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Robertson CE, Shariff A, Van Bavel JJ. Morality in the anthropocene: The perversion of compassion and punishment in the online world. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae193. [PMID: 38864008 PMCID: PMC11165651 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Although much of human morality evolved in an environment of small group living, almost 6 billion people use the internet in the modern era. We argue that the technological transformation has created an entirely new ecosystem that is often mismatched with our evolved adaptations for social living. We discuss how evolved responses to moral transgressions, such as compassion for victims of transgressions and punishment of transgressors, are disrupted by two main features of the online context. First, the scale of the internet exposes us to an unnaturally large quantity of extreme moral content, causing compassion fatigue and increasing public shaming. Second, the physical and psychological distance between moral actors online can lead to ineffective collective action and virtue signaling. We discuss practical implications of these mismatches and suggest directions for future research on morality in the internet era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Strategy & Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen 5045, Norway
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Jabutay F, Novio EB, Verbal XF. Strategic deception in call centers: impacts on well-being, cognition, and work motivation. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38459854 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2327323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The literature indicated that deceivers in face-to-face communication experience psychological strains derived from guilt or distress associated with violating conversational rules. We proposed that this also applies to telephone-mediated deception. Drawing insights from the theoretical and empirical literature, we surmised that strategic trickery utilized by outsourced call center agents would elicit adverse psychological reactions that have unfavorable impacts on their well-being, cognition, and work motivation. We used structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses using data from a sample of 554 outsourced Filipino call service agents who worked graveyard shifts to cater to mainly American customers. The results suggested that strategic deception increases the experience of cognitive dissonance while negatively impacting psychological well-being and intrinsic work motivation. The results also showed that dissonance negatively influences well-being and intrinsic motivation and partially mediates the deception-motivation relationship. Unlike previous findings, however, our multivariate analyses revealed that well-being and motivation were not correlated. Our original findings have theoretical and practical implications.
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Moore E, Paré C, Carde E, Pagé MG. Virtual group psychotherapy for chronic pain: exploring the impact of the virtual medium on participants' experiences. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2024; 25:131-138. [PMID: 37738606 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual psychotherapy for chronic pain (CP) has been shown to be feasible, efficacious, and acceptable; however, little is known about how virtual delivery of group psychotherapy affects participants' experiences. This study aimed to explore the impact of a virtual medium during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on social interactions and therapeutic processes in the context of group psychotherapy for CP management. METHODS This qualitative, interview-based study collected data on 18 individuals who participated in virtual group psychotherapy in a tertiary care pain management unit. RESULTS Results of the thematic analysis showed 4 themes. First, the ability to participate and connect was modified by not meeting in person. Connections also occurred differently as the usual patterns of interactions changed. Participants described important shifts in how emotions are communicated and subsequent experience of empathy. Finally, the commonality of chronic pain experience was identified as a central driver of connection between participants. CONCLUSIONS Mixed impacts of the virtual medium on group psychotherapy dynamics and processes were found. Future research could explore ways to mitigate the negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moore
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Catherine Paré
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Estelle Carde
- CREMIS (Centre de Recherche de Montréal sur les Inégalités Sociales, les Discriminations et les Pratiques Alternatives de Citoyenneté), Montreal, QC H2X 1K6, Canada
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - M Gabrielle Pagé
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- D epartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada
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Tang Z, Xiang H, Geng Y, Liao X, Zhang M, Zhang T. Association between screen time and depressive symptoms in a sample of Chinese medical students: Mediator role of empathy. Nurs Health Sci 2023; 25:654-664. [PMID: 37837276 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Medical students are at high risk of psychological subhealth under heavy stress with increasing screen time. This study aimed to explore the association between screen time and depressive symptoms and determine empathy as a mediating factor. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 945 medical students were surveyed, and 924 medical students were ultimately included after standard exclusion criteria. They reported their daily screen time and completed the Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student Version (JSE-S) and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). t tests and analysis of variance showed a significant difference in empathy and depressive symptoms by sex, stage, and screen time. The correlation analysis revealed that both affective and cognitive empathy have inverse associations with depressive symptoms. The mediation model confirmed that cognitive empathy played a positive mediating role between screen time and depressive symptoms, reducing the impact of screen time on depressive symptoms. Our study may add empirical evidence to prevent and intervene in depressive symptoms. These findings call for considering controlling screen time and enhancing cognitive empathy as interventions for medical students' depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Tang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongshu Xiang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Geng
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiting Liao
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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De Coninck S, Emmers E. "Online, the counselor can't see me cry": a systematic literature review on emotion and computer-mediated care. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1216268. [PMID: 37720162 PMCID: PMC10504663 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1216268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Computer-mediated care is becoming increasingly popular, but little research has been done on it and its effects on emotion-related outcomes. This systematic literature review aims to create an overview that addresses the research question: "Is there a relationship between computer-mediated care and emotional expression, perception, and emotional and (long-term) emotion outcomes?" Method This systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used five eligibility criteria, namely, (1) participants: adults seeking support; (2) intervention: eHealth; (3) diagnostic criteria: transdiagnostic concept of difficulty identifying, expressing, and/or regulating emotions (e.g., alexithymia); (4) comparator: either face-to-face care or no comparator; and (5) study design: quantitative studies or qualitative studies. Quality was assessed using the QualSyst tool. Results The analysis includes 25 research papers. Self-paced interventions appear to have a positive effect on emotion regulation. Videoconferencing interventions improved emotion regulation from before to after treatment but worsened emotion regulation compared with face-to-face treatment. Discussion The lack of variation in the modalities studied and the emotion measurements used make it difficult to draw responsible conclusions. Future research should examine how different modalities affect the real-time communication of emotions and how non-verbal cues influence this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Coninck
- Research Unit Inclusive Society, University College Leuven Limburg, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Units Sustainable Resources and Smart Organizations, University College Leuven Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Emmers
- School of Educational Studies, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
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Lajante M, Del Prete M, Sasseville B, Rouleau G, Gagnon MP, Pelletier N. Empathy training for service employees: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289793. [PMID: 37578963 PMCID: PMC10424876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the surge for empathy training in service literature and its increasing demand in service industries, this study systematically reviews empirical papers implementing and testing empathy training programs in various service domains. A mixed-methods systematic review was performed to identify and describe empathy training programs and discuss their effectiveness in service quality, service employees' well-being, and service users' satisfaction. Included papers met those eligibility criteria: qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods study; one training in empathy is identifiable; described training(s) developed for or tested with service employees dealing with service users. We searched health, business, education, and psychology databases, such as CINAHL, Medline ABI/Inform Global, Business Source Premier, PsycINFO, and ERIC. We used the Mixed-Method Assessment Tool to appraise the quality of included papers. A data-based convergent synthesis design allowed for the analysis of the data. A total of 44 studies published between 2009 to 2022 were included. The narrative presentation of findings was regrouped into these six dimensions of empathy training programs: 1) why, 2) who, 3) what, 4) how, 5) where, and 6) when and how much. Close to 50% of studies did not include a definition of empathy. Four main empathic competencies developed through the training programs were identified: communication, relationship building, emotional resilience, and counseling skills. Face-to-face and group-setting interventions are widespread. Our systematic review shows that the 44 papers identified come only from health services with a predominant population of physicians and nurses. However, we show that the four empathic skills identified could be trained and developed in other sectors, such as business. This is the first mixed-methods, multi-disciplinary systematic review of empathy training programs in service research. The review integrates insights from health services, identifies research limitations and gaps in existing empirical research, and outlines a research agenda for future research and implications for service research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lajante
- The emoLab, Ted Rogers School of Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marzia Del Prete
- Department of Economic Sciences and Statistics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Geneviève Rouleau
- Nursing Department, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Normand Pelletier
- Business & Economics Librarian, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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Francisco SM, da Costa Ferreira P, Veiga Simão AM, Pereira NS. Measuring empathy online and moral disengagement in cyberbullying. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1061482. [PMID: 37179897 PMCID: PMC10172580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation intends to explore how adolescents report empathy in online contexts and moral disengagement in cyberbullying incidents, and how these two constructs are related. To accomplish this goal, three studies were conducted considering the need to develop new instruments to uncover this new approach of measuring empathy and moral disengagement. In the first study, we adapted the Portuguese version of the Empathy Quotient-short form to online contexts, which resulted in the Empathy Quotient in Virtual Contexts (EQVC). We also developed the Process Moral Disengagement in Cyberbullying Inventory (PMDCI), in order to assess moral disengagement in these specific situations. In the second study we conducted exploratory factor analyses (N = 234) of these instruments. Finally, in the third study, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses (N = 345) of both instruments. These results showed how adolescents reported empathy in online contexts and moral disengagement in cyberbullying incidents. Specifically, empathy revealed a bi-dimensional structure including difficulty and self-efficacy in empathizing (Cronbach's α = 0.44, 0.83, respectively), whereas process moral disengagement revealed four unidimensional questionnaires including locus of behavior, agency, outcome, and recipient (Cronbach's α = 0.76, 0.65, 0.77, 0.69, respectively). Furthermore, a correlational analysis was also performed of both constructs, and we also considered the variable sex. Results showed that difficulty in empathizing was negatively associated with sex (with girls revealing more difficulty than boys) and all moral disengagement mechanisms except for behavior. Moral disengagement was positively correlated with sex, suggesting boys morally disengaged more from cyberbullying. The instruments provided new insights on how empathy and moral disengagement can be specific to online contexts and cyberbullying situations, and how they can be used in educational programs to promote empathy and gain insight on moral disengagement within this phenomenon.
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Cyberbullying and Cyber victimization: examining mediating roles of Empathy and Resilience. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ou-Yang Q, Liu Q, Song PY, Wang JW, Yang S. The association between academic achievement, psychological distress, and smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical students. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 28:1201-1214. [PMID: 36411542 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2148697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between academic achievement, psychological distress, and smartphone addiction in medical students. In total, 513 medical students voluntarily completed a survey that included the Personal Information Questionnaire, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS). Results showed that 321 participants were screened positive for smartphone addiction and the prevalence of smartphone addiction was 62.6%. We found that the prevalence of smartphone addiction was higher among male rather than female students (67.1% vs 58.2%; p = 0.039). There were significant differences between the smartphone addiction group and the smartphone non-addiction group as per the DASS-21 scores and the IAS scores. In addition, multiple regression indicated that psychological distress including anxiety, stress, depression, and social anxiety might be the predictors of smartphone addiction. However, smartphone addiction was found to have no significant correlation with academic performance in 274 undergraduate medical students. In conclusion, the study revealed the high prevalence of smartphone addiction in medical students. Smartphone addiction was associated with states of depression, anxiety, stress, and social anxiety, and there was no significant relationship between academic performance and smartphone addiction in undergraduate medical students. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify the causal relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ou-Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Xiangya medical school, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng-Yu Song
- Xiangya medical school, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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González-Gómez AL, Farrington DP, Llorent VJ. Descriptive and Quasi-Experimental Studies about Moral Emotions, Online Empathy, Anger Management, and Their Relations with Key Competencies in Primary Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11584. [PMID: 34770096 PMCID: PMC8583348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisocial behaviours make social interactions difficult among students. Moral emotions, online empathy, and anger management are social and emotional variables related to prosocial and antisocial behaviours and health problems. This research aims to assess the impact of Cooperative Project-Based Learning intervention on these three variables for Primary Education students. Additionally, the relations of these variables with key competencies, such as social and emotional competencies and literacy competence, were studied. METHOD This research is made up of two studies, descriptive and quasi-experimental, during regular school hours. The descriptive study was carried out with a sample of 516 primary school students and aimed to assess the development of the three variables, taking into account personal and ethnic-cultural factors. The quasi-experimental study, with pre-test and post-test data, had the participation of 145 students to study the incidence of these variables after Cooperative Project-Based Learning intervention in Primary Education. RESULTS The results show the relation among the cited variables and the positive impact of the intervention on moral emotions and anger management in the experimental group compared to the control group. Experimental group girls presented higher scores in moral emotions than control group girls. CONCLUSION These results open new research lines in relation to the intervention as a programme to prevent the appearance of antisocial behaviours and health problems at school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David P. Farrington
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK;
| | - Vicente J. Llorent
- Department of Education, University of Cordoba, C/San Alberto Magno, s/n., 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
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Fitzpatrick C, Boers E. Developmental Associations Between Media Use and Adolescent Prosocial Behavior. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:265-271. [PMID: 34605695 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211035702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Youth today spend a tremendous amount of time with digital media. The purpose of the present study was to estimate developmental associations between screen media use between the ages of 15 and 17 and corresponding changes in prosocial behavior. Participants (N = 1,509) were part of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a population-based study of children born in the province of Quebec, Canada. Youth self-reported internet and video game use and television or movies/DVD viewing, as well as prosocial behavior at the ages of 15 and 17. Analyses were conducted using multilevel linear modelling to account for between-, within-, and lagged-person effects. Internet and video game use accounted for less prosocial behavior at the within-person and lagged-person levels. Television use also accounted for lagged-person effects in prosocial behavior. Finally, internet use and television viewing contributed to between person differences in prosocial behavior. Our study presents strong statistical evidence that media use during adolescence can undermine the development of prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elroy Boers
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Pediatric Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Morgan B, Fowers B. Empathy and authenticity online: The roles of moral identity, moral disengagement, and parenting style. J Pers 2021; 90:183-202. [PMID: 34265082 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests that the Internet could be considered an arena for both virtuous and vicious behaviors, with observations of enhanced perspective-taking and honest self-reflections occurring alongside evidence of cyberbullying and deceptive communications. In the current study, we explore the role of three widely recognized sources of moral behavior-moral identity, moral disengagement, and authoritative parenting-in predicting adolescents' online empathy and online authenticity. METHOD In total, 788 UK adolescents aged 11-18 years (66% male) completed measures of these key constructs. RESULTS Structural equation modeling results suggest that parental responsiveness and autonomy granting are positively related to adolescents' moral identity. In turn, moral identity was positively related to both online empathy and online authenticity. Having a stronger moral identity also meant that adolescents were less likely to morally disengage, and moral disengagement was negatively related to online authenticity in adolescent females. Partial invariance across gender and age was observed. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that moral identity encourages moral thoughts, feelings, and actions in the online environment, including being authentic and empathic. As the formation and accessibility of one's moral identity can be promoted, we discuss the implications of these findings for cultivating prosocial behavior in the online environment as well as future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Morgan
- School of Psychology, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Blaine Fowers
- School of Education, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Keum BT. Does Witnessing Racism Online Promote Individual and Institutional Anti-Racism Advocacy Among White Individuals? The Role of White Empathy, White Guilt, and White Fear of Other Races. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2021; 24:756-761. [PMID: 33956534 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the role of White emotional responses (White empathy, guilt, and fear of other races) to (a) witnessing racism online (seeing racial/ethnic minorities discriminated in online interactions) and (b) exposure to online content on the group- and systemic-level racism against racial/ethnic minorities on White individuals' individual and institutional advocacy behaviors. Path analysis using data from 227 White adults revealed that White empathy explained significant indirect relations of witnessing online content on systemic- and group-level racism in society on individual and institutional advocacy behaviors. No significant indirect relations were found regarding witnessing racial/ethnic minorities being discriminated online interactions, but a significant direct link was observed on individual advocacy. In response to witnessing racism online, White empathy appeared to be promotive for advocacy engagement, whereas guilt and fear of other races seemed to be barriers. Limitations and implications for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Dennis MJ. Digital well-being under pandemic conditions: catalysing a theory of online flourishing. ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2021; 23:435-445. [PMID: 33679213 PMCID: PMC7919629 DOI: 10.1007/s10676-021-09584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has catalysed what may soon become a permanent digital transition in the domains of work, education, medicine, and leisure. This transition has also precipitated a spike in concern regarding our digital well-being. Prominent lobbying groups, such as the Center for Humane Technology (CHT), have responded to this concern. In April 2020, the CHT has offered a set of 'Digital Well-Being Guidelines during the COVID-19 Pandemic.' These guidelines offer a rule-based approach to digital well-being, one which aims to mitigate the effects of moving much of our lives online. The CHT's guidelines follow much recent interest in digital well-being in the last decade. Ethicists of technology have recently argued that character-based strategies and redesigning of online architecture have the potential to promote the digital well-being of online technology users. In this article, I evaluate (1) the CHT's rule-based approach, comparing it with (2) character-based strategies and (3) approaches to redesigning online architecture. I argue that all these approaches have some merit, but that each needs to contribute to an integrated approach to digital well-being in order to surmount the challenges of a post-COVID world in which we may well spend much of our lives online.
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Nursing Students' Perceptions of Smartphone Use in the Clinical Care and Safety of Hospitalised Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031307. [PMID: 33535632 PMCID: PMC7908449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Smartphones have become an indispensable item for nursing students. The use of these devices in the clinical setting could have various effects on the clinical work of nursing students. This study was to explore nursing students’ perceptions of their lived experiences of smartphone use in the clinical setting, in regard to patient safety. A descriptive phenomenological study was carried out. A total of 24 nursing students from a university in the southeast of Spain participated in this study. There were 10 in-depth interviews and two focal groups from January to May 2020. The data analysis was performed using ATLAS.TI software to identify the emergent topics. The COREQ Checklist was used to prepare the manuscript. Three principal topics were identified that illustrated the nursing students’ experiences and perceptions of smartphone use in the clinical setting (1): Using smartphones in the clinical setting as a personal resource, (2) smartphones as a support mechanism for making clinical decisions, (3) impact of smartphones on patient care. The nursing students perceived smartphones as a support mechanism for making clinical decisions and for patient care. Smartphone use during clinical practicums may influence the quality of patient-centred communication and threaten clinical safety. The results of this study provide knowledge on the use of smartphones by nursing students in the clinical setting, which could help to establish measures that guarantee adequate patient care and responsible use of these devices.
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Lemercier-Dugarin M, Romo L, Tijus C, Zerhouni O. "Who Are the Cyka Blyat?" How Empathy, Impulsivity, and Motivations to Play Predict Aggressive Behaviors in Multiplayer Online Games. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 24:63-69. [PMID: 33232619 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have mainly focused on the controversial issue of whether violent video games lead to aggressive behavior in real life. However, data regarding antisocial behavior while playing online are still scarce. In this study, we examined the relationship between toxicity (a form of verbal aggressive behavior directed against other players) in multiplayer online video games and several potential predictors such as personality traits, emotion reactivity, and motivations to play. A large-scale survey (n = 816) was conducted among French-speaking adult gamers, assessing video game habits, impulsivity, empathy, emotion reactivity, and motivations to play (i.e., socialization, achievement, immersion). Results showed that younger age, being male, spending a lot of time playing per week, and being highly achieving increased the likelihood of reporting toxicity and change of behavior in game. High emotional reactivity and being high in two dimensions of impulsivity (negative urgency and sensation seeking) increased the likelihood of toxic behavior. In contrast, individuals who are more empathic tended to report nontoxic behavior and individuals who play to socialize reported little change in behavior in game. Future research should address the complexity of behaviors displayed during online games-notably through experimental studies allowing direct observation of gamers while they play-and the functional connection between toxicity and several psychological, emotional, and motivational dimensions in further detail. Scientific research would also benefit from the creation and validation of a scale measuring in game, the social and antisocial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Lemercier-Dugarin
- Laboratoire Clinique Psychanalyse et Développement, Département de Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Lucia Romo
- Laboratoire Clinique Psychanalyse et Développement, Département de Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charles Tijus
- Laboratoire Cognition Humaine et Artificielle, LUTIN, Département de Psychologie, Université Vincennes - Saint-Denis (Paris 8), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Oulmann Zerhouni
- Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Département de Psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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17
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Gutiérrez-Puertas L, Márquez-Hernández VV, Gutiérrez-Puertas V, Granados-Gámez G, Aguilera-Manrique G. Interpersonal communication, empathy, and stress perceived by nursing students who use social networks. J Adv Nurs 2020; 76:2610-2617. [PMID: 32803905 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to explore interpersonal communication, empathy, and stress perceived by nursing students who use social networks. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was performed. METHODS A convenience sample of 135 nursing students. For data collection, the following instruments were used: The WhatsApp Negative Impact Scale, The Perceived Stress Scale, The Interpersonal Communication Competence Inventory, and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Data collection took place in February 2020. RESULTS A negative correlation was found between the WhatsApp Negative Impact and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (rs = -0.204; p = .019). Conversely, a positive correlation was also observed between the Interpersonal Communication Competence Inventory and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (rs = 0.212; p = .014). CONCLUSION Nursing students' use of new technology could be problematic and interfere with their therapeutic communication skills. IMPACT This study addresses the problem of social network use in the clinical setting and how this can influence nursing students' therapeutic communication skills with patients. The results of this study have showed that, among nursing students, social network use has a negative impact, showing decreased empathy. Likewise, students who show a greater level of empathy have better interpersonal communication skills. However, significant results were not found between psychological distress and problematic social network use. Therefore, it is necessary to perform additional studies that would further explore this aspect. This study allows us to explore the negative impact of social networks on therapeutic communication, with the aim of developing prevention strategies at university institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gutiérrez-Puertas
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Verónica V Márquez-Hernández
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research group of Health Sciences CTS-451, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Vanesa Gutiérrez-Puertas
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Genoveva Granados-Gámez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research group of Health Sciences CTS-451, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Gabriel Aguilera-Manrique
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.,Research group of Health Sciences CTS-451, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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18
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Korte M. The impact of the digital revolution
on human brain and behavior: where
do we stand?
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 22:101-111. [PMID: 32699510 PMCID: PMC7366944 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/mkorte] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This overview will outline the current results of neuroscience research on the possible effects of digital media use on the human brain, cognition, and behavior. This is of importance due to the significant amount of time that individuals spend using digital media. Despite several positive aspects of digital media, which include the capability to effortlessly communicate with peers, even over a long distance, and their being used as training tools for students and the elderly, detrimental effects on our brains and minds have also been suggested. Neurological consequences have been observed related to internet/gaming addiction, language development, and processing of emotional signals. However, given that much of the neuroscientific research conducted up to now relies solely on self-reported parameters to assess social media usage, it is argued that neuroscientists need to include datasets with higher precision in terms of what is done on screens, for how long, and at what age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Grondin F, Lomanowska AM, Jackson PL. Empathy in computer-mediated interactions: A conceptual framework for research and clinical practice. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Technology has drastically reshaped the workplace over the past decades. While it provides organizations and their employees a variety of benefits, there is also a growing perception that technological advancements (e.g., the evolution from telephone to smartphone) in the workplace may have a negative impact on employees’ mental health. Using a diary approach, we examined the direct effect of workplace telepressure during off-job hours on psychological detachment from work and the potential mediating role of work-related smartphone use during off-job hours in this relation. In addition, employees’ individual differences in empathy was proposed to act as a cross-level moderator of the relation between workplace telepressure and work-related smartphone use. A sample of 80 employees, representing a wide range of occupations and organizations, completed a daily survey on five successive workdays (N = 337–400 day-level observations). Results of multilevel analyses yielded no direct effect of workplace telepressure on psychological detachment on a day-to-day basis. Yet, the results supported a negative indirect effect of daily workplace telepressure during off-job hours on daily psychological detachment, mediated via daily work-related smartphone use during off-job hours. Additionally, the relation between workplace telepressure and work-related smartphone use was not strengthened by the affective component nor the cognitive component of other-oriented empathy. Our study highlights the importance of a clear organizational policy regarding work-related smartphone use during off-job hours and provides valuable input for strategies aiming to ameliorate employees’ psychological detachment and proper smartphone use.
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21
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Laifa M, Giglou RI, Samir A, Maamri R. Forgiveness Predictors and Trust in a Digital Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN INTERACTION 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijthi.2018100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article describes how interpersonal relationships structures and standards are evolving. By focusing on a social network context, this study examined different factors that can affect forgiveness decision of a victim of an online offense. In addition, it inspected whether the decrease of trust after an online-related offense can be affected by forgiveness. 323 participants took part in this study by completing a questionnaire that recorded different measurements. Structural equation modeling was used as the main technique for data analysis, and AMOS was used as a tool. Surprisingly, while empathy and commitment had no significant direct effect, results showed that the severity of the offense, its frequency and pretransgression trust are the main factors that influence forgiveness. Moreover, a victim's trust towards the transgressor decreased much more in the absence of forgiveness than in its presence. A valuable contribution of this article is in the prospect for related future research as well as the potential for applications that explore new techniques to facilitate forgiveness in the digital age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Laifa
- Bordj Bou Arreridj University, EL Anasser, Algeria
| | - Roya Imani Giglou
- Institute for Media Studies Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Akrouf Samir
- Bordj Bou Arreridj University, EL Anasser, Algeria
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22
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Influence of parasocial relationship between digital celebrities and their followers on followers’ purchase and electronic word-of-mouth intentions, and persuasion knowledge. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Alea N, Bluck S, Mroz EL, Edwards Z. The Social Function of Autobiographical Stories in the Personal and Virtual World: An Initial Investigation. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:794-810. [PMID: 30033676 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Receiving another's autobiographical story may serve to elicit feelings of liking and empathy for the story sharer. Research has mostly examined social functions of autobiographical stories for in-person communications. The current experiment (N = 60) examined whether levels of liking, closeness, and empathy felt for a stranger (female confederate) after receiving her story depended on if (a) the story was received in-person or through instant message (IM), and (b) the story was positive or negative. Liking and having empathy for the stranger was higher in the in-person conditions compared to IM conditions. This effect was mediated by how engaged participants were with the story. Participants liked the stranger more after receiving the positive autobiographical story, but they felt more empathy toward her after the negative autobiographical story. The discussion considers parameters of the communication platform and people's perceptions of stories as explanations for the results. Limitations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Alea
- Psychology Unit, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of the West Indies (UWI)
| | - Susan Bluck
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida
| | | | - Zanique Edwards
- Psychology Unit, Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of the West Indies (UWI)
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24
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Waytz A, Gray K. Does Online Technology Make Us More or Less Sociable? A Preliminary Review and Call for Research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 13:473-491. [PMID: 29758166 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617746509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
How does online technology affect sociability? Emerging evidence-much of it inconclusive-suggests a nuanced relationship between use of online technology (the Internet, social media, and virtual reality) and sociability (emotion recognition, empathy, perspective taking, and emotional intelligence). Although online technology can facilitate purely positive behavior (e.g., charitable giving) or purely negative behavior (e.g., cyberbullying), it appears to affect sociability in three ways, depending on whether it allows a deeper understanding of people's thoughts and feelings: (a) It benefits sociability when it complements already-deep offline engagement with others, (b) it impairs sociability when it supplants deeper offline engagement for superficial online engagement, and (c) it enhances sociability when deep offline engagement is otherwise difficult to attain. We suggest potential implications and moderators of technology's effects on sociability and call for additional causal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Waytz
- 1 Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
| | - Kurt Gray
- 2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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25
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James C, Davis K, Charmaraman L, Konrath S, Slovak P, Weinstein E, Yarosh L. Digital Life and Youth Well-being, Social Connectedness, Empathy, and Narcissism. Pediatrics 2017; 140:S71-S75. [PMID: 29093036 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth well-being, social connectedness, and personality traits, such as empathy and narcissism, are at the crux of concerns often raised about the impacts of digital life. Understanding known impacts, and research gaps, in these areas is an important first step toward supporting media use that contributes positively to youth's happiness, life satisfaction, and prosocial attitudes and behaviors. By examining existing work addressing these issues across domains, we found that a complex interplay of individual factors, type of digital media engagement, and experiences in media contexts informs outcomes related to well-being, social connectedness, empathy, and narcissism. We argue that further research is needed to uncover how, where, when, and for whom digital media practices support positive well-being and social connectedness outcomes. Specifically, research needs to move beyond correlational studies to uncover causal connections between traits like narcissism and media use. Longitudinal studies are also needed to explore patterns of media use over time and related impacts. Further research is needed to explore how specific technologies can be designed to support positive well-being, social outcomes, and prosocial personality traits. Finally, research is needed regarding parenting, educational practices, and policies that support positive digital media use and related outcomes. Although existing research suggests that digital life has mixed potentials and effects for well-being, social connectedness, empathy, and narcissism, we provide recommendations for clinicians, policy makers, and educators in partnering with caregivers and youth to support media use that promotes positive outcomes in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie James
- Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
| | - Katie Davis
- University of Washington Information School, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda Charmaraman
- Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Konrath
- Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Petr Slovak
- UCL Interaction Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emily Weinstein
- Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lana Yarosh
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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26
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Lozada FT, Tynes BM. Longitudinal effects of online experiences on empathy among African American adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Errasti J, Amigo I, Villadangos M. Emotional Uses of Facebook and Twitter: Its Relation With Empathy, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem in Adolescence. Psychol Rep 2017; 120:997-1018. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294117713496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Facebook and Twitter have change interpersonal relationships. Adolescents are the sector of the population who use most these networks. They use them in an emotional way, to express their emotions and to comment on those of others. Empathy, narcissism, and self-esteem may play an important role in the use of these networks. Using a sample of 503 Spanish adolescents (272 males, 231 females), this work studies the relationship between the Basic Empathy Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and emotional and empathic use of Facebook and Twitter. The results showed that those who use Facebook and Twitter have higher scores in empathy. It has been observed that certain ways of using these two social networks are associated with narcissism. Greater use of Facebook and Twitter is associated with lower self-esteem.
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28
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Holtzman S, DeClerck D, Turcotte K, Lisi D, Woodworth M. Emotional support during times of stress: Can text messaging compete with in-person interactions? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Powell PA, Roberts J. Situational determinants of cognitive, affective, and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Vossen HG, Valkenburg PM. Do social media foster or curtail adolescents’ empathy? A longitudinal study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Prevalence and personality correlates of Facebook bullying among university undergraduates. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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