1
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Gupta MK, Peng H, Li Y, Xu CJ. The role of DNA methylation in personalized medicine for immune-related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108508. [PMID: 37567513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics functions as a bridge between host genetic & environmental factors, aiding in human health and diseases. Many immune-related diseases, including infectious and allergic diseases, have been linked to epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation. In this review, we summarized an updated overview of DNA methylation and its importance in personalized medicine, and demonstrated that DNA methylation has excellent potential for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in a personalized manner. The future implications and limitations of the DNA methylation study have also been well-discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - He Peng
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Liu M, Zhang K, Li Q, Pang H, Pan Z, Huang X, Wang L, Wu F, He G. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Bromodomain-Containing Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1678-1699. [PMID: 36695774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial research has been conducted on molecular mechanisms and inhibitors targeting bromodomains (BRDs) and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins. On this basis, non-BET BRD is gradually becoming a research hot spot. BRDs are abundant in histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated activating transcription factors, and BRD-containing HATs have been linked to cancer, inflammation, and viral replication. Therefore, the development of BRD-containing HATs as chemical probes is useful for understanding the specific biological roles of BRDs in diseases and drug discovery. Several types of BRD-containing HATs, including CBP/P300, PCAF/GCN5, and TAF1, are discussed in this context in terms of their structures, functions, and small-molecule inhibitors. Additionally, progress in BRD inhibitors/chemical probes and proteolysis targeting chimeras in terms of drug design, biological activity, and disease application are summarized. These findings provide insights into the development of BRD inhibitors as potential drug candidates for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinjue Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Pang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaoping Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Kumar A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Das SK. Targeting epigenetic regulation for cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:73-161. [PMID: 36990539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display pervasive changes in DNA methylation, disrupted patterns of histone posttranslational modification, chromatin composition or organization and regulatory element activities that alter normal programs of gene expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that disturbances in the epigenome are hallmarks of cancer, which are targetable and represent attractive starting points for drug creation. Remarkable progress has been made in the past decades in discovering and developing epigenetic-based small molecule inhibitors. Recently, epigenetic-targeted agents in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been identified and these agents are either in current clinical trials or approved for treatment. However, epigenetic drug applications face many challenges, including low selectivity, poor bioavailability, instability and acquired drug resistance. New multidisciplinary approaches are being designed to overcome these limitations, e.g., applications of machine learning, drug repurposing, high throughput virtual screening technologies, to identify selective compounds with improved stability and better bioavailability. We provide an overview of the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulation that encompass histone and DNA modifications and discuss effector proteins that affect the organization of chromatin structure and function as well as presently available inhibitors as potential drugs. Current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes that have been approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world are highlighted. Many of these are in different stages of clinical evaluation. We also assess emerging strategies for combinatorial approaches of epigenetic drugs with immunotherapy, standard chemotherapy or other classes of agents and advances in the design of novel epigenetic therapies.
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4
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Xiang Q, Wang C, Wu T, Zhang C, Hu Q, Luo G, Hu J, Zhuang X, Zou L, Shen H, Wu X, Zhang Y, Kong X, Liu J, Xu Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1-(Indolizin-3-yl)ethan-1-ones as CBP Bromodomain Inhibitors for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 65:785-810. [PMID: 34962793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CREB (cyclic-AMP responsive element binding protein) binding protein (CBP) is a potential target for prostate cancer treatment. Herein, we report the structural optimization of a series of 1-(indolizin-3-yl)ethan-1-one compounds as new selective CBP bromodomain inhibitors, aiming to improve cellular potency and metabolic stability. This process led to compound 9g (Y08284), which possesses good liver microsomal stability and pharmacokinetic properties (F = 25.9%). Furthermore, the compound is able to inhibit CBP bromodomain as well as the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of prostate cancer cells. Additionally, the new inhibitor shows promising antitumor efficacy in a 22Rv1 xenograft model (TGI = 88%). This study provides new lead compounds for further development of drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianbang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guolong Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiankang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lingjiao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xishan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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5
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Progress in the development of domain selective inhibitors of the bromo and extra terminal domain family (BET) proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113853. [PMID: 34547507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the bromo and extra terminal domain (BET) family proteins is associated with many human diseases, therefore the BET family proteins have been considered as promising targets for drug development. Numerous small molecular compounds targeting the N-terminal two tandem bromodomains BD1 and BD2 of the BET family proteins have been reported, and a number of them have been advanced into clinical trials. Most of the BET inhibitors entered clinical trials are pan-BET inhibitors which show poor selectivity among BET members and bind to the BD1 and BD2 of the BET family proteins with comparable binding affinities. In order to elucidate the distinct functions of BD1s and BD2s, many BD1 and BD2 selective BET inhibitors have also been developed. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the development of BD1 and BD2 selective BET inhibitors, and provided the perspectives for future studies of BET inhibitors.
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6
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Quinlan RBA, Brennan PE. Chemogenomics for drug discovery: clinical molecules from open access chemical probes. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:759-795. [PMID: 34458810 PMCID: PMC8341094 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years chemical probes have proved valuable tools for the validation of disease-modifying targets, facilitating investigation of target function, safety, and translation. Whilst probes and drugs often differ in their properties, there is a belief that chemical probes are useful for translational studies and can accelerate the drug discovery process by providing a starting point for small molecule drugs. This review seeks to describe clinical candidates that have been inspired by, or derived from, chemical probes, and the process behind their development. By focusing primarily on examples of probes developed by the Structural Genomics Consortium, we examine a variety of epigenetic modulators along with other classes of probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B A Quinlan
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
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7
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Muthengi A, Wimalasena VK, Yosief HO, Bikowitz MJ, Sigua LH, Wang T, Li D, Gaieb Z, Dhawan G, Liu S, Erickson J, Amaro RE, Schönbrunn E, Qi J, Zhang W. Development of Dimethylisoxazole-Attached Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines as Potent and Selective CBP/P300 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5787-5801. [PMID: 33872011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of epigenetic bromodomain inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics has transitioned from targeting bromodomain extraterminal domain (BET) proteins into targeting non-BET bromodomains. The two most relevant non-BET bromodomain oncology targets are cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CBP) and E1A binding protein P300 (EP300). To explore the growing CBP/EP300 interest, we developed a highly efficient two-step synthetic route for dimethylisoxazole-attached imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold-containing inhibitors. Our efficient two-step reactions enabled high-throughput synthesis of compounds designed by molecular modeling, which together with structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies facilitated an overarching understanding of selective targeting of CBP/EP300 over non-BET bromodomains. This led to the identification of a new potent and selective CBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibitor, UMB298 (compound 23, CBP IC50 72 nM and bromodomain 4, BRD4 IC50 5193 nM). The SAR we established is in good agreement with literature-reported CBP inhibitors, such as CBP30, and demonstrates the advantage of utilizing our two-step approach for inhibitor development of other bromodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Muthengi
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Virangika K Wimalasena
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hailemichael O Yosief
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Melissa J Bikowitz
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Logan H Sigua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Tingjian Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Deyao Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zied Gaieb
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, LA Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gagan Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Shuai Liu
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Jon Erickson
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, LA Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
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8
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Xiong Y, Zhang M, Li Y. Recent Advances in the Development of CBP/p300 Bromodomain Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5583-5598. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190731141055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CBP and p300 are two closely related Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs) that interact
with numerous transcription factors and act to increase the expression of their target genes. Both
proteins contain a bromodomain flanking the HAT catalytic domain that is important in binding of
CBP/p300 to chromatin, which offers an opportunity to develop protein-protein interaction inhibitors.
Since their discovery in 2006, CBP/p300 bromodomains have attracted much interest as promising
new epigenetic targets for diverse human diseases, including inflammation, cancer, autoimmune
disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the
structure, function, and inhibitors of CBP/p300 bromodomains developed in the last several years,
which is expected to be beneficial to relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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Current development of CBP/p300 inhibitors in the last decade. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112861. [PMID: 33045661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CBP/p300, functioning as histone acetyltransferases and transcriptional co-factors, represents an attractive target for various diseases, including malignant tumor. The development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the bromodomain and HAT domains of CBP/p300 has aroused broad interests of medicinal chemist in expectation of providing new hope for anti-cancer treatment. In particular, the CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibitor CCS1477, identified by CellCentric, is currently undergone clinical evaluation for the treatment of haematological malignancies and prostate cancer. In this review, we depict the development of CBP/p300 inhibitors reported from 2010 to 2020 and particularly highlight their structure-activity relationships (SARs), binding modes, selectivity and pharmacological functions with the aim to facilitate rational design and development of CBP/p300 inhibitors.
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10
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Jacques C, Lavaud M, Georges S, Tesfaye R, Baud’huin M, Lamoureux F, Ory B. BET bromodomains’ functions in bone-related pathologies. Epigenomics 2020; 12:127-144. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, bones are subjected to the so-called ‘bone-remodeling’ process, which is a balanced mechanism between the apposition and the resorption of bone. This remodeling process depends on the activities of bone-specialized cells, namely the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts. Any deregulation in this process results in bone-related pathologies, classified as either metabolic nonmalignant diseases (such as osteoporosis) or malignant primary bone sarcomas. As these pathologies are not characterized by common targetable genetic alterations, epigenetic strategies could be relevant and promising options. Recently, targeting epigenetic regulators such as the bromodomains and extraterminal domains (BET) readers have achieved success in numerous other pathologies, including cancers. In this review, we highlight the current state of the art in terms of the diverse implications of BET bromodomain proteins in the bone’s biology and its defects. Consequently, their role in bone-related pathologies will also be developed, especially in the context of the primary bone sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jacques
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Melanie Lavaud
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Steven Georges
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Robel Tesfaye
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
- ‘Niches & Epigenetics of Tumors’ Network from Cancéropôle Grand Ouest
| | - Marc Baud’huin
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - François Lamoureux
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Ory
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Bone sarcomas & remodeling of calcified tissues, UMR 1238, F-44000 Nantes, France
- ‘Niches & Epigenetics of Tumors’ Network from Cancéropôle Grand Ouest
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11
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Alonso VL, Tavernelli LE, Pezza A, Cribb P, Ritagliati C, Serra E. Aim for the Readers! Bromodomains As New Targets Against Chagas’ Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6544-6563. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031132007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains recognize and bind acetyl-lysine residues present in histone and non-histone
proteins in a specific manner. In the last decade they have raised as attractive targets for drug discovery
because the miss-regulation of human bromodomains was discovered to be involved in the development
of a large spectrum of diseases. However, targeting eukaryotic pathogens bromodomains
continues to be almost unexplored. We and others have reported the essentiality of diverse bromodomain-
containing proteins in protozoa, offering a new opportunity for the development of antiparasitic
drugs, especially for Trypansoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease. Mammalian bromodomains
were classified in eight groups based on sequence similarity but parasitic bromodomains are very
divergent proteins and are hard to assign them to any of these groups, suggesting that selective inhibitors
can be obtained. In this review, we describe the importance of lysine acetylation and bromodomains
in T. cruzi as well as the current knowledge on mammalian bromodomains. Also, we summarize
the myriad of small-molecules under study to treat different pathologies and which of them have been
tested in trypanosomatids and other protozoa. All the information available led us to propose that
T. cruzi bromodomains should be considered as important potential targets and the search for smallmolecules
to inhibit them should be empowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lucia Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Pezza
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Pamela Cribb
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla Ritagliati
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Esteban Serra
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
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12
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Schiedel M, Moroglu M, Ascough DMH, Chamberlain AER, Kamps JJAG, Sekirnik AR, Conway SJ. Chemical Epigenetics: The Impact of Chemical and Chemical Biology Techniques on Bromodomain Target Validation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17930-17952. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schiedel
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Mustafa Moroglu
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - David M. H. Ascough
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Anna E. R. Chamberlain
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jos J. A. G. Kamps
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Angelina R. Sekirnik
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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13
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Schiedel M, Moroglu M, Ascough DMH, Chamberlain AER, Kamps JJAG, Sekirnik AR, Conway SJ. Chemische Epigenetik: der Einfluss chemischer und chemo‐biologischer Techniken auf die Zielstruktur‐Validierung von Bromodomänen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schiedel
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Mustafa Moroglu
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - David M. H. Ascough
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Anna E. R. Chamberlain
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Jos J. A. G. Kamps
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Angelina R. Sekirnik
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Großbritannien
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14
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Abstract
Less than a decade ago, it was shown that bromodomains, acetyl lysine 'reader' modules found in proteins with varied functions, were highly tractable small-molecule targets. This is an unusual property for protein-protein or protein-peptide interaction domains, and it prompted a wave of chemical probe discovery to understand the biological potential of new agents that targeted bromodomains. The original examples, inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) class of bromodomains, showed enticing anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, and several compounds have since advanced to human clinical trials. Here, we review the current state of BET inhibitor biology in relation to clinical development, and we discuss the next wave of bromodomain inhibitors with clinical potential in oncology and non-oncology indications. The lessons learned from BET inhibitor programmes should affect efforts to develop drugs that target non-BET bromodomains and other epigenetic readers.
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15
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Chan AKN, Chen CW. Rewiring the Epigenetic Networks in MLL-Rearranged Leukemias: Epigenetic Dysregulation and Pharmacological Interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:81. [PMID: 31157223 PMCID: PMC6529847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemias driven by chromosomal translocation of the mixed-lineage leukemia gene (MLL or KMT2A) are highly prevalent in pediatric oncology. The poor survival rate and lack of an effective targeted therapy for patients with MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemias emphasize an urgent need for improved knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches for these malignancies. The resulting chimeric products of MLL gene rearrangements, i.e., MLL-fusion proteins (MLL-FPs), are capable of transforming hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) into leukemic blasts. The ability of MLL-FPs to reprogram HSPCs toward leukemia requires the involvement of multiple chromatin effectors, including the histone 3 lysine 79 methyltransferase DOT1L, the chromatin epigenetic reader BRD4, and the super elongation complex. These epigenetic regulators constitute a complicated network that dictates maintenance of the leukemia program, and therefore represent an important cluster of therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we will discuss the role of MLL and its fusion partners in normal HSPCs and hematopoiesis, including the links between chromatin effectors, epigenetic landscapes, and leukemia development, and summarize current approaches to therapeutic targeting of MLL-r leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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16
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Targeting epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy: erasing the roadmap to cancer. Nat Med 2019; 25:403-418. [PMID: 30842676 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of most cancers, often occurring directly through alteration of epigenetic machinery. Over the last several years, a new generation of drugs directed at epigenetic modulators have entered clinical development, and results from these trials are now being disclosed. Unlike first-generation epigenetic therapies, these new agents are selective, and many are targeted to proteins which are mutated or translocated in cancer. This review will provide a summary of the epigenetic modulatory agents currently in clinical development and discuss the opportunities and challenges in their development. As these drugs advance in the clinic, drug discovery has continued with a focus on both novel and existing epigenetic targets. We will provide an overview of these efforts and the strategies being employed.
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17
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Alqahtani A, Choucair K, Ashraf M, Hammouda DM, Alloghbi A, Khan T, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Bromodomain and extra-terminal motif inhibitors: a review of preclinical and clinical advances in cancer therapy. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO372. [PMID: 30906568 PMCID: PMC6426170 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine acetylation is critical in regulating transcription. Dysregulation of this process results in aberrant gene expression in various diseases, including cancer. The bromodomain, present in several proteins, recognizes promotor lysine acetylation and recruits other transcription factors. The bromodomain extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins consists of four conserved mammalian members that regulate transcription of oncogenes such as MYC and the NUT fusion oncoprotein. Targeting the acetyl-lysine-binding property of BET proteins is a potential therapeutic approach of cancer. Consequently, following the demonstration that thienotriazolodiazepine small molecules effectively inhibit BET, clinical trials were initiated. We thus discuss the mechanisms of action of various BET inhibitors and the prospects for their clinical use as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Khalil Choucair
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ashraf
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Danae M Hammouda
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Abduraham Alloghbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Talal Khan
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Neil Senzer
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- ProMedica Health System, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
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18
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Vincek AS, Patel J, Jaganathan A, Green A, Pierre-Louis V, Arora V, Rehmann J, Mezei M, Zhou MM, Ohlmeyer M, Mujtaba S. Inhibitor of CBP Histone Acetyltransferase Downregulates p53 Activation and Facilitates Methylation at Lysine 27 on Histone H3. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081930. [PMID: 30072621 PMCID: PMC6222455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53-directed apoptosis triggers loss of normal cells, which contributes to the side-effects from anticancer therapies. Thus, small molecules with potential to downregulate the activation of p53 could minimize pathology emerging from anticancer therapies. Acetylation of p53 by the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain is the hallmark of coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) epigenetic function. During genotoxic stress, CBP HAT-mediated acetylation is essential for the activation of p53 to transcriptionally govern target genes, which control cellular responses. Here, we present a small molecule, NiCur, which blocks CBP HAT activity and downregulates p53 activation upon genotoxic stress. Computational modeling reveals that NiCur docks into the active site of CBP HAT. On CDKN1A promoter, the recruitment of p53 as well as RNA Polymerase II and levels of acetylation on histone H3 were diminished by NiCur. Specifically, NiCur reduces the levels of acetylation at lysine 27 on histone H3, which concomitantly increases the levels of trimethylation at lysine 27. Finally, NiCur attenuates p53-directed apoptosis by inhibiting the Caspase 3 activity and cleavage of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in normal gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Collectively, NiCur demonstrates the potential to reprogram the chromatin landscape and modulate biological outcomes of CBP-mediated acetylation under normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Vincek
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Jigneshkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Anbalagan Jaganathan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Antonia Green
- Department of Physical Science, St. Joseph's College, 245 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11205, USA.
| | - Valerie Pierre-Louis
- Department of Physical Science, St. Joseph's College, 245 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11205, USA.
| | - Vimal Arora
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Medgar Evers College, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
| | - Jill Rehmann
- Department of Physical Science, St. Joseph's College, 245 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11205, USA.
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Shiraz Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Medgar Evers College, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
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19
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Suryanarayanan V, Singh SK. Unravelling novel congeners from acetyllysine mimicking ligand targeting a lysine acetyltransferase PCAF bromodomain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 36:4303-4319. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1415820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Suryanarayanan
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630004, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630004, India
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20
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Bronner SM, Murray J, Romero FA, Lai KW, Tsui V, Cyr P, Beresini MH, de Leon Boenig G, Chen Z, Choo EF, Clark KR, Crawford TD, Jayaram H, Kaufman S, Li R, Li Y, Liao J, Liang X, Liu W, Ly J, Maher J, Wai J, Wang F, Zheng A, Zhu X, Magnuson S. A Unique Approach to Design Potent and Selective Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein, Binding Protein (CBP) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10151-10171. [PMID: 29155580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic regulator CBP/P300 presents a novel therapeutic target for oncology. Previously, we disclosed the development of potent and selective CBP bromodomain inhibitors by first identifying pharmacophores that bind the KAc region and then building into the LPF shelf. Herein, we report the "hybridization" of a variety of KAc-binding fragments with a tetrahydroquinoline scaffold that makes optimal interactions with the LPF shelf, imparting enhanced potency and selectivity to the hybridized ligand. To demonstrate the utility of our hybridization approach, two analogues containing unique Asn binders and the optimized tetrahydroquinoline moiety were rapidly optimized to yield single-digit nanomolar inhibitors of CBP with exquisite selectivity over BRD4(1) and the broader bromodomain family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bronner
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - F Anthony Romero
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kwong Wah Lai
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Vickie Tsui
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Patrick Cyr
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Maureen H Beresini
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Zhongguo Chen
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Edna F Choo
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin R Clark
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Terry D Crawford
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hariharan Jayaram
- Editas Medicine, Inc. , 11 Hurley Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ruina Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yingjie Li
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangpeng Liao
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Justin Ly
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Zheng
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Wuxi Apptec Co., Ltd. , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Wernly B, Gonçalves I, Kiss A, Paar V, Mösenlechner T, Leisch M, Santer D, Motloch LJ, Klein KU, Tretter EV, Kretzschmar D, Podesser B, Jung C, Hoppe UC, Lichtenauer M. Differences in Stem Cell Processing Lead to Distinct Secretomes Secretion-Implications for Differential Results of Previous Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28731525 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) seemed to be a promising therapy, however, large clinical trials brought differential outcome. It has been shown that paracrine effects of secretomes of stem cells rather than cell therapy might play a fundamental role. The present study seeks to compare cell processing protocols of clinical trials and investigate effects of differential cell culture conditions on chemokine secretion and functional effects. Different secretomes are compared regarding IL-8, VEGF, MCP-1, and TNF-alpha secretion. Secretome mediated effects are evaluated on endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation and migration. Cardioprotective signaling kinases in human cardiomyocytes are determined by Western immunoblotting. Cells processed according to the REPAIR-AMI protocol secrete significantly higher amounts of IL-8 (487.3 ± 1231.1 vs 9.1 ± 8.2 pg mL-1 ; p < 0.05). REAPIR-AMI supernatants lead to significantly pronounced tube formation and migration on HUVEC and enhance the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and CREB. Cell processing conditions have a major impact on the composition of the secretome. The REPAIR-AMI secretome significantly enhances proangiogenic chemokine secretion, angiogenesis, cell migration, and cardioprotective signaling pathways. These results might explain differential outcomes between clinical trials. Optimizing cell processing protocols with special regards to paracrine factors, might open a new therapeutic concept for improving patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wernly
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Inês Gonçalves
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Paar
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Mösenlechner
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Leisch
- Internal Medicine III, Department of Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Santer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Jaroslaw Motloch
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus U Klein
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva V Tretter
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kretzschmar
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bruno Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uta C Hoppe
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Protein-Protein Interaction Modulators for Epigenetic Therapies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:65-84. [PMID: 29413000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is becoming an attractive approach for drug discovery. This is particularly true for difficult or emerging targets, such as epitargets that may be elusive to drugs that fall into the traditional chemical space. The chemical nature of the PPIs makes attractive the use of peptides or peptidomimetics to selectively modulate such interactions. Despite the fact peptide-based drug discovery has been challenging, the use of peptides as leads compounds for drug discovery is still a valid strategy. This chapter discusses the current status of PPIs in epigenetic drug discovery. A special emphasis is made on peptides and peptide-like compounds as potential drug candidates.
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23
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Chemical modulators for epigenome reader domains as emerging epigenetic therapies for cancer and inflammation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:116-125. [PMID: 28689146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific lysine acetylation and methylation on histones are critical post-translational modifications (PTMs) that govern ordered gene transcription in chromatin. Mis-regulation of these histone PTM-mediated processes has been shown to be associated with human diseases. Since the 2010 landmark reports of small molecules (+)-JQ1 and I-BET762 that target the acetyl-lysine 'reader' Bromodomain and Extra Terminal domain (BET) proteins, there have been relentless efforts to develop epigenetic therapy with small molecules to modulate molecular interactions of epigenome reader domain proteins with PTMs. In addition to BET, the other emerging targets include non-BET acetyl-lysine and methyl-lysine reader domains. This review covers the key chemical modulators of the aforementioned epigenome reader proteins.
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24
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Role of the CBP catalytic core in intramolecular SUMOylation and control of histone H3 acetylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone acetyl transferases CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its paralog p300 play a critical role in numerous cellular processes. Dysregulation of their catalytic activity is associated with several human diseases. Previous work has elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of p300 acetyltransferase activity, but it is not known whether CBP activity is controlled similarly. Here, we present the crystal structure of the CBP catalytic core encompassing the bromodomain (BRD), CH2 (comprising PHD and RING), HAT, and ZZ domains at 2.4-Å resolution. The BRD, PHD, and HAT domains form an integral structural unit to which the RING and ZZ domains are flexibly attached. The structure of the apo-CBP HAT domain is similar to that of acyl-CoA-bound p300 HAT complexes and shows that the acetyl-CoA binding site is stably formed in the absence of cofactor. The BRD, PHD, and ZZ domains interact with small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO-1) and Ubc9, and function as an intramolecular E3 ligase for SUMOylation of the cell cycle regulatory domain 1 (CRD1) of CBP, which is located adjacent to the BRD. In vitro HAT assays suggest that the RING domain, the autoregulatory loop (AL) within the HAT domain, and the ZZ domain do not directly influence catalytic activity, whereas the BRD is essential for histone H3 acetylation in nucleosomal substrates. Several lysine residues in the intrinsically disordered AL are autoacetylated by the HAT domain. Upon autoacetylation, acetyl-K1596 (Ac-K1596) binds intramolecularly to the BRD, competing with histones for binding to the BRD and acting as a negative regulator that inhibits histone H3 acetylation.
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25
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Spiliotopoulos D, Zhu J, Wamhoff EC, Deerain N, Marchand JR, Aretz J, Rademacher C, Caflisch A. Virtual screen to NMR (VS2NMR): Discovery of fragment hits for the CBP bromodomain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2472-2478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Buuh ZY, Lyu Z, Wang RE. Interrogating the Roles of Post-Translational Modifications of Non-Histone Proteins. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3239-3252. [PMID: 28505447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allot versatility to the biological functions of highly conserved proteins. Recently, modifications to non-histone proteins such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and many more have been linked to the regulation of pivotal pathways related to cellular response and stability. Due to the roles these dynamic modifications assume, their dysregulation has been associated with cancer and many other important diseases such as inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. For this reason, we present a review and perspective on important post-translational modifications on non-histone proteins, with emphasis on their roles in diseases and small molecule inhibitors developed to target PTM writers. Certain PTMs' contribution to epigenetics has been extensively expounded; yet more efforts will be needed to systematically dissect their roles on non-histone proteins, especially for their relationships with nononcological diseases. Finally, current research approaches for PTM study will be discussed and compared, including limitations and possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakey Yusuf Buuh
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Zhigang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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27
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Grassi ES, Vezzoli V, Negri I, Lábadi Á, Fugazzola L, Vitale G, Persani L. SP600125 has a remarkable anticancer potential against undifferentiated thyroid cancer through selective action on ROCK and p53 pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36383-99. [PMID: 26415230 PMCID: PMC4742184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with increasing incidence worldwide. The majority of thyroid cancer cases are well differentiated with favorable outcome. However, undifferentiated thyroid cancers are one of the most lethal human malignancies because of their invasiveness, metastatization and refractoriness even to the most recently developed therapies. In this study we show for the first time a significant hyperactivation of ROCK/HDAC6 pathway in thyroid cancer tissues, and its negative correlation with p53 DNA binding ability. We demonstrate that a small compound, SP600125 (SP), is able to induce cell death selectively in undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell lines by specifically acting on the pathogenic pathways of cancer development. In detail, SP acts on the ROCK/HDAC6 pathway involved in dedifferentiation and invasiveness of undifferentiated human cancers, by restoring its physiological activity level. As main consequence, cancer cell migration is inhibited and, at the same time, cell death is induced through the mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, SP exerts a preferential action on the mutant p53 by increasing its DNA binding ability. In TP53-mutant cells that survive mitotic catastrophe this process results in p21 induction and eventually lead to premature senescence. In conclusion, SP has been proved to be able to simultaneously block cell replication and migration, the two main processes involved in cancer development and dissemination, making it an ideal candidate for developing new drugs against anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Negri
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Current address: IRIBHM, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Árpád Lábadi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Endocrine Unit-Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Cusano Milanino, Italy.,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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28
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Bromodomains in Protozoan Parasites: Evolution, Function, and Opportunities for Drug Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:81/1/e00047-16. [PMID: 28077462 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00047-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections remain one of the most pressing global health concerns of our day, affecting billions of people and producing unsustainable economic burdens. The rise of drug-resistant parasites has created an urgent need to study their biology in hopes of uncovering new potential drug targets. It has been established that disrupting gene expression by interfering with lysine acetylation is detrimental to survival of apicomplexan (Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.) and kinetoplastid (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma spp.) parasites. As "readers" of lysine acetylation, bromodomain proteins have emerged as key gene expression regulators and a promising new class of drug target. Here we review recent studies that demonstrate the essential roles played by bromodomain-containing proteins in parasite viability, invasion, and stage switching and present work showing the efficacy of bromodomain inhibitors as novel antiparasitic agents. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of bromodomain proteins in representative pathogens, some of which possess unique features that may be specific to parasite processes and useful in future drug development.
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29
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Abstract
Aberrations in the epigenetic landscape are a hallmark of cancer. Alterations in enzymes that are “writers,” “erasers,” or “readers” of histone modification marks are common. Bromodomains are “readers” that bind acetylated lysines in histone tails. Their most important function is the regulation of gene transcription by the recruitment of different molecular partners. Moreover, proteins containing bromodomains are also epigenetic regulators, although little is known about the specific function of these domains. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing small molecules that can target specific bromodomains. First, this has helped clarify biological functions of bromodomain-containing proteins. Secondly, it opens a new front for combatting cancer. In this review we will describe the structures and mechanisms associated with Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif (BET) inhibitors and non-BET inhibitors, their current status of development, and their promising role as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Pérez-Salvia
- a Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- a Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain.,b Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain.,c Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
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30
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Myrianthopoulos V, Gaboriaud-Kolar N, Tallant C, Hall ML, Grigoriou S, Brownlee P, Fedorov O, Rogers C, Heidenreich D, Wanior M, Drosos N, Mexia N, Savitsky P, Bagratuni T, Kastritis E, Terpos E, Filippakopoulos P, Müller S, Skaltsounis AL, Downs J, Knapp S, Mikros E. Discovery and Optimization of a Selective Ligand for the Switch/Sucrose Nonfermenting-Related Bromodomains of Polybromo Protein-1 by the Use of Virtual Screening and Hydration Analysis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8787-8803. [PMID: 27617704 PMCID: PMC5301280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains (BRDs) are epigenetic interaction domains currently recognized as emerging drug targets for development of anticancer or anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, development of a selective ligand of the fifth BRD of polybromo protein-1 (PB1(5)) related to switch/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes is presented. A compound collection was evaluated by consensus virtual screening and a hit was identified. The biophysical study of protein-ligand interactions was performed using X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry. Collective data supported the hypothesis that affinity improvement could be achieved by enhancing interactions of the complex with the solvent. The derived SAR along with free energy calculations and a consensus hydration analysis using WaterMap and SZmap algorithms guided rational design of a set of novel analogues. The most potent analogue demonstrated high affinity of 3.3 μM and an excellent selectivity profile, thus comprising a promising lead for the development of chemical probes targeting PB1(5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Gaboriaud-Kolar
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Cynthia Tallant
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Michelle-Lynn Hall
- Schrödinger
Inc., 222 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stylianos Grigoriou
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Peter
Moore Brownlee
- Genome
Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, U.K.
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - David Heidenreich
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Wanior
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Drosos
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikitia Mexia
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Tina Bagratuni
- Department
of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department
of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department
of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Susanne Müller
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jessica
Ann Downs
- Genome
Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, U.K.
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute (TDI), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
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31
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Moustakim M, Clark PGK, Hay DA, Dixon DJ, Brennan PE. Chemical probes and inhibitors of bromodomains outside the BET family. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:2246-2264. [PMID: 29170712 PMCID: PMC5644722 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in discovering inhibitors and chemical probes of bromodomains, epigenetic readers of lysine acetylation.
In the last five years, the development of inhibitors of bromodomains has emerged as an area of intensive worldwide research. Emerging evidence has implicated a number of non-BET bromodomains in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer, HIV infection and inflammation. The development and use of small molecule chemical probes has been fundamental to pre-clinical evaluation of bromodomains as targets. Recent efforts are described highlighting the development of potent, selective and cell active non-BET bromodomain inhibitors and their therapeutic potential. Over half of typical bromodomains now have reported ligands, but those with atypical binding site residues remain resistant to chemical probe discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Moustakim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Peter G K Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Duncan A Hay
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
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32
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Galdeano C, Ciulli A. Selectivity on-target of bromodomain chemical probes by structure-guided medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1655-80. [PMID: 27193077 PMCID: PMC5321501 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting epigenetic proteins is a rapidly growing area for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in developing small molecules binding to bromodomains, the readers of acetyl-lysine modifications. A plethora of co-crystal structures has motivated focused fragment-based design and optimization programs within both industry and academia. These efforts have yielded several compounds entering the clinic, and many more are increasingly being used as chemical probes to interrogate bromodomain biology. High selectivity of chemical probes is necessary to ensure biological activity is due to an on-target effect. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of bromodomain-targeting compounds, focusing on the structural basis for their on-target selectivity or lack thereof. We also highlight chemical biology approaches to enhance on-target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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33
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Theodoulou NH, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Clinical progress and pharmacology of small molecule bromodomain inhibitors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Spiliotopoulos D, Caflisch A. Fragment-based in silico screening of bromodomain ligands. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 19:81-90. [PMID: 27769362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We review the results of fragment-based high-throughput docking to the N-terminal bromodomain of BRD4 and the CREBBP bromodomain. In both docking campaigns the ALTA (anchor-based library tailoring) procedure was used to reduce the size of the initial library by selecting for flexible docking only the molecules that contain a fragment with favorable predicted binding energy. Ranking by a force field-based energy with solvation has resulted in small-molecule hits with low-micromolar affinity and favorable ligand efficiency. Importantly, the binding modes predicted by docking have been validated by X-ray crystallography. One of the hits for the CREBBP bromodomain has been optimized by medicinal chemistry into a series of potent and selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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35
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NMR-based platform for fragment-based lead discovery used in screening BRD4-targeted compounds. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:984-93. [PMID: 27238211 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) is a complementary approach in drug research and development. In this study, we established an NMR-based FBLD platform that was used to screen novel scaffolds targeting human bromodomain of BRD4, and investigated the binding interactions between hit compounds and the target protein. METHODS 1D NMR techniques were primarily used to generate the fragment library and to screen compounds. The inhibitory activity of hits on the first bromodomain of BRD4 [BRD4(I)] was examined using fluorescence anisotropy binding assay. 2D NMR and X-ray crystallography were applied to characterize the binding interactions between hit compounds and the target protein. RESULTS An NMR-based fragment library containing 539 compounds was established, which were clustered into 56 groups (8-10 compounds in each group). Eight hits with new scaffolds were found to inhibit BRD4(I). Four out of the 8 hits (compounds 1, 2, 8 and 9) had IC50 values of 100-260 μmol/L, demonstrating their potential for further BRD4-targeted hit-to-lead optimization. Analysis of the binding interactions revealed that compounds 1 and 2 shared a common quinazolin core structure and bound to BRD4(I) in a non-acetylated lysine mimetic mode. CONCLUSION An NMR-based platform for FBLD was established and used in discovery of BRD4-targeted compounds. Four potential hit-to-lead optimization candidates have been found, two of them bound to BRD4(I) in a non-acetylated lysine mimetic mode, being selective BRD4(I) inhibitors.
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36
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Wapenaar H, Dekker FJ. Histone acetyltransferases: challenges in targeting bi-substrate enzymes. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:59. [PMID: 27231488 PMCID: PMC4881052 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are epigenetic enzymes that install acetyl groups onto lysine residues of cellular proteins such as histones, transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and enzymes. HATs have been shown to play a role in diseases ranging from cancer and inflammatory diseases to neurological disorders, both through acetylations of histone proteins and non-histone proteins. Several HAT inhibitors, like bi-substrate inhibitors, natural product derivatives, small molecules, and protein–protein interaction inhibitors, have been developed. Despite their potential, a large gap remains between the biological activity of inhibitors in in vitro studies and their potential use as therapeutic agents. To bridge this gap, new potent HAT inhibitors with improved properties need to be developed. However, several challenges have been encountered in the investigation of HATs and HAT inhibitors that hinder the development of new HAT inhibitors. HATs have been shown to function in complexes consisting of many proteins. These complexes play a role in the activity and target specificity of HATs, which limits the translation of in vitro to in vivo experiments. The current HAT inhibitors suffer from undesired properties like anti-oxidant activity, reactivity, instability, low potency, or lack of selectivity between HAT subtypes and other enzymes. A characteristic feature of HATs is that they are bi-substrate enzymes that catalyze reactions between two substrates: the cofactor acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and a lysine-containing substrate. This has important—but frequently overlooked—consequences for the determination of the inhibitory potency of small molecule HAT inhibitors and the reproducibility of enzyme inhibition experiments. We envision that a careful characterization of molecular aspects of HATs and HAT inhibitors, such as the HAT catalytic mechanism and the enzyme kinetics of small molecule HAT inhibitors, will greatly improve the development of potent and selective HAT inhibitors and provide validated starting points for further development towards therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Abstract
The bromodomain (BrD) is a conserved protein modular domain found in many chromatin- and transcription-associated proteins that has the ability to recognize acetylated lysine residues. This activity allows bromodomains to play a vital role in many acetylation-mediated protein-protein interactions in the cell, ranging from substrate recruitment for histone acetyltransferases (HATs) to aiding in multiple-protein complex assembly for gene transcriptional activation or suppression in chromatin. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to develop chemical inhibitors of these bromodomains in an effort to probe their cellular functions. Potent and selective inhibitors have been extensively developed for one group of the bromodomain family termed BET proteins that consist of tandem bromodomains followed by an extra terminal domain. Drug developers are actively designing inhibitors of other bromodomains and working to move the most successful inhibitors into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Smith
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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38
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Paluch BE, Naqash AR, Brumberger Z, Nemeth MJ, Griffiths EA. Epigenetics: A primer for clinicians. Blood Rev 2016; 30:285-95. [PMID: 26969414 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cellular biology, we now appreciate that modifications to DNA and histones can have a profound impact on transcription and function, even in the absence of changes to DNA sequence. These modifications, now commonly referred to as "epigenetic" alterations, have changed how we understand cell behavior, reprogramming and differentiation and have provided significant insight into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Epigenetic alterations, to this point, are largely identified by changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation of histone tails. These modifications enable significant flexibility in gene expression, rather than just turning genes "ON" or "OFF." Herein we describe the epigenetic landscape in the regulation of gene expression with a particular focus on interrogating DNA methylation in myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Abdul R Naqash
- Catholic Health, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), 2157 Main Street, 14214 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zachary Brumberger
- University at Buffalo State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, 14260 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Leukemia Division, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
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39
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Kaypee S, Sudarshan D, Shanmugam MK, Mukherjee D, Sethi G, Kundu TK. Aberrant lysine acetylation in tumorigenesis: Implications in the development of therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:98-119. [PMID: 26808162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 'language' of covalent histone modifications translates environmental and cellular cues into gene expression. This vast array of post-translational modifications on histones are more than just covalent moieties added onto a protein, as they also form a platform on which crucial cellular signals are relayed. The reversible lysine acetylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification of both histone and non-histone proteins, dictating numerous epigenetic programs within a cell. Thus, understanding the complex biology of lysine acetylation and its regulators is essential for the development of epigenetic therapeutics. In this review, we will attempt to address the complexities of lysine acetylation in the context of tumorigenesis, their role in cancer progression and emphasize on the modalities developed to target lysine acetyltransferases towards cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kaypee
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepthi Sudarshan
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Debanjan Mukherjee
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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40
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Theodoulou NH, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Progress in the Development of non-BET Bromodomain Chemical Probes. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:477-87. [PMID: 26749027 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of bromodomains have been the focus of extensive research, leading to the development of many potent, selective chemical probes and recent clinical assets. The profound biology associated with BET bromodomain inhibition has provided a convincing rationale for targeting bromodomains for the treatment of disease. However, the BET family represents just eight of the at least 56 human bromodomains identified to date. Until recently, there has been significantly less interest in non-BET bromodomains, leaving a vast area of research and the majority of this new target class yet to be thoroughly investigated. It has been widely reported that several non-BET bromodomain containing proteins are associated with various diseases including cancer and HIV. Therefore, the development of chemical probes for non-BET bromodomains will facilitate elucidation of their precise biological roles and potentially lead to the development of new medicines. This review summarises the progress made towards the development of non-BET bromodomain chemical probes to date. In addition, we highlight the potential for future work in this new and exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Theodoulou
- Epinova Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epinova Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip G Humphreys
- Epinova Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK.
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41
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Simon RP, Robaa D, Alhalabi Z, Sippl W, Jung M. KATching-Up on Small Molecule Modulators of Lysine Acetyltransferases. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1249-70. [PMID: 26701186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reversible acetylation of lysines is one of the best characterized epigenetic modifications. Its involvement in many key physiological and pathological processes has been documented in numerous studies. Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) and acetyltransferases (KATs) maintain the acetylation equilibrium at histones but also many other proteins. Besides acetylation, also other acyl groups are reversibly installed at the side chain of lysines in proteins. Because of their involvement in disease, KDACs and KATs were proposed to be promising drug targets, and for KDACs, indeed, five inhibitors are now approved for human use. While there is a similar level of evidence for the potential of KATs as drug targets, no inhibitor is in clinical trials. Here, we review the evidence for the diverse roles of KATs in disease pathology, provide an overview of structural features and the available modulators, including those targeting the bromodomains of KATs, and present an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Simon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Zayan Alhalabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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42
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Cortopassi WA, Kumar K, Paton RS. Cation–π interactions in CREBBP bromodomain inhibition: an electrostatic model for small-molecule binding affinity and selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10926-10938. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new model is presented to explain and predict binding affinity of aromatic and heteroaromatic ligands for the CREBBP bromodomain based on cation–π interaction strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
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43
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Ferri E, Petosa C, McKenna CE. Bromodomains: Structure, function and pharmacology of inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 106:1-18. [PMID: 26707800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains are epigenetic readers of histone acetylation involved in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. The human proteome comprises 46 bromodomain-containing proteins with a total of 61 bromodomains, which, despite highly conserved structural features, recognize a wide array of natural peptide ligands. Over the past five years, bromodomains have attracted great interest as promising new epigenetic targets for diverse human diseases, including inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The demonstration in 2010 that two small molecule compounds, JQ1 and I-BET762, potently inhibit proteins of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family with translational potential for cancer and inflammatory disease sparked intense efforts in academia and pharmaceutical industry to develop novel bromodomain antagonists for therapeutic applications. Several BET inhibitors are already in clinical trials for hematological malignancies, solid tumors and cardiovascular disease. Currently, the field faces the challenge of single-target selectivity, especially within the BET family, and of overcoming problems related to the development of drug resistance. At the same time, new trends in bromodomain inhibitor research are emerging, including an increased interest in non-BET bromodomains and a focus on drug synergy with established antitumor agents to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy. This review presents an updated view of the structure and function of bromodomains, traces the development of bromodomain inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications, and surveys the current challenges and future directions of this vibrant new field in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferri
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Carlo Petosa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBS, 38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, IBS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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Chekler ELP, Pellegrino JA, Lanz TA, Denny RA, Flick AC, Coe J, Langille J, Basak A, Liu S, Stock IA, Sahasrabudhe P, Bonin PD, Lee K, Pletcher MT, Jones LH. Transcriptional Profiling of a Selective CREB Binding Protein Bromodomain Inhibitor Highlights Therapeutic Opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1588-96. [PMID: 26670081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains are involved in transcriptional regulation through the recognition of acetyl lysine modifications on diverse proteins. Selective pharmacological modulators of bromodomains are lacking, although the largely hydrophobic nature of the pocket makes these modules attractive targets for small-molecule inhibitors. This work describes the structure-based design of a highly selective inhibitor of the CREB binding protein (CBP) bromodomain and its use in cell-based transcriptional profiling experiments. The inhibitor downregulated a number of inflammatory genes in macrophages that were not affected by a selective BET bromodomain inhibitor. In addition, the CBP bromodomain inhibitor modulated the mRNA level of the regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) gene in neurons, suggesting a potential therapeutic opportunity for CBP inhibitors in the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas A Lanz
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Aldrin Denny
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew C Flick
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jotham Coe
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jonathan Langille
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Arindrajit Basak
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Shenping Liu
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Ingrid A Stock
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Parag Sahasrabudhe
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Paul D Bonin
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mathew T Pletcher
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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45
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Picaud S, Fedorov O, Thanasopoulou A, Leonards K, Jones K, Meier J, Olzscha H, Monteiro O, Martin S, Philpott M, Tumber A, Filippakopoulos P, Yapp C, Wells C, Che KH, Bannister A, Robson S, Kumar U, Parr N, Lee K, Lugo D, Jeffrey P, Taylor S, Vecellio ML, Bountra C, Brennan PE, O’Mahony A, Velichko S, Müller S, Hay D, Daniels DL, Urh M, La Thangue NB, Kouzarides T, Prinjha R, Schwaller J, Knapp S. Generation of a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of the CBP/p300 Bromodomain for Leukemia Therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5106-5119. [PMID: 26552700 PMCID: PMC4948672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300 are involved in recurrent leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations and are key regulators of cell growth. Therefore, efforts to generate inhibitors of CBP/p300 are of clinical value. We developed a specific and potent acetyl-lysine competitive protein-protein interaction inhibitor, I-CBP112, that targets the CBP/p300 bromodomains. Exposure of human and mouse leukemic cell lines to I-CBP112 resulted in substantially impaired colony formation and induced cellular differentiation without significant cytotoxicity. I-CBP112 significantly reduced the leukemia-initiating potential of MLL-AF9(+) acute myeloid leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, I-CBP112 increased the cytotoxic activity of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 as well as doxorubicin. Collectively, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of a novel, potent inhibitor targeting CBP/p300 bromodomains that impairs aberrant self-renewal of leukemic cells. The synergistic effects of I-CBP112 and current standard therapy (doxorubicin) as well as emerging treatment strategies (BET inhibition) provide new opportunities for combinatorial treatment of leukemia and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angeliki Thanasopoulou
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Leonards
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Jones
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Julia Meier
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Octovia Monteiro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Martin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Martin Philpott
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher Wells
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ka Hing Che
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andrew Bannister
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Samuel Robson
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nigel Parr
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kevin Lee
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Dave Lugo
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Philip Jeffrey
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Taylor
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Matteo L. Vecellio
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alison O’Mahony
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sharlene Velichko
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Susanne Müller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Danette L. Daniels
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Marjeta Urh
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tony Kouzarides
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rab Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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46
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Ray A, Rana S, Banerjee D, Mitra A, Datta R, Naskar S, Sarkar S. Improved bioavailability of targeted Curcumin delivery efficiently regressed cardiac hypertrophy by modulating apoptotic load within cardiac microenvironment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 290:54-65. [PMID: 26612707 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis acts as a prime modulator of cardiac hypertrophy leading to heart failure, a major cause of human mortality worldwide. Recent therapeutic interventions have focussed on translational applications of diverse pharmaceutical regimes among which, Curcumin (from Curcuma longa) is known to have an anti-hypertrophic potential but with limited pharmacological efficacies due to low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. In this study, Curcumin encapsulated by carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticle conjugated to a myocyte specific homing peptide was successfully delivered in bioactive form to pathological myocardium for effective regression of cardiac hypertrophy in a rat (Rattus norvegicus) model. Targeted nanotization showed higher cardiac bioavailability of Curcumin at a low dose of 5 mg/kg body weight compared to free Curcumin at 35 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, Curcumin/CMC-peptide treatment during hypertrophy significantly improved cardiac function by downregulating expression of hypertrophy marker genes (ANF, β-MHC), apoptotic mediators (Bax, Cytochrome-c) and activity of apoptotic markers (Caspase 3 and PARP); whereas free Curcumin in much higher dose showed minimal improvement during compromised cardiac function. Targeted Curcumin treatment significantly lowered p53 expression and activation in diseased myocardium via inhibited interaction of p53 with p300-HAT. Thus attenuated acetylation of p53 facilitated p53 ubiquitination and reduced the apoptotic load in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes; thereby limiting cardiomyocytes' need to enter the regeneration cycle during hypertrophy. This study elucidates for the first time an efficient targeted delivery regimen for Curcumin and also attributes towards probable mechanistic insight into its therapeutic potential as a cardio-protective agent for regression of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aramita Ray
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Santanu Rana
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Durba Banerjee
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arkadeep Mitra
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ritwik Datta
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shaon Naskar
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sagartirtha Sarkar
- Genetics and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Steven G Smith
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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48
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Urick AK, Hawk LML, Cassel MK, Mishra NK, Liu S, Adhikari N, Zhang W, dos Santos CO, Hall JL, Pomerantz WCK. Dual Screening of BPTF and Brd4 Using Protein-Observed Fluorine NMR Uncovers New Bromodomain Probe Molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2246-56. [PMID: 26158404 PMCID: PMC4858447 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein dysregulation is linked to cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. Selective inhibition of bromodomain function is a newly proposed therapeutic strategy. We describe a (19)F NMR dual screening method for small molecule discovery using fluorinated tryptophan resonances on two bromodomain-containing proteins. The chemical shift dispersion of (19)F resonances within fluorine-labeled proteins enables the simultaneous analysis of two fluorinated bromodomains by NMR. A library of 229 small molecules was screened against the first bromodomain of Brd4 and the BPTF bromodomain. We report the first small molecule selective for BPTF over Brd4, termed AU1. The Kd = 2.8 μM for AU1, which is active in a cell-based reporter assay. No binding is detected with Brd4. Three new Brd4 inhibitors with submicromolar affinity were also discovered. Brd4 hits were validated in a thermal stability assay and potency determined via fluorescence anisotropy. The speed, ease of interpretation, and low protein concentration needed for protein-observed (19)F NMR experiments in a multiprotein format offers a new method to discover and characterize selective ligands for bromodomain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Urick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Laura M. L. Hawk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Melissa K. Cassel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Neeraj K. Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, 2231 6thStreet SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
| | | | - Jennifer L. Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, 2231 6thStreet SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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49
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Dichotomy in the Epigenetic Mark Lysine Acetylation is Critical for the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1622-42. [PMID: 26295410 PMCID: PMC4586787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of lysine acetylation serve as a major epigenetic mark, which regulates cellular response to inflammation, DNA damage and hormonal changes. Microarray assays reveal changes in gene expression, but cannot predict regulation of a protein function by epigenetic modifications. The present study employs computational tools to inclusively analyze microarray data to understand the potential role of acetylation during development of androgen-independent PCa. The data revealed that the androgen receptor interacts with 333 proteins, out of which at least 92 proteins were acetylated. Notably, the number of cellular proteins undergoing acetylation in the androgen-dependent PCa was more as compared to the androgen-independent PCa. Specifically, the 32 lysine-acetylated proteins in the cellular models of androgen-dependent PCa were mainly involved in regulating stability as well as pre- and post-processing of mRNA. Collectively, the data demonstrate that protein lysine acetylation plays a crucial role during the transition of androgen-dependent to -independent PCa, which importantly, could also serve as a functional axis to unravel new therapeutic targets.
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50
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Sheng C, Dong G, Miao Z, Zhang W, Wang W. State-of-the-art strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions by small-molecule inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8238-59. [PMID: 26248294 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has emerged as a viable approach in modern drug discovery. However, the identification of small molecules enabling us to effectively interrupt their interactions presents significant challenges. In the recent past, significant advances have been made in the development of new biological and chemical strategies to facilitate the discovery process of small-molecule PPI inhibitors. This review aims to highlight the state-of-the-art technologies and the achievements made recently in this field. The "hot spots" of PPIs have been proved to be critical for small molecules to bind. Three strategies including screening, designing, and synthetic approaches have been explored for discovering PPI inhibitors by targeting the "hot spots". Although the classic high throughput screening approach can be used, fragment screening, fragment-based drug design and newly improved virtual screening are demonstrated to be more effective in the discovery of PPI inhibitors. In addition to screening approaches, design strategies including anchor-based and small molecule mimetics of secondary structures involved in PPIs have become powerful tools as well. Finally, constructing new chemically spaced libraries with high diversity and complexity is becoming an important area of interest for PPI inhibitors. The successful cases from the recent five year studies are used to illustrate how these approaches are implemented to uncover and optimize small molecule PPI inhibitors and notably some of them have become promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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