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Swesi Y, Gillet A, Guérin A, Zanota ML, Bornette F, Philippe R, Meille V. Comparison of Structured Reactors for Ozone Abatement in Aircrafts at Low Temperature. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Swesi
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Amaury Gillet
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Alexandre Guérin
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Marie-Line Zanota
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Frédéric Bornette
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Régis Philippe
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Valérie Meille
- CP2M (UMR 5128), CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
- IRCELYON (UMR 5256), CNRSUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Université Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
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Sensitivity of the turbulent Schmidt number and the turbulence models to simulate catalytic and photocatalytic processes with surface reaction limited by mass transfer. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ngo AB, Vuong TH, Atia H, Bentrup U, Kondratenko VA, Kondratenko EV, Rabeah J, Ambruster U, Brückner A. Effect of Formaldehyde in Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x by Ammonia (NH 3-SCR) on a Commercial V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 Catalyst under Model Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11753-11761. [PMID: 32790302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of formaldehyde (HCHO, formed in vehicle exhaust gases by incomplete combustion of fuel) on the performance of a commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst in NH3-SCR of NOx under dry conditions has been analyzed in detail by catalytic tests, in situ FTIR and transient studies using temporal analysis of products (TAP). HCHO reacts preferentially with NH3 to a formamide (HCONH2) surface intermediate. This deprives NH3 partly from its desired role as a reducing agent in the SCR and diminishes NO conversion and N2 selectivity. Between 250 and 400 °C, HCONH2 decomposes by dehydration (major pathway) and decarbonylation (minor pathway) to liberate toxic HCN and CO, respectively. HCN was proven to be oxidized by lattice oxygen of the catalyst to CO2 and NO, which enters the NH3-SCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Binh Ngo
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thanh Huyen Vuong
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vita A Kondratenko
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Evgenii V Kondratenko
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Ambruster
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2020; 38:S1540-7489(20)30501-0. [PMID: 33013234 PMCID: PMC7518234 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.
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Key Words
- 2M2B, 2-methyl-2-butene
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- ALS, Advanced Light Source
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ARAS, atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy
- ATcT, Active Thermochemical Tables
- BC, black carbon
- BEV, battery electric vehicle
- BTL, biomass-to-liquid
- Biofuels
- CA, crank angle
- CCS, carbon capture and storage
- CEAS, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- CI, compression ignition
- CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy
- CTL, coal-to-liquid
- Combustion
- Combustion chemistry
- Combustion diagnostics
- Combustion kinetics
- Combustion modeling
- Combustion synthesis
- DBE, di-n-butyl ether
- DCN, derived cetane number
- DEE, diethyl ether
- DFT, density functional theory
- DFWM, degenerate four-wave mixing
- DMC, dimethyl carbonate
- DME, dimethyl ether
- DMM, dimethoxy methane
- DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
- EGR, exhaust gas recirculation
- EI, electron ionization
- Emissions
- Energy
- Energy conversion
- FC, fuel cell
- FCEV, fuel cell electric vehicle
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FT, Fischer-Tropsch
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared
- Fuels
- GC, gas chromatography
- GHG, greenhouse gas
- GTL, gas-to-liquid
- GW, global warming
- HAB, height above the burner
- HACA, hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition
- HCCI, homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO, heavy fuel oil
- HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- IC, internal combustion
- ICEV, internal combustion engine vehicle
- IE, ionization energy
- IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IR, infrared
- JSR, jet-stirred reactor
- KDE, kernel density estimation
- KHP, ketohydroperoxide
- LCA, lifecycle analysis
- LH2, liquid hydrogen
- LIF, laser-induced fluorescence
- LIGS, laser-induced grating spectroscopy
- LII, laser-induced incandescence
- LNG, liquefied natural gas
- LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- LT, low-temperature
- LTC, low-temperature combustion
- MBMS, molecular-beam MS
- MDO, marine diesel oil
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTO, methanol-to-olefins
- MVK, methyl vinyl ketone
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NTC, negative temperature coefficient
- OME, oxymethylene ether
- OTMS, Orbitrap MS
- PACT, predictive automated computational thermochemistry
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PDF, probability density function
- PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane
- PEPICO, photoelectron photoion coincidence
- PES, photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- PFR, plug-flow reactor
- PI, photoionization
- PIE, photoionization efficiency
- PIV, particle imaging velocimetry
- PLIF, planar laser-induced fluorescence
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10 PM2,5, sampled fractions with sizes up to ∼10 and ∼2,5 µm
- PRF, primary reference fuel
- QCL, quantum cascade laser
- RCCI, reactivity-controlled compression ignition
- RCM, rapid compression machine
- REMPI, resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization
- RMG, reaction mechanism generator
- RON, research octane number
- Reaction mechanisms
- SI, spark ignition
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- SNG, synthetic natural gas
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SOEC, solid-oxide electrolysis cell
- SOFC, solid-oxide fuel cell
- SOx, sulfur oxides
- STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
- SVO, straight vegetable oil
- Synthetic fuels
- TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
- TOF-MS, time-of-flight MS
- TPES, threshold photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- TPRF, toluene primary reference fuel
- TSI, threshold sooting index
- TiRe-LII, time-resolved LII
- UFP, ultrafine particle
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- VUV, vacuum ultraviolet
- WLTP, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure
- XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- YSI, yield sooting index
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Zengel D, Koch P, Torkashvand B, Grunwaldt J, Casapu M, Deutschmann O. Emission of Toxic HCN During NO x Removal by Ammonia SCR in the Exhaust of Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14423-14428. [PMID: 32391644 PMCID: PMC7497226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions is one of the most stringent priorities of our society to minimize their dramatic effects on health and environment. Natural gas (NG) engines, in particular at lean conditions, emit less CO2 in comparison to combustion engines operated with liquid fuels but NG engines still require emission control devices for NOx removal. Using state-of-the-art technologies for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 , we evaluated the interplay of the reducing agent NH3 and formaldehyde, which is always present in the exhaust of NG engines. Our results show that a significant amount of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is formed. All catalysts tested partially convert formaldehyde to HCOOH and CO. Additionally, they form secondary emissions of HCN due to catalytic reactions of formaldehyde and its oxidation intermediates with NH3 . With the present components of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system the HCN emissions are not efficiently converted to non-polluting gases. The development of more advanced catalyst formulations with improved oxidation activity is mandatory to solve this novel critical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Zengel
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Pirmin Koch
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Bentolhoda Torkashvand
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
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Microkinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Methane Over PdO Catalysts—Towards a Better Understanding of the Water Inhibition Effect. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water, which is an intrinsic part of the exhaust gas of combustion engines, strongly inhibits the methane oxidation reaction over palladium oxide-based catalysts under lean conditions and leads to severe catalyst deactivation. In this combined experimental and modeling work, we approach this challenge with kinetic measurements in flow reactors and a microkinetic model, respectively. We propose a mechanism that takes the instantaneous impact of water on the noble metal particles into account. The dual site microkinetic model is based on the mean-field approximation and consists of 39 reversible surface reactions among 23 surface species, 15 related to Pd-sites, and eight associated with the oxide. A variable number of available catalytically active sites is used to describe light-off activity tests as well as spatially resolved concentration profiles. The total oxidation of methane is studied at atmospheric pressure, with space velocities of 160,000 h−1 in the temperature range of 500–800 K for mixtures of methane in the presence of excess oxygen and up to 15% water, which are typical conditions occurring in the exhaust of lean-operated natural gas engines. The new approach presented is also of interest for modeling catalytic reactors showing a dynamic behavior of the catalytically active particles in general.
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Zengel D, Koch P, Torkashvand B, Grunwaldt J, Casapu M, Deutschmann O. Freisetzung von toxischem HCN bei der Stickoxidreduktion mittels NH
3
‐SCR in mager betriebenen Erdgasmotoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Zengel
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Pirmin Koch
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Bentolhoda Torkashvand
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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Formaldehyde Oxidation Over Platinum: On the Kinetics Relevant to Exhaust Conditions of Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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