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Klippenstein SJ, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in a Sustainable World: From Molecules to Processes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3737-3742. [PMID: 37139614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Abstract
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
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Zhu D, Ruwe L, Schmitt S, Shu B, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Lucassen A. Interactions in Ammonia and Hydrogen Oxidation Examined in a Flow Reactor and a Shock Tube. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2351-2366. [PMID: 36877868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a promising fuel, because it is carbon-free and easier to store and transport than hydrogen (H2). However, an ignition enhancer such as H2 might be needed for technical applications, because of the rather poor ignition properties of NH3. The combustion of pure NH3 and H2 has been explored widely. However, for mixtures of both gases, mostly only global parameters such as ignition delay times or flame speeds were reported. Studies with extensive experimental species profiles are scarce. Therefore, we experimentally investigated the interactions in the oxidation of different NH3/H2 mixtures in the temperature range of 750-1173 K at 0.97 bar in a plug-flow reactor (PFR), as well as in the temperature range of 1615-2358 K with an average pressure of 3.16 bar in a shock tube. In the PFR, temperature-dependent mole fraction profiles of the main species were obtained via electron ionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS). Additionally, for the first time, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) with a scanned-wavelength method was adapted to the PFR for the quantification of nitric oxide (NO). In the shock tube, time-resolved NO profiles were also measured by TDLAS using a fixed-wavelength approach. The experimental results both in PFR and shock tube reveal the reactivity enhancement by H2 on ammonia oxidation. The extensive sets of results were compared with predictions by four NH3-related reaction mechanisms. None of the mechanisms can well predict all experimental results, but the Stagni et al. [React. Chem. Eng. 2020, 5, 696-711] and Zhu et al. [Combust. Flame 2022, 246, 115389] mechanisms perform best for the PFR and shock tube conditions, respectively. Exploratory kinetic analysis was conducted to identify the effect of H2 addition on ammonia oxidation and NO formation, as well as sensitive reactions in different temperature regimes. The results presented in this study can provide valuable information for further model development and highlight relevant properties of H2-assisted NH3 combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghao Zhu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lena Ruwe
- Department of Fundamentals of Explosion Protection, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bo Shu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Arnas Lucassen
- Department of Fundamentals of Explosion Protection, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry. Proc Combust Inst 2020; 38:S1540-7489(20)30501-0. [PMID: 33013234 PMCID: PMC7518234 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.
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Key Words
- 2M2B, 2-methyl-2-butene
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- ALS, Advanced Light Source
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ARAS, atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy
- ATcT, Active Thermochemical Tables
- BC, black carbon
- BEV, battery electric vehicle
- BTL, biomass-to-liquid
- Biofuels
- CA, crank angle
- CCS, carbon capture and storage
- CEAS, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- CI, compression ignition
- CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy
- CTL, coal-to-liquid
- Combustion
- Combustion chemistry
- Combustion diagnostics
- Combustion kinetics
- Combustion modeling
- Combustion synthesis
- DBE, di-n-butyl ether
- DCN, derived cetane number
- DEE, diethyl ether
- DFT, density functional theory
- DFWM, degenerate four-wave mixing
- DMC, dimethyl carbonate
- DME, dimethyl ether
- DMM, dimethoxy methane
- DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
- EGR, exhaust gas recirculation
- EI, electron ionization
- Emissions
- Energy
- Energy conversion
- FC, fuel cell
- FCEV, fuel cell electric vehicle
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FT, Fischer-Tropsch
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared
- Fuels
- GC, gas chromatography
- GHG, greenhouse gas
- GTL, gas-to-liquid
- GW, global warming
- HAB, height above the burner
- HACA, hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition
- HCCI, homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO, heavy fuel oil
- HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- IC, internal combustion
- ICEV, internal combustion engine vehicle
- IE, ionization energy
- IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IR, infrared
- JSR, jet-stirred reactor
- KDE, kernel density estimation
- KHP, ketohydroperoxide
- LCA, lifecycle analysis
- LH2, liquid hydrogen
- LIF, laser-induced fluorescence
- LIGS, laser-induced grating spectroscopy
- LII, laser-induced incandescence
- LNG, liquefied natural gas
- LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- LT, low-temperature
- LTC, low-temperature combustion
- MBMS, molecular-beam MS
- MDO, marine diesel oil
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTO, methanol-to-olefins
- MVK, methyl vinyl ketone
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NTC, negative temperature coefficient
- OME, oxymethylene ether
- OTMS, Orbitrap MS
- PACT, predictive automated computational thermochemistry
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PDF, probability density function
- PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane
- PEPICO, photoelectron photoion coincidence
- PES, photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- PFR, plug-flow reactor
- PI, photoionization
- PIE, photoionization efficiency
- PIV, particle imaging velocimetry
- PLIF, planar laser-induced fluorescence
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10 PM2,5, sampled fractions with sizes up to ∼10 and ∼2,5 µm
- PRF, primary reference fuel
- QCL, quantum cascade laser
- RCCI, reactivity-controlled compression ignition
- RCM, rapid compression machine
- REMPI, resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization
- RMG, reaction mechanism generator
- RON, research octane number
- Reaction mechanisms
- SI, spark ignition
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- SNG, synthetic natural gas
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SOEC, solid-oxide electrolysis cell
- SOFC, solid-oxide fuel cell
- SOx, sulfur oxides
- STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
- SVO, straight vegetable oil
- Synthetic fuels
- TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
- TOF-MS, time-of-flight MS
- TPES, threshold photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- TPRF, toluene primary reference fuel
- TSI, threshold sooting index
- TiRe-LII, time-resolved LII
- UFP, ultrafine particle
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- VUV, vacuum ultraviolet
- WLTP, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure
- XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- YSI, yield sooting index
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Abstract
The Beijing Declaration on basic research was recently signed by Presidents of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina. With this undertaking both academies underlined their joint efforts to "promote the scientific spirit", strive for excellence, encourage collaborative, inclusive and responsible scientific research, and foster a favorable environment for scientific development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Münster, Wilhelm Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yueliang Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Current topics in combustion chemistry include aspects of a changing fuel spectrum with a focus on reducing emissions and increasing efficiency. This article is intended to provide an overview of selected recent work in combustion chemistry, especially addressing reaction pathways from fuel decomposition to emissions. The role of the molecular fuel structure will be emphasized for the formation of certain regulated and unregulated species from individual fuels and their mixtures, exemplarily including fuel compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, ethers, alcohols, ketones, esters, and furan derivatives. Depending on the combustion conditions, different temperature regimes are important and can lead to different reaction classes. Laboratory reactors and flames are prime sources and targets from which such detailed chemical information can be obtained and verified with a number of advanced diagnostic techniques, often supported by theoretical work and simulation with combustion models developed to transfer relevant details of chemical mechanisms into practical applications. Regarding the need for cleaner combustion processes, some related background and perspectives will be provided regarding the context for future chemistry research in combustion energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus
- Department of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , Bielefeld D-33615 , Germany , Phone: +49 5211062052
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Ruwe L, Moshammer K, Hansen N, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Influences of the molecular fuel structure on combustion reactions towards soot precursors in selected alkane and alkene flames. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10780-10795. [PMID: 29392266 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we experimentally investigate the high-temperature oxidation kinetics of n-pentane, 1-pentene and 2-methyl-2-butene (2M2B) in a combustion environment using flame-sampling molecular beam mass spectrometry. The selected C5 fuels are prototypes for linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated fuel components, featuring different C-C and C-H bond structures. It is shown that the formation tendency of species, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), yielded through mass growth reactions increases drastically in the sequence n-pentane < 1-pentene < 2M2B. This comparative study enables valuable insights into fuel-dependent reaction sequences of the gas-phase combustion mechanism that provide explanations for the observed difference in the PAH formation tendency. First, we investigate the fuel-structure-dependent formation of small hydrocarbon species that are yielded as intermediate species during the fuel decomposition, because these species are at the origin of the subsequent mass growth reaction pathways. Second, we review typical PAH formation reactions inspecting repetitive growth sequences in dependence of the molecular fuel structure. Third, we discuss how differences in the intermediate species pool influence the formation reactions of key aromatic ring species that are important for the PAH growth process underlying soot formation. As a main result it was found that for the fuels featuring a C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond, the chemistry of their allylic fuel radicals and their decomposition products strongly influences the combination reactions to the initially formed aromatic ring species and as a consequence, the PAH formation tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ruwe
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Troe J, Grabow JU, Olzmann M, Friedrichs G, Hungenberg KD. Kinetics in the real world: linking molecules, processes, and systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10561-10568. [PMID: 29616689 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp90054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling elementary steps, reaction pathways, and kinetic mechanisms is key to understanding the behaviour of many real-world chemical systems that span from the troposphere or even interstellar media to engines and process reactors. Recent work in chemical kinetics provides detailed information on the reactive changes occurring in chemical systems, often on the atomic or molecular scale. The optimisation of practical processes, for instance in combustion, catalysis, battery technology, polymerisation, and nanoparticle production, can profit from a sound knowledge of the underlying fundamental chemical kinetics. Reaction mechanisms can combine information gained from theory and experiments to enable the predictive simulation and optimisation of the crucial process variables and influences on the system's behaviour that may be exploited for both monitoring and control. Chemical kinetics, as one of the pillars of Physical Chemistry, thus contributes importantly to understanding and describing natural environments and technical processes and is becoming increasingly relevant for interactions in and with the real world.
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Wang Z, Popolan-Vaida DM, Chen B, Moshammer K, Mohamed SY, Wang H, Sioud S, Raji MA, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Hansen N, Dagaut P, Leone SR, Sarathy SM. Unraveling the structure and chemical mechanisms of highly oxygenated intermediates in oxidation of organic compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13102-13107. [PMID: 29183984 PMCID: PMC5740676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707564114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the autooxidation of organic compounds have provided fundamental and practical insights into these processes; however, the structure of many key autooxidation intermediates and the reactions leading to their formation still remain unclear. This work provides additional experimental evidence that highly oxygenated intermediates with one or more hydroperoxy groups are prevalent in the autooxidation of various oxygenated (e.g., alcohol, aldehyde, keto compounds, ether, and ester) and nonoxygenated (e.g., normal alkane, branched alkane, and cycloalkane) organic compounds. These findings improve our understanding of autooxidation reaction mechanisms that are routinely used to predict fuel ignition and oxidative stability of liquid hydrocarbons, while also providing insights relevant to the formation mechanisms of tropospheric aerosol building blocks. The direct observation of highly oxygenated intermediates for the autooxidation of alkanes at 500-600 K builds upon prior observations made in atmospheric conditions for the autooxidation of terpenes and other unsaturated hydrocarbons; it shows that highly oxygenated intermediates are stable at conditions above room temperature. These results further reveal that highly oxygenated intermediates are not only accessible by chemical activation but also by thermal activation. Theoretical calculations on H-atom migration reactions are presented to rationalize the relationship between the organic compound's molecular structure (n-alkane, branched alkane, and cycloalkane) and its propensity to produce highly oxygenated intermediates via extensive autooxidation of hydroperoxyalkylperoxy radicals. Finally, detailed chemical kinetic simulations demonstrate the influence of these additional reaction pathways on the ignition of practical fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Wang
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Denisia M Popolan-Vaida
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2450
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kai Moshammer
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Samah Y Mohamed
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heng Wang
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Sioud
- Analytical Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misjudeen A Raji
- Analytical Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551
| | - Philippe Dagaut
- CNRS, Institut National des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes, Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - S Mani Sarathy
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
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Leitner W, Klankermayer J, Pischinger S, Pitsch H, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Titelbild: Synthese, motorische Verbrennung, Emissionen: Chemische Aspekte des Kraftstoffdesigns (Angew. Chem. 20/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Institut für Thermodynamik; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 4, 5 2074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institut für Technische Verbrennung; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 64 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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Leitner W, Klankermayer J, Pischinger S, Pitsch H, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Cover Picture: Advanced Biofuels and Beyond: Chemistry Solutions for Propulsion and Production (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Institut für Thermodynamik; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstrasse 4 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institut für Technische Verbrennung; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 64 52056 Aachen Germany
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Leitner W, Klankermayer J, Pischinger S, Pitsch H, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Advanced Biofuels and Beyond: Chemistry Solutions for Propulsion and Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5412-5452. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Institut für Thermodynamik; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstrasse 4 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institut für Technische Verbrennung; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 64 52056 Aachen Germany
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Leitner W, Klankermayer J, Pischinger S, Pitsch H, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Synthese, motorische Verbrennung, Emissionen: Chemische Aspekte des Kraftstoffdesigns. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- Lehrstuhl für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Institut für Thermodynamik; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 4, 5 2074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institut für Technische Verbrennung; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 64 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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Hansen N, Wullenkord J, Obenchain DA, Graf I, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Grabow JU. Microwave spectroscopic detection of flame-sampled combustion intermediates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave spectroscopy was used to detect and identify combustion intermediates after sampling out of laboratory-scale model flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Livermore
- USA
| | - J. Wullenkord
- Department of Chemistry
- Bielefeld University
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - D. A. Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie & Elektrochemie
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-University Hannover
- D-30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - I. Graf
- Department of Chemistry
- Bielefeld University
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | | | - J.-U. Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie & Elektrochemie
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-University Hannover
- D-30167 Hannover
- Germany
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Felsmann D, Lucassen A, Krüger J, Hemken C, Tran LS, Pieper J, Garcia GA, Brockhinke A, Nahon L, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Progress in Fixed-Photon-Energy Time-Efficient Double Imaging Photoelectron/Photoion Coincidence Measurements in Quantitative Flame Analysis. Z PHYS CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy as an attractive new technique for
combustion analysis was used in a fixed-photon-energy configuration to provide quantitative
species profiles in laminar premixed flames. While such measurements are conventionally
performed with molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) using electron ionization (EI) or
vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization (PI) with synchrotron radiation, these techniques
have some limitations. The possibility to record photoelectron spectra (PES) simultaneously
with photoionization data, providing fingerprint information for reliable species
identification, presents a significant advantage of PEPICO spectroscopy especially in
complex reactive mixtures. The multiplex approach presented here, enhanced by the imaging
capabilities of the electron and ion detection in the so-called double-imaging PEPICO scheme
(i2PEPICO), provides, in different experimental situations, an
unprecedentedly detailed combustion analysis regarding both species identification and
quantification. Problems and perspectives of the present fixed-photon-energy PEPICO approach
will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felsmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Arnas Lucassen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Krüger
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christian Hemken
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luc-Sy Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Pieper
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gustavo A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andreas Brockhinke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, St. Aubin, B.P. 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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Tchoua Ngamou PH, El Kasmi A, Weiss T, Vieker H, Beyer A, Zielasek V, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Bäumer M. Investigation of the Growth Behaviour of Cobalt Thin Films from Chemical Vapour Deposition, Using Directly Coupled X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Z PHYS CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2015-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thin films and coatings are a basis for many technological processes,
including microelectronics, electrochemistry and catalysis. The
successful deposition of metal films and nanoparticles by chemical
vapour deposition (CVD) needs control over a number of
physico-chemical processes such as precursor and substrate selection,
delivery, temperature, pressure and flow conditions. Here, cobalt thin
films were deposited by means of pulsed-spray evaporation chemical
vapour deposition (PSE-CVD) from ethanol solutions of
Co(acac)2 and Co(acac)3 on bare glass and silicon
substrates. The physico-chemical properties of the grown films were
characterised by XRD (X-ray diffraction), XPS (X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy) and HIM (helium ion microscopy). Co(acac)2
enabled the growth of cobalt metal at lower temperatures than
Co(acac)3. The difference in deposition temperature was
attributed to the ability of ethanol to reduce Co(acac)2
better than Co(acac)3. In addition, the film deposited from
Co(acac)2 exhibited a higher metal content and a less porous
structure than that deposited from Co(acac)3. Increasing the
substrate temperature enhanced the carbon content because of the
thermal decomposition of both precursors. Using a nickel seed layer
improved the growth rate until a critical temperature of
360 ℃, at which the thermal decomposition of the
precursor becomes predominant. A decrease in the deposition
temperature when using the nickel seed layer was only observed with
Co(acac)2 precursor; the growth behaviour under these
conditions was monitored with a unique UHV-compatible PSE-CVD reactor
directly attached to an XPS system and ascribed to an enhancement of
its catalytic reduction by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodor Weiss
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - André Beyer
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volkmar Zielasek
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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18
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Krüger J, Garcia GA, Felsmann D, Moshammer K, Lackner A, Brockhinke A, Nahon L, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy for multiplexed detection of intermediate species in a flame. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:22791-804. [PMID: 25237782 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complex reactive processes in the gas phase often proceed via numerous reaction steps and intermediate species that must be identified and quantified to develop an understanding of the reaction pathways and establish suitable reaction mechanisms. Here, photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy has been applied to analyse combustion intermediates present in a premixed fuel-rich (ϕ = 1.7) ethene-oxygen flame diluted with 25% argon, burning at a reduced pressure of 40 mbar. For the first time, multiplexing fixed-photon-energy PEPICO measurements were demonstrated in a chemically complex reactive system such as a flame in comparison with the scanning "threshold" TPEPICO approach used in recent pioneering combustion investigations. The technique presented here is capable of detecting and identifying multiple species by their cations' vibronic fingerprints, including radicals and pairs or triplets of isomers, from a single time-efficient measurement at a selected fixed photon energy. Vibrational structures for these species have been obtained in very good agreement with scanning-mode threshold photoelectron spectra taken under the same conditions. From such spectra, the temperature in the ionisation volume was determined. Exemplary analysis of species profiles and mole fraction ratios for isomers shows favourable agreement with results obtained by more common electron ionisation and photoionisation mass spectrometry experiments. It is expected that the multiplexing fixed-photon-energy PEPICO technique can contribute effectively to the analysis of chemical reactivity and kinetics in and beyond combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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19
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Moshammer K, Jasper AW, Popolan-Vaida DM, Lucassen A, Diévart P, Selim H, Eskola AJ, Taatjes CA, Leone SR, Sarathy SM, Ju Y, Dagaut P, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Hansen N. Detection and Identification of the Keto-Hydroperoxide (HOOCH2OCHO) and Other Intermediates during Low-Temperature Oxidation of Dimethyl Ether. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7361-74. [PMID: 25695304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the detection and identification of the keto-hydroperoxide (hydroperoxymethyl formate, HPMF, HOOCH2OCHO) and other partially oxidized intermediate species arising from the low-temperature (540 K) oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME). These observations were made possible by coupling a jet-stirred reactor with molecular-beam sampling capabilities, operated near atmospheric pressure, to a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer that employs single-photon ionization via tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. On the basis of experimentally observed ionization thresholds and fragmentation appearance energies, interpreted with the aid of ab initio calculations, we have identified HPMF and its conceivable decomposition products HC(O)O(O)CH (formic acid anhydride), HC(O)OOH (performic acid), and HOC(O)OH (carbonic acid). Other intermediates that were detected and identified include HC(O)OCH3 (methyl formate), cycl-CH2-O-CH2-O- (1,3-dioxetane), CH3OOH (methyl hydroperoxide), HC(O)OH (formic acid), and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). We show that the theoretical characterization of multiple conformeric structures of some intermediates is required when interpreting the experimentally observed ionization thresholds, and a simple method is presented for estimating the importance of multiple conformers at the estimated temperature (∼100 K) of the present molecular beam. We also discuss possible formation pathways of the detected species: for example, supported by potential energy surface calculations, we show that performic acid may be a minor channel of the O2 + ĊH2OCH2OOH reaction, resulting from the decomposition of the HOOCH2OĊHOOH intermediate, which predominantly leads to the HPMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Moshammer
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ahren W Jasper
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Denisia M Popolan-Vaida
- §Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Arnas Lucassen
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Pascal Diévart
- ⊥Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hatem Selim
- #Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arkke J Eskola
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Craig A Taatjes
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- §Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - S Mani Sarathy
- #Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiguang Ju
- ⊥Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Philippe Dagaut
- ∇Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSIS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Nils Hansen
- †Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
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20
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Moshammer K, Lucassen A, Togbé C, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Hansen N. Formation of Oxygenated and Hydrocarbon Intermediates in
Premixed Combustion of 2-Methylfuran. Z PHYS CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2014-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper focuses on the combustion chemistry of 2-methylfuran
(2-MF), a potential biofuel, and it is built on the previous work of
Tran et al. [Combust. Flame 161 (2014) 766]. In
their work, they had combined detailed flame chemistry modeling with
flame speciation data based on flame-sampling molecular beam mass
spectrometry (MBMS) with electron ionization and gas chromatography
with MS detection. In this work, we significantly extend those
previous studies by in-situ isomer-resolving species
identification and quantification. Specifically, we have determined
the detailed chemical structure of a premixed laminar 2-MF flame using
flame-sampling high-resolution MBMS with synchrotron-generated
vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. Mole fraction profiles of 60
intermediate, reactant, and product species were measured in order to
assess the pollutant potential of this possible next-generation
biofuel. Special emphasis is paid towards the fuel's ability to form
aromatic and oxygenated intermediates during incomplete combustion
processes, with the latter species representing a variety of different
classes including alcohols, ethers, enols, ketones, aldehydes, acids,
and ketenes. Whenever possible the experimental data are compared to
the results of model calculations using the 2-MF combustion chemistry
model of Tran et al., but it should be noted that many newly
detected species are not included in the calculations. The
experimental data presented in this work provides guidance towards to
development of a next-generation 2-MF combustion chemistry model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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21
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Weiss T, Nowak M, Mundloch U, Zielasek V, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Bäumer M. Design of a compact ultrahigh vacuum-compatible setup for the analysis of chemical vapor deposition processes. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:104104. [PMID: 25362422 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing thin film deposition techniques requires contamination-free transfer from the reactor into an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber for surface science analysis. A very compact, multifunctional Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) reactor for direct attachment to any typical UHV system for thin film analysis was designed and built. Besides compactness, fast, easy, and at the same time ultimately clean sample transfer between reactor and UHV was a major goal. It was achieved by a combination of sample manipulation parts, sample heater, and a shutter mechanism designed to fit all into a NW38 Conflat six-ways cross. The present reactor design is versatile to be employed for all commonly employed variants of CVD, including Atomic Layer Deposition. A demonstration of the functionality of the system is provided. First results of the setup (attached to an Omicron Multiprobe x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system) on the temperature dependence of Pulsed Spray Evaporation-CVD of Ni films from Ni acetylacetonate as the precursor demonstrate the reactor performance and illustrate the importance of clean sample transfer without breaking vacuum in order to obtain unambiguous results on the quality of CVD-grown thin Ni films. The widely applicable design holds promise for future systematic studies of the fundamental processes during chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Weiss
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Nowak
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Physikalische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volkmar Zielasek
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus
- Physikalische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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22
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Mountapmbeme Kouotou P, Vieker H, Tian ZY, Tchoua Ngamou PH, El Kasmi A, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Structure–activity relation of spinel-type Co–Fe oxides for low-temperature CO oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Hansen N, Skeen SA, Michelsen HA, Wilson KR, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Flame experiments at the advanced light source: new insights into soot formation processes. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24894694 PMCID: PMC4207224 DOI: 10.3791/51369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species’ profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories;
| | - Scott A Skeen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories
| | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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24
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Krüger J, Koppmann J, Nau P, Brockhinke A, Schenk M, Hansen N, Werner U, Kohse-Höinghaus K. From Precursors to Pollutants: Some Advances in Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics. Eur Chem Tech J 2014. [DOI: 10.18321/ectj174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present assessment and prediction of potential pollutant emissions from combustion systems often rely on dedicated combustion models. Their validation depends on the critical examination of the relevant chemical reaction pathways. To this end, a number of combustion diagnostic techniques are available<br />which can probe important chemical constituents in situ, thus providing direct information on the progress of the combustion reactions. Here, some recent experimental advances for the investigation of a suite of targets from molecular intermediates and soot precursors to nascent particles will be presented. Examples include the application of quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS), molecular-beam mass<br />spectrometry (MBMS) with different ionization schemes, photoelectron–photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy, helium ion microscopy (HIM), and polarization-modulated infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS).<br /><br />
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25
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Tran LS, Togbé C, Liu D, Felsmann D, Oßwald P, Glaude PA, Fournet R, Sirjean B, Battin-Leclerc F, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion chemistry and flame structure of furan group biofuels using molecular-beam mass spectrometry and gas chromatography - Part II: 2-Methylfuran. Combust Flame 2014; 161:766-779. [PMID: 24518895 PMCID: PMC3837210 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This is Part II of a series of three papers which jointly address the combustion chemistry of furan and its alkylated derivatives 2-methylfuran (MF) and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) under premixed low-pressure flame conditions. Some of them are considered to be promising biofuels. With furan as a common basis studied in Part I of this series, the present paper addresses two laminar premixed low-pressure (20 and 40 mbar) flat argon-diluted (50%) flames of MF which were studied with electron-ionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS) and gas chromatography (GC) for equivalence ratios φ=1.0 and 1.7, identical conditions to those for the previously reported furan flames. Mole fractions of reactants, products as well as stable and reactive intermediates were measured as a function of the distance above the burner. Kinetic modeling was performed using a comprehensive reaction mechanism for all three fuels given in Part I and described in the three parts of this series. A comparison of the experimental results and the simulation shows reasonable agreement, as also seen for the furan flames in Part I before. This set of experiments is thus considered to be a valuable additional basis for the validation of the model. The main reaction pathways of MF consumption have been derived from reaction flow analyses, and differences to furan combustion chemistry under the same conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc-Sy Tran
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Casimir Togbé
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Felsmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Glaude
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - René Fournet
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Sirjean
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Battin-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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26
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Liu D, Togbé C, Tran LS, Felsmann D, Oßwald P, Nau P, Koppmann J, Lackner A, Glaude PA, Sirjean B, Fournet R, Battin-Leclerc F, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion chemistry and flame structure of furan group biofuels using molecular-beam mass spectrometry and gas chromatography - Part I: Furan. Combust Flame 2014; 161:748-765. [PMID: 24518999 PMCID: PMC3837219 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fuels of the furan family, i.e. furan itself, 2-methylfuran (MF), and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) are being proposed as alternatives to hydrocarbon fuels and are potentially accessible from cellulosic biomass. While some experiments and modeling results are becoming available for each of these fuels, a comprehensive experimental and modeling analysis of the three fuels under the same conditions, simulated using the same chemical reaction model, has - to the best of our knowledge - not been attempted before. The present series of three papers, detailing the results obtained in flat flames for each of the three fuels separately, reports experimental data and explores their combustion chemistry using kinetic modeling. The first part of this series focuses on the chemistry of low-pressure furan flames. Two laminar premixed low-pressure (20 and 40 mbar) flat argon-diluted (50%) flames of furan were studied at two equivalence ratios (φ=1.0 and 1.7) using an analytical combination of high-resolution electron-ionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS) in Bielefeld and gas chromatography (GC) in Nancy. The time-of-flight MBMS with its high mass resolution enables the detection of both stable and reactive species, while the gas chromatograph permits the separation of isomers. Mole fractions of reactants, products, and stable and radical intermediates were measured as a function of the distance to the burner. A single kinetic model was used to predict the flame structure of the three fuels: furan (in this paper), 2-methylfuran (in Part II), and 2,5-dimethylfuran (in Part III). A refined sub-mechanism for furan combustion, based on the work of Tian et al. [Combustion and Flame 158 (2011) 756-773] was developed which was then compared to the present experimental results. Overall, the agreement is encouraging. The main reaction pathways involved in furan combustion were delineated computing the rates of formation and consumption of all species. It is seen that the predominant furan consumption pathway is initiated by H-addition on the carbon atom neighboring the O-atom with acetylene as one of the dominant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Casimir Togbé
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luc-Sy Tran
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Felsmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Nau
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Koppmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Lackner
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Glaude
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Sirjean
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - René Fournet
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Battin-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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27
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Togbé C, Tran LS, Liu D, Felsmann D, Oßwald P, Glaude PA, Sirjean B, Fournet R, Battin-Leclerc F, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion chemistry and flame structure of furan group biofuels using molecular-beam mass spectrometry and gas chromatography - Part III: 2,5-Dimethylfuran. Combust Flame 2014; 161:780-797. [PMID: 24518851 PMCID: PMC3837207 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work is the third part of a study focusing on the combustion chemistry and flame structure of furan and selected alkylated derivatives, i.e. furan in Part I, 2-methylfuran (MF) in Part II, and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) in the present work. Two premixed low-pressure (20 and 40 mbar) flat argon-diluted (50%) flames of DMF were studied with electron-ionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS) and gas chromatography (GC) under two equivalence ratios (φ=1.0 and 1.7). Mole fractions of reactants, products, and stable and radical intermediates were measured as a function of the distance to the burner. Kinetic modeling was performed using a reaction mechanism that was further developed in the present series, including Part I and Part II. A reasonable agreement between the present experimental results and the simulation is observed. The main reaction pathways of DMF consumption were derived from a reaction flow analysis. Also, a comparison of the key features for the three flames is presented, as well as a comparison between these flames of furanic compounds and those of other fuels. An a priori surprising ability of DMF to form soot precursors (e.g. 1,3-cyclopentadiene or benzene) compared to less substituted furans and to other fuels has been experimentally observed and is well explained in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir Togbé
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luc-Sy Tran
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, EN-SIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Felsmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Glaude
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, EN-SIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Sirjean
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, EN-SIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - René Fournet
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, EN-SIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Battin-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), CNRS, Université de Lorraine, EN-SIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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Schenk M, Lieb S, Vieker H, Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A, Wang H, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Imaging nanocarbon materials: soot particles in flames are not structurally homogeneous. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3248-54. [PMID: 23946250 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, nascent soot particles are probed by using helium-ion microscopy (HIM). HIM is a technique that is similar to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) but it can achieve higher contrast and improved surface sensitivity, especially for carbonaceous materials. The HIM microscope yields images with a high contrast, which allows for the unambiguous recognition of smaller nascent soot particles than those observed in previous transmission electron microscopy studies. The results indicate that HIM is ideal for rapid and reliable probing of the morphology of nascent soot, with surface details visible down to approximately 5 nm, and particles as small as 2 nm are detectable. The results also show that nascent soot is structurally and chemically inhomogeneous, and even the smallest particles can have shapes that deviate from a perfect sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schenk
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Germany)
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Kouotou PM, Tian ZY, Mundloch U, Bahlawane N, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Controlled synthesis of Co3O4 spinel with Co(acac)3 as precursor. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bahlawane N, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Premkumar PA, Lenoble D. Advances in the deposition chemistry of metal-containing thin films using gas phase processes. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kasper T, Lucassen A, Jasper AW, Li W, Westmoreland PR, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Yang B, Wang J, Cool TA, Hansen N. Identification of Tetrahydrofuran Reaction Pathways in Premixed Flames. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Premixed low-pressure tetrahydrofuran/oxygen/argon flames are investigated by photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry using vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. For two equivalence ratios (φ = 1.00 and 1.75), mole fractions are measured as a function of distance from the burner for almost 60 intermediates with molar masses ranging from 2 (H2) to 88 (C4H6O2), providing a broad database for flame modeling studies. The isomeric composition is resolved by comparisons between experimental photoionization efficiency data and theoretical simulations, based on calculated ionization energies and Franck-Condon factors. Special emphasis is put on the resolution of the first reaction steps in the fuel destruction. The photoionization experiments are complemented by electron-ionization molecular-beam mass-spectrometry measurements that provide data with high mass resolution. For three additional flames with intermediate equivalence ratios (φ = 1.20, 1.40 and 1.60), mole fractions of major species and photoionization efficiency spectra of intermediate species are reported, extending the database for the development of chemical kinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnas Lucassen
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld, Deutschland
| | - Ahren W. Jasper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Combustion Research Facility, Livermore, CA 94551, U.S.A
| | - Wenjun Li
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineerin, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
| | - Philip R. Westmoreland
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineerin, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
| | | | - Bin Yang
- Cornell University, School of Applied Engineering Physics, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Juan Wang
- Cornell University, School of Applied Engineering Physics, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Terrill A. Cool
- Cornell University, School of Applied Engineering Physics, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Nils Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Combustion Research Facility, Livermore, CA 94551, U.S.A
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Yang B, Westbrook CK, Cool TA, Hansen N, Kohse-Höinghaus K. The Effect of Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds on the Combustion Chemistry of Small Fatty Acid Esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmentally friendly biodiesel is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated methyl (or ethyl) esters of long-chain fatty acids. To experimentally examine the effect of C=C double bonds on the combustion chemistry of fatty acid esters, low-pressure premixed laminar flames of four small esters have been studied using flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry. Mole fraction profiles of reactants, products, and well-identified stable and reactive combustion intermediates in flames of the saturated species methyl propanoate (CH3CH2COOCH
3) and its isomer ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH
3) have been compared with results from flames of the unsaturated fuels methyl propenoate (CH2CHCOOCH
3) and vinyl acetate (CH3COOCHCH
2) flames. A total of eight flames have been studied, with two fuel-rich flame conditions investigated (fuel-equivalence ratios φ=1.2 and 1.56) for each fuel. In addition, the underlying oxidation chemistry at these premixed flame conditions has been investigated using a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism, which is largely based on a previously proposed model for saturated esters [B. Yang et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 7205]. The combined results provide a detailed understanding of the similarities and differences between the combustion of saturated vs. unsaturated esters. Meanwhile, the isomeric and stoichiometric effects on their combustion chemistry are also addressed. In this paper, experimental and modeling details are discussed with a special focus on the different reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Cornell University, School of Applied Engineering Physics, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Nils Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Combustion Research Facility, Livermore, CA 94551, U.S.A
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Oßwald P, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Struckmeier U, Zeuch T, Seidel L, Leon L, Mauss F. Combustion Chemistry of the Butane Isomers in Premixed Low-Pressure Flames. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The combustion chemistry of the two butane isomers represents a subset in a comprehensive description of C1–C4 hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. A critical examination of combustion models and their capability to predict emissions from this class of fuels must rely on high-quality experimental data that address the respective chemical decomposition and oxidation pathways, including quantitative intermediate species mole fractions. Premixed flat low-pressure (40 mbar) flames of the two butane isomers were thus studied under identical, fuel-rich (φ=1.71) conditions. Two independent molecular-beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) set-ups were used to provide quantitative species profiles. Both data sets, one from electron ionization (EI)-MBMS with high mass resolution and one from photoionization (PI)-MBMS with high energy resolution, are in overall good agreement. Simulations with a flame model were used to analyze the respective reaction pathways, and differences in the combustion behavior of the two isomers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulf Struckmeier
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Solaar House, Cambridge, CB5 8BZ, Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Lars Seidel
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, Cottbus, Deutschland
| | - Larisa Leon
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, Cottbus, Deutschland
| | - Fabian Mauss
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, Cottbus, Deutschland
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Bahlawane N, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Weimann T, Hinze P, Röhe S, Bäumer M. Rational Design of Functional Oxide Thin Films with Embedded Magnetic or Plasmonic Metallic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9957-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bahlawane N, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Weimann T, Hinze P, Röhe S, Bäumer M. Rationales Design dünner funktioneller Oxidfilme mit eingebetteten magnetischen oder plasmonischen Metallnanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yang B, Westbrook CK, Cool TA, Hansen N, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Fuel-specific influences on the composition of reaction intermediates in premixed flames of three C5H10O2 ester isomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6901-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jakob A, Schmidt H, Walfort B, Rüffer T, Haase T, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Lang H. Phosphane- and phosphite-silver(I) phenolates: Synthesis, characterization and their use as CVD precursors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Osswald P, Cool TA, Kasper T, Hansen N, Qi F, Westbrook CK, Westmoreland PR. Biofuel combustion chemistry: from ethanol to biodiesel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3572-97. [PMID: 20446278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofuels, such as bio-ethanol, bio-butanol, and biodiesel, are of increasing interest as alternatives to petroleum-based transportation fuels because they offer the long-term promise of fuel-source regenerability and reduced climatic impact. Current discussions emphasize the processes to make such alternative fuels and fuel additives, the compatibility of these substances with current fuel-delivery infrastructure and engine performance, and the competition between biofuel and food production. However, the combustion chemistry of the compounds that constitute typical biofuels, including alcohols, ethers, and esters, has not received similar public attention. Herein we highlight some characteristic aspects of the chemical pathways in the combustion of prototypical representatives of potential biofuels. The discussion focuses on the decomposition and oxidation mechanisms and the formation of undesired, harmful, or toxic emissions, with an emphasis on transportation fuels. New insights into the vastly diverse and complex chemical reaction networks of biofuel combustion are enabled by recent experimental investigations and complementary combustion modeling. Understanding key elements of this chemistry is an important step towards the intelligent selection of next-generation alternative fuels.
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Bergmann U, Lummer K, Atakan B, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Flame deposition of diamond films: An experimental study of the effects of stoichiometry, temperature, time and the influence of acetone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19981020703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jakob A, Rüffer T, Schmidt H, Djiele P, Körbitz K, Ecorchard P, Haase T, Kohse-Höinghaus K, Frühauf S, Wächtler T, Schulz S, Gessner T, Lang H. Disilver(I) Coordination Complexes: Synthesis, Reaction Chemistry, and Their Potential Use in CVD and Spin-Coating Processes for Silver Deposition. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Atakan B, Jörres V, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Poster Contributions. Double Pulse 2D LIF as a Means for Following Flow and Chemistry Development in Turbulent Combustion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19930971231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Meier U, Kienle R, Plath I, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Two-Dimensional LIF Approaches for the Accurate Determination of Radical Concentrations and Temperature in Combustion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920961011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Perc W, Just T. Laser-Induced Saturated Fluorescence as a Method for the Determination of Radical Concentrations in Flames. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19830871119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Oßwald P, Cool T, Kasper T, Hansen N, Qi F, Westbrook C, Westmoreland P. Verbrennungschemie der Biokraftstoffe: von Ethanol bis Biodiesel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Oßwald P, Cool T, Kasper T, Hansen N, Qi F, Westbrook C, Westmoreland P. Cover Picture: Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 21/2010). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kohse-Höinghaus K, Oßwald P, Cool T, Kasper T, Hansen N, Qi F, Westbrook C, Westmoreland P. Titelbild: Verbrennungschemie der Biokraftstoffe: von Ethanol bis Biodiesel (Angew. Chem. 21/2010). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Köhler M, Brockhinke A, Braun-Unkhoff M, Kohse-Höinghaus K. Quantitative Laser Diagnostic and Modeling Study of C2 and CH Chemistry in Combustion. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4719-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908242y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, and Institut für Verbrennungstechnik, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Brockhinke
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, and Institut für Verbrennungstechnik, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marina Braun-Unkhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, and Institut für Verbrennungstechnik, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany, and Institut für Verbrennungstechnik, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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