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Rahman A, Kuddus MA, Paul AK, Hasan MZ. The impact of triple doses vaccination and other interventions for controlling the outbreak of COVID-19 cases and mortality in Australia: A modelling study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25945. [PMID: 38384567 PMCID: PMC10878934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a significant public health problem around the globe, including in Australia. Despite this, Australia's Ministry of Health has expanded COVID-19 control measures widely, logistical trials exist, and the disease burden still needs more clarity. One of the best methods to comprehend the dynamics of disease transmission is by mathematical modeling of COVID-19, which also makes it possible to quantify factors in many places, including Australia. In order to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 in Australia, we examine a mathematical modeling framework for the virus in this study. Australian COVID-19 actual incidence data from January to December 2021 was used to calibrate the model. We also performed a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters and found that the COVID-19 transmission rate was the primary factor in determining the basic reproduction number (R0). Gradually influential intervention policies were established, with accurate effect and coverage regulated with the help of COVID-19 experts in Australia. We simulated data for the period from April 2022 to August 2023. To ascertain which of these outcomes is most effective in lowering the COVID-19 burden, we here assessed the COVID-19 burden (as shown by the number of incident cases and mortality) under a range of intervention scenarios. Regarding the policy of single intervention, the fastest and most efficient way to lower the incidence of COVID-19 is via increasing the first-dose immunization rate, while an improved treatment rate for the afflicted population is also helps to lower mortality in Australia. Furthermore, our results imply that integrating more therapies at the same time increases their efficacy, particularly for mortality, which significantly reduced with a moderate effort, while lowering the number of COVID-19 instances necessitates a major and ongoing commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizur Rahman
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Md Abdul Kuddus
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Anip Kumar Paul
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zobaer Hasan
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2678, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
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Espinosa O, Mora L, Sanabria C, Ramos A, Rincón D, Bejarano V, Rodríguez J, Barrera N, Álvarez-Moreno C, Cortés J, Saavedra C, Robayo A, Franco OH. Predictive models for health outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2, including the effect of vaccination: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38229123 PMCID: PMC10790449 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between modelers and policymakers is becoming more common due to the increase in computing speed seen in recent decades. The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was no exception. Thus, this study aims to identify and assess epidemiological mathematical models of SARS-CoV-2 applied to real-world data, including immunization for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). METHODOLOGY PubMed, JSTOR, medRxiv, LILACS, EconLit, and other databases were searched for studies employing epidemiological mathematical models of SARS-CoV-2 applied to real-world data. We summarized the information qualitatively, and each article included was assessed for bias risk using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PROBAST checklist tool. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022344542. FINDINGS In total, 5646 articles were retrieved, of which 411 were included. Most of the information was published in 2021. The countries with the highest number of studies were the United States, Canada, China, and the United Kingdom; no studies were found in low-income countries. The SEIR model (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered) was the most frequently used approach, followed by agent-based modeling. Moreover, the most commonly used software were R, Matlab, and Python, with the most recurring health outcomes being death and recovery. According to the JBI assessment, 61.4% of articles were considered to have a low risk of bias. INTERPRETATION The utilization of mathematical models increased following the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Stakeholders have begun to incorporate these analytical tools more extensively into public policy, enabling the construction of various scenarios for public health. This contribution adds value to informed decision-making. Therefore, understanding their advancements, strengths, and limitations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Espinosa
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Laura Mora
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian Sanabria
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Duván Rincón
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valeria Bejarano
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Jhonathan Rodríguez
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS) & Economic Models and Quantitative Methods Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Nicolás Barrera
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jorge Cortés
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos Saavedra
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Adriana Robayo
- Directorate of Analytical, Economic and Actuarial Studies in Health, Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University & Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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Gao S, Shen M, Wang X, Wang J, Martcheva M, Rong L. A multi-strain model with asymptomatic transmission: Application to COVID-19 in the US. J Theor Biol 2023; 565:111468. [PMID: 36940811 PMCID: PMC10027298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, has caused an unprecedented pandemic in the world. New variants of the virus have emerged and dominated the virus population. In this paper, we develop a multi-strain model with asymptomatic transmission to study how the asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection influences the transmission between different strains and control strategies that aim to mitigate the pandemic. Both analytical and numerical results reveal that the competitive exclusion principle still holds for the model with the asymptomatic transmission. By fitting the model to the COVID-19 case and viral variant data in the US, we show that the omicron variants are more transmissible but less fatal than the previously circulating variants. The basic reproduction number for the omicron variants is estimated to be 11.15, larger than that for the previous variants. Using mask mandate as an example of non-pharmaceutical interventions, we show that implementing it before the prevalence peak can significantly lower and postpone the peak. The time of lifting the mask mandate can affect the emergence and frequency of subsequent waves. Lifting before the peak will result in an earlier and much higher subsequent wave. Caution should also be taken to lift the restriction when a large portion of the population remains susceptible. The methods and results obtained her e may be applied to the study of the dynamics of other infectious diseases with asymptomatic transmission using other control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330000, China; Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Mingwang Shen
- China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, United States of America
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States of America
| | - Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America.
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Karamoozian A, Bahrampour A. Comparison of the Effective Reproduction Number (Rt) Estimation Methods of COVID-19 Using Simulation Data Based on Available Data from Iran, USA, UK, India, and Brazil. J Res Health Sci 2022; 22:e00559. [PMID: 36511377 PMCID: PMC10422149 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2022.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate determination of the effective reproduction number (Rt) is a very important strategy in the epidemiology of contagious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study compares different methods of estimating the Rt of susceptible population to identify the most accurate method for estimating Rt. STUDY DESIGN A secondary study. METHODS The value of Rt was estimated using attack rate (AR), exponential growth (EG), maximum likelihood (ML), time-dependent (TD), and sequential Bayesian (SB) methods, for Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and Brazil from June to October 2021. In order to accurately compare these methods, a simulation study was designed using forty scenarios. RESULTS The lowest mean square error (MSE) was observed for TD and ML methods, with 15 and 12 cases, respectively. Therefore, considering the estimated values of Rt based on the TD method, it was found that Rt values in the United Kingdom (1.33; 95% CI: 1.14-1.52) and the United States (1.25; 95% CI: 1.12-1.38) substantially have been more than those in other countries, such as Iran (1.07; 95% CI: 0.95-1.19), India (0.99; 95% CI: 0.89-1.08), and Brazil (0.98; 95% CI: 0.84-1.14) from June to October 2021. CONCLUSION The important result of this study is that TD and ML methods lead to a more accurate estimation of Rt of population than other methods. Therefore, in order to monitor and determine the epidemic situation and have a more accurate prediction of the incidence rate, as well as control COVID-19 and similar diseases, the use of these two methods is suggested to more accurately estimate Rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karamoozian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahrampour
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Adjunct Professor of Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Murari TB, Fonseca LMDS, Pereira HBDB, Nascimento Filho AS, Saba H, Scorza FA, G. de Almeida AC, Maciel ELN, Mendes JFF, Rocha Filho TM, David JR, Badaró R, Machado BAS, Moret MA. Retrospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 in Patients of the Brazilian Public Health System with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1504. [PMID: 36146584 PMCID: PMC9500832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by different laboratories spread around the world. With the roll out of the vaccination process in an advanced stage in many countries, the reduced risk of hospitalization due to the Omicron variant relative to the Delta variant infection, despite the higher transmission risk of Omicron, may lead to a misinterpretation of the results, as infection by Omicron is associated with a significant reduction in severe outcomes and shorter hospitalization time than the Delta variant. We compared the in-hospital mortality due to the Omicron (Jan-Mar 2022) with Gamma (Jan 2021) and Delta (Oct-Dec 2021) variants of patients in the Brazilian public health system. This study also discusses the decrease in booster vaccine effectiveness in patients hospitalized due to the Omicron variant compared with the Delta variant. Without a remodeling of vaccines for new variants, booster doses may be necessary with a shorter time interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago B. Murari
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Larissa Moraes dos Santos Fonseca
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Hernane B. de B. Pereira
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Saba
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A. Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio-Carlos G. de Almeida
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil
| | - Ethel L. N. Maciel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - José F. F. Mendes
- Departamento de Física and I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3880 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tarcísio M. Rocha Filho
- International Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - John R. David
- Faculty of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Badaró
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Moret
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
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Biernacki S, Malarz K. Does Social Distancing Matter for Infectious Disease Propagation? An SEIR Model and Gompertz Law Based Cellular Automaton. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24060832. [PMID: 35741552 PMCID: PMC9222381 DOI: 10.3390/e24060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present stochastic synchronous cellular automaton defined on a square lattice. The automaton rules are based on the SEIR (susceptible → exposed → infected → recovered) model with probabilistic parameters gathered from real-world data on human mortality and the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. With computer simulations, we show the influence of the radius of the neighborhood on the number of infected and deceased agents in the artificial population. The increase in the radius of the neighborhood favors the spread of the pandemic. However, for a large range of interactions of exposed agents (who neither have symptoms of the disease nor have been diagnosed by appropriate tests), even isolation of infected agents cannot prevent successful disease propagation. This supports aggressive testing against disease as one of the useful strategies to prevent large peaks of infection in the spread of SARS-CoV-2-like diseases.
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Paul AK, Kuddus MA. Mathematical analysis of a COVID-19 model with double dose vaccination in Bangladesh. RESULTS IN PHYSICS 2022; 35:105392. [PMID: 35281327 PMCID: PMC8899803 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that kills millions of people each year and it is a major public health problem around the globe. The current COVID-19 situation is still now concerning, though the vaccination program is running. In this study, we considered a COVID-19 model with a double-dose vaccination strategy to control the current outbreak situation in Bangladesh. The fundamental qualitative analysis of this mathematical model has been performed. The conditions of positive invariance, boundedness with suitable initial conditions were analyzed. We have estimated the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) for disease transmission and determined that our model contains two equilibrium points: the disease-free equilibrium and a disease-endemic equilibrium. We used the Routh-Hurwitz criteria to determine the stability of the equilibria. The disease will be eradicated from the community if R 0 < 1, otherwise the disease persists in the population. To support the qualitative analysis of our model, we performed numerical simulations using MATLAB routine and estimated model parameters. Sensitivity analysis is used to explore the association for Mild and Critical cases concerning the corresponding model parameters. We observed that the most significant parameter to spread the virus is the transmission rate. The numerical simulations showed that a full dose vaccination program significantly reduces the mild and critical cases and has potential impact to eradicate the virus from the community. The information that we generated from our analysis may help the public health professionals to impose the best strategy effectively to control the outbreak situation of the virus in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anip Kumar Paul
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
- Department of General Educational Development, Daffodil International University, Ashulia, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kuddus
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
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Zhu L, Li X, Xu F, Yin Z, Jin J, Liu Z, Qi H, Shuai J. Network modeling-based identification of the switching targets between pyroptosis and secondary pyroptosis. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2022; 155:111724. [PMID: 36570873 PMCID: PMC9759288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The newly identified cell death type, pyroptosis plays crucial roles in various diseases. Most recently, mounting evidence accumulates that pyroptotic signaling is highly correlated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, understanding the induction of the pyroptotic signaling and dissecting the detail molecular control mechanisms are urgently needed. Based on recent experimental studies, a core regulatory model of the pyroptotic signaling is constructed to investigate the intricate crosstalk dynamics between the two cell death types, i.e., pyroptosis and secondary pyroptosis. The model well reproduces the experimental observations under different conditions. Sensitivity analysis determines that only the expression level of caspase-1 or GSDMD has the potential to individually change death modes. The decrease of caspase-1 or GSDMD level switches cell death from pyroptosis to secondary pyroptosis. Besides, eight biochemical reactions are identified that can efficiently switch death modes. While from the viewpoint of bifurcation analysis, the expression level of caspase-3 is further identified and twelve biochemical reactions are obtained. The coexistence of pyroptosis and secondary pyroptosis is predicted to be observed not only within the bistable range, but also within proper monostable range, presenting two potential different control mechanisms. Combined with the landscape theory, we further explore the stochastic dynamic and global stability of the pyroptotic system, accurately quantifying how each component mediates the individual occurrence probability of pyroptosis and secondary pyroptosis. Overall, this study sheds new light on the intricate crosstalk of the pyroptotic signaling and uncovers the regulatory mechanisms of various stable state transitions, providing potential clues to guide the development for prevention and treatment of pyroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Zhu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Zhiyong Yin
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Filho TMR, Moret MA, Mendes JFF. A Transnational and Transregional Study of the Impact and Effectiveness of Social Distancing for COVID-19 Mitigation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:1530. [PMID: 34828228 PMCID: PMC8624125 DOI: 10.3390/e23111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and a social distancing metric from data for all the states and most populous cities in the United States and Brazil, all the 22 European Economic Community countries and the United Kingdom. We discuss why the infection rate, instead of the effective reproduction number or growth rate of cases, is a proper choice to perform this analysis when considering a wide span of time. We obtain a strong Spearman's rank order correlation between the social distancing metric and the infection rate in each locality. We show that mask mandates increase the values of Spearman's correlation in the United States, where a mandate was adopted. We also obtain an explicit numerical relation between the infection rate and the social distancing metric defined in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcísio M. Rocha Filho
- Instituto de Física and International Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Moret
- Gestão e Tecnologia Industrial (PPG), Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil;
- Senai CIMATEC, Universidade do Estado da Bahia—UNEB, Salvador 41150-000, Brazil
| | - José F. F. Mendes
- Departamento de Física & I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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