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Habelrih T, Augustin TL, Mauffette-Whyte F, Ferri B, Sawaya K, Côté F, Gallant M, Olson DM, Chemtob S. Inflammatory mechanisms of preterm labor and emerging anti-inflammatory interventions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 78:50-63. [PMID: 39048393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a major public health concern, requiring a deeper understanding of its underlying inflammatory mechanisms and to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review explores the complex interaction between inflammation and preterm labor, highlighting the pivotal role of the dysregulation of inflammation in triggering premature delivery. The immunological environment of pregnancy, characterized by a fragile balance of immune tolerance and resistance, is disrupted in preterm labor, leading to a pathological inflammatory response. Feto-maternal infections, among other pro-inflammatory stimuli, trigger the activation of toll-like receptors and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, promoting uterine contractility and cervical ripening. Emerging anti-inflammatory therapeutics offer promising approaches for the prevention of preterm birth by targeting key inflammatory pathways. From TLR-4 antagonists to chemokine and interleukin receptor antagonists, these interventions aim to modulate the inflammatory environment and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms leading to preterm labor is crucial for the development of targeted interventions in hope of reducing the incidence of preterm birth and improving neonatal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Habelrih
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thalyssa-Lyn Augustin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Mauffette-Whyte
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Béatrice Ferri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Sawaya
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Programmes de cycles supérieurs en sciences biomédicales, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - France Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Gallant
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Jung MS, Piazuelo MB, Brackman LC, McClain MS, Algood HMS. Essential role of Helicobacter pylori apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) in stomach colonization. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036923. [PMID: 37937999 PMCID: PMC10715074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are post-translationally modified with acyl chains, anchoring these proteins to bacterial membranes. In Gram-negative bacteria, three enzymes complete the modifications. Lgt (which adds two acyl chains) and LspA (which removes the signal peptide) are essential. Lnt (which adds a third acyl chain) is not essential in certain bacteria including Francisella tularensis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Deleting lnt results in mild to severe physiologic changes. We previously showed lnt is not essential for Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro. Here, the physiologic consequences of deleting lnt in H. pylori and the role of Lnt in the host response to H. pylori were examined using in vitro and in vivo models. Comparing wild-type, Δlnt, and complemented mutant H. pylori, no changes in growth rates or sensitivity to acid or antibiotics were observed. Since deleting lnt changes the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins and the number of acyl chains on lipoproteins impacts the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, primary human gastric epithelial cells were treated with a purified lipoprotein from wild-type or lnt mutant H. pylori. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that lipoprotein from the lnt mutant induced a more robust TLR2 response. In a complementary approach, we infected wild-type and Tlr2-/- mice and found that both the wild-type and complemented mutant strains successfully colonized the animals. However, the lnt mutant strain was unable to colonize either mouse strain. These results show that lnt is essential for H. pylori colonization and identifies lipoprotein synthesis as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Jung
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lee C. Brackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark S. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264889. [PMID: 38077393 PMCID: PMC10704247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are part of the innate immune system. They are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of damaged tissues. Activation of TLR4 initiates downstream signaling pathways that trigger the secretion of cytokines, type I interferons, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that are necessary for an immediate immune response. However, the systemic release of pro-inflammatory proteins is a powerful driver of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Over the past decades, immense progress has been made in clarifying the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in inflammation. However, the most common strategies used to study TLR4 signaling rely on genetic manipulation of the TLR4 or the treatment with agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are often associated with the generation of irreversible phenotypes in the target cells or unintended cytotoxicity and signaling crosstalk due to off-target or pleiotropic effects. Here, optogenetics offers an alternative strategy to control and monitor cellular signaling in an unprecedented spatiotemporally precise, dose-dependent, and non-invasive manner. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and signaling pathways of the TLR4 and its fundamental role in endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, as well as the advances in TLR4 modulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department Science & Technology, Institute Biotechnology, IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
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4
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Colleselli K, Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, Its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12464. [PMID: 37569837 PMCID: PMC10419760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While a certain level of inflammation is critical for humans to survive infection and injury, a prolonged inflammatory response can have fatal consequences. Pattern recognition Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the initiation of an inflammatory process. TLR2 is one of the most studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and is known to form heterodimers with either TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10, allowing it to recognize a wide range of pathogens. Although a large number of studies have been conducted over the past decades, there are still many unanswered questions regarding TLR2 mechanisms in health and disease. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of TLR2, including its homo- and heterodimers. Furthermore, we will discuss the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of TLR2 and recent findings in prominent TLR2-associated infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
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6
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Huang G, Yao D, Yan X, Zheng M, Yan P, Chen X, Wang D. Emerging role of toll-like receptors signaling and its regulators in preterm birth: a narrative review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:319-339. [PMID: 35916961 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite intensive research, preterm birth (PTB) rates have not decreased significantly in recent years due to a lack of understanding of the underlying causes and insufficient treatment options for PTB. We are committed to finding promising biomarkers for the treatment of PTB. METHODS An extensive search of the literature was conducted with MEDLINE/PubMed, and in total, 151 studies were included and summarized in the present review. RESULTS Substantial evidence supports that the infection and/or inflammatory cascade associated with infection is an early event in PTB. Toll-like receptor (TLR) is a prominent pattern recognition receptor (PRR) found on both immune and non-immune cells, including fetal membrane cells. The activation of TLR downstream molecules, followed by TLR binding to its ligand, is critical for infection and inflammation, leading to the involvement of the TLR signaling pathway in PTB. TLR ligands are derived from microbial components and molecules released by damaged and dead cells. Particularly, TLR4 is an essential TLR because of its ability to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this comprehensive overview, we discuss the role of TLR signaling in PTB, focus on numerous host-derived genetic and epigenetic regulators of the TLR signaling pathway, and cover ongoing research and prospective therapeutic options for treating PTB by inhibiting TLR signaling. CONCLUSION This is a critical topic because TLR-related molecules and mechanisms may enable obstetricians to better understand the physiological changes in PTB and develop new treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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7
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Vaher H, Kingo K, Kolberg P, Pook M, Raam L, Laanesoo A, Remm A, Tenson T, Alasoo K, Mrowietz U, Weidinger S, Kingo K, Rebane A. Skin Colonization with S. aureus Can Lead to Increased NLRP1 Inflammasome Activation in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1268-1278.e8. [PMID: 36736455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of NLRP1 inflammasome activation and subsequent production of IL-1 family cytokines in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) is not clearly understood. Staphylococcus aureus is known to be associated with increased mRNA levels of IL1 family cytokines in the skin and more severe AD. In this study, the altered expression of IL-1 family cytokines and inflammasome-related genes was confirmed, and a positive relationship between mRNA levels of inflammasome sensor NLRP1 and IL1B or IL18 was determined. Enhanced expression of the NLRP1 and PYCARD proteins and increased caspase-1 activity were detected in the skin of patients with AD. The genetic association of IL18R1 and IL18RAP with AD was confirmed, and the involvement of various immune cell types was predicted using published GWAS and expression quantitative trait loci datasets. In keratinocytes, the inoculation with S. aureus led to the increased secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, whereas small interfering RNA silencing of NLRP1 inhibited the production of these cytokines. Our results suggest that skin colonization with S. aureus may cause the activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome in keratinocytes, which leads to the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, particularly in the presence of genetic variations in the IL-18 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vaher
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Kingo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peep Kolberg
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Pook
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisi Raam
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anet Laanesoo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Remm
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaur Alasoo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Külli Kingo
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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8
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Li S, Li Q, Ren Y, Yi J, Guo J, Kong X. HSV: The scout and assault for digestive system tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142498. [PMID: 36926680 PMCID: PMC10011716 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of all malignant tumors are digestive system tumors (DSTs), which mostly include esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer. DSTs have emerged as one of the prominent reasons of morbidity and death in many nations and areas around the world, posing a serious threat to human life and health. General treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection can poorly cure the patients and have a bad prognosis. A type of immunotherapy known as oncolytic virus therapy, have recently shown extraordinary anti-tumor effectiveness. One of the viruses that has been the subject of the greatest research in this field, the herpes simplex virus (HSV), has shown excellent potential in DSTs. With a discussion of HSV-1 based on recent studies, we outline the therapeutic effects of HSV on a number of DSTs in this review. Additionally, the critical function of HSV in the detection of cancers is discussed, and some HSV future possibilities are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhe Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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9
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TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:2899271. [PMID: 36926280 PMCID: PMC10014160 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2899271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied receptors among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They act as microbial sensors, playing major roles in the regulation of the innate immune system. TLRs mediate their cellular functions through the activation of MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent signaling pathways. Myd88, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88, is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by all TLRs except TLR3. While the crucial role of Myd88 is well described, the contribution of other adaptors in mediating TLR signaling and function has been underestimated. In this review, we highlight important results demonstrating that TIRAP and TRAM adaptors are also required for full signaling activity and responses induced by most TLRs.
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10
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Wang J, Du L, Chen X. Oncolytic virus: A catalyst for the treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017692. [PMID: 36505792 PMCID: PMC9731121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading contributor to global cancer incidence and mortality. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), GC ranks fifth and fourth, respectively, and seriously threatens the survival and health of people all over the world. Therefore, how to effectively treat GC has become an urgent problem for medical personnel and scientific workers at this stage. Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). At the end of the article, some prospects are put forward to determine the developmental directions of OVTs for GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
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11
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Qiu C, Wang J, Zhu L, Cheng X, Xia B, Jin Y, Qin R, Zhang L, Hu H, Yan J, Zhao C, Zhang X, Xu J. Improving the ex vivo expansion of human tumor-reactive CD8 + T cells by targeting toll-like receptors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1027619. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1027619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptor(s) known to mediate the sensing of invading pathogens and subsequent immune responses. In this study, we investigate whether TLRs could be explored for the preparation of human CD8+ T cell products used in adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Following characterization of TLRs expression on human CD8+ T cells, we screened TLR-specific agonists for their ability to act in concert with anti-CD3 to stimulate the proliferation of these cells and corroborated the observed co-stimulatory effect by transcriptional profiling analyses. Consequently, we developed an optimal formulation for human CD8+ T cell amplification by combining CD3/CD28 antibody, interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 15 (IL-15), and three agonists respectively targeting TLR1/2, TLR2/6, and TLR5. This new formulation performed better in amplifying PD-1+CD8+ T cells, a potential repertoire of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells, from tumor patients than the conventional formulation. Importantly, the expanded CD8+ T cells showed restored functionality and consequently a robust anti-tumor activity in an in vitro co-culturing system. Together, our study established the utility of TLR agonists in ex vivo expansion of tumor-targeting CD8+ T cells, thus providing a new avenue toward a more effective ACT.
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12
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Clement M, Forbester JL, Marsden M, Sabberwal P, Sommerville MS, Wellington D, Dimonte S, Clare S, Harcourt K, Yin Z, Nobre L, Antrobus R, Jin B, Chen M, Makvandi-Nejad S, Lindborg JA, Strittmatter SM, Weekes MP, Stanton RJ, Dong T, Humphreys IR. IFITM3 restricts virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production by limiting Nogo-B mediated TLR responses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5294. [PMID: 36075894 PMCID: PMC9454482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that limits viral pathogenesis and exerts poorly understood immunoregulatory functions. Here, using human and mouse models, we demonstrate that IFITM3 promotes MyD88-dependent, TLR-mediated IL-6 production following exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV). IFITM3 also restricts IL-6 production in response to influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In dendritic cells, IFITM3 binds to the reticulon 4 isoform Nogo-B and promotes its proteasomal degradation. We reveal that Nogo-B mediates TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promotes viral pathogenesis in vivo, and in the case of TLR2 responses, this process involves alteration of TLR2 cellular localization. Nogo-B deletion abrogates inflammatory cytokine responses and associated disease in virus-infected IFITM3-deficient mice. Thus, we uncover Nogo-B as a driver of viral pathogenesis and highlight an immunoregulatory pathway in which IFITM3 fine-tunes the responsiveness of myeloid cells to viral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - M Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - M S Sommerville
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Wellington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Dimonte
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K Harcourt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Z Yin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - B Jin
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - S Makvandi-Nejad
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - J A Lindborg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - S M Strittmatter
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - M P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - T Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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13
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Bose CK. siRNA and Ovarian Cancer. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-021-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Yang Y, Luo S, Huang J, Xiao Y, Fu Y, Liu W, Yin H. Photoactivation of Innate Immunity Receptor TLR8 in Live Mammalian Cells by Genetic Encoding of Photocaged Tyrosine. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100344. [PMID: 34460982 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of innate immune responses relies on an intricate balance between activation and regulation. TLR8, a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, plays a fundamental role in host defense by sensing viral single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). However, the molecular recognition and regulatory mechanism of TLR8 is not fully understood, especially in a whole-cell environment. Here, we engineer the first light-controllable TLR8 model by genetically encoding a photocaged tyrosine, NBY, into specific sites of TLR8. In the caged forms, the activity of TLR8 is masked but can be restored upon decaging by exposure to UV light. To explain the mechanism clearly, we divide the sites with light responsiveness into three groups. They can separately block the ligands that bind to the pockets of TLR8, change the interaction modes between two TLR8 protomers, and interfere with the interactions between TLR8 cytosolic domains with its downstream adaptor. Specifically, we use this chemical caging strategy to probe and evaluate the function of several tyrosine sites located at the interface of TLR8 homodimers with a previously unknown regulatory mode, which may provide a new strategy for TLR8 modulator development. Effects on downstream signaling pathways are monitored at the transcriptional and translational levels in various cell lines. By photoactivating specific cells within a larger population, this powerful tool can provide novel mechanistic insights, with potential in biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuchen Luo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Laboratory of Medicine Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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15
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Precise spatiotemporal control of voltage-gated sodium channels by photocaged saxitoxin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4171. [PMID: 34234116 PMCID: PMC8263607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the pharmacologic blockade of voltage-gated sodium ion channels (NaVs) by a synthetic saxitoxin derivative affixed to a photocleavable protecting group. We demonstrate that a functionalized saxitoxin (STX-eac) enables exquisite spatiotemporal control of NaVs to interrupt action potentials in dissociated neurons and nerve fiber bundles. The photo-uncaged inhibitor (STX-ea) is a nanomolar potent, reversible binder of NaVs. We use STX-eac to reveal differential susceptibility of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the corpus callosum to NaV-dependent alterations in action potential propagation, with unmyelinated axons preferentially showing reduced action potential fidelity under conditions of partial NaV block. These results validate STX-eac as a high precision tool for robust photocontrol of neuronal excitability and action potential generation.
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16
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Oosenbrug T, van de Graaff MJ, Haks MC, van Kasteren S, Ressing ME. An alternative model for type I interferon induction downstream of human TLR2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14325-14342. [PMID: 32796029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-exposed Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as TLR2 and TLR4 survey the extracellular environment for pathogens. TLR activation initiates the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including type I interferons (IFN-I). Downstream of TLR4, IFNβ secretion is only vigorously triggered in macrophages when the receptor undergoes endocytosis and switches signaling adaptor; surface TLR4 engagement predominantly induces proinflammatory cytokines via the signaling adaptor MyD88. It is unclear whether this dichotomy is generally applicable to other TLRs, cell types, or differentiation states. Here, we report that diverse TLR2 ligands induce an IFN-I response in human monocyte-like cells, but not in differentiated macrophages. This TLR2-dependent IFN-I signaling originates from the cell surface and depends on MyD88; it involves combined activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, driven by the kinases TBK1 and TAK1-IKKβ, respectively. TLR2-stimulated monocytes produced modest IFNβ levels that caused productive downstream signaling, reflected by STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of numerous interferon-stimulated genes. Our findings reveal that the outcome of TLR2 signaling includes an IFN-I response in human monocytes, which is lost upon macrophage differentiation, and differs mechanistically from IFN-I-induction through TLR4. These findings point to molecular mechanisms tailored to the differentiation state of a cell and the nature of receptors activated to control and limit TLR-triggered IFN-I responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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18
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van de Graaff MJ, Oosenbrug T, Marqvorsen MHS, Nascimento CR, de Geus MAR, Manoury B, Ressing ME, van Kasteren SI. Conditionally Controlling Human TLR2 Activity via Trans-Cyclooctene Caged Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1685-1692. [PMID: 32510940 PMCID: PMC7303972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) are key pathogen sensors of the immune
system. Their activation results in the production of cytokines, chemokines,
and costimulatory molecules that are crucial for innate and adaptive
immune responses. In recent years, specific (sub)-cellular location
and timing of TLR activation have emerged as parameters for defining
the signaling outcome and magnitude. To study the subtlety of this
signaling, we here report a new molecular tool to control the activation
of TLR2 via “click-to-release”-chemistry. We conjugated
a bioorthogonal trans-cyclooctene (TCO) protecting group via solid
support to a critical position within a synthetic TLR2/6 ligand to
render the compound unable to initiate signaling. The TCO-group could
then be conditionally removed upon addition of a tetrazine, resulting
in restored agonist activity and TLR2 activation. This approach was
validated on RAW264.7 macrophages and various murine primary immune
cells as well as human cell line systems, demonstrating that TCO-caging
constitutes a versatile approach for generating chemically controllable
TLR2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Clarissa R Nascimento
- INEM, INSERM, Unité 1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mark A R de Geus
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- INEM, INSERM, Unité 1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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19
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Chen Y, Zeng Z, Ying H, Wu C, Chen S. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses through modulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1067-1075. [PMID: 32207180 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are extensively applied in biomedical fields, such as magnetic resonance imaging and as nanocarriers. However, the biosafety of SPIONs is not completely established, especially their effect on the immune system and inflammatory responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is essential for many acute and chronic human inflammatory diseases. Regulation of TLR responses with drugs is helpful for these inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of 10 and 30 nm SPIONs on macrophages in the presence or absence of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that SPIONs inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS both in murine and human macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, SPIONs suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase expression activated by SPIONs in RAW264.7 macrophages. Additionally, TLR4 mRNA transcription and expression were attenuated with SPIONs treatment, which positively correlated with the release of inflammatory cytokines. In summary, our study demonstrates that SPIONs can suppress inflammatory responses, and the underlying mechanism may be regulated by TLR4 expression. Our present work contributes to clarifying the biosafety of SPIONs and provides a potential approach to alleviate human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhisen Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Haoran Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
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20
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Ain QU, Batool M, Choi S. TLR4-Targeting Therapeutics: Structural Basis and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030627. [PMID: 32023919 PMCID: PMC7037830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of computational techniques into drug development has led to a substantial increase in the knowledge of structural, chemical, and biological data. These techniques are useful for handling the big data generated by empirical and clinical studies. Over the last few years, computer-aided drug discovery methods such as virtual screening, pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and molecular docking have been employed by pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers for the development of pharmacologically active drugs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a vital role in various inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs, particularly TLR4, have been identified as potential drug targets for the treatment of these diseases, and several relevant compounds are under preclinical and clinical evaluation. This review covers the reported computational studies and techniques that have provided insights into TLR4-targeting therapeutics. Furthermore, this article provides an overview of the computational methods that can benefit a broad audience in this field and help with the development of novel drugs for TLR-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-2600; Fax: +82-31-219-1615
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21
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Marqvorsen MHS, Araman C, van Kasteren SI. Going Native: Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides via Native Linkages To Study Glycan-Specific Roles in the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2715-2726. [PMID: 31580646 PMCID: PMC6873266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self- or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Bayraktar R, Bertilaccio MTS, Calin GA. The Interaction Between Two Worlds: MicroRNAs and Toll-Like Receptors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1053. [PMID: 31139186 PMCID: PMC6527596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical mediators of posttranscriptional regulation via their targeting of the imperfect antisense complementary regions of coding and non-coding transcripts. Recently, researchers have shown that miRNAs play roles in many aspects of regulation of immune cell function by targeting of inflammation-associated genes, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides this indirect regulatory role of miRNAs, they can also act as physiological ligands of specific TLRs and initiate the signaling cascade of immune response. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of miRNAs in regulation of TLR gene expression and TLR signaling, with a focus on the ability of miRNAs bind to TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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23
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Chernikov IV, Vlassov VV, Chernolovskaya EL. Current Development of siRNA Bioconjugates: From Research to the Clinic. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:444. [PMID: 31105570 PMCID: PMC6498891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) acting via RNA interference mechanisms are able to recognize a homologous mRNA sequence in the cell and induce its degradation. The main problems in the development of siRNA-based drugs for therapeutic use are the low efficiency of siRNA delivery to target cells and the degradation of siRNAs by nucleases in biological fluids. Various approaches have been proposed to solve the problem of siRNA delivery in vivo (e.g., viruses, cationic lipids, polymers, nanoparticles), but all have limitations for therapeutic use. One of the most promising approaches to solve the problem of siRNA delivery to target cells is bioconjugation; i.e., the covalent connection of siRNAs with biogenic molecules (lipophilic molecules, antibodies, aptamers, ligands, peptides, or polymers). Bioconjugates are "ideal nanoparticles" since they do not need a positive charge to form complexes, are less toxic, and are less effectively recognized by components of the immune system because of their small size. This review is focused on strategies and principles for constructing siRNA bioconjugates for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Chernikov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Chernolovskaya
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Shmueli A, Shalit T, Okun E, Shohat-Ophir G. The Toll Pathway in the Central Nervous System of Flies and Mammals. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:419-436. [PMID: 30276585 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll receptors, first identified to regulate embryogenesis and immune responses in the adult fly and subsequently defined as the principal sensors of infection in mammals, are increasingly appreciated for their impact on the homeostasis of the central as well as the peripheral nervous systems. Whereas in the context of immunity, the fly Toll and the mammalian TLR pathways have been researched in parallel, the expression pattern and functionality have largely been researched disparately. Herein, we provide data on the expression pattern of the Toll homologues, signaling components, and downstream effectors in ten different cell populations of the adult fly central nervous system (CNS). We have compared the expression of the different Toll pathways in the fly to the expression of TLRs in the mouse brain and discussed the implications with respect to commonalities, differences, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shmueli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Building 901, room 315, Ramat-Gan, 5290000, Israel.
| | - Galit Shohat-Ophir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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25
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26
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
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