1
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Byun DP, Ritchie J, Jung Y, Holewinski R, Kim HR, Tagirasa R, Ivanic J, Weekley CM, Parker MW, Andresson T, Yoo E. Covalent Inhibition by a Natural Product-Inspired Latent Electrophile. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11097-11109. [PMID: 37183434 PMCID: PMC10719761 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to target specific protein cysteines are critical to covalent probe and drug discovery. 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole (BDHI) is a natural product-inspired, synthetically accessible electrophilic moiety that has previously been shown to react with nucleophilic cysteines in the active site of purified enzymes. Here, we define the global cysteine reactivity and selectivity of a set of BDHI-functionalized chemical fragments using competitive chemoproteomic profiling methods. Our study demonstrates that BDHIs capably engage reactive cysteine residues in the human proteome and the selectivity landscape of cysteines liganded by BDHI is distinct from that of haloacetamide electrophiles. Given its tempered reactivity, BDHIs showed restricted, selective engagement with proteins driven by interactions between a tunable binding element and the complementary protein sites. We validate that BDHI forms covalent conjugates with glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP1) and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1), emerging anticancer targets. BDHI electrophile was further exploited in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor design using a single-step late-stage installation of the warhead onto acrylamide-containing compounds. Together, this study expands the spectrum of optimizable chemical tools for covalent ligand discovery and highlights the utility of 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole as a cysteine-reactive electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Byun
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer Ritchie
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yejin Jung
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ronald Holewinski
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biochemical Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hong-Rae Kim
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ravichandra Tagirasa
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Claire M Weekley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biochemical Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Euna Yoo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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2
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Hauser S, Sommerfeld P, Wodtke J, Hauser C, Schlitterlau P, Pietzsch J, Löser R, Pietsch M, Wodtke R. Application of a Fluorescence Anisotropy-Based Assay to Quantify Transglutaminase 2 Activity in Cell Lysates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4475. [PMID: 35562866 PMCID: PMC9104438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multifunctional protein which is involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. The latter also include its participation in the development and progression of malignant neoplasms, which are often accompanied by increased protein synthesis. In addition to the elucidation of the molecular functions of TGase 2 in tumor cells, knowledge of its concentration that is available for targeting by theranostic agents is a valuable information. Herein, we describe the application of a recently developed fluorescence anisotropy (FA)-based assay for the quantitative expression profiling of TGase 2 by means of transamidase-active enzyme in cell lysates. This assay is based on the incorporation of rhodamine B-isonipecotyl-cadaverine (R-I-Cad) into N,N-dimethylated casein (DMC), which results in an increase in the FA signal over time. It was shown that this reaction is not only catalyzed by TGase 2 but also by TGases 1, 3, and 6 and factor XIIIa using recombinant proteins. Therefore, control measurements in the presence of a selective irreversible TGase 2 inhibitor were mandatory to ascertain the specific contribution of TGase 2 to the overall FA rate. To validate the assay regarding the quality of quantification, spike/recovery and linearity of dilution experiments were performed. A total of 25 cancer and 5 noncancer cell lines were characterized with this assay method in terms of their activatable TGase 2 concentration (fmol/µg protein lysate) and the results were compared to protein synthesis data obtained by Western blotting. Moreover, complementary protein quantification methods using a biotinylated irreversible TGase 2 inhibitor as an activity-based probe and a commercially available ELISA were applied to selected cell lines to further validate the results obtained by the FA-based assay. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the FA-based assay using the substrate pair R-I-Cad and DMC represents a facile, homogenous and continuous method for quantifying TGase 2 activity in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Paul Sommerfeld
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Paul Schlitterlau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (S.H.); (J.W.); (P.S.); (J.P.); (R.L.)
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3
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Wodtke R, Wodtke J, Hauser S, Laube M, Bauer D, Rothe R, Neuber C, Pietsch M, Kopka K, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Development of an 18F-Labeled Irreversible Inhibitor of Transglutaminase 2 as Radiometric Tool for Quantitative Expression Profiling in Cells and Tissues. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3462-3478. [PMID: 33705656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transamidase activity of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is considered to be important for several pathophysiological processes including fibrotic and neoplastic tissue growth, whereas in healthy cells this enzymatic function is predominantly latent. Methods that enable the highly sensitive detection of TGase 2, such as application of radiolabeled activity-based probes, will support the exploration of the enzyme's function in various diseases. In this context, the radiosynthesis and detailed in vitro radiopharmacological evaluation of an 18F-labeled Nε-acryloyllysine piperazide are reported. Robust and facile detection of the radiotracer-TGase 2 complex by autoradiography of thin layer plates and polyacrylamide gels after chromatographic and electrophoretic separation owing to irreversible covalent bond formation was demonstrated for the isolated protein, cell lysates, and living cells. By use of this radiotracer, quantitative data on the expression profile of activatable TGase 2 in mouse organs and selected tumors were obtained for the first time by autoradiography of tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Bauer
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rothe
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institut II für Pharmakologie, Zentrum für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Abstract
The use of an acetylene (ethynyl) group in medicinal chemistry coincides with the launch of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1959. Since then, the acetylene group has been broadly exploited in drug discovery and development. As a result, it has become recognized as a privileged structural feature for targeting a wide range of therapeutic target proteins, including MAO, tyrosine kinases, BACE1, steroid receptors, mGlu5 receptors, FFA1/GPR40, and HIV-1 RT. Furthermore, a terminal alkyne functionality is frequently introduced in chemical biology probes as a click handle to identify molecular targets and to assess target engagement. This Perspective is divided into three parts encompassing: (1) the physicochemical properties of the ethynyl group, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of the ethynyl group in medicinal chemistry, and (3) the impact of the ethynyl group on chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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5
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Zhuang R, Khosla C. Substrates, inhibitors, and probes of mammalian transglutaminase 2. Anal Biochem 2020; 591:113560. [PMID: 31874171 PMCID: PMC6948143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitous but enigmatic mammalian protein to which a number of biological functions have been ascribed but not definitively proven. As a member of the transglutaminase family, TG2 can catalyze deamidation or alternatively transamidation of selected Gln residues in proteins and peptides. It is also known to harbor other enzymatic properties, including protein disulfide isomerase, GTP-dependent signal transduction, and ATP dependent protein kinase activity. Given its multifunctional chemistry, it is unsurprising that a long list of proteins from the mammalian proteome have been identified as substrates and/or binding partners; however, the biological relevance of none of these protein-protein interactions has been clarified as yet. Remarkably, the most definitive insights into the biology of TG2 stem from its pathophysiological role in gluten peptide deamidation in celiac disease. Meanwhile our understanding of TG2 chemistry has been leveraged to engineer a spectrum of inhibitors and other molecular probes of TG2 biology in vivo. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the enzymology and regulation of human TG2 with a focus on its physiological substrates as well as tool molecules whose engineering was inspired by their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Chrobok NL, Bol JGJM, Jongenelen CA, Brevé JJP, El Alaoui S, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, van Dam AM. Characterization of Transglutaminase 2 activity inhibitors in monocytes in vitro and their effect in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196433. [PMID: 29689097 PMCID: PMC5918173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is pathologically characterized by the massive influx of immune cells into the central nervous system. This contributes to demyelination and axonal damage which causes symptoms such as motor and cognitive dysfunctions. The migration of leukocytes from the blood vessel is orchestrated by a multitude of factors whose determination is essential in reducing cellular influx in MS patients and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. The here studied enzyme tissue Transglutaminase (TG2) is present intracellularly, on the cell surface and extracellularly. There it contributes to cellular adhesion and migration via its transamidation activity and possibly by facilitating cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix. Previous data from our group showed reduced motor symptoms and cellular infiltration after using a pharmacological TG2 transamidation activity inhibitor in a rat EAE model. However, it remained elusive if the cross-linking activity of the enzyme resulted in the observed effects. To follow-up, we now characterized two new small molecule TG2 activity inhibitors, BJJF078 and ERW1041E. Both compounds are potent inhibitor of recombinant human and mouse Transglutaminase enzyme activity, mainly TG2 and the close related enzyme TG1. In addition they did not affect the binding of TG2 to the extracellular matrix substrate fibronectin, a process via which TG2 promotes cellular adhesion and migration. We found, that ERW1041E but not BJJF078 resulted in reduced EAE disease motor-symptoms while neither caused apparent changes in pathology (cellular influx), Transglutaminase activity or expression of inflammation related markers in the spinal cord, compared to vehicle treated controls. Although we cannot exclude issues on bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the used compounds, we hypothesize that extracellular TG1/TG2 activity is of greater importance than (intra-)cellular activity in mouse EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navina L. Chrobok
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J. P. Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Espitia Pinzón N, Brevé JJP, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B, Baron W, van Dam AM. Tissue transglutaminase in astrocytes is enhanced by inflammatory mediators and is involved in the formation of fibronectin fibril-like structures. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:260. [PMID: 29282083 PMCID: PMC5745633 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion formation, inflammatory mediators are produced by microglial cells and invading leukocytes. Subsequently, hypertrophic astrocytes fill the lesion and produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that together form the astroglial scar. This is beneficial because it seals off the site of central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, astroglial scarring also forms an obstacle that inhibits remyelination of brain lesions. This is possibly an important cause for incomplete remyelination of the CNS in early stage MS patients and for failure of remyelination when the disease progresses. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that can cross-link proteins, appears in astrocytes in inflammatory MS lesions and may contribute to the rearrangement of ECM protein deposition and aggregation. Methods The effect of different inflammatory mediators on TG2 and fibronectin, an ECM protein, protein levels was examined in primary rat microglia and astrocytes by western blotting. Also, TG2 activity was analyzed in primary rat astrocytes by a TG activity assay. To determine the role of TG2 in the deposition and cross-linking of fibronectin, a TG2 inhibitor and TG2 knockdown astrocytes were used. Results Our data show that under inflammatory conditions in vitro, TG2 production is enhanced in astrocytes and microglia. We observed that in particular, astrocytes produce fibronectin that can be cross-linked and aggregated by exogenous TG2. Moreover, inflammatory stimulus-induced endogenously produced TG2 is involved in the appearance of morphological fibril-like fibronectin deposits but does not lead to cross-linked fibronectin aggregates. Conclusions Our in vitro observations suggest that during MS lesion formation, when inflammatory mediators are produced, astrocyte-derived TG2 may contribute to ECM rearrangement, and subsequent astroglial scarring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Espitia Pinzón
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Song M, Hwang H, Im CY, Kim SY. Recent Progress in the Development of Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:554-567. [PMID: 28122456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2, TG2) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of unrelated disorders, including celiac, neurological, and renal diseases, and various forms of cancer. It has been suggested that TGase2 activity, such as cross-linking, deamidation, and GTP-related activity, is associated with each disease. Continuing efforts to develop small molecule TG2 inhibitors are ongoing. To develop a new class of TG2 inhibitors, the factors impeding the development of TG2 inhibitors have been identified. Additionally, the conformational effect of TG2 enzyme in regard to its pathological roles, in vitro screening methods, recently discovered TG2 inhibitors, and preclinical evaluations are discussed with a brief summary of current TG2 inhibitor pipelines under the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Song
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Hayoung Hwang
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) , 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea
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9
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Hauser C, Wodtke R, Löser R, Pietsch M. A fluorescence anisotropy-based assay for determining the activity of tissue transglutaminase. Amino Acids 2016; 49:567-583. [PMID: 26886924 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase 2) is the most abundantly expressed enzyme of the transglutaminase family and involved in a large variety of pathological processes, such as neurodegenerative diseases, disorders related to autoimmunity and inflammation as well as tumor growth, progression and metastasis. As a result, TGase 2 represents an attractive target for drug discovery and development, which requires assays that allow for the characterization of modulating agents and are appropriate for high-throughput screening. Herein, we report a fluorescence anisotropy-based approach for the determination of TGase 2's transamidase activity, following the time-dependent increase in fluorescence anisotropy due to the enzyme-catalyzed incorporation of fluorescein- and rhodamine B-conjugated cadaverines 1-3 (acyl acceptor substrates) into N,N-dimethylated casein (acyl donor substrate). These cadaverine derivatives 1-3 were obtained by solid-phase synthesis. To allow efficient conjugation of the rhodamine B moiety, different linkers providing secondary amine functions, such as sarcosyl and isonipecotyl, were introduced between the cadaverine and xanthenyl entities in compounds 2 and 3, respectively, with acyl acceptor 3 showing the most optimal substrate properties of the compounds investigated. The assay was validated for the search of both irreversible and reversible TGase 2 inhibitors using the inactivators iodoacetamide and a recently published L-lysine-derived acrylamide and the allosteric binder GTP, respectively. In addition, the fluorescence anisotropy-based method was proven to be suitable for high-throughput screening (Z' factor of 0.86) and represents a non-radioactive and highly sensitive assay for determining the active TGase 2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hauser
- Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Str. 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Yi MC, Palanski BA, Quintero SA, Plugis NM, Khosla C. An unprecedented dual antagonist and agonist of human Transglutaminase 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4922-4926. [PMID: 26004580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed, Ca(2+)-activated extracellular enzyme in mammals that is maintained in a catalytically dormant state by multiple mechanisms. Although its precise physiological role in the extracellular matrix remains unclear, aberrantly up-regulated TG2 activity is a hallmark of several maladies, including celiac disease. Previously, we reported the discovery of a class of acylideneoxoindoles as potent, reversible inhibitors of human TG2. Detailed analysis of one of those inhibitors (CK-IV-55) led to an unprecedented and striking observation. Whereas this compound was a non-competitive inhibitor (3.3±0.9 μM) of human TG2 at saturating Ca(2+) concentrations, it activated TG2 in the presence of sub-saturating but physiologically relevant Ca(2+) concentrations (0.5-0.7 mM). This finding was validated in a cellular model of TG2 activation and inhibition. Mutant TG2 analysis suggested that CK-IV-55 and its analogs bound to a low-affinity Ca(2+) binding site on the catalytic core of TG2. A mechanistic model for the dual agonistic/antagonistic action of CK-IV-55 on TG2 is presented, and the pathophysiological implications of basal activation of intestinal TG2 by small molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Quintero
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas M Plugis
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Yang P, Liu K. Activity-based protein profiling: recent advances in probe development and applications. Chembiochem 2015; 16:712-24. [PMID: 25652106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The completion of the human genome sequencing project has provided a wealth of new information regarding the genomic blueprint of the cell. Although, to date, there are roughly 20,000 genes in the human genome, the functions of only a handful of proteins are clear. The major challenge lies in translating genomic information into an understanding of their cellular functions. The recently developed activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is an unconventional approach that is complementary for gene expression analysis and an ideal utensil in decoding this overflow of genomic information. This approach makes use of synthetic small molecules that covalently modify a set of related proteins and subsequently facilitates identification of the target protein, enabling rapid biochemical analysis and inhibitor discovery. This tutorial review introduces recent advances in the field of ABPP and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 (USA)
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12
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Klöck C, Herrera Z, Albertelli M, Khosla C. Discovery of potent and specific dihydroisoxazole inhibitors of human transglutaminase 2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9042-64. [PMID: 25333388 PMCID: PMC4234452 DOI: 10.1021/jm501145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Transglutaminase
2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that
catalyzes the posttranslational modification of glutamine residues
on protein or peptide substrates. A growing body of literature has
implicated aberrantly regulated activity of TG2 in the pathogenesis
of various human inflammatory, fibrotic, and other diseases. Taken
together with the fact that TG2 knockout mice are developmentally
and reproductively normal, there is growing interest in the potential
use of TG2 inhibitors in the treatment of these conditions. Targeted-covalent
inhibitors based on the weakly electrophilic 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole
(DHI) scaffold have been widely used to study TG2 biology and are
well tolerated in vivo, but these compounds have only modest potency,
and their selectivity toward other transglutaminase homologues is
largely unknown. In the present work, we first profiled the selectivity
of existing inhibitors against the most pertinent TG isoforms (TG1,
TG3, and FXIIIa). Significant cross-reactivity of these small molecules
with TG1 was observed. Structure–activity and −selectivity
analyses led to the identification of modifications that improved
potency and isoform selectivity. Preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis
of the most promising analogues was also undertaken. Our new data
provides a clear basis for the rational selection of dihydroisoxazole
inhibitors as tools for in vivo biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Klöck
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Chemical Engineering and §Comparative Medicine, Stanford University , MC 5080, Stanford California 94305, United States
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13
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
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14
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DiRaimondo TR, Klöck C, Warburton R, Herrera Z, Penumatsa K, Toksoz D, Hill N, Khosla C, Fanburg B. Elevated transglutaminase 2 activity is associated with hypoxia-induced experimental pulmonary hypertension in mice. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:266-75. [PMID: 24152195 DOI: 10.1021/cb4006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in human patients and animal models have suggested that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is upregulated in pulmonary hypertension (PH), a phenomenon that appears to be associated with the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in this disease. Using chemical tools to interrogate and inhibit TG2 activity in vivo, we have shown that pulmonary TG2 undergoes marked post-translational activation in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH. We have also identified irreversible fluorinated TG2 inhibitors that may find use as non-invasive positron emission tomography probes for diagnosis and management of this debilitating, lifelong disorder. Pharmacological inhibition of TG2 attenuated the elevated right ventricular pressure but had no effect on hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart. A longitudinal study of pulmonary TG2 activity in PH patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rod Warburton
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Division, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | | | - Krishna Penumatsa
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Division, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Deniz Toksoz
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Division, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Nicholas Hill
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Division, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | | | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary
and Critical Care Division, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
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15
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Ghosh B, Jones LH. Target validation using in-cell small molecule clickable imaging probes. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00277b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of click chemistry to the visualization of chemical probes in in-cell chemical biology experiments is reviewed and the influence this research has had on target validation and molecular mode of action studies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyn H. Jones
- Pfizer
- Chemical Biology Group
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry
- WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry
- Cambridge
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16
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Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an allosterically regulated enzyme with transamidating, deamidating and cell signaling activities. It is thought to catalyze sequence-specific deamidation of dietary gluten peptides in the small intestines of celiac disease patients. Because this modification has profound consequences for disease pathogenesis, there is considerable interest in the design of small molecule TG2 inhibitors. Although many classes of TG2 inhibitors have been reported, thus far an animal model for screening them to identify promising celiac drug candidates has remained elusive. Using intraperitoneal administration of the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I∶C)), we induced rapid TG2 activation in the mouse small intestine. Dose dependence was observed in the activation of TG2 as well as the associated villous atrophy, gross clinical response, and rise in serum concentration of the IL-15/IL-15R complex. TG2 activity was most pronounced in the upper small intestine. No evidence of TG2 activation was observed in the lung mucosa, nor were TLR7/8 ligands able to elicit an analogous response. Introduction of ERW1041E, a small molecule TG2 inhibitor, in this mouse model resulted in TG2 inhibition in the small intestine. TG2 inhibition had no effect on villous atrophy, suggesting that activation of this enzyme is a consequence, rather than a cause, of poly(I∶C) induced enteropathy. Consistent with this finding, administration of poly(I∶C) to TG2 knockout mice also induced villous atrophy. Our findings pave the way for pharmacological evaluation of small molecule TG2 inhibitors as drug candidates for celiac disease.
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17
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Detection of transglutaminase activity using click chemistry. Amino Acids 2011; 43:1251-63. [PMID: 22180026 PMCID: PMC3418501 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme able to catalyze the formation of ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine crosslinks between polypeptides, resulting in high molecular mass multimers. We have developed a bioorthogonal chemical method for the labeling of TG2 glutamine-donor proteins. As amine-donor substrates we used a set of azide- and alkyne-containing primary alkylamines that allow, after being crosslinked to glutamine-donor proteins, specific labeling of these proteins via the azide-alkyne cycloaddition. We demonstrate that these azide- and alkyne-functionalized TG2 substrates are cell permeable and suitable for specific labeling of TG2 glutamine-donor substrates in HeLa and Movas cells. Both the Cu(I)-catalyzed and strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition proved applicable for subsequent derivatization of the TG2 substrate proteins with the desired probe. This new method for labeling TG2 substrate proteins introduces flexibility in the detection and/or purification of crosslinked proteins, allowing differential labeling of cellular proteins.
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19
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Badarau E, Collighan RJ, Griffin M. Recent advances in the development of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) inhibitors. Amino Acids 2011; 44:119-27. [PMID: 22160259 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme and probably the most ubiquitously expressed member of the mammalian transglutaminase family. TG2 plays a number of important roles in a variety of biological processes. Via its transamidating function, it is responsible for the cross-linking of proteins by forming isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine residues. Intracellularly, Ca(2+) activation of the enzyme is normally tightly regulated by the binding of GTP. However, upregulated levels of TG2 are associated with many disease states like celiac sprue, certain types of cancer, fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Selective inhibitors for TG2 both cell penetrating and non-cell penetrating would therefore serve as novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of these disease states. Moreover, they would provide useful tools to fully elucidate the cellular mechanisms TG2 is involved in and help comprehend how the enzyme is regulated at the cellular level. The current paper is intended to give an update on the recently discovered classes of TG2 inhibitors along with their structure-activity relationships. The biological properties of these derivatives, in terms of both activity and selectivity, will also be reported in order to translate their potential for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Badarau
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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20
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Király R, Demény M, Fésüs L. Protein transamidation by transglutaminase 2 in cells: a disputed Ca2+-dependent action of a multifunctional protein. FEBS J 2011; 278:4717-39. [PMID: 21902809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the first described cellular member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. During the last two decades its additional enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, protein kinase) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) activities, which do not require Ca(2+) , have been recognized. It became a prevailing view that TG2 is silent as a transamidase, except in extreme stress conditions, in the intracellular environment characterized by low Ca(2+) and high GTP concentrations. To counter this presumption a critical review of the experimental evidence supporting the role of this enzymatic activity in cellular processes is provided. It includes the structural basis of TG2 regulation through non-canonical Ca(2+) binding sites, mechanisms making it sensitive to low Ca(2+) concentrations, techniques developed for the detection of protein transamidation in cells and examples of basic cellular phenomena as well as pathological conditions influenced by this irreversible post-translational protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Apoptosis and Genomics Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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21
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Boroughs LK, Antonyak MA, Johnson JL, Cerione RA. A unique role for heat shock protein 70 and its binding partner tissue transglutaminase in cancer cell migration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37094-107. [PMID: 21896482 PMCID: PMC3199457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.242438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for several important biological outcomes and is involved in various developmental disorders and disease states including cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. A fundamental step in cell migration is the development of a leading edge. By using HeLa carcinoma cells as an initial model system, we uncovered a surprising role for the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its ability to bind the protein cross-linking enzyme, tissue transglutaminase (tTG), in cancer cell migration. Treatment of HeLa cells with EGF results in the activation of a plasma membrane-associated pool of tTG and its redistribution to the leading edges of these cells, which are essential events for EGF-stimulated HeLa cell migration. However, we then found that the ability of tTG to be localized to the leading edge is dependent on Hsp70. Similarly, the localization of tTG to the leading edges of MDAMB231 breast carcinoma cells, where it also plays an essential role in their migration, has a strict requirement for Hsp70. Treatment of these different cell lines with inhibitors against the ATP hydrolytic activity of Hsp70 prevented tTG from localizing to their leading edges and thereby blocked EGF-stimulated HeLa cell migration, as well as the constitutive migration normally exhibited by MDAMB231 cells. These findings highlight a new and unconventional role for the chaperonin activity of Hsp70 in the localization of a key regulatory protein (tTG) at the leading edges of cancer cells and the important consequences that this holds for their ability to migrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K. Boroughs
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Marc A. Antonyak
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jared L. Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Richard A. Cerione
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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