabolic shifts and calcium abnormalities was not clear. Specifically, whether shifts in metabolism were responsible for increasing TRPV4 channel activity in SuHx-MVECs was not known. In this study, using human data, serum samples from SuHx rats, and SuHx-MVECs, we describe the consequences of increased MVEC fatty acid oxidation in PAH. In human samples, we observed an increase in long-chain fatty acid levels that was associated with PAH severity. Next, using SuHx rats and SuHx-MVECs, we observed increased intracellular levels of lipids. We also show that increasing intracellular lipid content increases TRPV4 activity, whereas inhibiting fatty acid oxidation normalizes basal calcium levels in SuHx-MVECs. By exploring the fate of fatty acid-derived carbons, we observed that the metabolite linking increased intracellular lipids to TRPV4 activity was β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB), a product of fatty acid oxidation. Finally, we show that BOHB supplementation alone is sufficient to sensitize the TRPV4 channel in rat and mouse MVECs. Returning to humans, we observe a transpulmonary BOHB gradient in human patients with PAH. Thus, we establish a link between fatty acid oxidation, BOHB production, and TRPV4 activity in MVECs in PAH. These data provide new insight into metabolic regulation of calcium signaling in lung MVECs in PAH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this paper, we explore the link between metabolism and intracellular calcium levels in microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We show that fatty acid oxidation promotes sensitivity of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) calcium channel in MVECs isolated from a rodent model of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Philip
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Xin Yun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Hongyang Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Samuel Murray
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Zack Hill
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jay Fonticella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Preston Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Gigantest, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Susan Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laura Servinsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - John C Huetsch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - William M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Scott Visovatti
- Department of Cardiology, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Peter J Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Evan Brittain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Catherine E Simpson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Anne Le
- Gigantest, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Karthik Suresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Nassar M, Jaffery A, Ibrahim B, Baraka B, Abosheaishaa H. The multidimensional benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid: from heart health to inflammatory control. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:81. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and fish oil supplements. Over the past few decades, research has suggested that EPA has various potential health benefits, particularly for heart health.EPA has been associated with reduced inflammation, improved cholesterol levels, and reduced blood pressure, all of which can contribute to a lower risk of heart disease. Additionally, EPA has been found to reduce the risk of blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. This comprehensive review article aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the potential health benefits of EPA. We focus on its effects on cardiovascular health, inflammation, atherosclerotic plaques, blood clots, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Finally, we provide an overview of the recommended daily dose of EPA for optimal health benefits.This review highlights the importance of EPA in promoting overall health and well-being and provides insights into its potential therapeutic applications.
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Matsumoto T, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T. Role of TRPV4 on vascular tone regulation in pathophysiological states. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176104. [PMID: 37802278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tone regulation is a key event in controlling blood flow in the body. Endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) help regulate the vascular tone. Abnormal vascular responsiveness to various stimuli, including constrictors and dilators, has been observed in pathophysiological states although EC and VSMC coordinate to maintain the exquisite balance between contraction and relaxation in vasculatures. Thus, investigating the mechanisms underlying vascular tone abnormality is very important in maintaining vascular health and treating vasculopathy. Increased intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is one of the major triggers initiating each EC and VSMC response. Transient receptor potential vanilloid family member 4 (TRPV4) is a Ca2+-permeable non-selective ion channel, which is activated by several stimuli, and is presented in both ECs and VSMCs. Therefore, TRPV4 plays an important role in vascular responses. Emerging evidence indicates the role of TRPV4 on the functions of ECs and VSMCs in various pathophysiological states, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. This review focused on the link between TRPV4 and the functions of ECs/VSMCs, particularly its role in vascular tone and responsiveness to vasoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Pharmaceutical Education and Research Center, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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Goretzki B, Wiedemann C, McCray BA, Schäfer SL, Jansen J, Tebbe F, Mitrovic SA, Nöth J, Cabezudo AC, Donohue JK, Jeffries CM, Steinchen W, Stengel F, Sumner CJ, Hummer G, Hellmich UA. Crosstalk between regulatory elements in disordered TRPV4 N-terminus modulates lipid-dependent channel activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4165. [PMID: 37443299 PMCID: PMC10344929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are essential for membrane receptor regulation but often remain unresolved in structural studies. TRPV4, a member of the TRP vanilloid channel family involved in thermo- and osmosensation, has a large N-terminal IDR of approximately 150 amino acids. With an integrated structural biology approach, we analyze the structural ensemble of the TRPV4 IDR and the network of antagonistic regulatory elements it encodes. These modulate channel activity in a hierarchical lipid-dependent manner through transient long-range interactions. A highly conserved autoinhibitory patch acts as a master regulator by competing with PIP2 binding to attenuate channel activity. Molecular dynamics simulations show that loss of the interaction between the PIP2-binding site and the membrane reduces the force exerted by the IDR on the structured core of TRPV4. This work demonstrates that IDR structural dynamics are coupled to TRPV4 activity and highlights the importance of IDRs for TRP channel function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Goretzki
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Wiedemann
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Brett A McCray
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan L Schäfer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Jansen
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frederike Tebbe
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah-Ana Mitrovic
- Department of Chemistry, Section Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Nöth
- Department of Chemistry, Section Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ainara Claveras Cabezudo
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IMPRS on Cellular Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jack K Donohue
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg Unit, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wieland Steinchen
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Stengel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany.
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Romero LO, Caires R, Kaitlyn Victor A, Ramirez J, Sierra-Valdez FJ, Walsh P, Truong V, Lee J, Mayor U, Reiter LT, Vásquez V, Cordero-Morales JF. Linoleic acid improves PIEZO2 dysfunction in a mouse model of Angelman Syndrome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1167. [PMID: 36859399 PMCID: PMC9977963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability and atypical behaviors. AS results from loss of expression of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBE3A from the maternal allele in neurons. Individuals with AS display impaired coordination, poor balance, and gait ataxia. PIEZO2 is a mechanosensitive ion channel essential for coordination and balance. Here, we report that PIEZO2 activity is reduced in Ube3a deficient male and female mouse sensory neurons, a human Merkel cell carcinoma cell line and female human iPSC-derived sensory neurons with UBE3A knock-down, and de-identified stem cell-derived neurons from individuals with AS. We find that loss of UBE3A decreases actin filaments and reduces PIEZO2 expression and function. A linoleic acid (LA)-enriched diet increases PIEZO2 activity, mechano-excitability, and improves gait in male AS mice. Finally, LA supplementation increases PIEZO2 function in stem cell-derived neurons from individuals with AS. We propose a mechanism whereby loss of UBE3A expression reduces PIEZO2 function and identified a fatty acid that enhances channel activity and ameliorates AS-associated mechano-sensory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O Romero
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Rebeca Caires
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - A Kaitlyn Victor
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sierra-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lawrence T Reiter
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
| | - Julio F Cordero-Morales
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
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