1
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Gao Y, Huang D, Huang S, Li H, Xia B. Rational design of ROS generation nanosystems to regulate innate immunity of macrophages, dendrtical and natural killing cells for immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112695. [PMID: 39024751 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity serves as the first line of host defense in the body against pathogenic infections or malignant diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as vital signaling mediators, can efficiently elicit innate immune responses to oxidative-related stress or damage. In the era of nanomedicine, various immunostimulatory nanosystems have been extensively designed and synthesized to elicit immune responses for the immunotherapy of cancer or infectious diseases. In this review, we emphasize that ROS derived from nanosystems regulates innate immune cells to potentiate immunotherapeutic efficacy, such as primarily dendritic cells, macrophages, or natural killer cells. Meanwhile, we also summarize the pathway of ROS generation triggered by exogenous nanosystems in innate immune cells of DCs, macrophages, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- College of Science, State Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- College of Science, State Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shuodan Huang
- College of Science, State Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Bing Xia
- College of Science, State Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Department of Geriatric Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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2
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Long H, Wu Z. Immunoregulatory effects of Huaier (Trametes robiniophila Murr) and relevant clinical applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147098. [PMID: 37449208 PMCID: PMC10337589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huaier (Trametes robiniophila Murr) is a medicinal fungus of traditional Chinese medicine with more than 1000 years of history of clinical application. Its remarkable anticancer activities has led to its application in treating diverse malignancies. In recent years, the immunomodulatory effects of Huaier have been uncovered and proved to be beneficial in a plethora of immune-related diseases including cancer, nephropathy, asthma, etc. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the active components of Huaier, its regulatory activities on multifaceted aspects of the immune system, its application in various clinical settings as well as toxicologic evidence. Based on currently available literature, Huaier possesses broad-spectrum regulatory activities on various components of the innate and adaptive immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes, etc. Versatile immunologic reactions are under the regulation of Huaier from expression of damage-associated molecular patterns, immune cell activation and maturation to cell proliferation, differentiation, antibody production, expression of cytokines and chemokines and terminal intracellular signal transduction. Moreover, some modulatory activities of Huaier might be context-dependent, typically promoting the restoration toward normal physiological status. With excellent efficacy and minimal side effects, we foresee more extensive application of Huaier for treating immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Long
- Department of cardiac function, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongcai Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Abril AG, Villa TG, Sánchez-Pérez Á, Notario V, Carrera M. The Role of the Gallbladder, the Intestinal Barrier and the Gut Microbiota in the Development of Food Allergies and Other Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14333. [PMID: 36430811 PMCID: PMC9696009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota present in the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the development or prevention of food allergies and autoimmune disorders; these bacteria can enter the gallbladder and, depending on the species involved, can either be benign or cause significant diseases. Occlusion of the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of calculi blocking the bile duct, facilitates microbial infection and inflammation, which can be serious enough to require life-saving surgery. In addition, the biliary salts are secreted into the intestine and can affect the gut microbiota. The interaction between the gut microbiota, pathogenic organisms, and the human immune system can create intestinal dysbiosis, generating a variety of syndromes including the development of food allergies and autoimmune disorders. The intestinal microbiota can aggravate certain food allergies, which become severe when the integrity of the intestinal barrier is affected, allowing bacteria, or their metabolites, to cross the intestinal barrier and invade the bloodstream, affecting distal body organs. This article deals with health conditions and severe diseases that are either influenced by the gut flora or caused by gallbladder obstruction and inflammation, as well as putative treatments for those illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vicente Notario
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Marine Research Institute, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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4
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Henrik SZŐKE, István BÓKKON, David M, Jan V, Ágnes K, Zoltán K, Ferenc F, Tibor K, László SL, Ádám D, Odilia M, Andrea K. The innate immune system and fever under redox control: A Narrative Review. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4324-4362. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220203122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
In living cells, redox potential is vitally important for normal physiological processes that are closely regulated by antioxidants, free amino acids and proteins that either have reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capture capability or can be compartmentalized. Although hundreds of experiments support the regulatory role of free radicals and their derivatives, several authors continue to claim that these perform only harmful and non-regulatory functions. In this paper we show that countless intracellular and extracellular signal pathways are directly or indirectly linked to regulated redox processes. We also briefly discuss how artificial oxidative stress can have important therapeutic potential and the possible negative effects of popular antioxidant supplements.
Next, we present the argument supported by a large number of studies that several major components of innate immunity, as well as fever, is also essentially associated with regulated redox processes. Our goal is to point out that the production of excess or unregulated free radicals and reactive species can be secondary processes due to the perturbed cellular signal pathways. However, researchers on pharmacology should consider the important role of redox mechanisms in the innate immune system and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- SZŐKE Henrik
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - BÓKKON István
- Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Vision Research Institute,
Lowell, MA, USA
| | - martin David
- Department of Human Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Vagedes Jan
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - kiss Ágnes
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - kovács Zoltán
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - fekete Ferenc
- Department of Nyerges Gábor Pediatric Infectology, Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - kocsis Tibor
- Department of Clinical Governance, Hungarian National Ambulance Service, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - kisbenedek Andrea
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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5
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Albert D. Are autoimmune diseases autoinflammatory: Is it time to change the paradigm? Lupus 2021; 30:1722-1724. [PMID: 34467788 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211038931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm that autoimmune diseases are abberations in the adaptive immune system is over 50 years old, but recent data suggest a multitude of abnormalities in the innate immune system in lupus and other autoimmune diseases. This viewpoint elaborates the reasons that I think it is time to reexamine this paradigm and shift our research focus to the innate immune system in lupus and other prototypic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Albert
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Dartmouth Institute, Lebanon, NH, USA
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6
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Rowe M, Whittington E, Borziak K, Ravinet M, Eroukhmanoff F, Sætre GP, Dorus S. Molecular Diversification of the Seminal Fluid Proteome in a Recently Diverged Passerine Species Pair. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:488-506. [PMID: 31665510 PMCID: PMC6993853 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) mediate an array of postmating reproductive processes that influence fertilization and fertility. As such, it is widely held that SFPs may contribute to postmating, prezygotic reproductive barriers between closely related taxa. We investigated seminal fluid (SF) diversification in a recently diverged passerine species pair (Passer domesticus and Passer hispaniolensis) using a combination of proteomic and comparative evolutionary genomic approaches. First, we characterized and compared the SF proteome of the two species, revealing consistencies with known aspects of SFP biology and function in other taxa, including the presence and diversification of proteins involved in immunity and sperm maturation. Second, using whole-genome resequencing data, we assessed patterns of genomic differentiation between house and Spanish sparrows. These analyses detected divergent selection on immunity-related SF genes and positive selective sweeps in regions containing a number of SF genes that also exhibited protein abundance diversification between species. Finally, we analyzed the molecular evolution of SFPs across 11 passerine species and found a significantly higher rate of positive selection in SFPs compared with the rest of the genome, as well as significant enrichments for functional pathways related to immunity in the set of positively selected SF genes. Our results suggest that selection on immunity pathways is an important determinant of passerine SF composition and evolution. Assessing the role of immunity genes in speciation in other recently diverged taxa should be prioritized given the potential role for immunity-related proteins in reproductive incompatibilities in Passer sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Whittington
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Kirill Borziak
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Glenn-Peter Sætre
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
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7
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Mendonca P, Soliman KFA. Flavonoids Activation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 as a Hypothesis Approach for the Prevention and Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E659. [PMID: 32722164 PMCID: PMC7463602 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway is the principal regulator of antioxidant and phase II detoxification genes. Its activation increases the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective proteins, protecting cells against infections. Nrf2 modulates virus-induced oxidative stress, ROS generation, and disease pathogenesis, which are vital in the viral life cycle. During respiratory viral infections, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an inflammatory process, and oxidative stress of the epithelium lining cells activate the transcription factor Nrf2, which protects cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 reduces angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expression in respiratory epithelial cells. SARS-CoV2 has a high affinity for ACE2 that works as receptors for coronavirus surface spike glycoprotein, facilitating viral entry. Disease severity may also be modulated by pre-existing conditions, such as impaired immune response, obesity, and age, where decreased level of Nrf2 is a common feature. Consequently, Nrf2 activators may increase Nrf2 levels and enhance antiviral mediators' expression, which could initiate an "antiviral state", priming cells against viral infection. Therefore, this hypothesis paper describes the use of flavonoid supplements combined with vitamin D3 to activate Nrf2, which may be a potential target to prevent and/or decrease SARS-CoV-2 infection severity, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, enhancing innate immunity, and downregulating ACE2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA;
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Yun S, Giri SS, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Kang JW, Han SJ, Kwon J, Oh WT, Chi C, Jun JW, Chang Park S. Enhanced bath immersion vaccination through microbubble treatment in the cyprinid loach. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:12-18. [PMID: 31082518 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunization by bath immersion is likely the simplest method of fish vaccination. Although the route of immunogenicity has not been fully identified, immersion vaccination is clearly a useful labor-saving technique. In this study, microbubble (MB) treatment was assessed for its ability to improve the efficacy of bath immersion vaccination in the cyprinid loach. MBs are commonly defined as minute particles of gas with a diameter of less than 100 μm, which generated free radicals. Here, the efficacy of MB treatment for vaccination enhancement in the cyprinid loach was assessed in direct challenge experiments using the virulent Aeromonas hydrophila JUNAH strain; assessments comprised agglutination titer assay and non-specific parameter analysis. Agglutination titers were high in loaches that were immunized via injection with inactivated cells (FKC group); however, non-specific immune activation parameters (e.g., lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and phagocytic activity) were more increased in loaches that were immunized via bath immersion with MB treatment. Moreover, MB-treated loaches showed comparable survival rates, relative to loaches immunized via injection with formalin inactivated cells. Thus, higher levels of non-specific immune parameters suggest increased efficacy of this vaccine approach. Improving the effectiveness of bath immersion vaccine will increase its affordability and ease of application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geun Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Taek Oh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Ecology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Fang YX, Zou Y, Wang GT, Huang SH, Zhou YJ, Zhou YJ. lnc TINCR induced by NOD1 mediates inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Gene 2019; 698:150-156. [PMID: 30851423 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating the expression of the lnc RNAs screened above between normal and insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Addressing the mechanism underlying the regulation of inflammation response by lnc TINCR. METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into mature adipocytes. Oil red O staining was used to find the fat droplets in mature adipocytes. Mature adipocytes were randomized to normal control group and Tri-DAP (NOD1 ligand) group. After the establishment of insulin resistance model, we used deep RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq) to identify lncRNAs that are regulated during NODI activation in mouse adipocytes. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of lnc TINCR, proinflammatory IL-6, TNF-α, Cxcl1 and RIPK2 in the presence or absence of Tri-DAP(10 μg/ml). We employed siRNA against lnc TINCR to confirm its effects in inflammatory response. RESULTS Deep RNA sequencing identified 81 lncRNAs and 167 coding genes that were significantly up-related while 78 lncRNAs and 82 coding genes that were significantly down-related greater than twofold during NOD1 activation in adipocytes. We discovered that lnc TINCR, termed lnc TINCR(Tri-DAP-inducible non-protein coding RNA) is greatly upregulated in Tri-DAP activated adipocytes. Moreover knockdown of lnc TINCR dampens the proinflammatory response (P < 0.05; in adipocytes). CONCLUSIONS lnc TINCR is a positive regulator of inflammation-induced insulin resistance presumably via activation of NOD1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang-Ting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shao-Hua Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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10
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Nrf2 as regulator of innate immunity: A molecular Swiss army knife! Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:358-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Survival of the Fittest: How Bacterial Pathogens Utilize Bile To Enhance Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:819-36. [PMID: 27464994 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00031-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have coevolved with humans in order to efficiently infect, replicate within, and be transmitted to new hosts to ensure survival and a continual infection cycle. For enteric pathogens, the ability to adapt to numerous host factors under the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract is critical for establishing infection. One such host factor readily encountered by enteric bacteria is bile, an innately antimicrobial detergent-like compound essential for digestion and nutrient absorption. Not only have enteric pathogens evolved to resist the bactericidal conditions of bile, but these bacteria also utilize bile as a signal to enhance virulence regulation for efficient infection. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of bile-related research with enteric pathogens. From common responses to the unique expression of specific virulence factors, each pathogen has overcome significant challenges to establish infection in the gastrointestinal tract. Utilization of bile as a signal to modulate virulence factor expression has led to important insights for our understanding of virulence mechanisms for many pathogens. Further research on enteric pathogens exposed to this in vivo signal will benefit therapeutic and vaccine development and ultimately enhance our success at combating such elite pathogens.
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12
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Udden SMN, Waliullah S, Harris M, Zaki H. The Ex Vivo Colon Organ Culture and Its Use in Antimicrobial Host Defense Studies. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287576 DOI: 10.3791/55347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine displays an architecture of repetitive crypt structures consisting of different types of epithelial cells, lamina propia containing immune cells, and stroma. All of these heterogeneous cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis and participate in antimicrobial host defense. Therefore, identifying a surrogate model for studying immune response and antimicrobial activity of the intestine in an in vitro setting is extremely challenging. In vitro studies using immortalized intestinal epithelial cell lines or even primary crypt organoid culture do not represent the exact physiology of normal intestine and its microenvironment. Here, we discuss a method of culturing mouse colon tissue in a culture dish and how this ex vivo organ culture system can be implemented in studies related to antimicrobial host defense responses. In representative experiments, we showed that colons in organ culture express antimicrobial peptides in response to exogenous IL-1β and IL-18. Further, the antimicrobial effector molecules produced by the colon tissues in the organ culture efficiently kill Escherichia coli in vitro. This approach, therefore, can be utilized to dissect the role of pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and their cellular receptors in regulating intestinal innate immune responses and antimicrobial host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center;
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13
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Fleming JO, Weinstock JV. Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:277-92. [PMID: 25600983 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some helminths are major human pathogens. Recently, however, increased understanding of the immunoregulatory responses induced by this class of parasites, in combination with epidemiologic and animal studies, suggests that helminths may have therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases (AD) and other conditions. This article reviews the rationale for and results of clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of helminth therapy in AD. Also discussed are future prospects for investigation and the possibility that helminth treatment may serve as a probe to help reveal the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Fleming
- Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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New understanding on the pathogenesis of acute arterial thrombosis. J Geriatr Cardiol 2015; 12:204-7. [PMID: 26089842 PMCID: PMC4460161 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Gause WC, Wilson MS. Immunity to parasitic infections at mucous-protected environmental interfaces. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:397-9. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. C. Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation; New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Newark NJ USA
| | - M. S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology; MRC; National Institute for Medical Research; London UK
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