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Li Q, Li S, He S, Chen W, Cheng P, Zhang Y, Miao Q, Pu K. An Activatable Polymeric Reporter for Near‐Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Imaging of Invasive Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Penghui Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
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Li Q, Li S, He S, Chen W, Cheng P, Zhang Y, Miao Q, Pu K. An Activatable Polymeric Reporter for Near‐Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Imaging of Invasive Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7018-7023. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Penghui Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Nanomedicine College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of, Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637457 Singapore
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoji Du
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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4
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Neutrophil Elastase Activity Imaging: Recent Approaches in the Design and Applications of Activity-Based Probes and Substrate-Based Probes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:7417192. [PMID: 31281234 PMCID: PMC6594253 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7417192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades of protease research has confirmed that a number of important biological processes are strictly dependent on proteolysis. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a critical protease in immune response and host defense mechanisms in both physiological and disease-associated conditions. Particularly, NE has been identified as a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of lung inflammation. Recent studies have shown an increasing interest in developing methods for NE activity imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike anatomical imaging modalities, functional molecular imaging, including enzymatic activities, enables disease detection at a very early stage and thus constitutes a much more accurate approach. When combined with advanced imaging technologies, opportunities arise for measuring imbalanced proteolytic activities with unprecedented details. Such technologies consist in building the highest resolved and sensitive instruments as well as the most specific probes based either on peptide substrates or on covalent inhibitors. This review outlines strengths and weaknesses of these technologies and discuss their applications to investigate NE activity as biomarker of pulmonary inflammatory diseases by imaging.
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Sharma S, Javed MN, Pottoo FH, Rabbani SA, Barkat MA, Sarafroz M, Amir M. Bioresponse Inspired Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:220-233. [PMID: 31486751 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666190429103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The traditional drug delivery techniques are unresponsive to the altering metabolic states of the body and fail to achieve target specific drug delivery, which results in toxic plasma concentrations. In order to harmonize the drug release profiles, diverse biological and pathological pathways and factors involved have been studied and consequently, nanomaterials and nanostructures are engineered in a manner so that they respond and interact with the target cells and tissues in a controlled manner to induce promising pharmacological responses with least undesirable effects. The bioinspired nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots sense the localized host environment for diagnosis and treatment of pathological states. These biocompatible polymeric- based nanostructures bind drugs to the specific receptors, which renders them as ideal vehicles for the delivery of drugs and gene. The ultimate goal of bioinspired nanocomposites is to achieve personalized diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. This review briefly discussed current trends; role, recent advancements as well as different approaches, which are being used for designing and fabrication of some bioinspired nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New-Delhi, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly University of Dammam), Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Arman Rabbani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Al Qusaidat, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Md Sarafroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Product and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Renault K, Jouanno LA, Lizzul-Jurse A, Renard PY, Sabot C. Fluorogenic Behaviour of the Hetero-Diels-Alder Ligation of 5-Alkoxyoxazoles with Maleimides and their Applications. Chemistry 2016; 22:18522-18531. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Renault
- Normandie University; CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen; COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Laurie-Anne Jouanno
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Antoine Lizzul-Jurse
- Normandie University; CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen; COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie University; CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen; COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Cyrille Sabot
- Normandie University; CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen; COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
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7
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Simard B, Mironov GG, Tomanek B, van Veggel FCJM, Abulrob A. Site-specific conjugation of the quencher on peptide's N-terminal for the synthesis of a targeted non-spreading activatable optical probe. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:415-20. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Simard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Ottawa; 451 Smyth Rd. Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Gleb G. Mironov
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility; University of Ottawa; Marion Hall Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Boguslaw Tomanek
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Physics; University of Alberta; 11560 University Avenue Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Abedelnasser Abulrob
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Ottawa; 451 Smyth Rd. Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics; National Research Council of Canada; 1200 Montreal Rd. Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Sloniec-Myszk J, Resch-Genger U, Hennig A. Chiral, J-Aggregate-Forming Dyes for Alternative Signal Modulation Mechanisms in Self-Immolative Enzyme-Activatable Optical Probes. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:877-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Sloniec-Myszk
- BAM Federal Institute
for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute
for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hennig
- BAM Federal Institute
for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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9
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Smart nanosystems: Bio-inspired technologies that interact with the host environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14460-6. [PMID: 26598694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508522112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle technologies intended for human administration must be designed to interact with, and ideally leverage, a living host environment. Here, we describe smart nanosystems classified in two categories: (i) those that sense the host environment and respond and (ii) those that first prime the host environment to interact with engineered nanoparticles. Smart nanosystems have the potential to produce personalized diagnostic and therapeutic schema by using the local environment to drive material behavior and ultimately improve human health.
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van Duijnhoven SMJ, Robillard MS, Langereis S, Grüll H. Bioresponsive probes for molecular imaging: concepts and in vivo applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:282-308. [PMID: 25873263 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to visualize and characterize biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo. In most molecular imaging approaches, probes are used to bind to disease-specific biomarkers highlighting disease target sites. In recent years, a new subset of molecular imaging probes, known as bioresponsive molecular probes, has been developed. These probes generally benefit from signal enhancement at the site of interaction with its target. There are mainly two classes of bioresponsive imaging probes. The first class consists of probes that show direct activation of the imaging label (from "off" to "on" state) and have been applied in optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The other class consists of probes that show specific retention of the imaging label at the site of target interaction and these probes have found application in all different imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging and nuclear imaging. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of bioresponsive imaging probes in order to discuss the various molecular imaging strategies. The focus of the present article is the rationale behind the design of bioresponsive molecular imaging probes and their potential in vivo application for the detection of endogenous molecular targets in pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M J van Duijnhoven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S Robillard
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Langereis
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Chevalier A, Renard PY, Romieu A. Straightforward synthesis of bioconjugatable azo dyes. Part 1: Black Hole Quencher-1 (BHQ-1) scaffold. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Roubinet B, Chevalier A, Renard PY, Romieu A. A Synthetic Route to 3-(Heteroaryl)-7-hydroxycoumarins Designed for Biosensing Applications. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Chevalier A, Renard PY, Romieu A. Azo-Sulforhodamine Dyes: A Novel Class of Broad Spectrum Dark Quenchers. Org Lett 2014; 16:3946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501753b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chevalier
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, UNIV Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnières, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Université, COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, UNIV Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnières, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne,
UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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Redox-Responsive Nanoparticles with Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Characteristic for Fluorescence Imaging. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1059-66. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Sloniec J, Resch-Genger U, Hennig A. Photophysics and Release Kinetics of Enzyme-Activatable Optical Probes Based on H-Dimerized Fluorophores on Self-Immolative Linkers. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:14336-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409388b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Sloniec
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hennig
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Wagh A, Jyoti F, Mallik S, Qian S, Leclerc E, Law B. Polymeric nanoparticles with sequential and multiple FRET cascade mechanisms for multicolor and multiplexed imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2129-39. [PMID: 23359548 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to map multiple biomarkers at the same time has far-reaching biomedical and diagnostic applications. Here, a series of biocompatible poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polyethylene glycol particles for multicolor and multiplexed imaging are reported. More than 30 particle formulations that exhibit distinct emission signatures (ranging from the visible to NIR wavelength region) are designed and synthesized. These particles are encapsulated with combinations of carbocyanine-based fluorophores DiO, Dil, DiD, and DiR, and are characterized as <100 nm in size and brighter than commercial quantum dots. A particle formulation is identified that simultaneously emits fluorescence at three different wavelengths upon a single excitation at 485 nm via sequential and multiple FRET cascade events for multicolor imaging. Three other particles that display maximum fluorescence intensities at 570, 672, or 777 nm for multiplexed imaging are also identified. These particles are individually conjugated with specific (Herceptin or IgG2A11 antibody) or nonspecific (heptaarginine) ligands for targeting and, thus, could be applied to differentiate different cancer cells from a cell mixture according to the expressions of cell-surface human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. Using an animal model subcutaneously implanted with the particles, it is further demonstrated that the developed platform could be useful for in vivo multiplexed imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Department 2665, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Agarwal A, Boettcher A, Kneuer R, Sari-Sarraf F, Donovan A, Woelcke J, Simic O, Brandl T, Krucker T. In vivo imaging with fluorescent smart probes to assess treatment strategies for acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55959. [PMID: 23409095 PMCID: PMC3569412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoprotease activation is a key step in acute pancreatitis and early inhibition of these enzymes may protect from organ damage. In vivo models commonly used to evaluate protease inhibitors require animal sacrifice and therefore limit the assessment of dynamic processes. Here, we established a non-invasive fluorescence imaging-based biomarker assay to assess real-time protease inhibition and disease progression in a preclinical model of experimental pancreatitis. METHODS Edema development and trypsin activation were imaged in a rat caerulein-injection pancreatitis model. A fluorescent "smart" probe, selectively activated by trypsin, was synthesized by labeling with Cy5.5 of a pegylated poly-L-lysine copolymer. Following injection of the probe, trypsin activation was monitored in the presence or absence of inhibitors by in vivo and ex vivo imaging. RESULTS We established the trypsin-selectivity of the fluorescent probe in vitro using a panel of endopeptidases and specific inhibitor. In vivo, the probe accumulated in the liver and a region attributed to the pancreas by necropsy. A dose dependent decrease of total pancreatic fluorescence signal occurred upon administration of known trypsin inhibitors. The fluorescence-based method was a better predictor of trypsin inhibition than pancreatic to body weight ratio. CONCLUSIONS We established a fluorescence imaging assay to access trypsin inhibition in real-time in vivo. This method is more sensitive and dynamic than classic tissue sample readouts and could be applied to preclinically optimize trypsin inhibitors towards intrapancreatic target inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiruchi Agarwal
- Novartis Institute of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rainer Kneuer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farid Sari-Sarraf
- Novartis Institute of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adriana Donovan
- Novartis Institute of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian Woelcke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Simic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Trixi Brandl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Krucker
- Novartis Institute of BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
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Bogdanov AA, Mazzanti ML. Fluorescent macromolecular sensors of enzymatic activity for in vivo imaging. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 113:349-87. [PMID: 23244795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular imaging probes (or sensors) of enzymatic activity have a unique place in the armamentarium of modern optical imaging techniques. Such probes were initially developed by attaching optically "silent" fluorophores via enzyme-sensitive linkers to large copolymers of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(amino acids). In diseased tissue, where the concentration of enzymes is high, the fluorophores are freed from the macromolecular carrier and regain their initial ability to fluoresce, thus allowing in vivo optical localization of the diseased tissue. This chapter describes the design and application of these probes and their alternatives in various areas of experimental medicine and gives an overview of currently available techniques that allow imaging of animals using visible and near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Bogdanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Abstract
Non-invasive optical imaging techniques, such as fluorescence imaging (FI) or bioluminescence imaging (BLI) have emerged as important tools in biomedical research. As demonstrated in different animal disease models, they enable visualization of physiological and pathophysiological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo with high specificity. Optical techniques are easy to use, fast, and affordable. Furthermore, they are characterized by their high sensitivity. In FI, very low amounts of the imaging agent (nano- to femtomol or even less) can be detected. Due to the absorption and scattering of light in tissue, optical techniques exhibit a comparably low spatial resolution in the millimeter range and a depth limit of a few centimeters. However, non-invasive imaging of biological processes in small animals and in outer or inner surfaces as well as during surgery even in humans is feasible. Currently two agents for fluorescence imaging are clinically approved, namely indocyanine green (ICG) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). In the past years, a number of new optical imaging agents for FI and reporter systems for BLI have been developed and successfully tested in animal models. Some of the FI agents might promise the application in clinical oncology. In this chapter, we describe the basic principles of non-invasive optical imaging techniques, give examples for the visualization of biological processes in animal models of cancer, and discuss potential clinical applications in oncology.
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20
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Chevalier A, Massif C, Renard PY, Romieu A. Bioconjugatable Azo-Based Dark-Quencher Dyes: Synthesis and Application to Protease-Activatable Far-Red Fluorescent Probes. Chemistry 2012; 19:1686-99. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Klymchenko AS, Roger E, Anton N, Anton H, Shulov I, Vermot J, Mely Y, Vandamme TF. Highly lipophilic fluorescent dyes in nano-emulsions: towards bright non-leaking nano-droplets. RSC Adv 2012; 2:11876-11886. [PMID: 29242742 PMCID: PMC5726488 DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye-loaded lipid nano-droplets present an attractive alternative to inorganic nanoparticles, as they are composed of non-toxic biodegradable materials and easy to prepare. However, to achieve high fluorescence brightness, the nano-droplets have to be heavily loaded with the dyes avoiding fluorescence self-quenching and release (leakage) of the encapsulated dyes from the nano-droplets in biological media. In the present work, we have designed highly lipophilic fluorescent derivatives of 3-alkoxyflavone (F888) and Nile Red (NR668) that can be encapsulated in the lipophilic core of stable nano-emulsion droplets at exceptionally high concentrations in the oil core, i.e. up to 170 mM and 17 mM, respectively, corresponding to ~ 830 and 80 dyes per 40-nm droplet. Despite this high loading, these dyes keep high fluorescence quantum yield and thus, provide high nano-droplet brightness, probably due to their bulky structure preventing self-quenching. Moreover, simultaneous encapsulation of both dyes at high concentrations in single nano-droplets allows observation of FRET. FRET and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies showed that NR668 release in the serum-containing medium is very slow, while the reference hydrophobic dye Nile Red leaks immediately. This drastic difference in the leakage profile between NR668 and Nile Red was confirmed by in vitro cellular studies as well as by in vivo angiography imaging on zebrafish model, where the NR668-loaded nano-droplets remained in the blood circulation, while the parent Nile Red leaked rapidly from the droplets distributing all over the animal body. This study suggests new molecular design strategies for obtaining bright nano-droplets without dye leakage and their use as efficient and stable optical contrast agents in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Emilie Roger
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molecules Bioactives, UMR CNRS 7199, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molecules Bioactives, UMR CNRS 7199, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Inserm U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Ievgen Shulov
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Inserm U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
| | - Thierry F. Vandamme
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molecules Bioactives, UMR CNRS 7199, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH, France
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Bogdanov Jr AA, Mazzanti M, Castillo G, Bolotin E. Protected Graft Copolymer (PGC) in Imaging and Therapy: A Platform for the Delivery of Covalently and Non-Covalently Bound Drugs. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:553-76. [PMID: 22737192 PMCID: PMC3381344 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially developed in 1992 as an MR imaging agent, the family of protected graft copolymers (PGC) is based on a conjugate of polylysine backbone to which methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) chains are covalently linked in a random fasion via N-ε-amino groups. While PGC is relatively simple in terms of its chemcial composition and structure, it has proved to be a versatile platform for in vivo drug delivery. The advantages of poly amino acid backbone grafting include multiple available linking sites for drug and adaptor molecules. The grafting of PEG chains to PGC does not compromise biodegradability and does not result in measurable toxicity or immunogenicity. In fact, the biocompatablility of PGC has resulted in its being one of the few 100% synthetic non-proteinaceous macromolecules that has suceeded in passing the initial safety phase of clinical trials. PGC is capable of long circulation times after injection into the blood stream and as such found use early on as a carrier system for delivery of paramagnetic imaging compounds for angiography. Other PGC types were later developed for use in nuclear medicine and optical imaging applications in vivo. Recent developments in PGC-based drug carrier formulations include the use of zinc as a bridge between the PGC carrier and zinc-binding proteins and re-engineering of the PGC carrier as a covalent amphiphile that is capabe of binding to hydrophobic residues of small proteins and peptides. At present, PGC-based formulations have been developed and tested in various disease models for: 1) MR imaging local blood circulation in stroke, cancer and diabetes; 2) MR and nuclear imaging of blood volume and vascular permeability in inflammation; 3) optical imaging of proteolytic activity in cancer and inflammation; 4) delivery of platinum(II) compounds for treating cancer; 5) delivery of small proteins and peptides for treating diabetes, obesity and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the experience accumulated by various research groups that chose to use PGC as a drug delivery platform.
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Zuluaga MF, Gabriel D, Lange N. Enhanced prostate cancer targeting by modified protease sensitive photosensitizer prodrugs. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1570-9. [PMID: 22548315 DOI: 10.1021/mp2005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs combining macromolecular delivery systems with site-selective drug release represent a powerful strategy to increase selectivity of anticancer agents. We have adapted this strategy to develop new polymeric photosensitizer prodrugs (PPP) sensitive to urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA). In these compounds (to be referred to as uPA-PPPs) multiple copies of pheophorbide a are attached to a polymeric carrier via peptide linkers that can be cleaved by uPA, a protease overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). uPA-PPPs are non-phototoxic in their native state but become fluorescent and produce singlet oxygen after uPA-mediated activation. In the present work, we studied the influence of side-chain modifications, molecular weight, and overall charge on the photoactivity and pharmacokinetics of uPA-PPPs. An in vitro promising candidate with convertible phototoxicity was then further investigated in vivo. Systemic administration resulted in a selective accumulation and activation of the prodrug in luciferase transfected PC-3 xenografts, resulting in a 4-fold increase in fluorescence emission over time. Irradiation of fluorescent tumors induced immediate tumor cell eradication as shown by whole animal bioluminescence imaging. PDT with uPA-PPP could therefore provide a more selective treatment of localized PCa and reduce side effects associated with current radical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Fernanda Zuluaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Wagh A, Qian SY, Law B. Development of Biocompatible Polymeric Nanoparticles for in Vivo NIR and FRET Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:981-92. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Benedict Law
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
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25
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Yhee JY, Kim SA, Koo H, Son S, Ryu JH, Youn IC, Choi K, Kwon IC, Kim K. Optical imaging of cancer-related proteases using near-infrared fluorescence matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive and cathepsin B-sensitive probes. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:179-89. [PMID: 22375156 PMCID: PMC3287424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) play key roles in tumor progression by controlled degradation of extracellular matrix. Consequently, these proteases have been attracted in cancer research, and many imaging probes utilizing these proteases have been developed. Our groups developed cathepsin B and MMP imaging nanoprobes based on polymer nanoparticle platform. Both cathepsin B and MMP imaging probes used near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye and dark-quencher to for high sensitivity, and protease-sensitive peptide sequence in each probe authorized high specificity of the probes. We compared the bioactivities of cathepsin B and MMP sensitive probes in cancer-related environments to investigate the biological property of the probes. As a result, cathepsin B probe showed fluorescence recovery after the probe entered the cytoplasm. This property could be useful to evaluate the cytoplasmic targeted delivery by using probe-conjugated nanoparticles in vivo. On the other hand, MMP probe was superior in specificity in vivo and tissue study. This comparative study will provide precise information about peptide-based optical probes, and allow their proper application to cancer diagnosis.
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Krucker T, Sandanaraj BS. Optical imaging for the new grammar of drug discovery. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:4651-4665. [PMID: 22006912 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical technologies used in biomedical research have undergone tremendous development in the last decade and enabled important insight into biochemical, cellular and physiological phenomena at the microscopic and macroscopic level. Historically in drug discovery, to increase throughput in screening, or increase efficiency through automation of image acquisition and analysis in pathology, efforts in imaging were focused on the reengineering of established microscopy solutions. However, with the emergence of the new grammar for drug discovery, other requirements and expectations have created unique opportunities for optical imaging. The new grammar of drug discovery provides rules for translating the wealth of genomic and proteomic information into targeted medicines with a focus on complex interactions of proteins. This paradigm shift requires highly specific and quantitative imaging at the molecular level with tools that can be used in cellular assays, animals and finally translated into patients. The development of fluorescent targeted and activatable 'smart' probes, fluorescent proteins and new reporter gene systems as functional and dynamic markers of molecular events in vitro and in vivo is therefore playing a pivotal role. An enabling optical imaging platform will combine optical hardware refinement with a strong emphasis on creating and validating highly specific chemical and biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krucker
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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27
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Chuang CH, Chuang KH, Wang HE, Roffler SR, Shiea JT, Tzou SC, Cheng TC, Kao CH, Wu SY, Tseng WL, Cheng CM, Hou MF, Wang JM, Cheng TL. In vivo positron emission tomography imaging of protease activity by generation of a hydrophobic product from a noninhibitory protease substrate. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:238-47. [PMID: 22019516 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an imaging technology for protease activities in patients that could help in prognosis prediction and in design of personalized, protease-based inhibitors and prodrugs for targeted therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was covalently attached to the N-terminus of a hydrophilic peptide substrate (GPLGVR) for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) to increase hydrophilicity. PEG-peptide was then linked to a hydrophobic tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) domain and labeled with (18)F to form a PEG-peptide-(18)F-TMR probe. Specific cleavage of the probe by MMP2 was tested in vitro by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). In vivo imaging of MMP2-expressing tumors was evaluated by micro-PET. RESULTS The hydrophobic TMR fragment (948 Da) was specifically generated by MMP2 enzymes and MMP-expressing HT1080 cells but not control MCF-7 cells. MMP-expressing HT1080 cells and tumors selectively accumulated the hydrolyzed, hydrophobic TMR fragment at sites of protease activity. Importantly, we found that (18)F-labeled probe ((18)F-TMR) preferentially localized in HT1080 tumors but not control MCF-7 tumors as shown by micro-PET. Uptake of the probe in HT1080 tumors was 18.4 ± 1.9-fold greater than in the MCF-7 tumors 30 minutes after injection. These results suggest that the PEG-peptide-(18)F-TMR probe displays high selectivity for imaging MMP activity. CONCLUSIONS This strategy successfully images MMP expression in vivo and may be extended to other proteases to predict patient prognosis and to design personalized, protease-based inhibitors and prodrug-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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28
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Abd-Elgaliel WR, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Logsdon CD, Tung CH. Molecular imaging of Cathepsin E-positive tumors in mice using a novel protease-activatable fluorescent probe. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3207-3213. [PMID: 21935563 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of imaging Cathepsin E (Cath E) positive tumors in living animals through selective targeting of Cath E proteolytic activity using a sensitive molecular imaging agent. METHODS A peptide-based Cath E imaging probe and a control probe were synthesized for this study. Human Cath E-positive cancer cells (MPanc96-E) were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were examined in vivo with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging at various time points after intravenous injection of the Cath E sensing imaging probe. Excised organs and tissues of interest were further imaged ex vivo. RESULTS Upon specific Cath E proteolytic activation, the NIRF signal of the imaging probe a was converted from an optically quenched initial state to a highly fluorescent active state. Imaging probe a was able to highlight the Cath E-positive tumors as early as 24 h post injection. Fluorescent signal in tumor was 3-fold higher than background. The confined specificity of imaging probe a to tumor associated Cath E was verified by using control imaging probe b. Both in vivo and ex vivo imaging results confirmed the superior selectivity and sensitivity of imaging probe a in Cath E imaging. CONCLUSIONS The small animal studies demonstrated the capability of probe a for imaging Cath E-positive tumors. The developed optical probe could be applied in early diagnostic imaging and guiding subsequent surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael R Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 6565 Fannin Street, B5-009, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 6565 Fannin Street, B5-009, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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30
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Nolting DD, Gore JC, Pham W. NEAR-INFRARED DYES: Probe Development and Applications in Optical Molecular Imaging. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:521-534. [PMID: 21822405 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of optical imaging has brought forth a unique challenge for chemists: development of new biocompatible dyes that fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) region for optimal use in biomedical applications. This review describes the synthesis of NIR dyes and the design of probes capable of noninvasively imaging molecular events in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald D Nolting
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2310
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Malik R, Qian S, Law B. Design and synthesis of a near-infrared fluorescent nanofiber precursor for detecting cell-secreted urokinase activity. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Engineering streptokinase for generation of active site-labeled plasminogen analogs. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:105-15. [PMID: 21570944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that streptokinase (SK) can be used to generate active site-labeled fluorescent analogs of plasminogen (Pg) by virtue of its nonproteolytic activation of the zymogen. The method is versatile and allows stoichiometric and active site-specific incorporation of any one of many molecular probes. The limitation of the labeling approach is that it is both time-consuming and low yield. Here we demonstrate an improved method for the preparation of labeled Pg analogs by the use of an engineered SK mutant fusion protein with both COOH- and NH(2)-terminal His(6) tags. The NH(2)-terminal tag is followed by a tobacco etch virus proteinase cleavage site to ensure that the SK Ile(1) residue, essential for conformational activation of Pg, is preserved. The SK COOH-terminal Lys(414) residue and residues Arg253-Leu260 in the SK β-domain were deleted to prevent cleavage by plasmin (Pm) and to disable Pg substrate binding to the SK·Pg(∗)/Pm catalytic complexes, respectively. Near elimination of Pm generation with the SKΔ(R253-L260)ΔK414-His(6) mutant increased the yield of labeled Pg 2.6-fold and reduced the time required more than 2-fold. The versatility of the labeling method was extended to the application of Pg labeled with a near-infrared probe to quantitate Pg receptors on immune cells by flow cytometry.
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Yang Y, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. General Approach to Identifying Potential Targets for Cancer Imaging by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of Publicly Available Genomic Profiles. Mol Imaging 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yang
- From the Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
| | - S. James Adelstein
- From the Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
| | - Amin I. Kassis
- From the Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
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Lee SK, Han MS, Asokan S, Tung CH. Effective gene silencing by multilayered siRNA-coated gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:364-70. [PMID: 21294265 PMCID: PMC3099143 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been widely proposed to treat various diseases by silencing genes, but its delivery remains a challenge. A well controlled assembly approach is applied to prepare a protease-assisted nanodelivery system. Protease-degradable poly-L-lysine (PLL) and siRNA are fabricated onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), by alternating the charged polyelectrolytes. In this study, up to 4 layers of PLL and 3 layers of siRNA (sR3P) are coated. Due to the slow degradation of PLL, the incorporated siRNA is released gradually and shows extended gene-silencing effects. Importantly, the inhibition effect in cells is found to correlate with the number of siRNA layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 6565 Fannin St. B5-009, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gabriel D, Zuluaga MF, Lange N. On the cutting edge: protease-sensitive prodrugs for the delivery of photoactive compounds. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:689-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Napp J, Mathejczyk JE, Alves F. Optical imaging in vivo with a focus on paediatric disease: technical progress, current preclinical and clinical applications and future perspectives. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:161-75. [PMID: 21221568 PMCID: PMC3032188 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the occurrence and location of molecular events as well as to track target-specific probes such as antibodies or peptides, drugs or even cells non-invasively over time, optical imaging (OI) technologies are increasingly applied. Although OI strongly contributes to the advances made in preclinical research, it is so far, with the exception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), only very sparingly applied in clinical settings. Nevertheless, as OI technologies evolve and improve continuously and represent relatively inexpensive and harmful methods, their implementation as clinical tools for the assessment of children disease is increasing. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical applications as well as on the future potential of OI in the clinical routine. Herein, we summarize the development of different fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging techniques for microscopic and macroscopic visualization of microstructures and biological processes. In addition, we discuss advantages and limitations of optical probes with distinct mechanisms of target-detection as well as of different bioluminescent reporter systems. Particular attention has been given to the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes enabling observation of molecular events in deeper tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia E. Mathejczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Bagaria HG, Wong MS. Polyamine–salt aggregate assembly of capsules as responsive drug delivery vehicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang Y, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Integrated bioinformatics analysis for cancer target identification. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 719:527-45. [PMID: 21370101 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-027-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth of high-throughput Omics data has provided an unprecedented opportunity for new target identification to fuel the dried-up drug discovery pipeline. However, the bioinformatics analysis of large amount and heterogeneous Omics data has posed a great deal of technical challenges for experimentalists who lack statistical skills. Moreover, due to the complexity of human diseases, it is essential to analyze the Omics data in the context of molecular networks to detect meaningful biological targets and understand disease processes. Here, we describe an integrated bioinformatics analysis strategy and provide a running example to identify suitable targets for our in-house Enzyme-Mediated Cancer Imaging and Therapy (EMCIT) technology. In addition, we go through a few key concepts in the process, including corrected false discovery rate (FDR), Gene Ontology (GO), pathway analysis, and tissue specificity. We also describe popular programs and databases which allow the convenient annotation and network analysis of Omics data. We provide a practical guideline for researchers to quickly follow the protocol described and identify those targets that are pertinent to their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Razgulin A, Ma N, Rao J. Strategies for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity: an overview and recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4186-216. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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41
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Sheth RA, Mahmood U. Optical molecular imaging and its emerging role in colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G807-20. [PMID: 20595618 PMCID: PMC3774281 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The advent of molecular therapies targeted against specific, stereotyped cellular mutations that occur in this disease has ushered in new hope for treatment options. However, key questions regarding optimal dosing schedules, dosing duration, and patient selection remain unanswered. In this review, we describe how recent advances in molecular imaging, specifically optical molecular imaging with fluorescent probes, offer potential solutions to these questions. We begin with an overview of optical molecular imaging, including discussions on the various methods of design for fluorescent probes and the clinically relevant imaging systems that have been built to image them. We then focus on the relevance of optical molecular imaging to colorectal cancer. We review the most recent data on how this imaging modality has been applied to the measurement of treatment efficacy for currently available as well as developmental molecularly targeted therapies. We then conclude with a discussion on how this imaging approach has already begun to be translated clinically for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Sheth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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42
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Liu D, Overbey D, Watkinson L, Giblin MF. Synthesis and characterization of an (111)In-labeled peptide for the in vivo localization of human cancers expressing the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:888-94. [PMID: 19354275 DOI: 10.1021/bc800433y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis and preliminary biologic evaluation of an (111)In-labeled peptide antagonist of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a potential probe for assessing metastatic potential of human breast cancer in vivo. The peptide (NAc-dD-CHA-F-dS-dR-Y-L-W-S-betaAla)(2)-K-K(DOTA)-NH(2) was synthesized and conjugated with the DOTA chelating moiety via conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), purified by reversed-phase HPLC, and characterized by MALDI-TOF MS and receptor binding assay. In vitro receptor binding studies demonstrated an IC(50) of 240 +/- 125 nM for the peptide, compared with IC(50) values of 0.44 +/- 0.02 and 0.75 +/- 0.01 nM for the amino terminal fragment (ATF) of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and full-length uPA, respectively. In vivo biodistribution studies were carried out using SCID mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts. Biodistribution data was collected at 1, 4, and 24 h postinjection of (111)In-DOTA-peptide, and compared with data obtained using a scrambled control peptide as well as with data obtained using wild-type ATF radiolabeled with I-125. Biodistribution studies showed rapid elimination of the (111)-labeled peptide from the blood pool, with 0.12 +/- 0.06% ID/g remaining in blood at 4 h pi. Elimination was seen primarily via the renal/urinary route, with 83.9 +/- 2.2% ID in the urine at the same time point. Tumor uptake at this time was 0.53 +/- 0.11% ID/g, resulting in tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios of 4.2 and 9.4, respectively. Uptake in tumor was significantly higher than that obtained using a scrambled control peptide that showed no specific binding to uPAR (p < 0.05). In vitro and ex vivo results both suggested that the magnitude of tumor-specific binding was reduced in this model by endogenous expression of uPA. The results indicate that radiolabeled peptide uPAR antagonists may find application in the imaging and therapy of uPAR-expressing breast cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijie Liu
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Administration Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Praharaj S, Overbey D, Giblin MF. Radiometallated peptides targeting guanylate cyclase C and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1325-37. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is currently underway worldwide into the development of receptor-specific radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and treatment of cancer. The successful clinical development of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs for imaging and treatment of cancers overexpressing somatostatin receptors has catalyzed further preclinical investigation of other radiolabeled peptides for molecular imaging and peptide-receptor radiotherapy, including such well-studied peptide vectors as cholecystokinin, neurotensin, bombesin and RGD peptides. Within this larger context, this article will focus on the current status of two more recent additions to the list of molecular imaging targets – guanylate cyclase C, a specific marker for colorectal cancer, and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, a cell-surface receptor overexpressed in diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Praharaj
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Research Service, A004, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 6520, USA
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas Overbey
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans’ Administration Hospital, Research Service, A004, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 6520, USA
- University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Alford R, Choyke PL, Urano Y. New strategies for fluorescent probe design in medical diagnostic imaging. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2620-40. [PMID: 20000749 PMCID: PMC3241938 DOI: 10.1021/cr900263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1509] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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Liu TWB, Chen J, Zheng G. Peptide-based molecular beacons for cancer imaging and therapy. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang Y, Hong H, Zhang Y, Cai W. Molecular Imaging of Proteases in Cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2009; 2:13-27. [PMID: 20234801 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play important roles during tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Various molecular imaging techniques have been employed for protease imaging: optical (both fluorescence and bioluminescence), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). In this review, we will summarize the current status of imaging proteases in cancer with these techniques. Optical imaging of proteases, in particular with fluorescence, is the most intensively validated and many of the imaging probes are already commercially available. It is generally agreed that the use of activatable probes is the most accurate and appropriate means for measuring protease activity. Molecular imaging of proteases with other techniques (i.e. MRI, SPECT, and PET) has not been well-documented in the literature which certainly deserves much future effort. Optical imaging and molecular MRI of protease activity has very limited potential for clinical investigation. PET/SPECT imaging is suitable for clinical investigation; however the optimal probes for PET/SPECT imaging of proteases in cancer have yet to be developed. Successful development of protease imaging probes with optimal in vivo stability, tumor targeting efficacy, and desirable pharmacokinetics for clinical translation will eventually improve cancer patient management. Not limited to cancer, these protease-targeted imaging probes will also have broad applications in other diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction.
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Dragulescu-Andrasi A, Liang G, Rao J. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of furin activity in breast cancer cells using bioluminogenic substrates. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1660-6. [PMID: 19642690 DOI: 10.1021/bc9002508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Furin, a proprotein convertases family endoprotease, processes numerous physiological substrates and is overexpressed in cancer and inflammatory conditions. Noninvasive imaging of furin activity will offer a valuable tool to probe furin function over the course of tumor growth and migration in the same animals in real time and directly assess the inhibition efficacy of drugs in vivo. Here, we report successful bioluminescence imaging of furin activity in xenografted MBA-MB-468 breast cancer tumors in mice with bioluminogenic probes. The probes are conjugates of furin substrate, a consensus amino acid motif R-X-K/R-R (X, any amino acid), with the firefly luciferase substrate D-aminoluciferin. In the presence of the luciferase reporter, the probes are unable to produce bioluminescent emission without furin activation. Blocking experiments with a furin inhibitor and control experiments with a scrambled probe showed that the bioluminescence emission in the presence of firefly luciferase is furin-dependent and specific. After furin activation, a 30-fold increase in the bioluminescent emission was observed in vitro, and on average, a 7-8-fold contrast between the probe and control was seen in the same tumor xenografts in mice. Direct imaging of furin activity may facilitate the study of furin function in tumorigenicity and the discovery of new drugs for furin-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dragulescu-Andrasi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Law B, Tung CH. Proteolysis: A Biological Process Adapted in Drug Delivery, Therapy, and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1683-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
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Xia Z, Xing Y, So MK, Koh AL, Sinclair R, Rao J. Multiplex detection of protease activity with quantum dot nanosensors prepared by intein-mediated specific bioconjugation. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8649-55. [PMID: 18922019 PMCID: PMC2677517 DOI: 10.1021/ac801562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here a protease sensing nanoplatform based on semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (QD-BRET) to detect the protease activity in complex biological samples. These nanosensors consist of bioluminescent proteins as the BRET donor, quantum dots as the BRET acceptor, and protease substrates sandwiched between the two as a sensing group. An intein-mediated conjugation strategy was developed for site-specific conjugation of proteins to QDs in preparing these QD nanosensors. In this traceless ligation, the intein itself is spliced out and excluded from the final conjugation product. With this method, we have synthesized a series of QD nanosensors for highly sensitive detection of an important class of protease matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We demonstrated that these nanosensors can detect the MMP activity in buffers and in mouse serum with the sensitivity to a few nanograms per milliliter and secreted proteases by tumor cells. The suitability of these nanosensors for a multiplex protease assay has also been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyong Xia
- Biophysics, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Imaging Programs, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484
| | - Yun Xing
- Biophysics, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Imaging Programs, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484
| | - Min-Kyung So
- Biophysics, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Imaging Programs, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nanocharacterization Lab (SNL), Department of Material Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Stanford Nanocharacterization Lab (SNL), Department of Material Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Biophysics, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Imaging Programs, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484
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Li ZB, Niu G, Wang H, He L, Yang L, Ploug M, Chen X. Imaging of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression using a 64Cu-labeled linear peptide antagonist by microPET. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4758-66. [PMID: 18676745 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant tumors are capable of degrading the surrounding extracellular matrix, resulting in local invasion or metastasis. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cell surface receptor (uPAR) are central molecules in one of the major protease systems involved in extracellular matrix degradation. Noninvasive imaging of this receptor in vivo with radiolabeled peptides that specifically target uPAR may therefore be useful to decipher the potential invasiveness of malignant lesions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we developed a (64)Cu-labeled uPAR-binding peptide for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. A linear, high-affinity uPAR-binding peptide antagonist AE105 was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazadodecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with (64)Cu for microPET imaging of mice bearing U87MG human glioblastoma (uPAR positive) and MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer (uPAR negative). RESULTS Surface plasmon resonance measurements show that AE105 with DOTA conjugated at the alpha-amino group (DOTA-AE105) has high affinity toward uPAR. microPET imaging reveals a rapid and high accumulation of (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 in uPAR-positive U87MG tumors (10.8 +/- 1.5%ID/g at 4.5 hours, n = 3) but not in uPAR-negative MDA-MB-435 tumors (1.2 +/- 0.6%ID/g at 4.5 hours, n = 3). Specificity of this peptide-based imaging of uPAR was validated by further control experiments. First, a nonbinding variant of AE105 carrying a single amino acid replacement (Trp-->Glu) does not target U87MG tumors in vivo. Second, targeting of U87MG tumors by (64)Cu-DOTA-AE105 is specifically inhibited by a nonlabeled antagonist. CONCLUSION The successful demonstration of the ability of a (64)Cu labeled uPAR-specific probe to visualize uPAR expression in vivo may allow clinical translation of this class of radiopharmaceuticals for uPAR-positive cancer detection and patient stratification for uPA/uPAR system-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bo Li
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA
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