1
|
Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2021; 48:451-461. [PMID: 34453238 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-021-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of low-intensity ultrasound on cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. METHODS In vitro, several cancer cell lines were exposed to low-intensity ultrasound at 0.11 W/cm2 for 2 min. Of the cell lines screened, melanoma C32 is one of the cell lines that showed sensitivity to growth inhibition by ultrasound and was therefore used in succeeding experiments. In vivo, under the same ultrasound conditions used in vitro, C32 tumors in mice were exposed to ultrasound daily for 2 weeks, and the tumor volumes were monitored weekly using sonography. RESULTS In vitro, C32 cell growth was inhibited, attaining 43.2% inhibition on the 3rd day. In vivo, tumor growth was significantly inhibited, with the treated tumors exhibiting 2.7-fold slowed tumor growth vs. untreated tumors at week 2. Such inhibition was not associated with increased cell death. Several genes related to the cell cycle and proliferation were among those significantly regulated. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential of low-intensity ultrasound to inhibit tumor growth in a noninvasive, safe, and easy-to-administer way. In addition, this may suggest that the mechanical stress induced by ultrasound on C32 cells may have affected the intrinsic biomolecular mechanism related to the cell growth of this particular cell line. Further research is needed to identify which of the regulated genes played key roles in growth inhibition.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hirose Y, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Evaluation of the DNA Alkylation Properties of a Chlorambucil-Conjugated Cyclic Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide. Chemistry 2021; 27:2782-2788. [PMID: 33145851 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (hPIPs) and their chlorambucil (Chb) conjugates (hPIP-Chbs) can alkylate DNA in a sequence-specific manner, and have been studied as anticancer drugs. Here, we conjugated Chb to a cyclic PIP (cPIP), which is known to have a higher binding affinity than the corresponding hPIP, and investigated the DNA alkylation properties of the resulting cPIP-Chb using the optimized capillary electrophoresis method and conventional HPLC product analysis. cPIP-Chb conjugate 3 showed higher alkylation activity at its binding sites than did hPIP-Chb conjugates 1 and 2. Subsequent HPLC analysis revealed that the alkylation site of conjugate 3, which was identified by capillary electrophoresis, was reliable and that conjugate 3 alkylates the N3 position of adenine as do hPIP-Chbs. Moreover, conjugate 3 showed higher cytotoxicity against LNCaP prostate cancer cells than did conjugate 1 and cytotoxicity comparable to that of conjugate 2. These results suggest that cPIP-Chbs could be novel DNA alkylating anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirose
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu Z, Pandian GN, Hidaka T, Sugiyama H. Therapeutic gene regulation using pyrrole-imidazole polyamides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 147:66-85. [PMID: 30742856 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent innovations in cutting-edge sequencing platforms have allowed the rapid identification of genes associated with communicable, noncommunicable and rare diseases. Exploitation of this collected biological information has facilitated the development of nonviral gene therapy strategies and the design of several proteins capable of editing specific DNA sequences for disease control. Small molecule-based targeted therapeutic approaches have gained increasing attention because of their suggested clinical benefits, ease of control and lower costs. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (PIPs) are a major class of DNA minor groove-binding small molecules that can be predesigned to recognize specific DNA sequences. This programmability of PIPs allows the on-demand design of artificial genetic switches and fluorescent probes. In this review, we detail the progress in the development of PIP-based designer ligands and their prospects as advanced DNA-based small-molecule drugs for therapeutic gene modulation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhaduri S, Ranjan N, Arya DP. An overview of recent advances in duplex DNA recognition by small molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1051-1086. [PMID: 29977379 PMCID: PMC6009268 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the carrier of genetic information, the DNA double helix interacts with many natural ligands during the cell cycle, and is amenable to such intervention in diseases such as cancer biogenesis. Proteins bind DNA in a site-specific manner, not only distinguishing between the geometry of the major and minor grooves, but also by making close contacts with individual bases within the local helix architecture. Over the last four decades, much research has been reported on the development of small non-natural ligands as therapeutics to either block, or in some cases, mimic a DNA–protein interaction of interest. This review presents the latest findings in the pursuit of novel synthetic DNA binders. This article provides recent coverage of major strategies (such as groove recognition, intercalation and cross-linking) adopted in the duplex DNA recognition by small molecules, with an emphasis on major works of the past few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nihar Ranjan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli 122003, India
| | - Dev P Arya
- NUBAD, LLC, 900B West Faris Rd., Greenville 29605, SC, USA.,Clemson University, Hunter Laboratory, Clemson 29634, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kawamoto Y, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Sequence-specific DNA binding Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides and their applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1393-1411. [PMID: 29439914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (Py-Im polyamides) are cell-permeable compounds that bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner without causing denaturation of the DNA. These compounds can be used to control gene expression and to stain specific sequences in cells. Here, we review the history, structural variations, and functional investigations of Py-Im polyamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kashiwazaki G, Maeda R, Kawase T, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Evaluation of alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamide conjugates by a novel method for high-throughput sequencer. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Singla S, Zhou T, Javaid K, Abbasi T, Casanova N, Zhang W, Ma SF, Wade MS, Noth I, Sweiss NJ, Garcia JGN, Machado RF. Expression profiling elucidates a molecular gene signature for pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:465-471. [PMID: 28090288 PMCID: PMC5210052 DOI: 10.1086/688316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), when it complicates sarcoidosis, carries a poor prognosis, in part because it is difficult to detect early in patients with worsening respiratory symptoms. Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis occurs via incompletely characterized mechanisms that are distinct from the mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling well known to occur in conjunction with other chronic lung diseases. To address the need for a biomarker to aid in early detection as well as the gap in knowledge regarding the mechanisms of PH in sarcoidosis, we used genome-wide peripheral blood gene expression analysis and identified an 18-gene signature capable of distinguishing sarcoidosis patients with PH (n = 8), sarcoidosis patients without PH (n = 17), and healthy controls (n = 45). The discriminative accuracy of this 18-gene signature was 100% in separating sarcoidosis patients with PH from those without it. If validated in a large replicate cohort, this signature could potentially be used as a diagnostic molecular biomarker for sarcoidosis-associated PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Singla
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kamran Javaid
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Taimur Abbasi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nancy Casanova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael S. Wade
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Imre Noth
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nadera J. Sweiss
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joe G. N. Garcia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberto F. Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Synthetic genome readers target clustered binding sites across diverse chromatin states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7418-E7427. [PMID: 27830652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604847113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the genome with sequence-specific DNA-binding molecules is a major goal at the interface of chemistry, biology, and precision medicine. Polyamides, composed of N-methylpyrrole and N-methylimidazole monomers, are a class of synthetic molecules that can be rationally designed to "read" specific DNA sequences. However, the impact of different chromatin states on polyamide binding in live cells remains an unresolved question that impedes their deployment in vivo. Here, we use cross-linking of small molecules to isolate chromatin coupled to sequencing to map the binding of two bioactive and structurally distinct polyamides to genomes directly within live H1 human embryonic stem cells. This genome-wide view from live cells reveals that polyamide-based synthetic genome readers bind cognate sites that span a range of binding affinities. Polyamides can access cognate sites within repressive heterochromatin. The occupancy patterns suggest that polyamides could be harnessed to target loci within regions of the genome that are inaccessible to other DNA-targeting molecules.
Collapse
|
9
|
Erwin GS, Grieshop MP, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Ansari AZ. Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin). J Vis Exp 2016:e53510. [PMID: 26863565 DOI: 10.3791/53510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to dose-limiting toxicity and many adverse side effects. Targeting the genome with sequence-specific small molecules may enable molecules with increased therapeutic index and fewer off-target effects. N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides are molecules that can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision. And unlike most natural transcription factors, polyamides can bind to methylated and chromatinized DNA without a loss in affinity. The sequence specificity of polyamides has been extensively studied in vitro with cognate site identification (CSI) and with traditional biochemical and biophysical approaches, but the study of polyamide binding to genomic targets in cells remains elusive. Here we report a method, the crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC), that identifies polyamide binding sites across the genome. COSMIC is similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), but differs in two important ways: (1) a photocrosslinker is employed to enable selective, temporally-controlled capture of polyamide binding events, and (2) the biotin affinity handle is used to purify polyamide-DNA conjugates under semi-denaturing conditions to decrease DNA that is non-covalently bound. COSMIC is a general strategy that can be used to reveal the genome-wide binding events of polyamides and other genome-targeting chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Devesh Bhimsaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Asuka Eguchi
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; The Genome Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Inhibition of KRAS codon 12 mutants using a novel DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamide conjugate. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6706. [PMID: 25913614 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to target mutated RAS proteins, anticancer agents capable of selectively killing tumour cells harbouring KRAS mutations have remained unavailable. Here we demonstrate the direct targeting of KRAS mutant DNA using a synthetic alkylating agent (pyrrole-imidazole polyamide indole-seco-CBI conjugate; KR12) that selectively recognizes oncogenic codon 12 KRAS mutations. KR12 alkylates adenine N3 at the target sequence, causing strand cleavage and growth suppression in human colon cancer cells with G12D or G12V mutations, thus inducing senescence and apoptosis. In xenograft models, KR12 infusions induce significant tumour growth suppression, with low host toxicity in KRAS-mutated but not wild-type tumours. This newly developed approach may be applicable to the targeting of other mutant driver oncogenes in human tumours.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mishra R, Watanabe T, Kimura MT, Koshikawa N, Ikeda M, Uekusa S, Kawashima H, Wang X, Igarashi J, Choudhury D, Grandori C, Kemp CJ, Ohira M, Verma NK, Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi J, Koshinaga T, Nemoto N, Fukuda N, Soma M, Kusafuka T, Fujiwara K, Nagase H. Identification of a novel E-box binding pyrrole-imidazole polyamide inhibiting MYC-driven cell proliferation. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:421-9. [PMID: 25611295 PMCID: PMC4406810 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cellular transformation. Due to its oncogenic activities and overexpression in a majority of human cancers, it is an interesting target for novel drug therapies. MYC binding to the E-box (5'-CACGTGT-3') sequence at gene promoters contributes to more than 4000 MYC-dependent transcripts. Owing to its importance in MYC regulation, we designed a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamide, Myc-5, that recognizes the E-box consensus sequence. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the Myc-5 binding sequence appeared in 5'- MYC binding E-box sequences at the eIF4G1, CCND1, and CDK4 gene promoters. Furthermore, ChIP coupled with detection by quantitative PCR indicated that Myc-5 has the ability to inhibit MYC binding at the target gene promoters and thus cause downregulation at the mRNA level and protein expression of its target genes in human Burkitt's lymphoma model cell line, P493.6, carrying an inducible MYC repression system and the K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) cell line. Single i.v. injection of Myc-5 at 7.5 mg/kg dose caused significant tumor growth inhibition in a MYC-dependent tumor xenograft model without evidence of toxicity. We report here a compelling rationale for the identification of a PI polyamide that inhibits a part of E-box-mediated MYC downstream gene expression and is a model for showing that phenotype-associated MYC downstream gene targets consequently inhibit MYC-dependent tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Department of Advanced Medical Science, Nihon University Research Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Controlling gene networks and cell fate with precision-targeted DNA-binding proteins and small-molecule-based genome readers. Biochem J 2014; 462:397-413. [PMID: 25145439 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors control the fate of a cell by regulating the expression of genes and regulatory networks. Recent successes in inducing pluripotency in terminally differentiated cells as well as directing differentiation with natural transcription factors has lent credence to the efforts that aim to direct cell fate with rationally designed transcription factors. Because DNA-binding factors are modular in design, they can be engineered to target specific genomic sequences and perform pre-programmed regulatory functions upon binding. Such precision-tailored factors can serve as molecular tools to reprogramme or differentiate cells in a targeted manner. Using different types of engineered DNA binders, both regulatory transcriptional controls of gene networks, as well as permanent alteration of genomic content, can be implemented to study cell fate decisions. In the present review, we describe the current state of the art in artificial transcription factor design and the exciting prospect of employing artificial DNA-binding factors to manipulate the transcriptional networks as well as epigenetic landscapes that govern cell fate.
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnson K, Parsons ZD, Barnes CL, Gates KS. Toward hypoxia-selective DNA-alkylating agents built by grafting nitrogen mustards onto the bioreductively activated, hypoxia-selective DNA-oxidizing agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine). J Org Chem 2014; 79:7520-31. [PMID: 25029663 PMCID: PMC4136725 DOI: 10.1021/jo501252p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) is a heterocyclic di-N-oxide that undergoes enzymatic deoxygenation selectively in the oxygen-poor (hypoxic) cells found in solid tumors to generate a mono-N-oxide metabolite. This work explored the idea that the electronic changes resulting from the metabolic deoxygenation of tirapazamine analogues might be exploited to activate a DNA-alkylating species selectively in hypoxic tissue. Toward this end, tirapazamine analogues bearing nitrogen mustard units were prepared. In the case of the tirapazamine analogue 18a bearing a nitrogen mustard unit at the 6-position, it was found that removal of the 4-oxide from the parent di-N-oxide to generate the mono-N-oxide analogue 17a did indeed cause a substantial increase in reactivity of the mustard unit, as measured by hydrolysis rates and DNA-alkylation yields. Hammett sigma values were measured to quantitatively assess the magnitude of the electronic changes induced by metabolic deoxygenation of the 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide heterocycle. The results provide evidence that the 1,2,4-benzotiazine 1,4-dioxide unit can serve as an oxygen-sensing prodrug platform for the selective unmasking of bioactive agents in hypoxic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Johnson
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Zachary D. Parsons
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Charles L. Barnes
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Erwin GS, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Ansari AZ. Mapping polyamide-DNA interactions in human cells reveals a new design strategy for effective targeting of genomic sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10124-8. [PMID: 25066383 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the genome with sequence-specific synthetic molecules is a major goal at the interface of chemistry, biology, and personalized medicine. Pyrrole/imidazole-based polyamides can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision in vitro; yet, the biological outcomes are often difficult to interpret using current models of binding energetics. To directly identify the binding sites of polyamides across the genome, we designed, synthesized, and tested polyamide derivatives that enabled covalent crosslinking and localization of polyamide-DNA interaction sites in live human cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the data reveals that clustered binding sites, spanning a broad range of affinities, best predict occupancy in cells. In contrast to the prevailing paradigm of targeting single high-affinity sites, our results point to a new design principle to deploy polyamides and perhaps other synthetic molecules to effectively target desired genomic sites in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry and The Genome Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erwin GS, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Ansari AZ. Mapping Polyamide-DNA Interactions in Human Cells Reveals a New Design Strategy for Effective Targeting of Genomic Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
16
|
Boutorine AS, Novopashina DS, Krasheninina OA, Nozeret K, Venyaminova AG. Fluorescent probes for nucleic Acid visualization in fixed and live cells. Molecules 2013; 18:15357-97. [PMID: 24335616 PMCID: PMC6270009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyses the literature concerning non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes for nucleic acid imaging in fixed and living cells from the point of view of their suitability for imaging intracellular native RNA and DNA. Attention is mainly paid to fluorescent probes for fluorescence microscopy imaging. Requirements for the target-binding part and the fluorophore making up the probe are formulated. In the case of native double-stranded DNA, structure-specific and sequence-specific probes are discussed. Among the latest, three classes of dsDNA-targeting molecules are described: (i) sequence-specific peptides and proteins; (ii) triplex-forming oligonucleotides and (iii) polyamide oligo(N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole) minor groove binders. Polyamides seem to be the most promising targeting agents for fluorescent probe design, however, some technical problems remain to be solved, such as the relatively low sequence specificity and the high background fluorescence inside the cells. Several examples of fluorescent probe applications for DNA imaging in fixed and living cells are cited. In the case of intracellular RNA, only modified oligonucleotides can provide such sequence-specific imaging. Several approaches for designing fluorescent probes are considered: linear fluorescent probes based on modified oligonucleotide analogs, molecular beacons, binary fluorescent probes and template-directed reactions with fluorescence probe formation, FRET donor-acceptor pairs, pyrene excimers, aptamers and others. The suitability of all these methods for living cell applications is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. Boutorine
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Darya S. Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Olga A. Krasheninina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Karine Nozeret
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Alya G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Edwards TG, Vidmar TJ, Koeller K, Bashkin JK, Fisher C. DNA damage repair genes controlling human papillomavirus (HPV) episome levels under conditions of stability and extreme instability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75406. [PMID: 24098381 PMCID: PMC3788802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) genes and pathways controlling the stability of HPV episomal DNA are reported here. We set out to understand the mechanism by which a DNA-binding, N-methylpyrrole-imidazole hairpin polyamide (PA25) acts to cause the dramatic loss of HPV DNA from cells. Southern blots revealed that PA25 alters HPV episomes within 5 hours of treatment. Gene expression arrays identified numerous DDR genes that were specifically altered in HPV16 episome-containing cells (W12E) by PA25, but not in HPV-negative (C33A) cells or in cells with integrated HPV16 (SiHa). A siRNA screen of 240 DDR genes was then conducted to identify enhancers and repressors of PA25 activity. Serendipitously, the screen also identified many novel genes, such as TDP1 and TDP2, regulating normal HPV episome stability. MRN and 9-1-1 complexes emerged as important for PA25-mediated episome destruction and were selected for follow-up studies. Mre11, along with other homologous recombination and dsDNA break repair genes, was among the highly significant PA25 repressors. The Mre11 inhibitor Mirin was found to sensitize HPV episomes to PA25 resulting in a ∼5-fold reduction of the PA25 IC50. A novel assay that couples end-labeling of DNA to Q-PCR showed that PA25 causes strand breaks within HPV DNA, and that Mirin greatly enhances this activity. The 9-1-1 complex member Rad9, a representative PA25 enhancer, was transiently phosphorylated in response to PA25 treatment suggesting that it has a role in detecting and signaling episome damage by PA25 to the cell. These results establish that DNA-targeted compounds enter cells and specifically target the HPV episome. This action leads to the activation of numerous DDR pathways and the massive elimination of episomal DNA from cells. Our findings demonstrate that viral episomes can be targeted for elimination from cells by minor groove binding agents, and implicate DDR pathways as important mediators of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J. Vidmar
- BioStat Consultants, Portage, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin Koeller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James K. Bashkin
- NanoVir, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chris Fisher
- NanoVir, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang G, Yan C, Lu Y. Exploring DNA binding properties and biological activities of dihydropyrimidinones derivatives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Blackledge MS, Melander C. Programmable DNA-binding small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6101-14. [PMID: 23665141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant gene expression is responsible for a myriad of human diseases from infectious diseases to cancer. Precise regulation of these genes via specific interactions with the DNA double helix could pave the way for novel therapeutics. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are small molecules capable of binding to pre-determined DNA sequences up to 16 base pairs with affinity and specificity comparable to natural transcription factors. In the three decades since their development, great strides have been made relating to synthetic accessibility and improved sequence specificity and binding affinity. This perspective presents a brief history of early seminal developments in the field and highlights recent reports of the utility of polyamides as both genetic modulators and molecular probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8024, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahman KM, Jackson PJM, James CH, Basu BP, Hartley JA, de la Fuente M, Schatzlein A, Robson M, Pedley RB, Pepper C, Fox KR, Howard PW, Thurston DE. GC-targeted C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-biaryl conjugates with femtomolar in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity in mouse models. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2911-35. [PMID: 23514599 DOI: 10.1021/jm301882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)benzenamine (MPB) building blocks have been developed that span two DNA base pairs with a strong preference for GC-rich DNA. They have been conjugated to a pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) molecule to produce C8-linked PBD-MPB hybrids that can stabilize GC-rich DNA by up to 13-fold compared to AT-rich DNA. Some have subpicomolar IC50 values in human tumor cell lines and in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, while being up to 6 orders less cytotoxic in the non-tumor cell line WI38, suggesting that key DNA sequences may be relevant targets in these ultrasensitive cancer cell lines. One conjugate, 7h (KMR-28-39), which has femtomolar activity in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, has significant dose-dependent antitumor activity in MDA-MB-231 (breast) and MIA PaCa-2 (pancreatic) human tumor xenograft mouse models with insignificant toxicity at therapeutic doses. Preliminary studies suggest that 7h may sterically inhibit interaction of the transcription factor NF-κB with its cognate DNA binding sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dubey R, Levin MD, Szabo LZ, Laszlo CF, Kushal S, Singh JB, Oh P, Schnitzer JE, Olenyuk BZ. Suppression of Tumor Growth by Designed Dimeric Epidithiodiketopiperazine Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4537-49. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
| | - Michael D. Levin
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Lajos Z. Szabo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Csaba F. Laszlo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Swati Kushal
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
| | - Jason B. Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306
East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philip Oh
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jan E. Schnitzer
- Proteogenomics Research Institute
for Systems Medicine, 11107 Roselle St., San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Bogdan Z. Olenyuk
- Department of Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., PSC B15C, HSC 9121, Los Angeles, California 90089,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheung MT, Ramalingam R, Lau KK, Chiang MW, Chiu S, Cheung H, Lam Y. Cell type-dependent effects of andrographolide on human cancer cell lines. Life Sci 2012; 91:751-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
23
|
Single-dose pharmacokinetic and toxicity analysis of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:617-25. [PMID: 22907527 PMCID: PMC3456924 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamides are programmable, sequence-specific DNA minor groove-binding ligands. Previous work in cell culture has shown that various polyamides can be used to modulate the transcriptional programs of oncogenic transcription factors. In this study, two hairpin polyamides with demonstrated activity against androgen receptor signaling in cell culture were administered to mice to characterize their pharmacokinetic properties. METHODS Py-Im polyamides were administered intravenously by tail vein injection. Plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected over a 24-h period. Liver, kidney, and lung samples were collected postmortem. Concentrations of the administered polyamide in the plasma, excretion, and tissue samples were measured using LC/MS/MS. The biodistribution data were analyzed by both non-compartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic models. Animal toxicity experiments were also performed by monitoring weight loss after a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of either polyamide. RESULTS The biodistribution profiles of both compounds exhibited rapid localization to the liver, kidneys, and lungs upon injection. Plasma distribution of the two compounds showed distinct differences in the rate of clearance, the volume of distribution, and the AUCs. These two compounds also have markedly different toxicities after SC injection in mice. CONCLUSIONS The variations in pharmacokinetics and toxicity in vivo stem from a minor chemical modification that is also correlated with differing potency in cell culture. The results obtained in this study could provide a structural basis for further improvement of polyamide activity both in cell culture and in animal models.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chromatin structure determines accessibility of a hairpin polyamide-chlorambucil conjugate at histone H4 genes in pancreatic cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4068-71. [PMID: 22607671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that a specific pyrrole-imidazole polyamide-DNA alkylator (chlorambucil) conjugate, 1R-Chl, alters the growth characteristics of various cancer cell lines in culture, and causes these cells to arrest in the G2/M stage of the cell cycle, without apparent cytotoxicity. This molecule has also shown efficacy in several mouse xenograft models, preventing tumor growth. Previous microarray studies have suggested that members of the histone H4 gene family, H4c and H4j/k, are the primary targets of this molecule, leading to reduced histone mRNA synthesis and growth arrest in cancer cells. In the present study, we examine the effects of 1R-Chl on transcription of other members of the H4 gene family, with the result that mRNA transcription of most genomic copies of H4 are down-regulated by 1R-Chl in a human pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2), but not in a cell line of non-cancerous origin (HEK293 cells). The basis for this differential effect is likely an open chromatin conformation within the H4 genes in cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show increased histone acetylation on the histone H4 genes in cancer cells, compared to HEK293 cells, explaining the differential activity of this molecule in cancer versus non-cancer cells.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kashiwazaki G, Bando T, Yoshidome T, Masui S, Takagaki T, Hashiya K, Pandian GN, Yasuoka J, Akiyoshi K, Sugiyama H. Synthesis and Biological Properties of Highly Sequence-Specific-Alkylating N-Methylpyrrole–N-Methylimidazole Polyamide Conjugates. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2057-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201225z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Tomofumi Yoshidome
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Toshiki Takagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material
Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Junichi Yasuoka
- Institute of Biomaterials and
Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Institute of Biomaterials and
Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku,
Kyoto 615-8530
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material
Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meier JL, Montgomery DC, Dervan PB. Enhancing the cellular uptake of Py-Im polyamides through next-generation aryl turns. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2345-56. [PMID: 22080545 PMCID: PMC3300022 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole–imidazole (Py–Im) hairpin polyamides are a class of programmable, sequence-specific DNA binding oligomers capable of disrupting protein–DNA interactions and modulating gene expression in living cells. Methods to control the cellular uptake and nuclear localization of these compounds are essential to their application as molecular probes or therapeutic agents. Here, we explore modifications of the hairpin γ-aminobutyric acid turn unit as a means to enhance cellular uptake and biological activity. Remarkably, introduction of a simple aryl group at the turn potentiates the biological effects of a polyamide targeting the sequence 5′-WGWWCW-3′ (W = A/T) by up to two orders of magnitude. Confocal microscopy and quantitative flow cytometry analysis suggest this enhanced potency is due to increased nuclear uptake. Finally, we explore the generality of this approach and find that aryl-turn modifications enhance the uptake of all polyamides tested, while having a variable effect on the upper limit of polyamide nuclear accumulation. Overall this provides a step forward for controlling the intracellular concentration of Py–Im polyamides that will prove valuable for future applications in which biological potency is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Meier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The term epigenetic landscape was coined by CH Waddington to describe how cell fates were established in development, visualized as valleys and ridges directing the irreversibility of cell type differentiation. It is now clear that normal differentiation control breaks down during tumor development and that all tumor types show aberrant regulation of the epigenetic code, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs. This has led to much interest in the development of epigenetic cancer therapies to target this aberrant epigenetic regulation. Histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors are now used in the treatment of certain hematological malignancies. However, their more general applicability to solid tumors may be limited by lack of specificity and delivery challenges. Approaches to overcome these limitations and how to develop more specific drugs are discussed. The use of RNAi in the context of genome regulation as well as the possibility to use polyamides and engineered zinc fingers to target master regulators in the future is examined. Ultimately, improved specificity of epigenetic therapies will require increased mapping of the aberrant epigenetic landscape in cancer and cancer-specific target validation using chemical epigenetic approaches.
Collapse
|
28
|
Du J, Sun H, Xi L, Li J, Yang Y, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular modeling study of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors by multiple docking strategies and prime/MM-GBSA calculation. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2800-9. [PMID: 21717478 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing chemicals that inhibit checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a promising adjuvant therapeutic to improve the efficacy and selectivity of DNA-targeting agents. Reliable prediction of binding-free energy and binding affinity of Chk1 inhibitors can provide a guide for rational drug design. In this study, multiple docking strategies and Prime/Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (Prime/MM-GBSA) calculation were applied to predict the binding mode and free energy for a series of benzoisoquinolinones as Chk1 inhibitors. Reliable docking results were obtained using induced-fit docking and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) docking, which showed superior performance on both ligand binding pose and docking score accuracy to the rigid-receptor docking. Then, the Prime/MM-GBSA method based on the docking complex was used to predict the binding-free energy. The combined use of QM/MM docking and Prime/MM-GBSA method could give a high correlation between the predicted binding-free energy and experimentally determined pIC(50) . The molecular docking combined with Prime/MM-GBSA simulation can not only be used to rapidly and accurately predict the binding-free energy of novel Chk1 inhibitors but also provide a novel strategy for lead discovery and optimization targeting Chk1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou CY, Wu YB, Yang P. Synthesis, characterization, and studies on DNA binding of a new Mg(II) complex with N1,N8-bis(1-methyl-4-nitropyrrole-2-carbonyl)triethylenetetramine. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 73:245-51. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Fe(III)-Salen and Salphen Complexes Induce Caspase Activation and Apoptosis in Human Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:26-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057110385227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To explore the apoptotic and antitumor activities of metallo-salens, the authors have synthesized several Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes and analyzed their effects on human cancer and noncancer cells. Their results demonstrated that Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes affect cell viability and induce nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF7) cells. The IC50 values for the active metallo-salen complexes ranged between 0.3 and 22 µM in MCF7 cells. Biochemically active Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes induced caspase-3/7 activation and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, suggesting the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Comparison of IC50 values toward 3 different cell lines demonstrated that selected Fe(III)-salen complexes induce tumor cell-selective apoptosis in cultured cells. Overall, the studies demonstrated that Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes induced efficient apoptosis in cultured human cells. The nature of the substituents and the bridging spacer between diamino groups play critical roles in determining the apoptotic activities of Fe(III)-salen and salphen complexes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Du J, Xi L, Lei B, Lu J, Li J, Liu H, Yao X. Structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:2783-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
32
|
Zhou CY, Wu YB, Yang P. Synthesis, characterization, and studies on DNA binding of the complex Fe(Sal2dienNO3·H2O). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:505-493. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Anticancer activities of alkylating pyrrole–imidazole polyamides with specific sequence recognition. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:228-42. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328334d8f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Gates KS. An overview of chemical processes that damage cellular DNA: spontaneous hydrolysis, alkylation, and reactions with radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1747-60. [PMID: 19757819 DOI: 10.1021/tx900242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of heterocyclic bases on the interior of the DNA double helix constitutes the genetic code that drives the operation of all living organisms. With this said, it is not surprising that chemical modification of cellular DNA can have profound biological consequences. Therefore, the organic chemistry of DNA damage is fundamentally important to diverse fields including medicinal chemistry, toxicology, and biotechnology. This review is designed to provide a brief overview of the common types of chemical reactions that lead to DNA damage under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent S Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Comparative analysis of DNA alkylation by conjugates between pyrrole–imidazole hairpin polyamides and chlorambucil or seco-CBI. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Glass LS, Bapat A, Kelley MR, Georgiadis MM, Long EC. Semi-automated high-throughput fluorescent intercalator displacement-based discovery of cytotoxic DNA binding agents from a large compound library. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1685-8. [PMID: 20144868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput fluorescent intercalator displacement (HT-FID) was adapted to the semi-automated screening of a commercial compound library containing 60,000 molecules resulting in the discovery of cytotoxic DNA-targeted agents. Although commercial libraries are routinely screened in drug discovery efforts, the DNA binding potential of the compounds they contain has largely been overlooked. HT-FID led to the rapid identification of a number of compounds for which DNA binding properties were validated through demonstration of concentration-dependent DNA binding and increased thermal melting of A/T- or G/C-rich DNA sequences. Selected compounds were assayed further for cell proliferation inhibition in glioblastoma cells. Seven distinct compounds emerged from this screening procedure that represent structures unknown previously to be capable of targeting DNA leading to cell death. These agents may represent structures worthy of further modification to optimally explore their potential as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents. In addition, the general screening strategy described may find broader impact toward the rapid discovery of DNA targeted agents with biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lateca S Glass
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Minoshima M, Chou JC, Lefebvre S, Bando T, Shinohara KI, Gottesfeld JM, Sugiyama H. Potent activity against K562 cells by polyamide–seco-CBI conjugates targeting histone H4 genes. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
38
|
Verzele D, Carrette LL, Madder A. Peptide scalpels for site-specific dissection of the DNA-protein interface. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2010; 7:e95-e146. [PMID: 24103721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
|
39
|
Ansari KI, Grant JD, Kasiri S, Woldemariam G, Shrestha B, Mandal SS. Manganese(III)-salens induce tumor selective apoptosis in human cells. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:818-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Prins L, Scrimin P. “Covalent Capture”: Verschmelzung von kovalenter und nichtkovalenter Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
41
|
Fukasawa A, Aoyama T, Nagashima T, Fukuda N, Ueno T, Sugiyama H, Nagase H, Matsumoto Y. Pharmacokinetics of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides after intravenous administration in rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:81-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
42
|
Prins L, Scrimin P. Covalent Capture: Merging Covalent and Noncovalent Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2288-306. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
43
|
Ansari KI, Kasiri S, Grant JD, Mandal SS. Apoptosis and anti-tumour activities of manganese(iii)-salen and -salphen complexes. Dalton Trans 2009:8525-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b905276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
44
|
Growth arrest of BCR-ABL positive cells with a sequence-specific polyamide-chlorambucil conjugate. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3593. [PMID: 18974832 PMCID: PMC2571993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a constitutively active Abl kinase, which is the product of a chimeric BCR-ABL gene, caused by the genetic translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. Imatinib, a selective inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, has significantly improved the clinical outcome of patients with CML. However, subsets of patients lose their response to treatment through the emergence of imatinib-resistant cells, and imatinib treatment is less durable for patients with late stage CML. Although alternative Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to overcome drug resistance, a cocktail therapy of different kinase inhibitors and additional chemotherapeutics may be needed for complete remission of CML in some cases. Chlorambucil has been used for treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's disease. Here we report that a DNA sequence-specific pyrrole-imidazole polyamide-chlorambucil conjugate, 1R-Chl, causes growth arrest of cells harboring both unmutated BCR-ABL and three imatinib resistant strains. 1R-Chl also displays selective toxicities against activated lymphocytes and a high dose tolerance in a murine model.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chou CJ, Farkas ME, Tsai SM, Alvarez D, Dervan PB, Gottesfeld JM. Small molecules targeting histone H4 as potential therapeutics for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:769-78. [PMID: 18413791 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified a polyamide-chlorambucil conjugate, 1R-Chl, which alkylates and down-regulates transcription of the human histone H4c gene and inhibits the growth of several cancer cell lines in vitro and in a murine SW620 xenograft model, without apparent animal toxicity. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 1R-Chl in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 and identified another polyamide conjugate, 6R-Chl, which targets H4 genes and elicits a similar cellular response. Other polyamide conjugates that do not target the H4 gene do not elicit this response. In a murine model, both 1R-Chl and 6R-Chl were found to be highly effective in blocking K562 xenograft growth with high-dose tolerance. Unlike conventional and distamycin-based alkylators, little or no cytotoxicities and animal toxicities were observed in mg/kg dosage ranges. These results suggest that these polyamide alkylators may be a viable treatment alternative for chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C James Chou
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Buurma NJ, Haq I. Calorimetric and spectroscopic studies of Hoechst 33258: self-association and binding to non-cognate DNA. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:607-21. [PMID: 18617189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence and structure-specific molecular recognition of DNA by small molecules is an important goal in biophysical chemistry and drug discovery. Many candidate ligands possess flat aromatic surfaces and other molecular features that allow them to self-associate. In addition, non-specific binding to the target is a complicating feature of these interactions. Therefore, multiple equilibria are present and need to be accounted for in data analysis in order to obtain meaningful thermodynamic parameters. In order to address these issues we have systematically examined the bis-benzimidazole dye Hoechst 33258 (H33258) in terms of self-aggregation and binding to DNA oligonucleotides lacking any cognate minor groove A.T sites. This model system has been interrogated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy and pulsed gradient spin echo NMR. Three distinct binding events and ligand self-aggregation have been identified and, where possible, quantified. H33258 self-aggregation involves a step-wise aggregation mechanism, driven by stacking interactions. The DNA binding process includes two specific binding modes and non-specific DNA-templated H33258 stacking. We have written novel ITC data-fitting software (IC-ITC; freely available to the biophysics community), which simultaneously fits ligand aggregation and ligand-DNA binding. Here, this numerical analysis, which uses simulated annealing of complex calorimetric data representing multiple coupled equilibria, is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklaas J Buurma
- Centre for Chemical Biology, The Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S3 7HF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Peixoto P, Liu Y, Depauw S, Hildebrand MP, Boykin DW, Bailly C, Wilson WD, David-Cordonnier MH. Direct inhibition of the DNA-binding activity of POU transcription factors Pit-1 and Brn-3 by selective binding of a phenyl-furan-benzimidazole dication. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:3341-53. [PMID: 18440973 PMCID: PMC2425483 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of small molecules to control gene expression could be the spearhead of future-targeted therapeutic approaches in multiple pathologies. Among heterocyclic dications developed with this aim, a phenyl-furan-benzimidazole dication DB293 binds AT-rich sites as a monomer and 5'-ATGA sequence as a stacked dimer, both in the minor groove. Here, we used a protein/DNA array approach to evaluate the ability of DB293 to specifically inhibit transcription factors DNA-binding in a single-step, competitive mode. DB293 inhibits two POU-domain transcription factors Pit-1 and Brn-3 but not IRF-1, despite the presence of an ATGA and AT-rich sites within all three consensus sequences. EMSA, DNase I footprinting and surface-plasmon-resonance experiments determined the precise binding site, affinity and stoichiometry of DB293 interaction to the consensus targets. Binding of DB293 occurred as a cooperative dimer on the ATGA part of Brn-3 site but as two monomers on AT-rich sites of IRF-1 sequence. For Pit-1 site, ATGA or AT-rich mutated sequences identified the contribution of both sites for DB293 recognition. In conclusion, DB293 is a strong inhibitor of two POU-domain transcription factors through a cooperative binding to ATGA. These findings are the first to show that heterocyclic dications can inhibit major groove transcription factors and they open the door to the control of transcription factors activity by those compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Peixoto
- INSERM U-837, Team 4-Molecular and cellular targeting for cancer treatment, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille, IMPRT-IFR114, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Suckling CJ. Molecular recognition and physicochemical properties in the discovery of selective antibacterial minor groove binders. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
50
|
Anthony NG, Breen D, Clarke J, Donoghue G, Drummond AJ, Ellis EM, Gemmell CG, Helesbeux JJ, Hunter IS, Khalaf AI, Mackay SP, Parkinson JA, Suckling CJ, Waigh RD. Antimicrobial Lexitropsins Containing Amide, Amidine, and Alkene Linking Groups. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6116-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|