Security-related factors in extended UTAUT model for NFC based mobile payment in the restaurant industry

Acceptance of voice assistant technology in dental practice: A cross sectional study with dentists and validation using structural equation modeling

Voice assistant technologies (VAT) has been part of our daily lives, as a virtual assistant to complete requested tasks. The integration of VAT in dental offices has the potential to augment productivity and hygiene practices. Prior to the adoption of such innovations in dental settings, it is crucial to evaluate their applicability. This study aims to assess dentists' perceptions and the factors influencing their intention to use VAT in a clinical setting. A survey and research model were designed based on an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The survey was sent to 7,544 Ohio-licensed dentists through email. The data was analyzed and reported using descriptive statistics, model reliability testing, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) to explain dentists' behavioral intention (BI) to use VAT. In total, 257 participants completed the survey. The model accounted for 74.2% of the variance in BI to use VAT. Performance expectancy and perceived enjoyment had significant positive influence on BI to use VAT. Perceived risk had significant negative influence on BI to use VAT. Self-efficacy had significantly influenced perceived enjoyment, accounting for 35.5% of the variance of perceived enjoyment. This investigation reveals that performance efficiency and user enjoyment are key determinants in dentists' decision to adopt VAT. Concerns regarding the privacy of VAT also play a crucial role in its acceptance. This study represents the first documented inquiry into dentists' reception of VAT, laying groundwork for future research and implementation strategies.

Determinants of consumer intention to adopt a self-service technology strategy for last-mile delivery in Guangzhou, China

Self-service technology (SST) is a logistic innovation in e-commerce that enhances last-mile delivery efficiency in supply chain management. By combining Innovation Diffusion Theory with Resource Matching Theory, we proposed a comprehensive framework to explain the relationships between beliefs, attitude, and intention in Guanzhou, China. The findings revealed that attitude played a crucial role in influencing consumer intention to adopt SST and that attitude has direct and indirect effects. Additionally, consumer perceptions of compatibility, relative advantage, reliability, and complexity indirectly affected their adoption intention through attitude. These factors had positive and negative effects. The results highlighted the importance of attitudes as immediate predictors of intention, as consumer attitudes (favorable and unfavorable) were shaped by their perceptions. We conclude by recommending strategies to promote positive attitudes toward SST and enhance safety, efficiency, and the overall user experience.

Modelling the mass adoption of mobile payment for e-hailing services using SEM-MGA

Secured financial transactions can now be conveniently made via mobile devices for various products and services, such as e-hailing. However, limited research exists on the factors influencing the adoption of mobile payments specifically for e-hailing services, despite the growing interest in mobile payments in China. This cross-sectional study quantitatively assessed the influence of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, facilitating conditions, perceived security, and lifestyle compatibility on the intention to adopt and the actual adoption of mobile payment for e-hailing services. An online self-administered survey was conducted, involving 413 respondents from China. The results revealed a significant positive influence of perceived ease of use, social influence, facilitating conditions, and perceived security on the intention to adopt mobile payment. Additionally, the study found that the intention to adopt mobile payment positively influenced the actual adoption of mobile payments. Meanwhile, perceived usefulness and lifestyle compatibility demonstrated an insignificant influence on the intention to adopt mobile payments. Subgroup analysis further revealed gender-based differences, indicating that the influence of the intention to adopt mobile payment on the adoption of mobile payment for e-hailing services varied significantly between male and female respondents. Furthermore, the influence of facilitating conditions on the intention to adopt mobile payment for e-hailing services also differed significantly among respondents of different age groups. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of mobile payment for e-hailing services and provide insights for service providers and policymakers in promoting its adoption.

Predicting the intention and adoption of wearable payment devices using hybrid SEM-neural network analysis

This study aims to examine the mediating effect of the intention to use wearable payment devices (WPD) between perceived ease of use (PE), perceived usefulness (PU), social influence (SI), perceived trust (TR), and lifestyle compatibility (CM) on the adoption of WPD. Examination was made on the moderating effect of age and gender to improve the understanding of the adoption of WPD as a new payment system. Empirical data was collected through an online survey from 1094 respondents in Malaysia. Furthermore, this study employed dual-stage data analysis through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the causal and moderating effects, including artificial neural network (ANN) to examine the predictive power of the selected model. As a result, it was found that PE, PU, TR, and CM had a significant positive influence on the intention to use WPD. Furthermore, facilitating conditions and the intention to use WPD exhibited strong positive impacts on the adoption of WPD among Malaysian youth. The intention to use WPD positively and significantly mediated all predictors of adoption of WPD. Following that, ANN analysis confirmed high prediction accuracy of the data fitness. Overall, the findings for ANN highlighted the importance of PE, CM, and TR on the intention to adopt WPD and the impact of facilitating conditions on the adoption of WPD among Malaysian youth. Theoretically, the study extended UTAUT with two additional determinants (e.g., perceived trust and lifestyle compatibility), which were found to have significant influences on the intention to use WPD. The study results would be able to help payment service providers and the smart wearable device industry offer an innovative spectrum of products and present effective marketing tactics to encourage the prospective consumers of Wearable Payment Devices in Malaysia.

Will Social Distancing in Service Encounters Affect Consumers' Value Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic? The Role of Servicescape, Self-Efficacy, and Technological Intervention

This study investigates how physical and psychological distance from one's surroundings may influence one's perception of connectedness with the servicescape and, ultimately, perception of value. It also examines the effect of consumers' techno-psychological differences and interaction modes on this distance-closeness relationship. The researchers develop and test a conceptual framework of how personal cognitive traits and technological intervention may alter consumers' perceived connectedness to the servicescape and influence their perceived value in different service settings. Via a quasi-experiment design in three service scenarios, this research shows a synthetical effect of contactless technology in the distancing setting that may work more effectively on high self-efficiency customers to change their perceived closeness to the servicescape and further change their evaluation of the service. The findings reveal the practical implications of social distancing for different types of consumers in service encounters during or after the COVID-19 pandemic.

A novel multi-attribute decision-making for ranking mobile payment services using online consumer reviews

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed consumer usage behavior towards mobile payment (m-payment) services. Consumer usage behavior towards m-payment services continues to increase due to access to usage experiences shared through online consumer reviews (OCRs). The proliferation of massive OCRs, coupled with quick and effective decisions concerning the evaluation and selection of m-payment services, is a practical issue for research. This paper develops a novel decision evaluation model that integrates OCRs and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) with probabilistic linguistic information to identify m-payment usage attributes and utilize these attributes to evaluate and rank m-payment services. First and foremost, the attributes of m-payment usage discussed by consumers in OCRs are extracted using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling approach. These key attributes are used as the evaluation scales in the MADM. Based on an unsupervised sentiment algorithm, the sentiment scores of the text reviews regarding the attributes are calculated. We convert the sentiment scores into probabilistic linguistic elements based on the probabilistic linguistic term set (PLTS) theory and statistical analysis. Furthermore, we construct a novel technique known as probabilistic linguistic indifference threshold-based attribute ratio analysis (PL-ITARA) to discover the weight importance of the usage attributes. Subsequently, the positive and negative ideal-based PL-ELECTRE I methodology is proposed to evaluate and rank m-payment services. Finally, a case study on selecting appropriate m-payment services in Ghana is examined to authenticate the validity and applicability of our proposed decision evaluation methodology.

Examining trust, self-efficacy, and technology acceptance in the Philippines’ e-commerce sectors

Despite intensified use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) supporting increased demand for online services, some entities are still unable to take full advantage of their benefits. This is mostly due to differing degrees of ICT adoption and of appreciation of what ICTs can do. This research, utilizing a UTAUT-based theoretical framework integrated with trust, self-efficacy, perceived risk, anxiety, and utilitarian and hedonic motivations, provides additional insights on the contextual differences that are present within e-commerce use. Analyzing data from 997 Philippine respondents across websites and mobile apps and across retail, banking, food services, and tourism booking organizations through structural equation modeling (SEM) yielded consistently favorable influences of self-efficacy and hedonic motivations, as well as interesting insights on the factors influencing attitudes and intentions towards using these e-commerce platforms. These results open several theoretical and practical implications and suggestions emphasizing a more directed, rather than blanket, approach in managing e-commerce technologies depending on the context.

What Affects Vocational Teachers' Acceptance and Use of ICT in Teaching? A Large-Scale Survey of Higher Vocational College Teachers in China

This study aimed to explore what factors affect teachers' acceptance and instructional use of ICT in Chinese higher vocational colleges. Grounded in the modified UTAUT model, the current study investigated the direct and indirect effects of teachers' performance expectancy, effort expectancy, external conditions, and behavioral intentions on using ICT in teaching. A total of 6087 teachers from 219 vocational colleges in 28 provinces in China participated in a large-scale survey. Structural equation modeling revealed that the teachers' psychological perceptions (including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and intention to use ICT technology) and the external support conditions (including professional development support, infrastructures, the climate of organizational reform and innovation, and teacher performance assessment mechanisms) significantly directly affect the use of ICT in Chinese higher vocational college teachers' teaching practice. Moreover, this study confirmed the mediating role of teachers' intention to use ICT in teaching in the relationship between teachers' psychological perceptions and ICT instructional usage behavior. However, there were differences in the significance of these variables in the chain effect of teachers' intention to use ICT. These findings expand our understanding of the factors influencing ICT use in teaching among VET teachers in China, thus providing practical implications for higher vocational college managers to promote teachers' ICT teaching behaviors.

Predicting Older Adults' Mobile Payment Adoption: An Extended TAM Model

This study adopted an advanced model, combining the technology acceptance model, the theory of reasoned action, the diffusion of innovations, trust, and five aspects of perceived risk, to measure the factors that influence the behavioral intentions of older adults to use mobile payments. A total of 365 questionnaires were collected from older adults aged 55 years or older from 20 community care sites in central Taiwan. Partial least-squares structural equation modeling was used to test our research model. The results showed that attitude was the main determinant of M-payment in older adults. Moreover, increasing the usefulness, ease of use, and observability of M-payment helped older adults improve their attitudes toward M-payment, thereby increasing their intention to use it. Trust had a significant effect on the usefulness and ease of use of M-payment, while the main factors affecting trust were only performance and financial risks.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mobile Messaging Application Among Millennials in Public Universities in Malaysia

Mobile messaging apps are currently a popular method in Malaysia for communicating while on the go, owing to its convenience, reliability, and contact-free feature of mobile application. Fueled by mobile internet and smartphone growth, mobile messaging apps have become a strong force in the mobile app sector, offering users an alternative to SMS-based texting paired with social media elements and enhanced features, such as group chats and photo sharing. The study was anchored using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 theory. A survey with 150 respondents and PLS analysis is used to determine the antecedents of mobile application continuance usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that there is an influence in the usage of mobile messaging apps among the younger generation in Malaysian public university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main implication shows that mobile application among young generations in public universities has become popular. The convenience usage of the internet has turned the world into a global village.

Determinants of blockchain adoption in news media platforms: A perspective from the Vietnamese press industry

Blockchain technology is being applied worldwide. Although a large body of blockchain research has been conducted in various fields, little is known about press perspectives on adopting blockchain in journalism. This study explores the determinants of applying blockchain in journalism activities in Vietnam. Based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and previous research, we surveyed 287 people working at press agencies in Vietnam. The results from testing nine research hypotheses show that five factors, namely Technology Affinity, Effort Expectancy, Facilitating Condition, Technology Readiness, and Regulatory Support, positively impact the intention of applying Blockchain in journalism activities in Vietnam. Two factors, namely Performance Expectancy and Trust, were not positively strongly correlated to the use of blockchain. Besides, Regulatory Support is found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between Facilitating Condition and Behavioral Intention.

Rural small scale farmers' smart mobile phone usage acceptance prognosticators for agricultural marketing information access

The purpose of the article is to examine the rural small scale farmers' smart mobile phone usage acceptance prognosticators for agricultural marketing information access in selected farming towns in Zimbabwe. Responses were collected from rural small scale farmers in Marondera, farming town in Zimbabwe using structured questionnaire with a 7 point Likert scale. The research study depicted that trust, social influence, perceived risk and relative advantage have positive influence on rural small scale farmers' smart mobile phone usage acceptance for agricultural marketing information access adoption intention in Zimbabwe. The study has limitations which may affect the generalisability of the results since they can only be applied to the studied areas, all in Mashonaland East province of Zimbabwe. Agricultural marketers are encouraged to focus more attentively on smart mobile phone acceptance determinants such as social influence, perceived risk and trust when devising mobile agricultural marketing strategies especially during uncertain times. The study adds to theoretical literature development by extending knowledge on the UTAUT2 theoretical framework since there is paucity of research that have directly applied the same model in agricultural marketing and general agribusiness. Practically, the study enhances the need for adoption of contemporary technologies to solve the current challenges facing farmers in the marginalised rural areas, not only in Africa, but also dotted around the world.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43545-022-00562-x.

Modelling the intention and adoption of cashless payment methods among the young adults in Malaysia

Purpose

Cashless payment is gradually replacing physical currency in almost every financial transaction across the world. Even though cashless payment methods have been available in Malaysia since a decade ago, their usage has remained relatively low in comparison to other countries. This study aims to analyse the elements that affect the Malaysian youth’s adoption intention and actual use of cashless payment by extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model with two key factors (perceived security [PS] and lifestyle compatibility [LC]).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered online from 364 Malaysian youths and processed using partial least squares structural equation modelling.

Findings

The findings revealed that performance expectancy (PE), LC and PS had a positive and substantial effect on the intention to use cashless payment (ICP). In contrast, effort expectancy (EE) and social influence did not have any considerable influence on ICP. Furthermore, ICP had substantial mediating effects between the adoption of cashless payment (ACP) and PE, LC and PS. In the analysis of the moderating effect of age, gender, experience and voluntariness, only experience had moderating effects on the associations between PE and ICP and between FC and ACP.

Research limitations/implications

This study’s findings will be highly useful for marketers and the management as they plan their promotional and marketing tactics, with a focus on the factors that inspire customers to adopt cashless payments. Besides, architects and designers can benefit from the study results while designing and updating their services by consolidating consumers’ lifestyle standards as well as enhancing security features. Finally, governments may support service providers with security building through legislative measures and policy campaigns to strengthen the trustworthiness and mass adoption of contactless payment.

Originality/value

This study extended the UTAUT model with two new variables, i.e. PS and LC.

Application and extension of the UTAUT2 model for determining behavioral intention factors in use of the artificial intelligence virtual assistants

Virtual Assistants, also known as conversational artificial intelligence, are transforming the reality around us. These virtual assistants have challenged our daily lives by assisting us in the different dimensions of our lives, such as health, entertainment, home, and education, among others. The main purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test a model to predict factors that affect users' behavioral intentions when they use intelligent virtual assistants. As a theoretical basis for investigating behavioral intention of using virtual assistants from the consumers' perspective, researchers employed the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2). For this research paper, seven variables were analyzed: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, hedonic motivation, habit, and price/value. In order to improve consumer behavior prediction, three additional factors were included in the study: perceived privacy risk, trust, and personal innovativeness. Researchers carried out an online survey with 304 responses. The obtained sample was analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through IBM SPSS V. 27.0 and AMOS V 27.0. The main study results reveal that factors, such as habit, trust, and personal innovation, have a significant impact on the adoption of virtual assistants. However, on the other side, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, hedonic motivation, price/value, and perceived privacy risk were not significant factors in the users' intention to adopt this service. This research paper examines the effect of personal innovation, security, and trust variables in relation to the use of virtual assistants. It contributes to a more holistic understanding of the adoption of these intelligent devices and tries to fill the knowledge gap on this topic, as it is an emerging technology. This investigation also provides relevant information on how to successfully implement these technologies.

Older people's intention to use medical apps during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: an application of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and the Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM)

Previous studies on older adults' intention to adopt medical apps during irregular circumstances like the COVID-19 outbreak are still in its infancy. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we developed a theoretical framework based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and the Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain Chinese older people's willingness to use medical apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected 1,318 online questionnaires during the first wave of the pandemic in China in early 2020. We employed structural equation modelling to analyse the data, and the results show that (a) attitudes towards using apps influence older people's intention to use apps significantly; (b) only two factors, perceived usefulness and facilitating conditions, which were proposed in the UTAUT model, significantly predicted the older adults' intention to use apps, but not others; and (c) perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm and facilitating conditions all significantly impact attitudes towards using apps. Further mediation analysis found that attitudes towards using apps significantly mediated the paths suggested in the original UTAUT model. Due to the online survey method we used, older people who do not use the internet were excluded from our sampling process. However, our timely research contributes to the existing literature by showcasing older people's usage of eHealth technology in public health emergencies. It also builds on the broader discussions on technology use by combining the TAM and the UTAUT model, highlighting the vital role of people's attitude towards using technology in shaping their intention to use it.

Virtual Simulation Design Facing Smart Payment Screen on the Background of Artificial Intelligence

In recent years, the rapid development of virtual simulation technology has become a hot topic among thousands of people. Virtual simulation has been used in education, transportation, anti-theft, and other fields, but it has not seen its application in the field of intelligent payment. This study designed an intelligent payment screen based on virtual simulation technology and evaluated the relevant performance. The evaluation results found that compared with the traditional payment screen, the use of smart payment screen for payment had the fastest improvement in security and the slowest improvement in usability, an increase of 4.2%; the youth group believed that the convenience of use of the smart payment screen based on virtual simulation technology has improved the fastest. The elderly group believed that the use of the smart payment screen based on virtual simulation technology had the slowest improvement in ease of use, an increase of 9.4%; the average payment time of each place has decreased, the average payment time of place 4 was the longest, and the average payment time of place 6 was the shortest, and it was concluded that the higher the payment success rate was, the shortest payment time was; in terms of the user's preference for the smart payment screen, it was concluded that 18:00 was the peak period for users to use the smart payment screen; in terms of risk assessment of using smart payment screens, it was concluded that compared with traditional payment screens, operational risk was reduced by 3.88%, credit risk was reduced by 4.67%, liquidity risk was reduced by 5.06%, and settlement risk was reduced by 6.01%. The design of the smart payment screen makes the user's payment more secure, and the payment risk is greatly reduced.

Drivers of post-adoption of e-wallet among academics in Palestine: An extension of the expectation confirmation model

E-wallet is one of the latest innovations in the field of payments. However, despite numerous studies on the adoption of e-finance systems, the post-adoption phase is largely neglected. In this paper, we use the extended Expectation Confirmation Model (ECM) to address this gap by focusing on the study of consumers’ continuous intentions regarding the use of an e-wallet service. We conducted an electronic questionnaire-based survey among 503 e-wallet users in Palestine. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the conceptual model of the study, our results confirm that satisfaction, trust, and perceived usefulness have a significant impact on consumers’ continuous intention regarding e-wallet. In addition, the study found that perceived security has an insignificant impact on consumer satisfaction. The study has several implications: E-wallet providers should improve their services in terms of performance, privacy, and security to ensure customer loyalty in this competitive industry.

Migration and financial transactions: factors influencing mobile remittance service usage in the pandemic

Purpose

In the global migration crisis COVID 19 had devastating consequences. Workers were confined to their locations due to travel restrictions and working from home became “working away from home” for millions of migrant workers. Mobile financial services emerged as key to livelihood of the mobile remittance recipients. It is essential for service providers to gain insights of users' motives to use mobile remittance services.

Design/methodology/approach

This study proposed the model by extending unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model and integrating by perceived cost (PC) and perceived security (PS). Based on the survey data (n = 344) the proposed model was tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis.

Findings

The findings reveal that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, PC and PS affect the users' behavioral intention (BI) to use mobile remittance applications. Social influence nonsignificantly affects the BI and there is no significant influence of facilitating conditions on user behavior.

Originality/value

The volume of migrant workers preCOVID 19 reached 3.5% of the global population, the shear number of unprotected workers plunged into devastation by the COVID-19 impact is huge to cause an economic meltdown. Under the pandemic crisis conditions, the findings provide several practical implications on how service providers could improve their products and services to increase mobile remittance applications usage.

Sustainable Economic Development, Digital Payment, and Consumer Demand: Evidence from China

In this era, the global COVID-19 pandemic has hit the economy hard. In the context of great challenges to sustainable economic development, it is of great practical significance to study how digital payment can promote consumer demand and sustainable economic development. From the perspective of sustainable economic development, this paper selects panel data of various provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 to test the correlation between digital payment and consumer demand by constructing econometric models and selecting relevant indicators, so as to reveal the impact of digital payment on consumer demand and sustainable economic development. Research shows that: (1) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, digital payments play a special and very important role in promoting household consumption and sustainable economic development; (2) the empirical results show that digital payment has a significant positive impact on consumer demand, which indicates that digital payment has an obvious promotion effect on consumer demand; (3) further research shows that the impact of digital payment on consumer demand has obvious heterogeneity. From the perspective of regional differences, digital payment has a significant positive impact on consumer demand in the eastern and western regions, while the impact is not obvious in the northeast and central regions, even though it also has a positive impact. From the perspective of urban-rural differences, digital payment has a significant impact on consumer demand in both urban and rural areas, and this impact is greater in rural areas than in urban areas. However, from the perspective of development stage, the stage characteristics of digital payment’s impact on consumer demand in each region are not obvious, which may be caused by the short sample range. In addition, this paper also puts forward relevant suggestions for other countries to learn from.

Drivers Influencing the Adoption Intention towards Mobile Fintech Services: A Study on the Emerging Bangladesh Market

People’s acceptance of technological changes has escalated with time. However, the acceptance and adoption of fintech services hiked after the outbreak of the virulent coronavirus. With this breakout, the adoption of mobile fintech services (MFS) increased among general citizens and business sectors around the world, including in developed, emerging, and developing economies. This study aimed to identify the factors that impact the adoption intention of consumers to embrace and enhance the use of mobile fintech services in an emerging market, Bangladesh. A research model was developed to strengthen the objective of this paper. A total of 218 respondents responded to the questionnaire. The study utilized structural equation modeling to analyze the results in SmartPLS software. The results showed significant positive effects of social influence, trust, perceived benefit, and facilitating conditions on the adoption intention towards MFS. Mobile fintech service providers must keep their users’ needs and literacy rates in mind when designing the user interface (UI). Moreover, they should also cater more efficient services to the users and work based on the feedback received. The customers’ satisfaction will ultimately lead to customers conducting more digital transactions and will contribute to the escalation of fintech transactions, resulting in more financial inclusion.

Modeling adoption, security and privacy of COVID-19 apps: findings and recommendations from an empirical study using UTAUT

Background

The global health crisis caused by COVID-19 has drastically changed human society in a relatively short time. However, this crisis has offered insights into the different roles that such a worldwide virus plays in the lives of people and how those have been affected, as well as eventually proposing new solutions. From the beginning of the pandemic, technology solutions have featured prominently in virus control and in the frame of reference for international travel, especially contact tracing and passenger locator applications.

Objective

The objective of this paper is to study specific areas of technology acceptance and adoption following a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) research model.

Methods

We presented a research model based on UTAUT constructs to study the determinants for adoption of COVID-19–related apps using a questionnaire. We tested the model via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) using travelers’ data from an insular tourist region.

Results

Our model explained 90.3% of the intention to use (N=9555) and showed an increased understanding of the vital role of safety, security, privacy, and trust in the usage intention of safety apps. Results also showed how the impact of COVID-19 is not a strong predictor of adoption, while age, education level, and social capital are essential moderators of behavioral intention.

Conclusions

In terms of scientific impact, the results described here provide important insights and contributions not only for researchers but also for policy and decision makers by explaining the reasons behind the adoption and usage of apps designed for COVID-19.

The use of technology for online learning among older adults in Hong Kong

The use of technology to facilitate better living and learning is gaining popularity worldwide. More and more older adults are technology users and participating in online learning. While there is ample research examining the factors affecting older adults' behavioural intention to use technology more generally, less is known about their views of using technology in online learning environments. Applying the model for the adoption of technology by older adults (MATOA) developed by Kenneth Hsiche Wang et al., the authors of the study presented here investigated the attitudes of older adults towards technology adoption for online learning. They interviewed 20 adults aged 52-73 who had enrolled in a diploma course in a higher educational institution in Hong Kong. The results show that participants held favourable attitudes towards online learning after several practice sessions. While they had confidence in their future use of technology, they stated that the availability of technical and social support affected their intention of continuous learning using technology in online settings.

Effects of Risk Perception of Pests and Diseases on Tea Famers’ Green Control Techniques Adoption

Green control techniques support the concept of green plant protection, advocate for the safe and reasonable use of pesticides, and finally achieve the goal of controlling pests and diseases and protecting the environment. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of risk perception of pests and diseases on farmers’ usage intention of green control techniques. Based on 747 samples of tea farmers in Sichuan province, China, introducing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework and using the Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach, this paper found that risk perception has a negative impact on behavioral intention. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence can positively affect behavioral intention, and facilitating conditions can also positively influence usage behavior. Moreover, the mediating analysis indicated that the higher the risk perception is, the less performance expectancy of green control techniques and the weaker the behavioral intention. Meanwhile, risk perception also plays a mediating effect on the relationship between effort expectancy and behavioral intention. This study could help to provide references for policymaking to improve the adoption of green control techniques.

The Antecedents of Willingness to Adopt and Pay for the IoT in the Agricultural Industry: An Application of the UTAUT 2 Theory

This paper aims to examine the factors influencing the willingness of Bangladeshi farmers to adopt and pay for the Internet of Things (IoT) in the agricultural sector by applying the theoretical framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2). To this end, the study employed a quantitative research methodology and obtained data from 345 farmers from the northern districts of Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling method, a study of premium fruit growers was undertaken to assess IoT use in agriculture, and the primary survey data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach via AMOS 26. The study confirmed that effort expectancy, performance expectancy, facilitating condition, hedonic motivation, government support, price value, personal innovativeness, and trust influence the willingness of Bangladeshi farmers to adopt the IoT. Additionally, predictors such as trust and willingness to adopt were observed to influence the willingness to pay for the IoT, while the construct ‘performance expectancy’ produced no effect. The study also revealed that the willingness to adopt moderates the association between performance expectancy, price value, and willingness to pay for the IoT. This research has novel implications because it investigates the behavior of rural customers with respect to innovation adoption, which in this case is the IoT in agriculture. It outlines precise reasons for the willing adoption of the IoT in agriculture, which will, in turn, assist marketers of IoT technology in the design of appropriate marketing strategies to increase acceptance in rural areas. Using the proposed model that incorporates farmers’ willingness to pay, this empirical study takes the first step in examining whether farmers in a developing economy such as Bangladesh will adopt and pay for the IoT.

What critical factors forecast student-teachers utilization of online learning system in the University of Education, Ghana during the Covid19 pandemic?

The shutdown of schools due to the Covid19 epidemic has generated a move towards online education. The operation of an electronic instructional system in many higher learning institutions was a major challenge. Online instructional system namely Moodle possesses some characteristics that are important for its operation in the era of the covid19 epidemic. Nevertheless, the effective implementation of the electronic instructional system depends on grasping the determinants that confront the modern electronic instructional system. Therefore, this inquiry aims to examine the determinants that influence learners' operation of the instructional learning system in the period of covid19. This inquiry adopted a quantitative research design. A convenient sampling approach was employed to choose a sample size of 276 students. The result of the inquiry found that all the nine determinants elucidated 53.8% of the change in utilization of the online learning system. Of the nine determinants, social influence and system quality contributed substantially to learners' utilization of online learning system. Implications for the study were also discussed.

Assessing the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on M-Commerce Adoption: An Adapted UTAUT2 Approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted consumers’ lives and their shopping patterns, leading them towards mobile commerce. To address current shopping circumstances, an adapted UTAUT2 model aims to integrate trust and perceptions of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ behavioral intention to rely on m-commerce during this period. The study proposes a research model which is investigated with the help of structural equation modelling in AMOS. Using the framework of a cross-sectional study, data were collected from an emerging market in Romania, where internet speed ranks 4th worldwide and where the yearly increase in internet and social media users is approximately 10%. By using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling, the research validates the applicability of UTAUT2 in examining consumers’ behavioral intent of using m-commerce during a pandemic. Hedonic motivation is the strongest predictor of consumers’ behavioral intentions to continue using m-commerce. The findings contribute to understandings of consumers’ behavior with m-commerce in an emerging market, extending knowledge based on the adapted UTAUT2 model and allowing for comprehension of the key role of trust and social influences in affecting consumers’ perceptions of the COVID-19 outbreak in relation to shopping patterns.

The Research Trend of Security and Privacy in Digital Payment

The aim of this study is to synthesize the rapidly increasing literature on privacy and security risk of digital payment. By reviewing 591 studies, the literature on this topic was evaluated using a bibliographical approach to highlight the intellectual development of the field and recommend potential research directions in this still-emerging field. According to our assessment, academics have continued to focus on perceived privacy and security, while more multigroup analyses based on subdimensions of risk are needed. In addition, the vast majority of studies have not considered the inter-relationship between risk attributes. We analyse the potential causes of the lack of research diversity and provide additional suggestions to improve digital payment research in the future. This study will be valuable for academics, analysts, regulators, practitioners, and investors.

Predicting the Intention and Adoption of Near Field Communication Mobile Payment

With the increasing use of mobile devices and new technologies, electronic payments, such as near field communication (NFC) mobile payments, are gaining traction and gradually replacing the currency-based cash payment methods. Despite multiple initiatives by various parties to encourage mobile payments, adoption rates in developing countries have remained low. The purpose of this research is to explore the prime determinants of NFC mobile-payment adoption intention and to develop a model of mobile payment adoption that includes perceived risk (PR) as one of the major elements by extending the UTAUT2 theory components. An online survey was used to acquire data from 370 NFC mobile payments users for the current study. To validate the components and their correlations, structural equation modelling (SEM) was implemented. According to the findings, performance expectancy (PE), hedonic motivation (HM), social influence (SI), and facilitating conditions (FC) have substantial impacts on the consumers' intentions to adopt NFC mobile payments (INFC). Effort expectancy (EE) and PR were reported to have no considerable effects on the adoption intention. In addition, INFC is revealed to be a major mediator between the associations of the actual adoption of NFC mobile payment (ANFC) with PE, HM, and SI. The findings of the study would assist providers and marketers in better understanding of the consumers' behavior, designing effective marketing strategies to enhance the consumers' positive intentions, and achieving the mass adoption of NFC mobile payments in different environmental contexts.

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected the Sustainable Adoption of Digital Signature: An Integrated Factors Analysis Model

Digital signatures have been widely and primarily used for document approval activities during the Coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia. This is the digital equivalent of a handwritten signature or stamped seal, although it provides more inherent security, such as validating the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or virtual document. Therefore, this study aims to determine factors affecting consumer intention in using digital signatures based on (i) the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2, (ii) the theory of planned behavior, and (iii) the information acceptance model. A total of 358 respondents answered the online questionnaire containing 69 question items, with the data analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique to examine the hypotheses. The results showed that the relationship between consumers’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and information adoption had the highest and lowest effects on consumers’ behavioral intention. Moreover, the consumers’ attitudes had the most significant effect on their attitudinal intention to use digital signatures. The significant positive impact of these consumers’ attitudes had relevant implications for the sustainable adoption of the signature system. This indicated that an integrating model with the potential of extending to consumers’ intention analysis was established for digital signature adoption in other countries after the post-Coronavirus period.

Factors Affecting Intention of Consumers in Using Face Recognition Payment in Offline Markets: An Acceptance Model for Future Payment Service

Face recognition payment (FRP), an innovative financial technology service, is a recently developed mode of payment service that has garnered attention in the offline market, particularly in China. However, studies examining the adoption of FRP by consumers are scarce. Therefore, this study proposed a causal model built on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, and key predictors related to the intention of using FRP were identified. The structural equation model-based results obtained from 305 Chinese participants demonstrated that the intention was most affected by relative advantage. In addition, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and perceived risk also had a significant impact. However, trust was found to not significantly affect consumers’ intentions, despite it negatively influencing perceived risk. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide a set of guidelines for companies regarding the implementation of FRP.

My video game console is so cool! A coolness theory-based model for intention to use video game consoles

With the outbreak of COVID-19, the video game console market is thriving again. In this study, we attempted to explore users' intention to use video game consoles by developing a causal model mainly based on coolness theory and the technology acceptance model. To better illustrate user experience for video game consoles, we added several concepts to the causal model, including hedonic motivation, system and service quality, perceived cost, and game variety. Through examining survey-based data from 360 Koreans, we discovered that the model had a high explanatory power for users' intention to use video game consoles. The key findings were as follows: First, among the components of coolness theory, individuals' attitude toward consoles was significantly related to subcultural appeal and originality, but not to attractiveness. Second, originality positively influenced subcultural appeal significantly. Overall, this study implied that the novel coolness theory is effective for exploring user experience regarding of specific devices and services.

Operational risk assessment of third-party payment platforms: a case study of China

Operational risk events have severely impacted the development of third-party payment (TPP) platforms, and have even led to a discussion on the operational risk capital charge settlement by relevant international regulators. However, prior studies have mostly focused on qualitative mechanism analysis, and have rarely examined quantitative risk assessment based on actual operational risk events. Therefore, this study attempts to assess the operational risk on TPP platforms in China by constructing a systematic framework incorporating database construction and risk modeling. First, the operational risk database that covers 202 events between Q1, 2014, and Q2, 2020 is constructed. Then, specific causes are clarified, and the characteristics are analyzed from both the trend and loss severity perspectives. Finally, the piecewise-defined severity distribution based-Loss Distribution Approach (PSD-LDA) with double truncation is utilized to assess the operational risk. Two main conclusions are drawn from the empirical analysis. First, legal risk and external fraud risk are the two main causes of operational risk. Second, the yearly Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall are 724.46 million yuan and 1081.98 million yuan under the 99.9% significance level, respectively. Our results are beneficial for both TPP platform operators and regulators in managing and controlling operational risk.

Online learning readiness and online learning system success in Vietnamese higher education

Purpose

The article aims examine an integrated model of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and DeLone and McLean information systems (D&M IS) success model to determine the effects of online learning readiness (OLR) on learners' online learning system (OLS) usage and their satisfaction. The authors also investigate the relationship between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and OLR of students. Moreover, this work examines the mediate role of learner satisfaction in the linking of OLS usage and performance in Vietnamese higher education.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 558 valid questionnaires were collected from students at five large universities in Vietnam to test the fit of proposed model, measurement model and structural relationships between constructs by using partial least squares (PLS) path analytics.

Findings

Performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence have significant positive effects on OLR of students in online learning context. OLR has a positive impact on both learner satisfaction and OLS usage. The learner performance is significantly influenced by satisfaction while it is indirectly affected by OLS usage via satisfaction. In addition, OLS usage plays as a partial mediation variable in the relationship between OLR and satisfaction. The path model could explain 56% of variance of the learner performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study has a few limitations. First, this study is cross-sectional, which allows the elaboration of correlations between variables but lacks confidence in causality exploration. Second, the self-reported data are inherently subjective, which might generate biased results in measuring learner performance.

Practical implications

This research has implications for instructors and higher education organizations. The findings provide insights for instructors to manage efficiently the OLS adoption of students. Higher education organizations should understand and identify factors in terms of OLR, OLS usage, learner satisfaction and learner performance when OLSs are implemented in university. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence have been criticized for considering OLR.

Originality/value

This is the first empirical study to determine relationship between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, OLR, OLS usage, satisfaction and performance in the context of online learning environment in Vietnam.

Factors affecting consumer acceptance of electronic cash in China: an empirical study

This paper proposes and validates a comprehensive model of consumer acceptance in the context of offline e-cash payment. It modifies the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology model (UTAUT) with constructs of perceived security, cost of use, and government policy. Data collected from 4428 questionnaires about users' attitudes toward e-cash is used to apply a structural equation model which, in turn, assesses the predictive model. The empirical results indicate that perceived security and cost of use are beneficial extensions to the traditional UTAUT model, and intention is a key antecedent to users' actual utilization of e-cash. In addition, the demographic moderators are found to have significant effects on the relations among the variables. These results are useful to e-cash development and significant to the issue of Digital Currency Electronic Payment.

Determining the factors of m-wallets adoption. A twofold SEM-ANN approach

M-wallets are comparatively more advantageous and convenient than conventional payment systems as m-wallets allow users to avoid cash. The present research uses the diffusion of innovation theory as the base theory to propose a research model by incorporating constructs like convenience, perceived security, personal innovativeness, and perceived trust to investigate the determinants of consumers' intention-to-use m-wallets. A twofold approach comprising of Structural Equation Modelling-Artificial Neural Network (SEM-ANN) was used: First, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to determine the significant determinants of intention-to-use. Second, the ANN approach was applied as robustness to corroborate the outcomes of PLS-SEM and to estimate the relative importance of the SEM-based significant determinants. Our findings confirmed that compatibility, ease of use, observability, convenience, relative advantage, personal innovativeness, perceived trust, and perceived security are the key elements that influence the intention-to-use m-wallets. Moreover, we ascertained that perceived security is the most influential predictor of intention-to-use. The outcomes of ANN have complemented the findings of PLS-SEM, but some differences were also exhibited in the order of influential factors. The study brings to fore significant insights and a set of suggestions for the companies carrying out the development, execution, and marketing of M-wallet services.

Modifying UTAUT2 for a cross-country comparison of telemedicine adoption

The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has put digital health technologies in the spotlight. To gain a deeper understanding of patients’ usage intentions of virtual doctor appointments, the present research adapts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) by integrating perceived security and perceived product advantage, two known barriers to successful telemedicine adoption. Applying age-stratified sampling, an online survey was distributed to 800 citizens in Germany and the United States of America. 710 completed and valid questionnaires were subsequently analyzed using SPSS and AMOS (versions 24).

Significant, direct, and positive effects of performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, perceived security, and perceived product advantage on the behavioral intention to use virtual doctor appointments were found. The analysis of the moderating variables, age and gender, showed significant differences in user's performance expectancy and effort expectancy, and perceived product advantage, respectively. With virtual health care models on the rise, these results are important for stakeholders such as policymakers, governments, employers, but also physicians, and insurance companies as they offer clear recommendations to design telemedicine adoption strategies to ensure successful patient engagement.

A Comparative Study of Users versus Non-Users’ Behavioral Intention towards M-Banking Apps’ Adoption

The banking sector has been considered as one of the primary adopters of Information and Communications Technologies. Especially during the last years, they have invested a lot into the digital transformation of their business process. Concerning their retail customers, banks realized very early the great potential abilities to provide value added self-services functions via mobile devices, mainly smartphones to them; thus, they have invested a lot into m-banking apps’ functionality. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought out different ways for financial transactions and even more mobile users have taken advantage of m-banking app services. Thus, the purpose of this empirical paper is to investigate the determinants that impact individuals on adopting or not m-banking apps. Specifically, it examines two groups of individuals, users (adopters) and non-users (non-adopters) of m-banking apps, and aims to reveal if there are differences and similarities between the factors that impact them on adopting or not this type of m-banking services. To our knowledge, this is the second scientific attempt where these two groups of individuals have been compared on this topic. The paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual model by extending Venkatech’s et al. (2003) Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) with ICT facilitators (i.e., reward and security) and ICT inhibitors (i.e., risk and anxiety), as well as the recommendation factor. However, this study intends to fill the research gap by investigating and proving for the first time the impact of social influence, reward and anxiety factors on behavioral intention, the relationship between risk and anxiety and the impact of behavioral intention on recommendation via the application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) statistical techniques. The results reveal a number of differences regarding the factors that impact or not these two groups towards m-banking app adoption; thus, it provides new insights regarding m-banking app adoption in a slightly examined scientific field. Thus, the study intends to assist the banking sector in better understanding their customers with the aim to formulate and apply customized m-business strategies and increase not only the adoption of m-banking apps but also the level of their further use.

Improving the Sustainable Usage Intention of Mobile Payments: Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model Combined With the Information System Success Model and Initial Trust Model

Under the background of global cross-border mobile commerce (m-commerce) integration, the importance of cross-border payment research is becoming increasingly prominent and urgent. The important value of this study is to empirically research the influence power of key elements in using two different mobile payment (m-payment) platforms in Korea. The extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) has been widely applied in various studies because of its strong interpretive power. In Korea, there are a few empirical studies on Chinese users. Based on a survey of 908 Chinese participants (486 WeChat Pay's Chinese users and 465 Kakao Pay's Korean users) in Korea, this study is one application extending UTAUT2 by incorporating multi-group and multi-model constructs: UTAUT2, information system success (ISS) model, and an initial trust model (ITM), considering a multi-group analysis with some mediating variables (payment difference). By comparing the two different payment platforms' characters, this manuscript provides a set of targeted measures to ensure Chinese WeChat Payment platform decision-makers create effective long-term strategic policies for cross-border m-payments in Korea, and eventually, benefit cross-border m-commerce and economic cooperation in Southeast Asia.

Factors Influencing the Decision to Utilize eTax Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examines the usage of eTax systems using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) as a theoretical base. A quantitative methodology using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the study model against data collected from 209 taxpayers who completed the research questionnaire. The outcomes of this study manifest necessary theoretical extension of the UTAUT model and practical contributions during the pandemic of COVID-19. The findings of this study reveal that the behavioral intention to use eTax systems is highly influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, social isolation, and anxiety about technology. Similarly, the behavioral intention of eTax systems and anxiety of COVID-19 infection demonstrate a substantial association with the actual usage of eTax systems. Interestingly, the study's findings also show that the anxiety of COVID-19 infection moderates the association bounded by usage intention and actual use of eTax systems.

Cashless Japan: Unlocking Influential Risk on Mobile Payment Service

In Japan, cashless is not yet popular but government and companies are devoted to the development of mobile payment methods. This research collected 241 Japanese users and applied decision trees algorithm. Six types of perceived risks (financial, privacy, performance, psychological, security, and time) were used and the categorized class is intention to use mobile payment (low, medium, and high). We also compared different competitive models to examine the performance, including decision trees, kNN, Naïve Bayes, SVM, and logistic regression and decision trees outperformed among all models. The findings indicated that privacy and performance risks are import to Japanese users. Safe, secured, reliable, and fast mobile payment environment are more important to low intention users (less concerns about financial risk). Financial loss, safe, secured, reliable, and fast mobile payment environment are more important to medium intention users (less concerns about time and security risk). Monetary loss, safe, reliable, and fast mobile payment environment are more important to high intention users (less concerns about security risk and psychological risk). The results can help Japanese companies unlock the perceived risk on mobile payment and furnish appropriate strategies to improve usage.

Factors Influencing Students’ Acceptance of M-Learning in Higher Education: An Application and Extension of the UTAUT Model

The goal of this study was to develop a new model and conduct confirmatory factor analysis to learn more about how students use M-learning in higher education. The study is theoretically based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) theory and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Theoretically, the factors related to the adoption of M-learning in higher education, identified as contributory to perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitudes towards M-learning and actual use of M-learning, were analyzed. A questionnaire survey was distributed to 362 university students who were randomly selected. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-AMOS was used for data analysis. Based on the findings, M-learning appears to be one of the most promising educational technologies for development in educational environments. Perceived facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and perceived enjoyment have a significant positive effect on the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, while performance expectancy has a negative effect on the perceived ease of use. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a positive and significant effect on attitudes towards using M-learning and actual use of M-learning. Therefore, we recommend lecturers encourage students to utilize M-learning for educational purposes in higher education.

How Does Gender Moderate Customer Intention of Shopping via Live-Streaming Apps during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Period?

Shopping through Live-Streaming Shopping Apps (LSSAs) as an emerging consumption phenomenon has increased dramatically in recent years, especially during the COVID-19 lockdown period. However, insufficient studies have focused on the psychological processes undergone in different customer demographics while shopping via LSSAs under pandemic conditions. This study integrated the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 with Flow Theory into a Stimulus-Organism-Response framework to investigate the psychological processes of different customer demographics during the COVID-19 lockdown period. A total of 374 validated data were analyzed by covariance-based structural equation modelling. The statistical results demonstrated by the proposed model showed a significant discrepancy between different gender groups, in which Flow, as a mediator, representing users’ engagement and immersion in shopping via LSSAs, was significantly moderated by gender where connection between stimulus components, hedonic motivation, trust and social influence and response component perceived value are concerned. This study contributed a theoretical development and a practical framework to the explanation of the mental processes of different customer demographics when using an innovative e-commerce technology. Furthermore, the results can support the relevant stakeholders in e-commerce in their comprehensive understanding of customers’ behavior, allowing better strategical and managerial development.

User trends of electronic payment systems adoption in developing countries: an empirical analysis

Purpose

Electronic payment (e-payment) systems literature analysis reveals that they are growing in developing countries; however, they are limited in the Arab countries and, more importantly, scarce in Iraq in particular. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the factors influencing the intention of users to use e-payment systems in Iraq. Additionally, this study proposes an e-payment adoption model based on technology usage models to identify user trends toward e-payment systems.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative approach is adopted to test the proposed model. The proposed model is based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology theory. The proposed model is validated using survey data from 339 e-payment system users. Using Amos software, this study used structural equation modeling (SEM), a statistical technique for analyzing factor relationships.

Findings

The findings of the study indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and price saving orientation influence Intention to accept the e-payment system. Similarly, habit, technology security, trust, innovation resistance, psychological empowerment also affect intention to accept an e-payment system. However, hedonic motivation and perceived risk do not affect e-payment system adoption.

Originality/value

The identified factors play a major role in user intentions toward the adoption of e-payment systems for financial transactions and addressing these factors will make e-payment acceptable in the future. The results of this study contribute to assisting governments or e-payment firms and decision-makers in building strategic decisions or policies that will increase the adoption of e-payment by individuals.