1
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Grothusen GP, Chang R, Cao Z, Zhou N, Mittal M, Datta A, Wulfridge P, Beer T, Wang B, Zheng N, Tang HY, Sarma K, Greenberg RA, Shi J, Busino L. DCAF15 control of cohesin dynamics sustains acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5604. [PMID: 38961054 PMCID: PMC11222469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRL4-DCAF15 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is targeted by the aryl-sulfonamide molecular glues, leading to neo-substrate recruitment, ubiquitination, and proteasomal degradation. However, the physiological function of DCAF15 remains unknown. Using a domain-focused genetic screening approach, we reveal DCAF15 as an acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-biased dependency. Loss of DCAF15 results in suppression of AML through compromised replication fork integrity and consequent accumulation of DNA damage. Accordingly, DCAF15 loss sensitizes AML to replication stress-inducing therapeutics. Mechanistically, we discover that DCAF15 directly interacts with the SMC1A protein of the cohesin complex and destabilizes the cohesin regulatory factors PDS5A and CDCA5. Loss of PDS5A and CDCA5 removal precludes cohesin acetylation on chromatin, resulting in uncontrolled chromatin loop extrusion, defective DNA replication, and apoptosis. Collectively, our findings uncover an endogenous, cell autonomous function of DCAF15 in sustaining AML proliferation through post-translational control of cohesin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant P Grothusen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renxu Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhendong Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monika Mittal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arindam Datta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip Wulfridge
- Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Beer
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Baiyun Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kavitha Sarma
- Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Busino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Zhuang X, Ruan J, Zhou C, Li Z. The emerging and diverse roles of F-box proteins in spermatogenesis and male infertility. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:13. [PMID: 38918264 PMCID: PMC11199460 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
F-box proteins play essential roles in various cellular processes of spermatogenesis by means of ubiquitylation and subsequent target protein degradation. They are the substrate-recognition subunits of SKP1-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligase complexes. Dysregulation of F‑box protein‑mediated proteolysis could lead to male infertility in humans and mice. The emerging studies revealed the physiological function, pathological evidence, and biochemical substrates of F-box proteins in the development of male germ cells, which urging us to review the current understanding of how F‑box proteins contribute to spermatogenesis. More functional and mechanistic study will be helpful to define the roles of F-box protein in spermatogenesis, which will pave the way for the logical design of F-box protein-targeted diagnosis and therapies for male infertility, as the spermatogenic role of many F-box proteins remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhuang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Jun Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Canquan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for obstetrical and gynecological diseases, Center for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhiming Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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3
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Kaushik A, Parashar S, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Ubiquitin E3 ligases assisted technologies in protein degradation: Sharing pathways in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102279. [PMID: 38521359 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
E3 ligases, essential components of the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation system, play a critical role in cellular regulation. By covalently attaching ubiquitin (Ub) molecules to target proteins, these ligases mark them for degradation, influencing various bioprocesses. With over 600 E3 ligases identified, there is a growing realization of their potential as therapeutic candidates for addressing proteinopathies in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Recent research has highlighted the need to delve deeper into the intricate roles of E3 ligases as nexus points in the pathogenesis of both cancer and NDDs. Their dysregulation is emerging as a common thread linking these seemingly disparate diseases, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their molecular intricacies. Herein, we have discussed (i) the fundamental mechanisms through which different types of E3 ligases actively participate in selective protein degradation in cancer and NDDs, followed by an examination of common E3 ligases playing pivotal roles in both situations, emphasising common players. Moving to, (ii) the functional domains and motifs of E3 ligases involved in ubiquitination, we have explored their interactions with specific substrates in NDDs and cancer. Additionally, (iii) we have explored techniques like PROTAC, molecular glues, and other state-of-the-art methods for hijacking neurotoxic and oncoproteins. Lastly, (iv) we have provided insights into ongoing clinical trials, offering a glimpse into the evolving landscape of E3-based therapeutics for cancer and NDDs. Unravelling the intricate network of E3 ligase-mediated regulation holds the key to unlocking targeted therapies that address the specific molecular signatures of individual patients, heralding a new era in personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Somya Parashar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, SRM University-Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India.
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4
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Jin B, Moududee SA, Ge D, Zhou P, Wang AR, Liu YZ, You Z. SCF FBXW11 Complex Targets Interleukin-17 Receptor A for Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Mediated Degradation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:755. [PMID: 38672111 PMCID: PMC11047997 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that participates in innate and adaptive immune responses and plays an important role in host defense, autoimmune diseases, tissue regeneration, metabolic regulation, and tumor progression. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for protein function, stability, cellular localization, cellular transduction, and cell death. However, PTMs of IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) have not been investigated. Here, we show that human IL-17RA was targeted by F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 11 (FBXW11) for ubiquitination, followed by proteasome-mediated degradation. We used bioinformatics tools and biochemical techniques to determine that FBXW11 ubiquitinated IL-17RA through a lysine 27-linked polyubiquitin chain, targeting IL-17RA for proteasomal degradation. Domain 665-804 of IL-17RA was critical for interaction with FBXW11 and subsequent ubiquitination. Our study demonstrates that FBXW11 regulates IL-17 signaling pathways at the IL-17RA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jin
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (B.J.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sayed Ala Moududee
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (B.J.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Dongxia Ge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Alun R. Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Yao-Zhong Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Zongbing You
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (B.J.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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5
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Kodadek T. Catalytic Protein Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316726. [PMID: 38064411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Many of the highest priority targets in a wide range of disease states are difficult-to-drug proteins. The development of reversible small molecule inhibitors for the active sites of these proteins with sufficient affinity and residence time on-target is an enormous challenge. This has engendered interest in strategies to increase the potency of a given protein inhibitor by routes other than further improvement in gross affinity. Amongst these, the development of catalytic protein inhibitors has garnered the most attention and investment, particularly with respect to protein degraders, which catalyze the destruction of the target protein. This article discusses the genesis of the burgeoning field of catalytic inhibitors, the current state of the art, and exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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6
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Wells JA, Kumru K. Extracellular targeted protein degradation: an emerging modality for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:126-140. [PMID: 38062152 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged in the past decade as a major new drug modality to remove intracellular proteins with bispecific small molecules that recruit the protein of interest (POI) to an E3 ligase for degradation in the proteasome. Unlike classic occupancy-based drugs, intracellular TPD (iTPD) eliminates the target and works catalytically, and so can be more effective and sustained, with lower dose requirements. Recently, this approach has been expanded to the extracellular proteome, including both secreted and membrane proteins. Extracellular targeted protein degradation (eTPD) uses bispecific antibodies, conjugates or small molecules to degrade extracellular POIs by trafficking them to the lysosome for degradation. Here, we focus on recent advances in eTPD, covering degrader systems, targets, molecular designs and parameters to advance them. Now almost any protein, intracellular or extracellular, is addressable in principle with TPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kaan Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Kang D, Hwang HJ, Baek Y, Sung JY, Kim K, Park HJ, Ko YG, Kim YN, Lee JS. TRIM22 induces cellular senescence by targeting PHLPP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:26. [PMID: 38199981 PMCID: PMC10781680 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a vital protein degradation system that is involved in various cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, vascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Induction of cellular senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a potential anticancer strategy, but the precise role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in cellular senescence remains unclear. In this study, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRIM22, plays a critical role in the cellular senescence of HCC cells. TRIM22 expression is transcriptionally upregulated by p53 in HCC cells experiencing ionizing radiation (IR)-induced senescence. Overexpression of TRIM22 triggers cellular senescence by targeting the AKT phosphatase, PHLPP2. Mechanistically, the SPRY domain of TRIM22 directly associates with the C-terminal domain of PHLPP2, which contains phosphorylation sites that are subject to IKKβ-mediated phosphorylation. The TRIM22-mediated PHLPP2 degradation leads to activation of AKT-p53-p21 signaling, ultimately resulting in cellular senescence. In both human HCC databases and patient specimens, the levels of TRIM22 and PHLPP2 show inverse correlations at the mRNA and protein levels. Collectively, our findings reveal that TRIM22 regulates cancer cell senescence by modulating the proteasomal degradation of PHLPP2 in HCC cells, suggesting that TRIM22 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Hwang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Yurim Baek
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Jee Young Sung
- Metastasis Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Heon Joo Park
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Metastasis Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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8
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Pomella S, Cassandri M, D'Archivio L, Porrazzo A, Cossetti C, Phelps D, Perrone C, Pezzella M, Cardinale A, Wachtel M, Aloisi S, Milewski D, Colletti M, Sreenivas P, Walters ZS, Barillari G, Di Giannatale A, Milano GM, De Stefanis C, Alaggio R, Rodriguez-Rodriguez S, Carlesso N, Vakoc CR, Velardi E, Schafer BW, Guccione E, Gatz SA, Wasti A, Yohe M, Ignatius M, Quintarelli C, Shipley J, Miele L, Khan J, Houghton PJ, Marampon F, Gryder BE, De Angelis B, Locatelli F, Rota R. MYOD-SKP2 axis boosts tumorigenesis in fusion negative rhabdomyosarcoma by preventing differentiation through p57 Kip2 targeting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8373. [PMID: 38102140 PMCID: PMC10724275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are pediatric mesenchymal-derived malignancies encompassing PAX3/7-FOXO1 Fusion Positive (FP)-RMS, and Fusion Negative (FN)-RMS with frequent RAS pathway mutations. RMS express the master myogenic transcription factor MYOD that, whilst essential for survival, cannot support differentiation. Here we discover SKP2, an oncogenic E3-ubiquitin ligase, as a critical pro-tumorigenic driver in FN-RMS. We show that SKP2 is overexpressed in RMS through the binding of MYOD to an intronic enhancer. SKP2 in FN-RMS promotes cell cycle progression and prevents differentiation by directly targeting p27Kip1 and p57Kip2, respectively. SKP2 depletion unlocks a partly MYOD-dependent myogenic transcriptional program and strongly affects stemness and tumorigenic features and prevents in vivo tumor growth. These effects are mirrored by the investigational NEDDylation inhibitor MLN4924. Results demonstrate a crucial crosstalk between transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms through the MYOD-SKP2 axis that contributes to tumorigenesis in FN-RMS. Finally, NEDDylation inhibition is identified as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in FN-RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Radiological Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia D'Archivio
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Porrazzo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Radiological Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cossetti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Doris Phelps
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (GCCRI), UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Clara Perrone
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Pezzella
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Aloisi
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Milewski
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH,, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Colletti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Prethish Sreenivas
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (GCCRI), UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zoë S Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology, Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Milano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Beat W Schafer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanne A Gatz
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Ajla Wasti
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Marielle Yohe
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Myron Ignatius
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (GCCRI), UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Janet Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology, Divisions of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH,, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (GCCRI), UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Berkley E Gryder
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
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9
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Pichlak M, Sobierajski T, Błażewska KM, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Targeting reversible post-translational modifications with PROTACs: a focus on enzymes modifying protein lysine and arginine residues. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2254012. [PMID: 37667522 PMCID: PMC10481767 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2254012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROTACs represent an emerging field in medicinal chemistry, which has already led to the development of compounds that reached clinical studies. Posttranslational modifications contribute to the complexity of proteomes, with 2846 disease-associated sites. PROTAC field is very advanced in targeting kinases, while its use for enzymes mediating posttranslational modifications of the basic amino acid residues, started to be developed recently. Therefore, we bring together this less popular class of PROTACs, targeting lysine acetyltransferases/deacetylases, lysine and arginine methyltransferases, ADP-ribosyltransferases, E3 ligases, and ubiquitin-specific proteases. We put special emphasis on structural aspects of PROTAC elements to facilitate the lengthy experimental endeavours directed towards developing PROTACs. We will cover the period from the inception of the field, 2017, to April 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pichlak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sobierajski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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10
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Li J, Liu S, Li S. Mechanisms underlying linear ubiquitination and implications in tumorigenesis and drug discovery. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:340. [PMID: 38017534 PMCID: PMC10685518 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear ubiquitination is a distinct type of ubiquitination that involves attaching a head-to-tail polyubiquitin chain to a substrate protein. Early studies found that linear ubiquitin chains are essential for the TNFα- and IL-1-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. However, recent studies have discovered at least sixteen linear ubiquitination substrates, which exhibit a broader activity than expected and mediate many other signaling pathways beyond NF-κB signaling. Dysregulation of linear ubiquitination in these pathways has been linked to many types of cancers, such as lymphoma, liver cancer, and breast cancer. Since the discovery of linear ubiquitin, extensive effort has been made to delineate the molecular mechanisms of how dysregulation of linear ubiquitination causes tumorigenesis and cancer development. In this review, we highlight newly discovered linear ubiquitination-mediated signaling pathways, recent advances in the role of linear ubiquitin in different types of cancers, and the development of linear ubiquitin inhibitors. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Li
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sijin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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11
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Park HM, Le L, Nguyen TT, Nam KH, Ordureau A, Lee JE, Nguyen TV. The CRL3 gigaxonin ubiquitin ligase-USP15 pathway governs the destruction of neurofilament proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306395120. [PMID: 37903270 PMCID: PMC10636361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306395120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is caused by mutations in the GAN gene encoding for gigaxonin (GIG), which functions as an adaptor of the CUL3-RBX1-GIG (CRL3GIG) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The pathological hallmark of GAN is characterized by the accumulation of densely packed neurofilaments (NFs) in the axons. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls the homeostasis of NF proteins. Recently, the deubiquitylating enzyme USP15 was reported to play a crucial role in regulating ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of CRL4CRBN substrate proteins. Here, we report that the CRL3GIG-USP15 pathway governs the destruction of NF proteins NEFL and INA. We identified a specific degron called NEFLL12 degron for CRL3GIG. Notably, mutations in the C-terminal Kelch domain of GIG, represented by L309R, R545C, and C570Y, disrupted the binding of GIG to NEFL and INA, leading to the accumulation of these NF proteins. This accounts for the loss-of-function mutations in GAN patients. In addition to regulating NFs, CRL3GIG also controls actin filaments by directly targeting actin-filament-binding regulatory proteins TPM1, TPM2, TAGLN, and CNN2 for proteasomal degradation. Thus, our findings broadly impact the field by providing fundamental mechanistic insights into regulating extremely long-lived NF proteins NEFL and INA by the CRL3GIG-USP15 pathway and offering previously unexplored therapeutic opportunities to treat GAN patients and other neurodegenerative diseases by explicitly targeting downstream substrates of CRL3GIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Min Park
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon34113, Korea
| | - Ly Le
- Division of Quantum Simulation and Optimization, SandboxAQ, New York, NY10591
| | - Thao T. Nguyen
- Gehrke Proteomics Center, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - J. Eugene Lee
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon34113, Korea
| | - Thang Van Nguyen
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212
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12
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Choudhary D, Kaur A, Singh P, Chaudhary G, Kaur R, Bayan MF, Chandrasekaran B, Marji SM, Ayman R. Target protein degradation by protacs: A budding cancer treatment strategy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108525. [PMID: 37696366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death. So, its lethal effect increases with time. Near about hundreds of cancers are known in humans. Cancer treatment is done to cure or prolonged remission, and shrinkage of the tumor. Cytotoxic agents, biological agents/targeted drugs, hormonal drugs, surgery, radiotherapy/proton therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy are currently used in the treatment of cancer but their cost is high and cause various side effects. Seeing this, some new targeted strategies such as PROTACs are the need of the time. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) has become one of the most discussed topics regarding cancer treatment. Few of the PROTAC molecules are in the trial phases. PROTACs have many advantages over other strategies such as modularity, compatibility, sub-stoichiometric activity, acting on undruggable targets, molecular design, and acts on intracellular targets, selectivity and specificity can be recruited for any cancer, versatility, and others. PROTACs are having some unclear questions on their pharmacokinetics, heavy-molecular weight, etc. PROTACs are anticipated to bring about a conversion in current healthcare and will emerge as booming treatments. In this review article we summarize PROTACs, their mechanism of action, uses, advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and future aspects for the successful development of potent PROTACs as a drug strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Amritpal Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Pargat Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Gaurav Chaudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India.
| | - Mohammad F Bayan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | | | - Saeed M Marji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Reema Ayman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
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13
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Tarvestad-Laise K, Ceresa BP. Knockout of c-Cbl/Cbl-b slows c-Met trafficking resulting in enhanced signaling in corneal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105233. [PMID: 37690689 PMCID: PMC10622846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In many cell types, the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b induce ligand-dependent ubiquitylation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated c-Met receptor and target it for lysosomal degradation. This study determines whether c-Cbl/Cbl-b are negative regulators of c-Met in the corneal epithelium (CE) and if their inhibition can augment c-Met-mediated CE homeostasis. Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells were transfected with Cas9 only (Cas9, control cells) or with Cas9 and c-Cbl/Cbl-b guide RNAs to knockout each gene singularly (-c-Cbl or -Cbl-b cells) or both genes (double KO [DKO] cells) and monitored for their responses to HGF. Cells were assessed for ligand-dependent c-Met ubiquitylation via immunoprecipitation, magnitude, and duration of c-Met receptor signaling via immunoblot and receptor trafficking by immunofluorescence. Single KO cells displayed a decrease in receptor ubiquitylation and an increase in phosphorylation compared to control. DKO cells had no detectable ubiquitylation, had delayed receptor trafficking, and a 2.3-fold increase in c-Met phosphorylation. Based on the observed changes in receptor trafficking and signaling, we examined HGF-dependent in vitro wound healing via live-cell time-lapse microscopy in control and DKO cells. HGF-treated DKO cells healed at approximately twice the rate of untreated cells. From these data, we have generated a model in which c-Cbl/Cbl-b mediate the ubiquitylation of c-Met, which targets the receptor through the endocytic pathway toward lysosomal degradation. In the absence of ubiquitylation, the stimulated receptor stays phosphorylated longer and enhances in vitro wound healing. We propose that c-Cbl and Cbl-b are promising pharmacologic targets for enhancing c-Met-mediated CE re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tarvestad-Laise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (KTL, BPC) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (BPC), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (KTL, BPC) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (BPC), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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14
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Lin XT, Zhang J, Liu ZY, Wu D, Fang L, Li CM, Yu HQ, Xie CM. Elevated FBXW10 drives hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis via AR-VRK2 phosphorylation-dependent GAPDH ubiquitination in male transgenic mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112812. [PMID: 37450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver cancer, occurs mainly in men, but the underlying mechanism remains to be further explored. Here, we report that ubiquitinated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is responsible for HCC tumorigenesis in males. Mechanistically, FBXW10 promotes GAPDH polyubiquitination and activation; VRK2-dependent phosphorylation of GAPDH Ser151 residue is critical for GAPDH ubiquitination and activation. Activated GAPDH interacts with TRAF2, leading to upregulation of the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways, and increases PD-L1 and AR-VRK2 expression, followed by induction of immune evasion, HCC tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Notably, the GAPDH inhibitor koningic acid (KA) activates immune response and protects against FBXW10-driven HCC in vivo. In HCC clinical samples, the expression of active GAPDH is positively correlated with that of FBXW10 and VRK2. We propose that the FBXW10/AR/VRK2/GAPDH/NF-κB axis is critical for HCC tumorigenesis in males. Targeting this axis with KA is a potential therapeutic strategy for male HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ze-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chun-Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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15
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Llanos-López NA, Ebada SS, Vasco-Palacios AM, Sánchez-Giraldo LM, López L, Rojas LF, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Marin-Felix Y. Panapophenanthrin, a Rare Oligocyclic Diterpene from Panus strigellus. Metabolites 2023; 13:848. [PMID: 37512554 PMCID: PMC10385786 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of our search for biologically active secondary metabolites from fungal cultures, a new oligocyclic diterpenoidal derivative, panapophenanthrin (1), was isolated from Panus strigellus. In addition, two known metabolites, panepophenanthrin (2) and dihydrohypnophilin (3), were also obtained. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses together with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The absolute configuration was determined through TDDFT-ECD calculations. All of the compounds were assessed for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate to weak activities in the performed antimicrobial assays, while compound 1 exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against the mammalian cell lines mouse fibroblast (L929) and human endocervical adenocarcinoma (KB3.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Llanos-López
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), DZIF Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sherif Saeed Ebada
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), DZIF Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Aída M Vasco-Palacios
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambientaland Grupo BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Laura M Sánchez-Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación de Biotecnología Industrial, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 59A No. 63-20, 050034 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lina López
- Grupo de Biotransformación, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Rojas
- Grupo de Biotransformación, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yasmina Marin-Felix
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), DZIF Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Nguyen‐Dien GT, Kozul K, Cui Y, Townsend B, Kulkarni PG, Ooi SS, Marzio A, Carrodus N, Zuryn S, Pagano M, Parton RG, Lazarou M, Millard SS, Taylor RW, Collins BM, Jones MJK, Pagan JK. FBXL4 suppresses mitophagy by restricting the accumulation of NIX and BNIP3 mitophagy receptors. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112767. [PMID: 37161784 PMCID: PMC10308361 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain both mitochondrial quality and quantity, cells selectively remove damaged or excessive mitochondria through mitophagy, which is a specialised form of autophagy. Mitophagy is induced in response to diverse conditions, including hypoxia, cellular differentiation and mitochondrial damage. However, the mechanisms that govern the removal of specific dysfunctional mitochondria under steady-state conditions to fine-tune mitochondrial content are not well understood. Here, we report that SCFFBXL4 , an SKP1/CUL1/F-box protein ubiquitin ligase complex, localises to the mitochondrial outer membrane in unstressed cells and mediates the constitutive ubiquitylation and degradation of the mitophagy receptors NIX and BNIP3 to suppress basal levels of mitophagy. We demonstrate that the pathogenic variants of FBXL4 that cause encephalopathic mtDNA depletion syndrome (MTDPS13) do not efficiently interact with the core SCF ubiquitin ligase machinery or mediate the degradation of NIX and BNIP3. Thus, we reveal a molecular mechanism whereby FBXL4 actively suppresses mitophagy by preventing NIX and BNIP3 accumulation. We propose that the dysregulation of NIX and BNIP3 turnover causes excessive basal mitophagy in FBXL4-associated mtDNA depletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Nguyen‐Dien
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of BiotechnologyViet Nam National University‐International UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Keri‐Lyn Kozul
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Yi Cui
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Brendan Townsend
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | - Soo Siang Ooi
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Nissa Carrodus
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Steven Zuryn
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - S Sean Millard
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial DisordersNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Mathew JK Jones
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- School of Chemistry & Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Julia K Pagan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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17
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Sanati M, Afshari AR, Ahmadi SS, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. Modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by phytochemicals: Therapeutic implications in malignancies with an emphasis on brain tumors. Biofactors 2023; 49:782-819. [PMID: 37162294 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the multimechanistic nature of cancers, current chemo- or radiotherapies often fail to eradicate disease pathology, and frequent relapses or resistance to therapies occur. Brain malignancies, particularly glioblastomas, are difficult-to-treat cancers due to their highly malignant and multidimensional biology. Unfortunately, patients suffering from malignant tumors often experience poor prognoses and short survival periods. Thus far, significant efforts have been conducted to discover novel and more effective modalities. To that end, modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has attracted tremendous interest since it affects the homeostasis of proteins critically engaged in various cell functions, for example, cell metabolism, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. With their safe and multimodal actions, phytochemicals are among the promising therapeutic tools capable of turning the operation of various UPS elements. The present review, along with an updated outline of the role of UPS dysregulation in multiple cancers, provided a detailed discussion on the impact of phytochemicals on the UPS function in malignancies, especially brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Siepe DH, Picton LK, Garcia KC. Receptor Elimination by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Recruitment (REULR): A Targeted Protein Degradation Toolbox. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1081-1093. [PMID: 37011906 PMCID: PMC10127277 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, targeted protein degradation (TPD) of plasma membrane proteins by hijacking the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) or the lysosomal pathway has emerged as a novel therapeutic avenue in drug development to address and inhibit canonically difficult targets. While TPD strategies have been successful in targeting cell surface receptors, these approaches are limited by the availability of suitable binders to generate heterobifunctional molecules. Here, we present the development of a nanobody (VHH)-based degradation toolbox termed REULR (Receptor Elimination by E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Recruitment). We generated human and mouse cross-reactive nanobodies against five transmembrane PA-TM-RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases (RNF128, RNF130, RNF167, RNF43, and ZNRF3), covering a broad range and selectivity of tissue expression, with which we characterized the expression in human and mouse cell lines and immune cells (PBMCs). We demonstrate that heterobifunctional REULR molecules can enforce transmembrane E3 ligase interactions with a variety of disease-relevant target receptors (EGFR, EPOR, and PD-1) by induced proximity, resulting in effective membrane clearance of the target receptor at varying levels. In addition, we designed E3 ligase self-degrading molecules, "fratricide" REULRs (RNF128, RNF130, RENF167, RNF43, and ZNRF3), that allow downregulation of one or several E3 ligases from the cell surface and consequently modulate receptor signaling strength. REULR molecules represent a VHH-based modular and versatile "mix and match" targeting strategy for the facile modulation of cell surface proteins by induced proximity to transmembrane PA-TM-RING E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H. Siepe
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lora K. Picton
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Structural Biology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Sun A, Tian X, Chen Y, Yang W, Lin Q. Emerging roles of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610931. [PMID: 36825281 PMCID: PMC9941164 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most pernicious gastrointestinal tumors with extraordinarily high incidence and mortality. Ubiquitination modification of cellular signaling proteins has been shown to play important roles in GC tumorigenesis, progression, and prognosis. The E3 ubiquitin ligase is the crucial enzyme in the ubiquitination reaction and determines the specificity of ubiquitination substrates, and thus, the cellular effects. The HECT E3 ligases are the second largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family characterized by containing a HECT domain that has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to engage in GC progression. However, whether HECT E3 ligases function as tumor promoters or tumor suppressors in GC remains controversial. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries about the role of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially members of the NEDD4 and other HECT E3 ligase subfamilies, in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,*Correspondence: Aiqin Sun, ; Qiong Lin,
| | - Xianyan Tian
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China,*Correspondence: Aiqin Sun, ; Qiong Lin,
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20
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Johnson MS, Cook JG. Cell cycle exits and U-turns: Quiescence as multiple reversible forms of arrest. Fac Rev 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 36923701 PMCID: PMC10009890 DOI: 10.12703/r/12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation control is essential during development and for maintaining adult tissues. Loss of that control promotes not only oncogenesis when cells proliferate inappropriately but also developmental abnormalities or degeneration when cells fail to proliferate when and where needed. To ensure that cells are produced at the right place and time, an intricate balance of pro-proliferative and anti-proliferative signals impacts the probability that cells undergo cell cycle exit to quiescence, or G0 phase. This brief review describes recent advances in our understanding of how and when quiescence is initiated and maintained in mammalian cells. We highlight the growing appreciation for quiescence as a collection of context-dependent distinct states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sharisha Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Gorka M, Magnussen HM, Kulathu Y. Chemical biology tools to study Deubiquitinases and Ubl proteases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:86-96. [PMID: 35216867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reversible attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin like modifiers (Ubls) to proteins are crucial post-translational modifications (PTMs) for many cellular processes. Not only do cells possess hundreds of ligases to mediate substrate specific modification with Ub and Ubls, but they also have a repertoire of more than 100 dedicated enzymes for the specific removal of ubiquitin (Deubiquitinases or DUBs) and Ubl modifications (Ubl-specific proteases or ULPs). Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress in our understanding of how DUBs and ULPs function at a molecular level and many novel DUBs and ULPs, including several new DUB classes, have been identified. Here, the development of chemical tools that can bind and trap active DUBs has played a key role. Since the introduction of the first activity-based probe for DUBs in 1986, several innovations have led to the development of more sophisticated tools to study DUBs and ULPs. In this review we discuss how chemical biology has led to the development of activity-based probes and substrates that have been invaluable to the study of DUBs and ULPs. We summarise our currently available toolbox, highlight the main achievements and give an outlook of how these tools may be applied to gain a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of DUBs and ULPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorka
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC-PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Helge Magnus Magnussen
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC-PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Yogesh Kulathu
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC-PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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22
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Wang Y, Liu X, Huang W, Liang J, Chen Y. The intricate interplay between HIFs, ROS, and the ubiquitin system in the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108303. [PMID: 36328089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein ubiquitination and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling both contribute to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Ubiquitination is a dynamic process that is coordinately regulated by E3 ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), which have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets. HIF expression and transcriptional activity are usually increased in tumors, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are upregulated in tumors and have multiple effects on HIF signaling and the ubiquitin system. A growing body of evidence has shown that multiple E3 ligases and UBDs function synergistically to control the expression and activity of HIF, thereby allowing cancer cells to cope with the hypoxic microenvironment. Conversely, several E3 ligases and DUBs are regulated by hypoxia and/or HIF signaling. Hypoxia also induces ROS production, which in turn modulates the stability or activity of HIF, E3 ligases, and DUBs. Understanding the complex networks between E3 ligase, DUBs, ROS, and HIF will provide insights into the fundamental mechanism of the cellular response to hypoxia and help identify novel molecular targets for cancer treatment. We review the current knowledge on the comprehensive relationship between E3 ligase, DUBs, ROS, and HIF signaling, with a particular focus on the use of E3 ligase or DUB inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Weixiao Huang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Center for Cell Structure and Function, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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23
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Targeting the untargetable: RB1-deficient tumours are vulnerable to Skp2 ubiquitin ligase inhibition. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:969-975. [PMID: 35752713 PMCID: PMC9470583 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are accumulated and degraded in a coordinated manner during the transition from one cell cycle phase to the next. The rapid loss of a critical protein, for example, to allow the cell to move from G1/G0 to S phase, is often regulated by its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Protein ubiquitination is mediated by a series of three ligases, of which the E3 ligases provide the specificity for a particular protein substrate. One such E3 ligase is SCFSkp1/Cks1, which has a substrate recruiting subunit called S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). Skp2 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, can act as an oncogene, and is overexpressed in human cancer. A primary target of Skp2 is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1b) that regulates the cell cycle at several points. The RB1 tumour suppressor gene regulates Skp2 activity by two mechanisms: by controlling its mRNA expression, and by an effect on Skp2's enzymatic activity. For the latter, the RB1 protein (pRb) directly binds to the substrate-binding site on Skp2, preventing protein substrates from being ubiquitinated and degraded. Inactivating mutations in RB1 are common in human cancer, becoming more frequent in aggressive, metastatic, and drug-resistant tumours. Hence, RB1 mutation leads to the loss of pRb, an unrestrained increase in Skp2 activity, the unregulated decrease in p27, and the loss of cell cycle control. Because RB1 mutations lead to the loss of a functional protein, its direct targeting is not possible. This perspective will discuss evidence validating Skp2 as a therapeutic target in RB1-deficient cancer.
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24
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Siepe DH, Henneberg LT, Wilson SC, Hess GT, Bassik MC, Zinn K, Garcia KC. Identification of orphan ligand-receptor relationships using a cell-based CRISPRa enrichment screening platform. eLife 2022; 11:e81398. [PMID: 36178190 PMCID: PMC9578707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins, which include cytokines, hormones, and growth factors, are extracellular ligands that control key signaling pathways mediating cell-cell communication within and between tissues and organs. Many drugs target secreted ligands and their cell surface receptors. Still, there are hundreds of secreted human proteins that either have no identified receptors ('orphans') or are likely to act through cell surface receptors that have not yet been characterized. Discovery of secreted ligand-receptor interactions by high-throughput screening has been problematic, because the most commonly used high-throughput methods for protein-protein interaction (PPI) screening are not optimized for extracellular interactions. Cell-based screening is a promising technology for the deorphanization of ligand-receptor interactions, because multimerized ligands can enrich for cells expressing low affinity cell surface receptors, and such methods do not require purification of receptor extracellular domains. Here, we present a proteo-genomic cell-based CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) enrichment screening platform employing customized pooled cell surface receptor sgRNA libraries in combination with a magnetic bead selection-based enrichment workflow for rapid, parallel ligand-receptor deorphanization. We curated 80 potentially high-value orphan secreted proteins and ultimately screened 20 secreted ligands against two cell sgRNA libraries with targeted expression of all single-pass (TM1) or multi-pass transmembrane (TM2+) receptors by CRISPRa. We identified previously unknown interactions in 12 of these screens, and validated several of them using surface plasmon resonance and/or cell binding assays. The newly deorphanized ligands include three receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) ligands and a chemokine-like protein that binds to killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). These new interactions provide a resource for future investigations of interactions between the human-secreted and membrane proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H Siepe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Lukas T Henneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Steven C Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Gaelen T Hess
- Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Stanford ChEM-H, Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Kai Zinn
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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25
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Castel P. Defective protein degradation in genetic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166366. [PMID: 35158019 PMCID: PMC8977116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie different human pathologies is necessary to develop novel therapeutic strategies. An emerging mechanism of pathogenesis in many genetic disorders is the dysregulation of protein degradation, which leads to the accumulation of proteins that are responsible for the disease phenotype. Among the different cellular pathways that regulate active proteolysis, the Cullin RING E3 ligases represent an important group of sophisticated enzymatic complexes that mediate substrate ubiquitination through the interaction with specific adaptors. However, pathogenic variants in these adaptors affect the physiological ubiquitination of their substrates. This review discusses our current understanding of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, 10016, United States of America.
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26
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USP13 modulates the stability of the APC/C adaptor CDH1. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4079-4087. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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New classes of E3 ligases illuminated by chemical probes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 73:102341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Desbois M, Opperman KJ, Amezquita J, Gaglio G, Crawley O, Grill B. Ubiquitin ligase activity inhibits Cdk5 to control axon termination. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010152. [PMID: 35421092 PMCID: PMC9041834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cdk5 kinase plays prominent roles in nervous system development, plasticity, behavior and disease. It also has important, non-neuronal functions in cancer, the immune system and insulin secretion. At present, we do not fully understand negative regulatory mechanisms that restrict Cdk5. Here, we use Caenorhabditis elegans to show that CDK-5 is inhibited by the RPM-1/FSN-1 ubiquitin ligase complex. This atypical RING ubiquitin ligase is conserved from C. elegans through mammals. Our finding originated from unbiased, in vivo affinity purification proteomics, which identified CDK-5 as a putative RPM-1 substrate. CRISPR-based, native biochemistry showed that CDK-5 interacts with the RPM-1/FSN-1 ubiquitin ligase complex. A CRISPR engineered RPM-1 substrate ‘trap’ enriched CDK-5 binding, which was mediated by the FSN-1 substrate recognition module. To test the functional genetic relationship between the RPM-1/FSN-1 ubiquitin ligase complex and CDK-5, we evaluated axon termination in mechanosensory neurons and motor neurons. Our results indicate that RPM-1/FSN-1 ubiquitin ligase activity restricts CDK-5 to control axon termination. Collectively, these proteomic, biochemical and genetic results increase our understanding of mechanisms that restrain Cdk5 in the nervous system. Cdk5 is an atypical cyclin dependent kinase and an important player in nervous system development, plasticity, and disease. Decades of research has focused on understanding how Cdk5 is activated. In contrast, we know much less about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that restrict Cdk5 activity. Here, we examined how Cdk5 is inhibited in the nervous system using the model organism C. elegans. Our results indicate that the RPM-1/FSN-1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex inhibits Cdk5 to control termination of axon growth. Our finding that ubiquitin ligase activity restricts Cdk5 in the nervous system in vivo now opens up the interesting possibility that ubiquitin ligase activity might regulate Cdk5 in other cellular contexts and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Desbois
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karla J. Opperman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Amezquita
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Gaglio
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Oliver Crawley
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Brock Grill
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington M1-A303/305 Behnke Conference Room, Arnold building, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Foster B, Attwood M, Gibbs-Seymour I. Tools for Decoding Ubiquitin Signaling in DNA Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760226. [PMID: 34950659 PMCID: PMC8690248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability requires dedicated DNA repair processes and pathways that are essential for the faithful duplication and propagation of chromosomes. These DNA repair mechanisms counteract the potentially deleterious impact of the frequent genotoxic challenges faced by cells from both exogenous and endogenous agents. Intrinsic to these mechanisms, cells have an arsenal of protein factors that can be utilised to promote repair processes in response to DNA lesions. Orchestration of the protein factors within the various cellular DNA repair pathways is performed, in part, by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitin, SUMO and other ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs). In this review, we firstly explore recent advances in the tools for identifying factors involved in both DNA repair and ubiquitin signaling pathways. We then expand on this by evaluating the growing repertoire of proteomic, biochemical and structural techniques available to further understand the mechanistic basis by which these complex modifications regulate DNA repair. Together, we provide a snapshot of the range of methods now available to investigate and decode how ubiquitin signaling can promote DNA repair and maintain genome stability in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Gibbs-Seymour
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Ye P, Chi X, Cha JH, Luo S, Yang G, Yan X, Yang WH. Potential of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Immunity: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123309. [PMID: 34943817 PMCID: PMC8699390 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune pathway–targeted therapies, are promising clinical strategies for treating cancer. However, drug resistance and adverse reactions remain the main challenges for immunotherapy management. The future direction of immunotherapy is mainly to reduce side effects and improve the treatment response rate by finding new targets and new methods of combination therapy. Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in regulating the degradation of immune checkpoints and the activation of immune-related pathways. Some drugs that target E3 ubiquitin ligases have exhibited beneficial effects in preclinical and clinical antitumor treatments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms through which E3 ligases regulate tumor immune checkpoints and immune-related pathways as well as the opportunities and challenges for integrating E3 ligases targeting drugs into cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxia Chi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Shahang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guanghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.-H.Y.)
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, China; (P.Y.); (X.C.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (W.-H.Y.)
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31
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Li Z, Li S, Luo M, Jhong JH, Li W, Yao L, Pang Y, Wang Z, Wang R, Ma R, Yu J, Huang Y, Zhu X, Cheng Q, Feng H, Zhang J, Wang C, Hsu JBK, Chang WC, Wei FX, Huang HD, Lee TY. dbPTM in 2022: an updated database for exploring regulatory networks and functional associations of protein post-translational modifications. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D471-D479. [PMID: 34788852 PMCID: PMC8728263 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in different cellular processes. In view of the importance of PTMs in cellular functions and the massive data accumulated by the rapid development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, this paper presents an update of dbPTM with over 2 777 000 PTM substrate sites obtained from existing databases and manual curation of literature, of which more than 2 235 000 entries are experimentally verified. This update has manually curated over 42 new modification types that were not included in the previous version. Due to the increasing number of studies on the mechanism of PTMs in the past few years, a great deal of upstream regulatory proteins of PTM substrate sites have been revealed. The updated dbPTM thus collates regulatory information from databases and literature, and merges them into a protein-protein interaction network. To enhance the understanding of the association between PTMs and molecular functions/cellular processes, the functional annotations of PTMs are curated and integrated into the database. In addition, the existing PTM-related resources, including annotation databases and prediction tools are also renewed. Overall, in this update, we would like to provide users with the most abundant data and comprehensive annotations on PTMs of proteins. The updated dbPTM is now freely accessible at https://awi.cuhk.edu.cn/dbPTM/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Li
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Shangfu Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mengqi Luo
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wenshuo Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lantian Yao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yuxuan Pang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Rulan Wang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Renfei Ma
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jinhan Yu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Qifan Cheng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Hexiang Feng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jiahong Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chunxuan Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Justin Bo-Kai Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Xiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.,Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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32
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Abu Ahmad Y, Oknin-Vaisman A, Bitman-Lotan E, Orian A. From the Evasion of Degradation to Ubiquitin-Dependent Protein Stabilization. Cells 2021; 10:2374. [PMID: 34572023 PMCID: PMC8469536 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is dysregulated protein turnover (proteostasis), which involves pathologic ubiquitin-dependent degradation of tumor suppressor proteins, as well as increased oncoprotein stabilization. The latter is due, in part, to mutation within sequences, termed degrons, which are required for oncoprotein recognition by the substrate-recognition enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase. Stabilization may also result from the inactivation of the enzymatic machinery that mediates the degradation of oncoproteins. Importantly, inactivation in cancer of E3 enzymes that regulates the physiological degradation of oncoproteins, results in tumor cells that accumulate multiple active oncoproteins with prolonged half-lives, leading to the development of "degradation-resistant" cancer cells. In addition, specific sequences may enable ubiquitinated proteins to evade degradation at the 26S proteasome. While the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was originally discovered as central for protein degradation, in cancer cells a ubiquitin-dependent protein stabilization pathway actively translates transient mitogenic signals into long-lasting protein stabilization and enhances the activity of key oncoproteins. A central enzyme in this pathway is the ubiquitin ligase RNF4. An intimate link connects protein stabilization with tumorigenesis in experimental models as well as in the clinic, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of protein stabilization has potential for personalized medicine in cancer. In this review, we highlight old observations and recent advances in our knowledge regarding protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, R-TICC, Technion-IIT, Efron St. Bat-Galim, Haifa 3109610, Israel; (Y.A.A.); (A.O.-V.); (E.B.-L.)
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Tessier TM, Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Evans AM, Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Almost famous: Human adenoviruses (and what they have taught us about cancer). Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200225. [PMID: 34500123 PMCID: PMC8449131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses and adenoviruses are collectively categorized as the small DNA tumour viruses. Notably, human adenoviruses were the first human viruses demonstrated to be able to cause cancer, albeit in non-human animal models. Despite their long history, no human adenovirus is a known causative agent of human cancers, unlike a subset of their more famous cousins, including human papillomaviruses and human Merkel cell polyomavirus. Nevertheless, seminal research using human adenoviruses has been highly informative in understanding the basics of cell cycle control, gene expression, apoptosis and cell differentiation. This review highlights the contributions of human adenovirus research in advancing our knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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Khan AQ, Al-Tamimi M, Uddin S, Steinhoff M. F-box proteins in cancer stemness: An emerging prognostic and therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2905-2914. [PMID: 34265459 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex heterogenic disease with significant therapeutic challenges. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer tissue orchestrates tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, the tumor heterogeneity, disease relapse, and therapeutic resistance. Hence, it is imperative to explore how progenitor or cancer-initiating cells acquire stemness features and reprogram different biological mechanisms to maintain their sustained oncogenicity. Interestingly, deregulation of F-box proteins (FBPs) is crucial for cancer stemness features, including drug resistance and disease relapse. In this review, we highlight recent updates on the clinical significance of targeting FBPs in cancer therapy, with emphasis on eliminating CSCs and associated therapeutic challenges. Moreover, we also discuss novel strategies for the selective elimination of CSCs by targeting FBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Maha Al-Tamimi
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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