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Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Ababei DC, Neamțu M, Arcan OD, Macadan I, Beșchea Chiriac S, Bild W, Bild V. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists in Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus, and Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1667. [PMID: 37371762 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, research has greatly expanded the knowledge of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its involvement in several therapeutic applications. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are present in nearly every mammalian tissue, performing a vital role in different physiological processes (neuronal development, immune modulation, energy homeostasis). The ECS has an essential role in metabolic control and lipid signaling, making it a potential target for managing conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Its malfunction is closely linked to these pathological conditions. Additionally, the immunomodulatory function of the ECS presents a promising avenue for developing new treatments for various types of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Preclinical investigations using peripherally restricted CBR antagonists that do not cross the BBB have shown promise for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases, highlighting the importance of continuing efforts to discover novel molecules with superior safety profiles. The purpose of this review is to examine the roles of CB1R and CB2Rs, as well as their antagonists, in relation to the above-mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica Neamțu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Dana Arcan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Macadan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin Beșchea Chiriac
- Department of Toxicology, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Assessments of Depsidones as Possible Selective Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonists. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041761. [PMID: 36838749 PMCID: PMC9965315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of natural drug metabolites is a leading contributor to fulfilling the sustainable development goal of finding solutions to global health challenges. Depsidones are a class of polyketides that have been separated from lichens, fungi, sponges, and plants and possess various bioactivities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antituberculosis, acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibition, and anti-inflammatory effects. Endocannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and their activation mediates many physiological processes. CB1 is the dominant subtype in the central nervous system, while CB2 is mainly expressed in the immune system. The two receptors exhibit high heterogeneity, making developing selective ligands a great challenge. Attempts to develop CB2 selective agonists for treating inflammatory diseases and neuropathic pain have not been successful due to the high homology of the binding sites of the CB receptors. In this work, 235 depsidones from various sources were investigated for the possibility of identifying CB2-selective agonists by performing multiple docking studies, including induced fit docking and Prime/molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) calculations to predict the binding mode and free energy. Simplicildone J (10), lobaric acid (110), mollicellin Q (101), garcinisidone E (215), mollicellin P (100), paucinervin Q (149), and boremexin C (161) had the highest binding scores (-12.134 kcal/mol, -11.944 kcal/mol, -11.479 kcal/mol, -11.394 kcal/mol, -11.322 kcal/mol, -11.305 kcal/mol, and -11.254 kcal/mol, respectively) when screened against the CB2 receptor (PDB ID: 6KPF). The molecular dynamic simulation was performed on the compounds with the highest binding scores. The computational outcomes show that garcinisidone E (215) and paucinervin Q (149) could be substantial candidates for CB2 receptor activation and warrant further in vivo and in vitro investigations.
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Pandey P, Kumarihamy M, Chaturvedi K, Ibrahim MAM, Lambert JA, Godfrey M, Doerksen RJ, Muhammad I. In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Neolignans from Magnolia grandiflora L. Seeds against Human Cannabinoids and Opioid Receptors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031253. [PMID: 36770918 PMCID: PMC9920749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnolia grandiflora L. (Magnoliaceae) is a plant of considerable medicinal significance; its flowers and seeds have been used in various traditional remedies. Radioligand binding assays of n-hexane seeds extract showed displacement of radioligand for cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) and opioid δ (delta), κ (kappa), and µ (mu) receptors. Bioactivity-guided fractionation afforded 4-O-methylhonokiol (1), magnolol (2), and honokiol (3), which showed higher binding to cannabinoid rather than opioid receptors in radioligand binding assays. Compounds 1-3, together with the dihydro analog of 2 (4), displayed selective affinity towards CB2R (Ki values of 0.29, 1.4, 1.94, and 0.99 μM, respectively), compared to CB1R (Ki 3.85, 17.82, 14.55, and 19.08 μM, respectively). An equal mixture of 2 and 3 (1:1 ratio) showed additive displacement activity towards the tested receptors compared to either 2 or 3 alone, which in turn provides an explanation for the strong displacement activity of the n-hexane extract. Due to the unavailability of an NMR or X-ray crystal structure of bound neolignans with the CB1 and CB2 receptors, a docking study was performed to predict ligand-protein interactions at a molecular level and to delineate structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the neolignan analogs with the CB1 and CB2 receptors. The putative binding modes of neolignans 1-3 and previously reported related analogs (4, 4a, 5, 5a, 6, 6a, and 6b) into the active site of the CB1 and CB2 receptors were assessed for the first time via molecular docking and binding free-energy (∆G) calculations. The docking and ∆G results revealed the importance of a hydroxyl moiety in the molecules that forms strong H-bonding with Ser383 and Ser285 within CB1R and CB2R, respectively. The impact of a shift from a hydroxyl to the methoxy group on experimental binding affinity to CB1R versus CB2R was explained through ∆G data and the orientation of the alkyl chain within the CB1R. This comprehensive SAR, influenced by the computational study and the observed in vitro displacement binding affinities, has indicated the potential of magnolia neolignans for developing new CB agonists for potential use as analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, or anxiolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Pandey
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (I.M.); Tel.: +1-(662)-915-1005 (P.P.); +1-(662)-915-1051 (I.M.)
| | - Mallika Kumarihamy
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Krishna Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed A. M. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Janet A. Lambert
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Murrell Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (I.M.); Tel.: +1-(662)-915-1005 (P.P.); +1-(662)-915-1051 (I.M.)
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Magham SV, Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy P, Shaji N, Mani L, Balasubramanian S. Cannabinoid receptor 2 selective agonists and Alzheimer's disease: An insight into the therapeutic potentials. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2888-2905. [PMID: 34486749 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system has been extensively studied in recent decades, particularly the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, due to their important role in neuroinflammation. Among these, CB2 has gained prominence due to its selective overexpression in glial cells during neuroinflammation. In contrast to CB1 agonists, CB2 agonists have no side effects such as ataxia, hypothermia, euphoria, psychological, or addiction liabilities. CB2 and its selective agonists' above-mentioned unique properties have become a research focus in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The review discusses the neuroprotective role of CB receptors, particularly CB2, in AD, as well as the significance and limitations of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Varshini Magham
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | | | - Neenu Shaji
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | - Lalithkumar Mani
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
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Youn SW, Cho CG. Transition-metal-catalyzed ortho-selective C-H functionalization reactions of free phenols. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5028-5047. [PMID: 34027964 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are important readily available chemical feedstocks and versatile synthetic building blocks for diverse synthetic transformations. Their motifs are prevalent in a diverse array of natural products, pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and privileged chiral ligands. Consequently, the development of facile and direct site-selective C-H bond functionalization of free phenols is of great importance and considerable interest to both industry and academic research. Over the past decades, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization has become as a powerful synthetic tool in organic synthesis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in the transition-metal-catalyzed direct ortho-selective C-H functionalization of free phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Won Youn
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Cheon-Gyu Cho
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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Lin Y, Li Y, Zeng Y, Tian B, Qu X, Yuan Q, Song Y. Pharmacology, Toxicity, Bioavailability, and Formulation of Magnolol: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632767. [PMID: 33815113 PMCID: PMC8010308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol (MG) is one of the primary active components of Magnoliae officinalis cortex, which has been widely used in traditional Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine and possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities. In recent years, attention has been drawn to this component due to its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug. To summarize the new biological and pharmacological data on MG, we screened the literature from January 2011 to October 2020. In this review, we provide an actualization of already known anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protection, antiangiogenesis, antidiabetes, hypoglycemic, antioxidation, neuroprotection, gastrointestinal protection, and antibacterial activities of MG. Besides, results from studies on antitumor activity are presented. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms, toxicity, bioavailability, and formulations of MG. Therefore, we provide a valid cognition of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanlian Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianghua Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Lago-Fernandez A, Zarzo-Arias S, Jagerovic N, Morales P. Relevance of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors in Multitarget Paradigm Associated with the Endocannabinoid System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1001. [PMID: 33498245 PMCID: PMC7863932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have shown to exert their therapeutic actions through a variety of targets. These include not only the canonical cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R but also related orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ligand-gated ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, metabolic enzymes, and nuclear receptors. In this review, we aim to summarize reported compounds exhibiting their therapeutic effects upon the modulation of CB1R and/or CB2R and the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Concomitant actions at CBRs and PPARα or PPARγ subtypes have shown to mediate antiobesity, analgesic, antitumoral, or neuroprotective properties of a variety of phytogenic, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. The relevance of this multitargeting mechanism of action has been analyzed in the context of diverse pathologies. Synergistic effects triggered by combinatorial treatment with ligands that modulate the aforementioned targets have also been considered. This literature overview provides structural and pharmacological insights for the further development of dual cannabinoids for specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish Research Council, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-F.); (S.Z.-A.)
| | - Paula Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish Research Council, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-F.); (S.Z.-A.)
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Patel M, Finlay DB, Glass M. Biased agonism at the cannabinoid receptors - Evidence from synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109865. [PMID: 33259937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors implicated in a variety of physiological processes and diseases. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) were originally developed to explore the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoid receptor activation, although more recently, these compounds have been diverted to the recreational drug market and are increasingly associated with incidences of toxicity. A prominent concept in contemporary pharmacology is functional selectivity or biased agonism, which describes the ability of ligands to elicit differential activation of signalling pathways through stabilisation of distinct receptor conformations. Biased agonists may maximise drug effectiveness by reducing on-target adverse effects if they are mediated by signalling pathways distinct from those that drive the therapeutic effects. For the cannabinoid receptors, it remains unclear as to which signalling pathways mediate desirable and adverse effects. However, given their structural diversity and potential to induce a plethora of signalling effects, SCRAs provide the most promising prospect for detecting and studying bias at the cannabinoid receptors. This review summarises the emerging evidence of SCRA bias at the cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Pinheiro S, Pinheiro EMC, Muri EMF, Pessôa JC, Cadorini MA, Greco SJ. Biological activities of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and analogs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Kheiri G, Dolatshahi M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. Role of p38/MAPKs in Alzheimer's disease: implications for amyloid beta toxicity targeted therapy. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:9-30. [PMID: 29804103 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging, contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuroinflammation is and has been a focus of interest, as a common gateway for initiation of many of the underlying pathologies of AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, increasing RAGE expression, tau hyperphosphorylation, induction of apoptosis, and deregulated autophagy are among other mechanisms, partly entangled and being explained by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK signaling. p38 MAPK is the most essential regulator of Aβ induced toxicity from this family. p38 induces NF-κB activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and disruption of synaptic plasticity, which are other implications of all justifying the p38 MAPK as a potential target to break the vicious Aβ toxicity cycle. Until recently, many in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibitors in AD. The pyridinyl imidazole compounds SB202190 and SB203580 have shown promising anti-apoptotic results in vivo. MW108 inhibits activation of p38 and is able to postpone cognitive decline in animal models. The PD169316, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic features, has improved spatial memory in vivo. Natural compounds from Camellia sinensis (green tea), polyphenols from olive oil, pinocembrin from propolis, and the puerarine extract isoflavones, have shown strong anti-apoptotic features, mediated by p38 MAPK inhibition. Use of these drug targets is limited due to central nervous system side effects or cross-reactivity with other kinases, predicting the low efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Kheiri
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
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Apostu D, Lucaciu O, Mester A, Benea H, Oltean-Dan D, Onisor F, Baciut M, Bran S. Cannabinoids and bone regeneration. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:65-75. [PMID: 30702341 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1574303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue with unique properties such as high strength and regeneration capabilities while carrying out multiple functions. Bone regeneration occurs both in physiological situations (bone turnover) and in pathological situations (e.g. fractures), being performed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If this process is inadequate, fracture nonunion or aseptic loosening of implants occurs and requires a complex treatment. Exogenous factors are currently used to increase bone regeneration process when needed, such as bisphosphonates and vitamin D, but limitations do exist. Cannabinoid system has been shown to have positive effects on bone metabolism. Cannabinoids at bone level mainly act on two receptors called CB-1 and CB-2, but GPR55, GPR119, TPRV1, TPRV4 receptors may also be involved. The CB-2 receptors are found in bone cells at higher levels compared to other receptors. Endocannabinods represented by anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, can stimulate osteoblast formation, bone formation and osteoclast activity. CB-2 agonists including HU-308, HU-433, JWH133, and JWH015 can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and activity, while CB-2 antagonists such as AM630 and SR144528 can inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function. CB-1 antagonist AM251 has been shown to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activity, while GPR55 antagonist cannabidiol increases osteoblast activity and decreases osteoclast function. An optimal correlation of dose, duration, moment of action, and affinity can lead to an increased bone regeneration capacity, with important benefits in many pathological situations which involve bone tissue. As adverse reactions of cannabinoids have not been described in patients under controlled medication, cannabinoids can represent future treatment for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Apostu
- a Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Ondine Lucaciu
- b Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health and Dental Office Management , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Alexandru Mester
- b Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health and Dental Office Management , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Horea Benea
- a Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Daniel Oltean-Dan
- a Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Florin Onisor
- c Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- c Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- c Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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Erratum: Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Signalling Bias Elicited by 2,4,6-Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazines. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:418. [PMID: 31024325 PMCID: PMC6460767 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Emran AA, Chinna Chowdary BR, Ahmed F, Hammerlindl H, Huefner A, Haass NK, Schuehly W, Schaider H. Magnolol induces cell death through PI3K/Akt-mediated epigenetic modifications boosting treatment of BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1186-1196. [PMID: 30793515 PMCID: PMC6434221 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most BRAF‐mutant melanoma patients experience a fulminate relapse after several months of treatment with BRAF/MEK inhibitors. To improve therapeutic efficacy, natural plant‐derived compounds might be considered as potent additives. Here, we show that magnolol, a constituent of Magnolia officinalis, induced G1 arrest, apoptosis and cell death in BRAF‐ and NRAS‐mutant melanoma cells at low concentration, with no effect in BRAF‐ and NRAS wild‐type melanoma cells and human keratinocytes. This was confirmed in a 3D spheroid model. The apoptosis‐inducing effect of magnolol was completely rescued by activating Akt suggesting a mechanism relying primarily on Akt signaling. Magnolol significantly downregulated the PI3K/Akt pathway which led to a global decrease of the active histone mark H3K4me3. Alongside, the repressive histone mark H3K9me3 was increased as a response to DNA damage. Magnolol‐induced alterations of histone modifications are reversible upon activation of the Akt pathway. Magnolol‐induced a synergistic effect in combination with either BRAF/MEK inhibitors dabrafenib/trametinib or docetaxel at a lower concentration than usually applied in melanoma patients. Combination of magnolol with targeted therapy or chemotherapy also led to analogous effects on histone marks, which was rescued by Akt pathway activation. Our study revealed a novel epigenetic mechanism of magnolol‐induced cell death in melanoma. Magnolol might therefore be a clinically useful addition to BRAF/MEK inhibitors with enhanced efficacy delaying or preventing disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Emran
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brinda Reddy Chinna Chowdary
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Farzana Ahmed
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heinz Hammerlindl
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antje Huefner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Helmut Schaider
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Oyagawa CRM, de la Harpe SM, Saroz Y, Glass M, Vernall AJ, Grimsey NL. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Signalling Bias Elicited by 2,4,6-Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazines. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 30524271 PMCID: PMC6256112 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is predominantly distributed in immune tissues and cells and is a promising therapeutic target for modulating inflammation. In this study we designed and synthesised a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines with piperazinylalkyl or 1,2-diethoxyethane (PEG2) chains as CB2 agonists, all of which were predicted to be considerably more polar than typical cannabinoid ligands. In this series, we found that triazines containing an adamantanyl group were conducive to CB2 binding whereas those with a cyclopentyl group were not. Although the covalent attachment of a PEG2 linker to the adamantyl triazines resulted in a decrease in binding affinity, some of the ligands produced very interesting hCB2 signalling profiles. Six compounds with notable hCB2 orthosteric binding were functionally characterised in three pathways; internalisation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and ERK phosphorylation (pERK). These were predominantly confirmed to be hCB2 agonists, and upon comparison to a reference ligand (CP 55,940), four compounds exhibited signalling bias. Triazines 14 (UOSD017) and 15 were biased towards internalisation over cAMP and pERK, and 7 was biased away from pERK activation relative to cAMP and internalisation. Intriguingly, the triazine with an amino-PEG2-piperazinyl linker (13 [UOSD008]) was identified to be a mixed agonist/inverse agonist, exhibiting apparent neutral antagonism in the internalisation pathway, transient inverse agonism in the cAMP pathway and weak partial agonism in the pERK pathway. Both the cAMP and pERK signalling were pertussis toxin (PTX) sensitive, implying that 13 is acting as both a weak agonist and inverse agonist at CB2 via Gαi/o. Compound 10 (UOSD015) acted as a balanced high intrinsic efficacy agonist with the potential to produce greater hCB2-mediated efficacy than reference ligand CP 55,940. As 10 includes a Boc-protected PEG2 moiety it is also a promising candidate for further modification, for example with a secondary reporter or fluorophore. The highest affinity compound in this set of relatively polar hCB2 ligands was compound 16, which acted as a slightly partial balanced agonist in comparison with CP 55,940. The ligands characterised here may therefore exhibit unique functional properties in vivo and have the potential to be valuable in the future development of CB2-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. M. Oyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Yurii Saroz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Natasha Lillia Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Yuan Y, Subedi L, Lim D, Jung JK, Kim SY, Seo SY. Synthesis and anti-neuroinflammatory activity of N-heterocyclic analogs based on natural biphenyl-neolignan honokiol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:329-333. [PMID: 30472026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel isoxazole and pyrazole analogs based on natural biphenyl-neolignan honokiol were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells. The isoxazole skeleton was constructed via nitrile oxide cycloaddition from oxime 3 and pyrazole was generated by condensation of 4-chromone and alkylhydrazine. Among the analogs, 13b and 14a showed stronger inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 8.9 and 1.2 µM, respectively, than honokiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy, and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Bioinspired Honokiol Analogs and Their Evaluation for Activity on the Norepinephrine Transporter. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102536. [PMID: 30287800 PMCID: PMC6222891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional Asian medicinal systems, preparations of the root and stem bark of Magnolia species are widely used to treat anxiety and other nervous disturbances. The biphenyl-type neolignans honokiol and magnolol are the main constituents of Magnolia bark extracts. In the central nervous system, Magnolia bark preparations that contain honokiol are thought to primarily interact with γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors. However, stress responses inherently involve the noradrenergic system, which has not been investigated in the pharmacological mechanism of honokiol. We present here interactions of honokiol and other synthesized biphenyl-type neolignans and diphenylmethane analogs with the norepinephrine transporter (NET), which is responsible for the synaptic clearance of norepinephrine and the target of many anxiolytics. Of the synthesized compounds, 16 are new chemical entities, which are fully characterized. The 52 compounds tested show mild, non-potent interactions with NET (IC50 > 100 µM). It is thus likely that the observed anxiolytic effects of, e.g., Magnolia preparations, are not due to direct interaction with the noradrenergic system.
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18
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Morales P, Goya P, Jagerovic N. Emerging strategies targeting CB 2 cannabinoid receptor: Biased agonism and allosterism. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:8-17. [PMID: 30055149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During these last years, the CB2 cannabinoid receptor has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory target in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer. However, the development of clinically useful CB2 agonists reveals to be very challenging. Allosterism and biased-signaling mechanisms at CB2 receptor may offer new avenues for the development of improved CB2 receptor-targeted therapies. Although there has been some exploration of CB1 receptor activation by new CB1 allosteric or biased-signaling ligands, the CB2 receptor is still at initial stages in this domain. In an effort to understand the molecular basis behind these pharmacological approaches, we have analyzed and summarized the structural data reported so far at CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Franks LN, Ford BM, Fujiwara T, Zhao H, Prather PL. The tamoxifen derivative ridaifen-B is a high affinity selective CB 2 receptor inverse agonist exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 353:31-42. [PMID: 29906493 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) target estrogen receptors (ERs) to treat breast cancer and osteoporosis. Several SERMs exhibit anti-cancer activity not related to ERs. To discover novel anti-cancer drugs acting via ER-independent mechanisms, derivatives of the SERM tamoxifen, known as the "ridaifen" compounds, have been developed that exhibit reduced or no ER affinity, while maintaining cytotoxicity. Tamoxifen and other SERMs bind to cannabinoid receptors with moderate affinity. Therefore, ER-independent effects of SERMs might be mediated via cannabinoid receptors. This study determined whether RID-B, a first generation ridaifen compound, exhibits affinity and/or activity at CB1 and/or CB2 cannabinoid receptors. RID-B binds with high affinity (Ki = 43.7 nM) and 17-fold selectivity to CB2 over CB1 receptors. RID-B acts as an inverse agonist at CB2 receptors, modulating G-protein and adenylyl cyclase activity with potency values predicted by CB2 affinity. Characteristic of an antagonist, RID-B co-incubation produces a parallel-rightward shift in the concentration-effect curve of CB2 agonist WIN-55,212-2 to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. CB2 inverse agonists are reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-ostoeclastogenic effects. In LPS-activated macrophages, RID-B exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing levels of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6 and IL-1α, but not TNFα. Only reduction of NO concentration by RID-B is mediated by cannabinoid receptors. RID-B also exhibits pronounced anti-osteoclastogenic effects, reducing the number of osteoclasts differentiating from primary bone marrow macrophages in a cannabinoid receptor-dependent manner. In summary, the tamoxifen derivative RID-B, developed with reduced affinity for ERs, is a high affinity selective CB2 inverse agonist with anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic properties.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Osteoclasts/drug effects
- Pyrrolidines/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirit N Franks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Toshifumi Fujiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Division, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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20
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Patsenker E, Chicca A, Petrucci V, Moghadamrad S, de Gottardi A, Hampe J, Gertsch J, Semmo N, Stickel F. 4-O'-methylhonokiol protects from alcohol/carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1077-1089. [PMID: 28689299 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and related mortality. The endocannabinoid system contributes to the development of chronic liver diseases, where cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has been shown to have a protecting role. Thus, here, we investigated how CB2 agonism by 4'-O-methylhonokiol (MHK), a biphenyl from Magnolia grandiflora, affects chronic alcohol-induced liver fibrosis and damage in mice. A combination of alcohol (10% vol/vol) and CCl4 (1 ml/kg) was applied to C57BL/6 mice for 5 weeks. MHK (5 mg/kg) was administered daily, and liver damage assessed by serum AST and ALT levels, histology, gene, and protein expression. Endocannabinoids (ECs) and related lipid derivatives were measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in liver tissues. In vitro, MHK was studied in TGFβ1-activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). MHK treatment alleviated hepatic fibrosis, paralleled by induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -3, -9, and -13, and downregulation of CB1 mRNA. Necrotic lesions and hepatic inflammation were moderately improved, while IL-10 mRNA increased and IFNγ, Mcl-1, JNK1, and RIPK1 normalized by MHK. Hepatic anandamide (AEA) and related N-acetylethanolamines (NAEs) were elevated in MHK group, whereas fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 expression reduced. In vitro, MHK prevented HSC activation and induced apoptosis via induction of bak1 and bcl-2. To conclude, MHK revealed hepatoprotective effects during alcohol-induced liver damage through the induction of MMPs, AEA, and NAEs and prevention of HSC activation, indicating MHK as a potent therapeutic for liver fibrosis and ALD. KEY MESSAGES Methylhonokiol improves liver damage and survival. Methylhonokiol reduces hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammation. Methylhonokiol prevents myofibroblast activation and induces apoptosis. Methylhonokiol upregulates endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines. Methylhonokiol contributes to lipid hydrolysis via PPARα/γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Patsenker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Sternwartstr. 14, 8097, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Hepatology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Hepatology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Gottardi
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Hepatology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department 1, University Hospital Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Hepatology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Sternwartstr. 14, 8097, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Eisenhofer A, Hioe J, Gschwind RM, König B. Photocatalytic Phenol-Arene C-C and C-O Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eisenhofer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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22
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Mallipeddi S, Janero DR, Zvonok N, Makriyannis A. Functional selectivity at G-protein coupled receptors: Advancing cannabinoid receptors as drug targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 128:1-11. [PMID: 27890725 PMCID: PMC5470118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of functional selectivity, whereby a ligand preferentially directs the information output of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) along (a) particular effector pathway(s) and away from others, has redefined traditional GPCR signaling paradigms to provide a new approach to structure-based drug design. The two principal cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) 1 and 2 belong to the class-A GPCR subfamily and are considered tenable therapeutic targets for several indications. Yet conventional orthosteric ligands (agonists, antagonists/inverse agonists) for these receptors have had very limited clinical utility due to their propensity to incite on-target adverse events. Chemically distinct classes of cannabinergic ligands exhibit signaling bias at CBRs towards individual subsets of signal transduction pathways. In this review, we discuss the known signaling pathways regulated by CBRs and examine the current evidence for functional selectivity at CBRs in response to endogenous and exogenous cannabinergic ligands as biased agonists. We further discuss the receptor and ligand structural features allowing for selective activation of CBR-dependent functional responses. The design and development of biased ligands may offer a pathway to therapeutic success for novel CBR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikrishnan Mallipeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - David R Janero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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23
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Abstract
An agonist that acts through a single receptor can activate numerous signaling pathways. Recent studies have suggested that different ligands can differentially activate these pathways by stabilizing a limited range of receptor conformations, which in turn preferentially drive different downstream signaling cascades. This concept, termed "biased signaling" represents an exciting therapeutic opportunity to target specific pathways that elicit only desired effects, while avoiding undesired effects mediated by different signaling cascades. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 each activate multiple pathways, and evidence is emerging for bias within these pathways. This review will summarize the current evidence for biased signaling through cannabinoid receptor subtypes CB1 and CB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Søes Ibsen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabinoid receptor ligand bias: implications in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:32-43. [PMID: 27835801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR18, and GPR55 regulate neurotransmission, pain, and inflammation and have been intensively investigated as potential drug targets. Each of these GPCRs is coupled to multiple effector proteins mediating divergent cellular signals. The ligand bias of cannabinoid-targeted compounds is only beginning to be quantified. Research into cannabinoid bias is now revealing correlations between bias in cell culture and functional outcomes in vivo. We present an example study of cannabinoid bias in the context of Huntington disease. In future, an understanding of cannabinoid receptor structure and quantification of ligand bias will optimize drug selection matched to patient population and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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25
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Morimoto K, Nakamura A, Dohi T, Kita Y. Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Thiophene Iodonium Salts with Pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Ritsumeikan University; Research Organization of Science and Technology; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
- Ritsumeikan University; Research Organization of Science and Technology; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
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26
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Dhopeshwarkar A, Mackie K. Functional Selectivity of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands at a Canonical and Noncanonical Pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:342-51. [PMID: 27194477 PMCID: PMC4959096 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) remains a tantalizing, but unrealized therapeutic target. CB2 receptor ligands belong to varied structural classes and display extreme functional selectivity. Here, we have screened diverse CB2 receptor ligands at canonical (inhibition of adenylyl cyclase) and noncanonical (arrestin recruitment) pathways. The nonclassic cannabinoid (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol (CP55940) was the most potent agonist for both pathways, while the classic cannabinoid ligand (6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-Dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran JWH133) was the most efficacious agonist among all the ligands profiled in cyclase assays. In the cyclase assay, other classic cannabinoids showed little [(-)-trans-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and (-)-(6aR,7,10,10aR)-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol] (KM233) to no efficacy [(6aR,10aR)-1-methoxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene(L759633) and (6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-methoxy-6,6-dimethyl-9-methylene-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran]L759656. Most aminoalkylindoles, including [(3R)-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenyl-methanone, monomethanesulfonate (WIN55212-2), were moderate efficacy agonists. The cannabilactone 3-(1,1-dimethyl-heptyl)-1-hydroxy-9-methoxy-benzo(c)chromen-6-one (AM1710) was equiefficacious to CP55940 to inhibit adenylyl cyclase, albeit with lower potency. In the arrestin recruitment assays, all classic cannabinoid ligands failed to recruit arrestins, indicating a bias toward G-protein coupling for this class of compound. All aminoalkylindoles tested, except for WIN55212-2 and (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone (UR144), failed to recruit arrestin. WIN55212-2 was a low efficacy agonist for arrestin recruitment, while UR144 was arrestin biased with no significant inhibition of cyclase. Endocannabinoids were G-protein biased with no arrestin recruitment. The diarylpyrazole antagonist 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-N-[(1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR144258) was an inverse agonist in cyclase and arrestin recruitment assays while the aminoalkylindole 6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)methanone (AM630) and carboxamide N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1,2-dihydro-7-methoxy-2-oxo-8-(pentyloxy)-3-quinolinecarboxamide (JTE907) were inverse agonists in cyclase but low efficacy agonists in arrestin recruitment assays. Thus, CB2 receptor ligands display strong and varied functional selectivity at both pathways. Therefore, extreme care must be exercised when using these compounds to infer the role of CB2 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Synthesis and structure activity relationship investigation of triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as CB2 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:11-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bertini S, Chicca A, Arena C, Chicca S, Saccomanni G, Gertsch J, Manera C, Macchia M. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new biphenylic derivatives as CB2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 116:252-266. [PMID: 27078864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) is considered a feasible strategy to develop new drugs for the treatment of diseases like neuropathic pain, chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Such drugs are devoid of the undesired central side effects that are typically mediated by the CB1 receptor. In this work we synthesized 18 biphenylic carboxamides as new CB2-selective ligands and evaluated their pharmacological profiles. The functional activity of these compounds is strongly influenced by the nature of the substituent at position 4' and 5 of the biphenyl scaffold. Position 5 seems to be responsible for the agonist or inverse agonist behaviour independently of the substituent in position 4', with the exception of the methoxyl group which transforms both full agonists and inverse agonists into neutral antagonists. This study provides a novel complete toolbox of CB2 functional modulators that derive from the same chemical scaffold. Such probes may be useful to investigate the biological role of CB2 receptors in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Arena
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Saccomanni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clementina Manera
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Morimoto K, Sakamoto K, Ohshika T, Dohi T, Kita Y. Organo-Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Phenol-Arene and Phenol-Phenol Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3652-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Takao Ohshika
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
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30
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Morimoto K, Sakamoto K, Ohshika T, Dohi T, Kita Y. Organo-Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Phenol-Arene and Phenol-Phenol Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Takao Ohshika
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
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Sharma C, Sadek B, Goyal SN, Sinha S, Kamal MA, Ojha S. Small Molecules from Nature Targeting G-Protein Coupled Cannabinoid Receptors: Potential Leads for Drug Discovery and Development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:238482. [PMID: 26664449 PMCID: PMC4664820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid molecules are derived from Cannabis sativa plant which acts on the cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) which have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development. Currently, there are numerous cannabinoid based synthetic drugs used in clinical practice like the popular ones such as nabilone, dronabinol, and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol mediates its action through CB1/CB2 receptors. However, these synthetic based Cannabis derived compounds are known to exert adverse psychiatric effect and have also been exploited for drug abuse. This encourages us to find out an alternative and safe drug with the least psychiatric adverse effects. In recent years, many phytocannabinoids have been isolated from plants other than Cannabis. Several studies have shown that these phytocannabinoids show affinity, potency, selectivity, and efficacy towards cannabinoid receptors and inhibit endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, thus reducing hyperactivity of endocannabinoid systems. Also, these naturally derived molecules possess the least adverse effects opposed to the synthetically derived cannabinoids. Therefore, the plant based cannabinoid molecules proved to be promising and emerging therapeutic alternative. The present review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of ligands and plants modulating cannabinoid receptors that may be of interest to pharmaceutical industry in search of new and safer drug discovery and development for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Mahrastra 425405, India
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Bernaskova M, Schoeffmann A, Schuehly W, Hufner A, Baburin I, Hering S. Nitrogenated honokiol derivatives allosterically modulate GABAA receptors and act as strong partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6757-62. [PMID: 26410663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Asian medicinal systems, preparations of the root and stem bark of Magnolia species are widely used to treat anxiety and other nervous disturbances. The biphenyl-type neolignan honokiol together with its isomer magnolol are the main constituents of Magnolia bark extracts. We have previously identified a nitrogen-containing honokiol derivative (3-acetylamino-4'-O-methylhonokiol, AMH) as a high efficient modulator of GABAA receptors. Here we further elucidate the structure-activity relation of a series of nitrogenated biphenyl-neolignan derivatives by analysing allosteric modulation and agonistic effects on α1β2γ2S GABAA receptors. The strongest IGABA enhancement was induced by compound 5 (3-acetamido-4'-ethoxy-3',5-dipropylbiphenyl-2-ol, Emax: 123.4±9.4% of IGABA-max) and 6 (5'-amino-2-ethoxy-3',5-dipropylbiphenyl-4'-ol, Emax: 117.7±13.5% of IGABA-max). Compound 5 displayed, however, a significantly higher potency (EC50=1.8±1.1 μM) than compound 6 (EC50=20.4±4.3 μM). Honokiol, AMH and four of the derivatives induced significant inward currents in the absence of GABA. Strong partial agonists were honokiol (inducing 78±6% of IGABA-max), AMH (63±6%), 5'-amino-2-O-methylhonokiol (1) (59±1%) and 2-methoxy-5'-nitro-3',5-dipropylbiphenyl-4'-ol (3) (52±1%). 3-N-Acetylamino-4'-ethoxy-3',5-dipropyl-biphenyl-4'-ol (5) and 3-amino-4'-ethoxy-3',5-dipropyl-biphenyl-4'-ol (7) were less efficacious but even more potent (5: EC50=6.9±1.0 μM; 7: EC50=33.2±5.1 μM) than the full agonist GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Bernaskova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Schoeffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Antje Hufner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Igor Baburin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shadfar S, Hwang CJ, Lim MS, Choi DY, Hong JT. Involvement of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory agents. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2106-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chicca A, Gachet MS, Petrucci V, Schuehly W, Charles RP, Gertsch J. 4'-O-methylhonokiol increases levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in mouse brain via selective inhibition of its COX-2-mediated oxygenation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:89. [PMID: 25962384 PMCID: PMC4490613 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 4'-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is a natural product showing anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoclastogenic, and neuroprotective effects. MH was reported to modulate cannabinoid CB2 receptors as an inverse agonist for cAMP production and an agonist for intracellular [Ca2+]. It was recently shown that MH inhibits cAMP formation via CB2 receptors. In this study, the exact modulation of MH on CB2 receptor activity was elucidated and its endocannabinoid substrate-specific inhibition (SSI) of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CNS bioavailability are described for the first time. METHODS CB2 receptor modulation ([35S]GTPγS, cAMP, and β-arrestin) by MH was measured in hCB2-transfected CHO-K1 cells and native conditions (HL60 cells and mouse spleen). The COX-2 SSI was investigated in RAW264.7 cells and in Swiss albino mice by targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS MH is a CB2 receptor agonist and a potent COX-2 SSI. It induced partial agonism in both the [35S]GTPγS binding and β-arrestin recruitment assays while being a full agonist in the cAMP pathway. MH selectively inhibited PGE2 glycerol ester formation (over PGE2) in RAW264.7 cells and significantly increased the levels of 2-AG in mouse brain in a dose-dependent manner (3 to 20 mg kg(-1)) without affecting other metabolites. After 7 h from intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, MH was quantified in significant amounts in the brain (corresponding to 200 to 300 nM). CONCLUSIONS LC-MS/MS quantification shows that MH is bioavailable to the brain and under condition of inflammation exerts significant indirect effects on 2-AG levels. The biphenyl scaffold might serve as valuable source of dual CB2 receptor modulators and COX-2 SSIs as demonstrated by additional MH analogs that show similar effects. The combination of CB2 agonism and COX-2 SSI offers a yet unexplored polypharmacology with expected synergistic effects in neuroinflammatory diseases, thus providing a rationale for the diverse neuroprotective effects reported for MH in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Moris D, Georgopoulos S, Felekouras E, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. The effect of endocannabinoid system in ischemia-reperfusion injury: a friend or a foe? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1261-75. [PMID: 25936364 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1043268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a new therapeutic target in variety of disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, including those of the neuronal, liver, renal and cardiovascular system. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the effect of endocannabinoid system on ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in different organs and systems. AREAS COVERED The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched for publications with the medical subject heading Cannabinoids* (CBs), CB receptors*, organ*, ischemia/reperfusion injury*, endocannabinoid* and system*. The initial relevant studies retrieved from the literature were 91 from PubMed. This number was initially limited to 35, after excluding the reviews and studies reporting data for receptors other than cannabinoid. EXPERT OPINION CB2 receptors may play an important compensatory role in controlling tissue inflammation and injury in cells of the neuronal, cardiovascular, liver and renal systems, as well as in infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and leukocytes during various pathological conditions of the systems (atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart, liver and renal failure). These receptors limit inflammation and associated tissue injury. On the basis of preclinical results, pharmacological modulation of CB2 receptors may hold a unique therapeutic potential in stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, IRI and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Anastasiou Gennadiou 56, 11474, Athens , Greece +30 210 6440590 ;
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Coppola M, Mondola R. Potential use of Magnolia officinalis bark polyphenols in the treatment of cannabis dependence. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:673-6. [PMID: 25459131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological data confirm that cannabis-related emergencies, cannabis-use disorders and dependence are significantly increased. Cannabis is generally considered a little dangerous substances of abuse, however, chronic consumption has been associated to the development of mental disorders, cognitive deficits, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, increased risk of myocardial infarction in the hour after use, increased mortality after myocardial infarction, liver inflammation and steatosis in patients affected by hepatitis C. In this article we described the pharmacological characteristics of Magnolia officinalis bark active principles suggesting a potential application in the treatment of both cannabis dependence and cannabis-related disorders.
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Dhopeshwarkar A, Mackie K. CB2 Cannabinoid receptors as a therapeutic target-what does the future hold? Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:430-7. [PMID: 25106425 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decades have seen an exponential rise in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system, comprising CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids. The primary focus of this review is the CB2 receptor. CB2 receptors have been the subject of considerable attention, primarily due to their promising therapeutic potential for treating various pathologies while avoiding the adverse psychotropic effects that can accompany CB1 receptor-based therapies. With the appreciation that CB2-selective ligands show marked functional selectivity, there is a renewed opportunity to explore this promising area of research from both a mechanistic as well as a therapeutic perspective. In this review, we summarize our present knowledge of CB2 receptor signaling, localization, and regulation. We discuss the availability of genetic tools (and their limitations) to study CB2 receptors and also provide an update on preclinical data on CB2 agonists in pain models. Finally, we suggest possible reasons for the failure of CB2 ligands in clinical pain trials and offer possible ways to move the field forward in a way that can help reconcile the inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Gill Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Gill Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Validation of cyclooxygenase-2 as a direct anti-inflammatory target of 4-O-methylhonokiol in zymosan-induced animal models. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:813-25. [PMID: 25074039 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
4-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is known to inhibit inflammation by partially understood mechanisms. Here, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of MH were examined using enzymatic, cellular, and animal assays. In enzymatic assays, MH inhibited COX-2 activity with an IC50 of 0.062 μM, and also COX-1 with an IC50 of 2.4 μM. In cellular assays, MH was immunotoxic above 10 μM. At non-toxic concentrations (below 3 μM), MH strongly inhibited COX-2-mediated prostaglandin production with an IC50 of 0.1 μM, whereas did not or slightly affect other functions of B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In an animal model, MH inhibited the increase in footpad thickness and popliteal lymph node weight in zymosan-injected mice. When analyzed the draining pLNs of zymosan-injected mice on day 5, MH inhibited the overall inflammatory responses. However, MH inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-mediated prostaglandin production without affecting tumor necrosis factor-α production in inflamed tissues within 6 h after zymosan injection. In summary, our data suggest that COX-2 may be a direct anti-inflammatory target of MH in vitro and in vivo.
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Jung YY, Lee YJ, Choi DY, Hong JT. Amelioration of Cognitive Dysfunction in APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice by Long-Term Treatment of 4-O-Methylhonokiol. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:232-8. [PMID: 25009704 PMCID: PMC4060074 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease without known ways to cure. A key neuropathologic manifestation of the disease is extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Specific mechanisms underlying the development of the disease have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we investigated effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory dysfunction in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. 4-O-methylhonokiol (1 mg/kg for 3 month) significantly reduced deficit in learning and memory of the transgenic mice, as determined by the Morris water maze test and step-through passive avoidance test. Our biochemical analysis suggested that 4-O-methylhonokiol ameliorated Aβ accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus via reduction in beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 expression. In addition, 4-O-methylhonokiol attenuated lipid peroxidation and elevated glutathione peroxidase activity in the double transgenic mice brains. Thus, suppressive effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on Aβ generation and oxidative stress in the brains of transgenic mice may be responsible for the enhancement in cognitive function. These results suggest that the natural compound has potential to intervene memory deficit and progressive neurodegeneration in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yeon Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763
| | - Young-Jung Lee
- School of Equine industries, Cheju Halla University, Jeju 690-708
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763
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Baur R, Schuehly W, Sigel E. Moderate concentrations of 4-O-methylhonokiol potentiate GABAA receptor currents stronger than honokiol. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3017-21. [PMID: 24973566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnolia bark preparations from Magnolia officinalis of Asian medicinal systems are known for their muscle relaxant effect and anticonvulsant activity. These CNS related effects are ascribed to the presence of the biphenyl-type neolignans honokiol and magnolol that exert a potentiating effect on GABAA receptors. 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from seeds of the North-American M. grandiflora was compared to honokiol for its activity to potentiate GABAA receptors and its GABAA receptor subtype-specificity was established. METHODS Different recombinant GABAA receptors were functionally expressed in Xenopus oocytes and electrophysiological techniques were used determine to their modulation by 4-O-methylhonokiol. RESULTS 3μM 4-O-methylhonokiol is shown here to potentiate responses of the α₁β₂γ₂ GABAA receptor about 20-fold stronger than the same concentration of honokiol. In the present study potentiation by 4-O-methylhonokiol is also detailed for 12 GABAA receptor subtypes to assess GABAA receptor subunits that are responsible for the potentiating effect. CONCLUSION The much higher potentiation of GABAA receptors at identical concentrations of 4-O-methylhonokiol as compared to honokiol parallels previous observations made in other systems of potentiated pharmacological activity of 4-O-methylhonokiol over honokiol. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results point to the use of 4-O-methylhonokiol as a lead for GABAA receptor potentiation and corroborate the use of M. grandiflora seeds against convulsions in Mexican folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baur
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstr. 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Erwin Sigel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstr. 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Feng R, Milcarek CA, Xie XQ. Antagonism of cannabinoid receptor 2 pathway suppresses IL-6-induced immunoglobulin IgM secretion. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:30. [PMID: 24913620 PMCID: PMC4062519 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is expressed predominantly in the immune system, particularly in plasma cells, raising the possibility that targeting the CB2 pathway could yield an immunomodulatory effect. Although the role of CB2 in mediating immunoglobulin class switching has been reported, the effects of targeting the CB2 pathway on immunoglobulin secretion per se remain unclear. Methods Human B cell line SKW 6.4, which is capable of differentiating into IgM-secreting cells once treated with human IL-6, was employed as the cell model. SKW 6.4 cells were incubated for 4 days with CB2 ligands plus IL-6 (100 U/ml). The amount of secreted IgM was determined by an ELISA. Cell proliferation was determined by the 3H-Thymidine incorporation assay. Signal molecules involved in the modulation of IgM secretion were examined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses or by using their specific inhibitors. Results We demonstrated that CB2 inverse agonists SR144528 and AM630, but not CB2 agonist HU308 or CB1 antagonist SR141716, effectively inhibited IL-6-induced secretion of soluble IgM without affecting cell proliferation as measured by thymidine uptake. SR144528 alone had no effects on the basal levels of IgM in the resting cells. These effects were receptor mediated, as pretreatment with CB2 agonist abrogated SR144528-mediated inhibition of IL-6 stimulated IgM secretion. Transcription factors relevant to B cell differentiation, Bcl-6 and PAX5, as well as the protein kinase STAT3 pathway were involved in the inhibition of IL-6-induced IgM by SR144528. Conclusions These results uncover a novel function of CB2 antagonists and suggest that CB2 ligands may be potential modulators of immunoglobulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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1,2-Dihydro-2-oxopyridine-3-carboxamides: The C-5 substituent is responsible for functionality switch at CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bernaskova M, Kretschmer N, Schuehly W, Huefner A, Weis R, Bauer R. Synthesis of tetrahydrohonokiol derivates and their evaluation for cytotoxic activity against CCRF-CEM leukemia, U251 glioblastoma and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Molecules 2014; 19:1223-37. [PMID: 24448063 PMCID: PMC6270748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biphenyl neolignans such as honokiol and magnolol, which are the major active constituents of the Asian medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, are known to exert a multitude of pharmacological and biological activities. Among these, cytotoxic and tumor growth inhibitory activity against various tumour cell lines are well-documented. To further elucidate the cytotoxic effects of honokiol derivatives, derivatizations were performed using tetrahydrohonokiol as a scaffold. The derivatizations comprised the introduction of functional groups, e.g., nitro and amino groups, as well as alkylation. This way, 18 derivatives, of which 13 were previously undescribed compounds, were evaluated against CCRF-CEM leukemia cells, U251 glioblastoma and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. The results revealed no significant cytotoxic effects in any of the three tested cell lines at a test concentration of 10 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Bernaskova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Antje Huefner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Weis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitätsplatz 1, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Cortical bone loss at the tibia in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is associated with incident non-vertebral fractures: results of a randomized controlled ancillary study of HORIZON. Maturitas 2014; 77:287-93. [PMID: 24485216 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In postmenopausal women, yearly intravenous zoledronate (ZOL) compared to placebo (PLB) significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) and decreased fracture risk. The effects of ZOL on BMD at the tibial epiphysis (T-EPI) and diaphysis (T-DIA) are unknown. METHODS A randomized controlled ancillary study of the HORIZON trial was conducted at the Department of Osteoporosis of the University Hospital of Berne, Switzerland. Women with ≥1 follow-up DXA measurement who had received ≥1 dose of either ZOL (n=55) or PLB (n=55) were included. BMD was measured at LS, FN, TH, T-EPI, and T-DIA at baseline, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Morphometric vertebral fractures were assessed. Incident clinical fractures were recorded as adverse events. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were comparable with those in HORIZON and between groups. After 36 months, BMD was significantly higher in women treated with ZOL vs. PLB at LS, FN, TH, and T-EPI (+7.6%, +3.7%, +5.6%, and +5.5%, respectively, p<0.01 for all) but not T-DIA (+1.1%). The number of patients with ≥1 incident non-vertebral or morphometric fracture did not differ between groups (9 ZOL/11 PLB). Mean changes in BMD did not differ between groups with and without incident fracture, except that women with an incident non-vertebral fracture had significantly higher bone loss at predominantly cortical T-DIA (p=0.005). CONCLUSION ZOL was significantly superior to PLB at T-EPI but not at T-DIA. Women with an incident non-vertebral fracture experienced bone loss at T-DIA.
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The natural product magnolol as a lead structure for the development of potent cannabinoid receptor agonists. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77739. [PMID: 24204944 PMCID: PMC3813752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol (4-allyl-2-(5-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol), the main bioactive constituent of the medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, and its main metabolite tetrahydromagnolol were recently found to activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. We now investigated the structure-activity relationships of (tetrahydro)magnolol analogs with variations of the alkyl chains and the phenolic groups and could considerably improve potency. Among the most potent compounds were the dual CB1/CB2 full agonist 2-(2-methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)-4-hexylphenol (61a, Ki CB1∶0.00957 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0238 µM), and the CB2-selective partial agonist 2-(2-hydroxy-5-propylphenyl)-4-pentylphenol (60, Ki CB1∶0.362 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0371 µM), which showed high selectivity versus GPR18 and GPR55. Compound 61b, an isomer of 61a, was the most potent GPR55 antagonist with an IC50 value of 3.25 µM but was non-selective. The relatively simple structures, which possess no stereocenters, are easily accessible in a four- to five-step synthetic procedure from common starting materials. The central reaction step is the well-elaborated Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is suitable for a combinatorial chemistry approach. The scaffold is versatile and may be fine-tuned to obtain a broad range of receptor affinities, selectivities and efficacies.
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Honokiol analogs: a novel class of anticancer agents targeting cell signaling pathways and other bioactivities. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:809-29. [PMID: 23651094 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (3,5-di-(2-propenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-2,2-diol) is a natural bioactive neolignan isolated from the genus Magnolia. In recent studies, honokiol has been observed to have anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and GABA-modulating properties in vitro and in preclinical models. Honokiol and its analogs target multiple signaling pathways including NF-κB, STAT3, EGFR, mTOR and caspase-mediated common pathway, which regulate cancer initiation and progression. Honokiol and its targets of action may be helpful in the development of effective analogs and targeted cancer therapy. In this review, recent data describing the molecular targets of honokiol and its analogs with anticancer and some other bioactivities are discussed.
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Truong T, Daugulis O. Divergent Reaction Pathways for Phenol Arylation by Arynes: Synthesis of Helicenes and 2-Arylphenols. Chem Sci 2013; 4:531-535. [PMID: 24077102 PMCID: PMC3783345 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two reactions of phenols with arynes have been developed. If LiTMP base is employed, arynes generated from aryl chlorides react with phenols to form helicenes. o-Arylation of phenols can be achieved by employing tBuONa base in the presence of AgOAc. Direct arylation of binol was achieved leading to the shortest pathway to o,o'-diarylbinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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DensiProbe Spine: an intraoperative measurement of bone quality in spinal instrumentation. A clinical feasibility study. Spine J 2013; 13:1223-9. [PMID: 23999229 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT A new device, DensiProbe, has been developed to provide surgeons with intraoperative information about bone strength by measuring the peak breakaway torque. In cases of low bone quality, the treatment can be adapted to the patient's condition, for example, by improving screw-anchorage with augmentation techniques. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of DensiProbe Spine in patients undergoing transpedicular fixation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective feasibility study on consecutive patients. PATIENT SAMPLE Fourteen women and 16 men were included in this study. OUTCOME MEASURES Local and general bone quality. METHODS These consecutive patients scheduled for transpedicular fixation were evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD), which was measured globally by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and locally via biopsies using quantitative microcomputed tomography. The breakaway torque force within the vertebral body was assessed intraoperatively via the transpedicular approach with the DensiProbe Spine. The results were correlated with the areal BMD at the lumbar spine and the local volumetric BMD (vBMD) and a subjective impression of bone strength. The feasibility of the method was evaluated, and the clinical and radiological performance was evaluated over a 1-year follow-up. This study was funded by an AO Spine research grant; DensiProbe was developed at the AO Research Institute Davos, Switzerland; the AO Foundation is owner of the intellectual property rights. RESULTS In 30 patients, 69 vertebral levels were examined. The breakaway torque consistently correlated with an experienced surgeon's quantified impression of resistance as well as with vBMD of the same vertebra. Beyond a marginal prolongation of surgery time, no adverse events related to the usage of the device were observed. CONCLUSIONS The intraoperative transpedicular measurement of the peak breakaway torque was technically feasible, safe, and reliably predictive of local vBMD during dorsal spinal instrumentations in a clinical setting. Larger studies are needed to define specific thresholds that indicate a need for the augmentation or instrumentation of additional levels.
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Ouyang Q, Tong Q, Feng R, Myint KZ, Yang P, Xie XQ. Trisubstituted Sulfonamides: a New Chemotype for Development of Potent and Selective CB 2 Receptor Inverse Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:387-392. [PMID: 24729834 DOI: 10.1021/ml3004236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive exploration of the SAR of a trisubstituted sulfonamides series led to the identification of 39, which is a potent and selective CB2 receptor inverse agonist (CB2Ki = 5.4 nM, and CB1Ki = 500 nM). The functional properties measured by cAMP assays indicated that the selected compounds were CB2 inverse agonists with high potency values (34, EC50 = 8.2 nM, and 39, EC50 = 2.5 nM). Furthermore, an osteoclastogenesis bioassay indicated that trisubstituted sulfonamide compounds showed great inhibition of osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Rempel V, Fuchs A, Hinz S, Karcz T, Lehr M, Koetter U, Müller CE. Magnolia Extract, Magnolol, and Metabolites: Activation of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors and Blockade of the Related GPR55. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:41-5. [PMID: 24900561 DOI: 10.1021/ml300235q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bark of Magnolia officinalis is used in Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of anxiety, sleeping disorders, and allergic diseases. We found that the extract and its main bioactive constituents, magnolol and honokiol, can activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. In cAMP accumulation studies, magnolol behaved as a partial agonist (EC50 = 3.28 μM) with selectivity for the CB2 subtype, while honokiol was less potent showing full agonistic activity at CB1 and antagonistic properties at CB2. We subsequently synthesized the major metabolites of magnolol and found that tetrahydromagnolol (7) was 19-fold more potent than magnolol (EC50 CB2 = 0.170 μM) exhibiting high selectivity versus CB1. Additionally, 7 behaved as an antagonist at GPR55, a CB-related orphan receptor (K B = 13.3 μM, β-arrestin translocation assay). Magnolol and its metabolites may contribute to the biological activities of Magnolia extract via the observed mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the biphenylic compound magnolol provides a simple novel lead structure for the development of agonists for CB receptors and antagonists for the related GPR55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Rempel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Fuchs
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62,
D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Koetter
- CH-8592 Uttwil, Oberdorfstrasse 14, Switzerland
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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