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Fei X, Jung S, Kwon S, Kim J, Corson TW, Seo SY. Challenges and opportunities of developing small-molecule therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:538-557. [PMID: 38902481 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in senior adults. The disease can be categorized into two types: wet AMD and dry AMD. Wet AMD, also known as exudative or neovascular AMD, is less common but more severe than dry AMD and is responsible for 90% of the visual impairment caused by AMD and affects 20 million people worldwide. Current treatment options mainly involve biologics that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor or complement pathways. However, these treatments have limitations such as high cost, injection-related risks, and limited efficacy. Therefore, new therapeutic targets and strategies have been explored to improve the outcomes of patients with AMD. A promising approach is the use of small-molecule drugs that modulate different factors involved in AMD pathogenesis, such as tyrosine kinases and integrins. Small-molecule drugs offer advantages, such as oral administration, low cost, good penetration, and increased specificity for the treatment of wet and dry AMD. This review summarizes the current status and prospects of small-molecule drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. These advances are expected to support the development of effective and targeted treatments for patients with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Sooyun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Sangil Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Jiweon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Timothy W Corson
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea.
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2
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Brauer NR, Kempen AL, Hernandez D, Sintim HO. Non-kinase off-target inhibitory activities of clinically-relevant kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116540. [PMID: 38852338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases are responsible for a myriad of cellular functions, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and proliferation. Because of this, kinases make excellent targets for therapeutics. During the process to identify clinical kinase inhibitor candidates, kinase selectivity profiles of lead inhibitors are typically obtained. Such kinome selectivity screening could identify crucial kinase anti-targets that might contribute to drug toxicity and/or reveal additional kinase targets that potentially contribute to the efficacy of the compound via kinase polypharmacology. In addition to kinome panel screening, practitioners also obtain the inhibition profiles of a few non-kinase targets, such as ion-channels and select GPCR targets to identify compounds that might possess potential liabilities. Often ignored is the possibility that identified kinase inhibitors might also inhibit or bind to the other proteins (greater than 20,000) in the cell that are not kinases, which may be relevant to toxicity or even additional mode of drug action. This review highlights various inhibitors, which have been approved by the FDA or are currently undergoing clinical trials, that also inhibit other non-kinase targets. The binding poses of the drugs in the binding sites of the target kinases and off-targets are analyzed to understand if the same features of the compounds are critical for the polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas R Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Allison L Kempen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Delmis Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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3
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Zdubek A, Maliszewska I. On the Possibility of Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in the Light-Induced Destruction of Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3590. [PMID: 38612403 PMCID: PMC11011456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a method that specifically kills target cells by combining a photosensitizer and irradiation with light at the appropriate wavelength. The natural amino acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is the precursor of endogenous porphyrins in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts. The effectiveness of 5-ALA-aPDI in destroying various groups of pathogens (viruses, fungi, yeasts, parasites) was presented, but greater attention was focused on the antibacterial activity of this technique. Finally, the clinical applications of 5-ALA in therapies using 5-ALA and visible light (treatment of ulcers and disinfection of dental canals) were described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Maliszewska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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Wang T, Yang C, Li Z, Li T, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Cheng T, Zong Z, Ma Y, Zhang D, Deng H. Flavonoid 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone selectively eliminates senescent cells via activating ferritinophagy. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103017. [PMID: 38176315 PMCID: PMC10791569 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are bioactive natural polyphenolic compounds with health benefits, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Our previous studies revealed that a flavonoid 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone (DMC) induced ferroptosis via inhibiting ferrochelatase (FECH). However, the effect of DMC on cellular senescence is unknown. In the present study, we found that DMC treatment selectively eliminated senescent cells, and DMC alone or a combination of DMC and quercetin or dasatinib showed high efficiency in the clearance of senescent cells. We identified FECH was highly expressed in senescent cells compared to non-senescent cells. Mechanistically, we found that DMC inhibited FECH and induced ferritinophagy, which led to an increase of labile iron pool, triggering ferroptosis of senescent cells. Importantly, we found that DMC treatment prevented hair loss, improved motor coordination, and reduced the expression of several senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors (IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-10, and MMP12) in the liver of old mice. Collectively, we revealed that, through the induction of ferroptosis, DMC holds the promise as a new senolytics to prevent age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Ran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Tianyi Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zhaoyun Zong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yingying Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Dongyuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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5
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Luo Z, Yao J, Wang Z, Xu J. Mitochondria in endothelial cells angiogenesis and function: current understanding and future perspectives. J Transl Med 2023; 21:441. [PMID: 37407961 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) angiogenesis is the process of sprouting new vessels from the existing ones, playing critical roles in physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, placentation, ischemia/reperfusion, cardiovascular diseases and cancer metastasis. Although mitochondria are not the major sites of energy source in ECs, they function as important biosynthetic and signaling hubs to regulate ECs metabolism and adaptations to local environment, thus affecting ECs migration, proliferation and angiogenic process. The understanding of the importance and potential mechanisms of mitochondria in regulating ECs metabolism, function and the process of angiogenesis has developed in the past decades. Thus, in this review, we discuss the current understanding of mitochondrial proteins and signaling molecules in ECs metabolism, function and angiogeneic signaling, to provide new and therapeutic targets for treatment of diverse cardiovascular and angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Minhang District, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Muniyandi A, Hartman GD, Song Y, Mijit M, Kelley MR, Corson TW. Beyond VEGF: Targeting Inflammation and Other Pathways for Treatment of Retinal Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:15-25. [PMID: 37142441 PMCID: PMC10289243 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular eye diseases include conditions such as retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Together, they are a major cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. The current therapeutic mainstay for these diseases is intravitreal injections of biologics targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Lack of universal response to these anti-VEGF agents coupled with the challenging delivery method underscore a need for new therapeutic targets and agents. In particular, proteins that mediate both inflammatory and proangiogenic signaling are appealing targets for new therapeutic development. Here, we review agents currently in clinical trials and highlight some promising targets in preclinical and early clinical development, focusing on the redox-regulatory transcriptional activator APE1/Ref-1, the bioactive lipid modulator soluble epoxide hydrolase, the transcription factor RUNX1, and others. Small molecules targeting each of these proteins show promise for blocking neovascularization and inflammation. The affected signaling pathways illustrate the potential of new antiangiogenic strategies for posterior ocular disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Discovery and therapeutic targeting of new angiogenesis mediators is necessary to improve treatment of blinding eye diseases like retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Novel targets undergoing evaluation and drug discovery work include proteins important for both angiogenesis and inflammation signaling, including APE1/Ref-1, soluble epoxide hydrolase, RUNX1, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbukkarasi Muniyandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gabriella D Hartman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mahmut Mijit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy W Corson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute (A.M., G.D.H., Y.S., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (M.M., M.R.K.), Stark Neurosciences Research Institute (G.D.H., T.W.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.R.K., T.W.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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7
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An improved method for murine laser-induced choroidal neovascularization lesion quantification from optical coherence tomography images. MethodsX 2022; 9:101809. [PMID: 35990811 PMCID: PMC9389300 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization progression can be studied through L-CNV and quantification of lesions on OCT. A previous method of OCT quantification was novel and simple, yet required many days to evaluate many lesions. The new, semi-automated method is efficient and much less time-consuming.
Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (L-CNV) in murine models is a standard method for assessing therapies, genetics, and mechanisms relevant to the blinding eye disease neovascular or “wet” age-related macular degeneration. The ex vivo evaluation of these lesions involves confocal microscopy analysis. In vivo evaluation via optical coherence tomography (OCT) has previously been established and allows longitudinal assessment of lesion development. However, to produce robust data, evaluation of many lesions may be required, which can be a slow, arduous process. A prior, manual method for quantifying these lesions as ellipsoids from orthogonal OCT images was effective but time consuming. We therefore developed an OCT lesion quantification that is simplified, streamlined, and less time-consuming.
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Obi CD, Bhuiyan T, Dailey HA, Medlock AE. Ferrochelatase: Mapping the Intersection of Iron and Porphyrin Metabolism in the Mitochondria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:894591. [PMID: 35646904 PMCID: PMC9133952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.894591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin and iron are ubiquitous and essential for sustaining life in virtually all living organisms. Unlike iron, which exists in many forms, porphyrin macrocycles are mostly functional as metal complexes. The iron-containing porphyrin, heme, serves as a prosthetic group in a wide array of metabolic pathways; including respiratory cytochromes, hemoglobin, cytochrome P450s, catalases, and other hemoproteins. Despite playing crucial roles in many biological processes, heme, iron, and porphyrin intermediates are potentially cytotoxic. Thus, the intersection of porphyrin and iron metabolism at heme synthesis, and intracellular trafficking of heme and its porphyrin precursors are tightly regulated processes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the physiological dynamics of eukaryotic ferrochelatase, a mitochondrially localized metalloenzyme. Ferrochelatase catalyzes the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme. In most eukaryotes, except plants, ferrochelatase is localized to the mitochondrial matrix, where substrates are delivered and heme is synthesized for trafficking to multiple cellular locales. Herein, we delve into the structural and functional features of ferrochelatase, as well as its metabolic regulation in the mitochondria. We discuss the regulation of ferrochelatase via post-translational modifications, transportation of substrates and product across the mitochondrial membrane, protein-protein interactions, inhibition by small-molecule inhibitors, and ferrochelatase in protozoal parasites. Overall, this review presents insight on mitochondrial heme homeostasis from the perspective of ferrochelatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike David Obi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tawhid Bhuiyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Harry A. Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy E. Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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