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Hron LMC, Wöckner M, Fuchs V, Fembacher L, Aschenbrenner B, Herr C, Schober W, Heinze S, Völkel W. Monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human blood samples collected in three regions with known PFAS releases in the environment and three control regions in South Germany. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03843-x. [PMID: 39167139 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known as persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. The present paper describes the analysis of 969 human blood samples collected in South Germany aiming to determine whether there are statistic significant differences in internal PFAS burden between three regions with known PFAS releases in the environment (study regions) and three regions without known PFAS releases in the environment (control regions). Nine environmental relevant PFAS were analyzed, including the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) substitute 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid] ammonium salt (ADONA). We found that concentrations of PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were higher than for all other PFAS in all of the six regions, but all medians of PFOA (between 0.8 and 0.9 ng/ml for the study and control regions) and PFOS (between 1.3 and 1.5 ng/ml for the study regions and between 1.4 and 1.5 ng/ml for the control regions) were below the human biomonitoring values (HBM) I for PFOA (2 ng/ml) und for PFOS (5 ng/ml) derived by the German HBM Commission. Concentrations of ADONA were below the limit of quantification in all samples. Minor differences were observed in PFAS blood levels between study and control regions. Especially for PFOS and PFOA the medians for women are slightly lower compared to men. In summary, individuals living in regions with known environmental PFAS contaminations show no higher internal PFAS exposure to controls and in comparison to other studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Cursino Hron
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mandy Wöckner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Fuchs
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Herr
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schober
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heinze
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health Protection and Product Safety, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538, Munich, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Iwata H, Kobayashi S, Itoh M, Itoh S, Mesfin Ketema R, Tamura N, Miyashita C, Yamaguchi T, Yamazaki K, Masuda H, Ait Bamai Y, Saijo Y, Ito Y, Nakayama SF, Kamijima M, Kishi R. The association between prenatal per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance levels and Kawasaki disease among children of up to 4 years of age: A prospective birth cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108321. [PMID: 38061246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is common among pediatric patients and is associated with an increased risk of later cardiovascular complications, though the precise pathophysiology of KD remains unknown. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gathered notoriety as the causal pathogens of numerous diseases as well as for their immunosuppressive effects. The present epidemiological study aims to assess whether PFAS may affect KD risk. We evaluated research participants included in the ongoing prospective nationwide birth cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Among the over 100,000 pregnant women enrolled in the JECS study, 28 types of PFAS were measured in pregnancy in a subset of participants (N = 25,040). The JECS followed their children born between 2011 and 2014 (n total infants = 25,256; n Kawasaki disease infants = 271), up to age four. Among the 28 types of PFAS, those which were detected in >60 % of participants at levels above the method reporting limit (MRL) were eligible for analyses. Multivariable logistic regressions were implemented on the seven eligible PFAS, adjusting for multiple comparison effects. Finally, we conducted Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess the effects of the PFAS mixture on KD. Therefore, we ran the BKMR model using kernel mechanical regression equations to examine PFAS exposure and the outcomes of KD. Upon analysis, the adjusted multivariable regression results did not reach statistical significance for the seven eligible substances on KD, while odds ratios were all under 1.0. WQS regression was used to estimate the mixture effect of the seven eligible PFAS, revealing a negative correlation with KD incidence; similarly, BKMR implied an inverse association between the PFAS mixture effect and KD incidence. In conclusion, PFAS exposure was not associated with increased KD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Division of Epidemiological Research for Chemical Disorders, Research Center for Chemical Information and Management, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1, Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan
| | - Mariko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naomi Tamura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Masuda
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, University Square 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yasuaki Saijo
- Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi-2-jo, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Faculty of Nursing, Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, 664-1 Akebono-cho, Kitami 090-0011, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Xie MY, Lin ZY, Liu LY, Wu CC, Liu YW, Huang GL, Zeng EY. Use of glioma to assess the distribution patterns of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human brain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112011. [PMID: 34492276 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human brain has a complex structure and is able to perform powerful functions. Blood-brain barrier blocks the entry of foreign substances and maintains the homeostasis of the brain. However, some exogenous substances are still able to pass through the blood-brain barrier, with distribution patterns yet to be clarified. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), a precursor (perfluorooctane sulfonamide that can be degraded to other substances), and emerging PFASs, were analyzed for the first time in living human brain glioma. The target compounds were detected and quantified in 25 out of 26 glioma samples. The concentration range of ∑PFAS was < RL-51 ng g-1 wet weight (applied to all reported concentrations), with a median of 2.9 ng g-1. The most abundant compound was PFCAs (40%), followed by PFSAs (28%), emerging PFASs (22%), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (10%). Abundant alternatives PFASs, including short-chain PFCAs, short-chain PFSAs, and emerging PFASs (52% of ∑PFAS), were found in the glioma samples, supporting the notion that low molecular weight exogenous compounds have high permeability to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain tissue. Gender difference was not significant (p > 0.05) in the concentrations of PFASs in the glioma samples. Concentrations of PFASs increased with increasing age, from 0.61 ng g-1 (0-14 years old) to 1.6 ng g-1 (>48 years old), with no significant linear correlation with age. The present study suggested that glioma is an effective indicator for monitoring exogenous contaminants in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Lin
- Neurosurgical Institute of Southern Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ya-Wei Liu
- Neurosurgical Institute of Southern Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guang-Long Huang
- Neurosurgical Institute of Southern Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Lin Y, Capozzi SL, Lin L, Rodenburg LA. Source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl substances in Great Lakes fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118047. [PMID: 34467881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex sources and fate of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), their source apportionment in the environment remains a challenge. A data set of 11 straight-chain PFAS in 139 samples of fish in the Great Lakes was analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) to investigate their primary sources, whose spatial variations were examined against the surrounding environmental factors. PMF analysis produced five fingerprints. Factor 1 (72% of Σ11PFAS, dominated by PFOS) probably represented emissions from primary sources (such as consumer products) and secondary sources (precursors), and increased in average abundance from west to east across the Great Lakes. Factor 2 (13% of Σ11PFAS) and factor 3 (7% of Σ11PFAS), highly loaded with long-chain PFAS and PFNA, respectively, were thought to represent PVDF manufacture or processing in metal plating. They showed higher contributions in sparsely populated Lakes Superior and Huron. Factor 4 (5% of Σ11PFAS, highly loaded with PFOS and PFHxS) presented hot spots near current and former air force bases, suggesting it was related to aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). Factor 5 (4% of Σ11PFAS) contained primarily PFOS and PFOSA, which may imply metabolism of precursors (PFOSA) to PFOS in vivo. Unexpectedly, the spatial trends of the five sources all showed abnormally low values near the more urbanized Chicago and Milwaukee in Lake Michigan, which may be due to their unique wastewater and stormwater infrastructure or may arise from atmospheric transport of precursors. Our study indicated that PMF was an effective tool to identify sources of PFAS in fish despite absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes which might alter fingerprints in fish relative to their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, 600, Ligong Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Staci L Capozzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Fujian Jingwei Surveying and Mapping Information Co., Ltd, 68 Shanyuan Hong Road, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Nguyen VH, Smith SM, Wantala K, Kajitvichyanukul P. Photocatalytic remediation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): A review. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Zhan J, Zhang A, Héroux P, Guo Y, Sun Z, Li Z, Zhao J, Liu Y. Remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) polluted soil using pulsed corona discharge plasma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121688. [PMID: 31776082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from contaminated soil accumulates in higher organisms, and causes health risks to humans. In this research, 71 % of the PFOA was degraded, of which 51 % was decomposed into short chain by-products, 19 % mineralized, and 1 % volatilized with 30 kV of voltage, 50 Hz of discharge frequency, 1 % of soil moisture, 300 ppm of PFOA concentration and 6.3 of soil pH using pulsed positive discharge plasma. From a series of experiments, electrons were identified as the dominant active means of PFOA degradation. The decomposition by-products were analyzed by LC-MS. The results indicated that PFOA was decomposed into small by-products including perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Moreover, in plasma treated soil, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increased from less than 10 ppm-462 ppm, and the average dry weight of lettuce was 1.6 mg higher than that in natural soil. Additionally, Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae increased after treatment, indicating that plasma technology promotes the process of nitrogen cycle. Thus, PFOA polluted soil could be remediated using this pulse corona plasma technology, and simultaneously improve the fertility of soil without chemical injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Zhan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Paul Héroux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhuyu Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Barton KE, Starling AP, Higgins CP, McDonough CA, Calafat AM, Adgate JL. Sociodemographic and behavioral determinants of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a community highly exposed to aqueous film-forming foam contaminants in drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:256-266. [PMID: 31444118 PMCID: PMC6878185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a chemical class widely used in industrial and commercial applications because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Between 2013 and 2016 PFAS were detected in public water systems and private wells in El Paso County, Colorado. The contamination was likely due to aqueous film forming foams used at a nearby Air Force base. OBJECTIVE To cross-sectionally describe the serum concentrations of PFAS in a highly exposed community, estimate associations with drinking water source, and explore potential demographic and behavioral predictors. METHODS In June 2018, serum PFAS concentrations were quantified and questionnaires administered in 213 non-smoking adult (ages 19-93) participants residing in three affected water districts. Twenty PFAS were quantified and those detected in >50% of participants were analyzed: perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS). Unadjusted associations were estimated between serum PFAS concentrations and several predictors, including water consumption, demographics, personal behaviors and employment. A multiple linear regression model estimated adjusted associations with smoking history. RESULTS Study participants' median PFHxS serum concentration (14.8 ng/mL) was approximately 12 times as high as the U.S. national average. Median serum concentrations for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHpS were 9.7 ng/mL, 3.0 ng/mL, 0.4 ng/mL and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. Determinants of PFHxS serum concentrations were water district of residence, frequency of bottled water consumption, age, race/ethnicity, and smoking history. Determinants of serum concentrations for the other four PFAS evaluated included: water district of residence, bottled water consumption, age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking history, and firefighter or military employment. CONCLUSIONS Determinants of serum concentrations for multiple PFAS, including PFHxS, included water district of residence and frequency of bottled water consumption. Participants' dominant PFAS exposure route was likely consumption of PFAS-contaminated water, but certain demographic and behavioral characteristics also predicted serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Barton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Carrie A McDonough
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Park SK, Peng Q, Ding N, Mukherjee B, Harlow SD. Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in midlife women: Evidence of racial/ethnic and geographic differences in PFAS exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:186-199. [PMID: 31129528 PMCID: PMC6579633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are public health concerns because of widespread exposure through contaminated foods/drinking water. Although some determinants of PFAS exposure have been suggested, the role of geographic location and race/ethnicity in PFAS exposure has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVES We examined potential determinants of PFAS from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). METHODS This study includes 1302 women aged 45-56 years from 5 SWAN sites where white women and women from one minority group were recruited (black from Southeast Michigan, Pittsburgh, Boston; Chinese from Oakland; Japanese from Los Angeles). We determined concentrations of 11 PFAS in serum samples collected in 1999-2000 and examined 7 PFAS detected in most women (>97%). Linear regression with backward elimination was used to identify important determinants of PFAS serum concentrations among a set of pre-specified variables (age, body mass index, site, race/ethnicity, education, financial hardship, occupation, born outside the United States (US), parity, menstrual bleeding within the past year, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and consumption of fish, dairy, pizza, salty snack, and French fries). RESULTS Site and race/ethnicity were two major determinants of PFAS. White women had higher concentrations of linear perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) compared with the Chinese in Oakland (p < 0.0001) and blacks in Pittsburgh (p = 0.048). Black women in Southeast Michigan and Boston (vs. white women) had higher concentrations of linear (p < 0.001 for Southeast Michigan; p < 0.0001 for Boston) and total perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (p < 0.001 for both Southeast Michigan and Boston) and 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid (p = 0.02 for Southeast Michigan; p < 0.001 for Boston). Chinese (Oakland) and Japanese (Los Angeles) women had higher concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) compared with white women in each site (p < 0.01 for both). Within white women, those in Pittsburgh had relatively higher concentrations of PFAS. Within Chinese and Japanese women, those who were born outside the US had significantly lower concentrations of most PFAS but significantly higher PFNA concentrations. Menstrual bleeding and parity were significantly associated with lower PFAS concentrations. Higher intake of salty snacks including popcorn was significantly associated with higher concentrations of linear PFOA, PFOS and 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid. DISCUSSION Geographic locations and race/ethnicity play an important role in differential exposure to PFAS, with racial/ethnic burdens differing between PFOS, PFOA and PFNA. Menstruation and parity were also determinants of PFAS concentrations possibly as an elimination route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Siobán D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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9
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Liu F, Fan Z, Song N, Han M, Yan M, Guo LH, Jihui J, Liu S. XRCC4, which is inhibited by PFDA, regulates DNA damage repair and cell chemosensitivity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12665-12676. [PMID: 30834581 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of environmental pollution promoting gastric cancer incidence and difficulty of treatment is not fully understood. In the present article, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a common persistent environmental pollutant, was used to treat the gastric cell lines and mice to test its genotoxicity. The γ-H2AX immunoblot and plasmid fragment PCR results showed that PFDA had a promotion effect on the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human and mouse cells. Subsequent results showed that PFDA significantly altered the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy. Microarray data showed that the expressions of some important DNA repair genes were changed. Further investigation discovered that PFDA inhibition of DNA repair was mediated by X-ray repair cross complementing 4 (XRCC4). The cells deficient in XRCC4 generally exhibited reduced proliferation and premature aging in culture; however, our results indicated that PFDA induced p53 inhibition rescued cells from the apoptosis that was triggered by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) inactivation, and overexpression of p53 expression in PFDA-treated cells enhanced their apoptosis. Finally, T-cell specific factor 4 was suggested by the results as an upstream regulator of XRCC4. This article revealed for the first time that perfluorinated chemicals affect chemotherapeutic sensitivity and the NHEJ pathway, and p53 reduction rescues cells from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Jihui
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Emerce E, Çetin Ö. Genotoxicity assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances on human sperm. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:884-890. [PMID: 30326792 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718799191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products. Because the presence of PFAS has been identified in humans and the environment in the last decade, human exposure to PFAS is a current public health concern. It has been shown that some PFAS lead to adverse health effects in the male reproductive system. However, there is no information about probable genotoxic effects of these chemicals on sperm cells. This study aimed to investigate the possible genotoxic damage on human sperm cells exposed to certain major PFAS compounds that were selected considering their extensive usage, high persistence in the environment, and high bioaccumulation in humans. These PFAS are perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). The alkaline comet assay was used to detect the DNA damage to sperm. Sperm cells were treated with 0.1-1 mM of each PFAS at 32°C for 1 h to obtain optimal survival. As a result of the experiments, it was discovered that the exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxA did not cause significant levels of cytotoxicity and did not cause damage to sperm DNA under these conditions. The results suggest that the exposure to these PFAS did not interfere with sperm DNA. Indirect toxicity mechanisms should be taken into account to assess the association between the PFAS exposure and male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emerce
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Çetin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Choi H, Bae IA, Choi JC, Park SJ, Kim M. Perfluorinated compounds in food simulants after migration from fluorocarbon resin-coated frying pans, baking utensils, and non-stick baking papers on the Korean market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:264-272. [PMID: 30052135 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1499677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are used in manufacturing food contact materials, including non-stick cookware coatings and oil- and moisture-resistant paper coatings. The chemical stability of PFCs poses an issue for human safety, as they do not degrade well naturally and hence may accumulate in the body. In terms of food safety, since dietary intake is thought to be a major source of exposure to PFCs, it is necessary to assess the migration of PFCs from food packaging articles to food under typical cooking and storage conditions. An analytical method was developed for assessing the migration of 16 PFCs from food contact materials to food simulants using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The applicability of the method for regular inspection was assessed by monitoring 312 samples. Based on the results of the exposure assessment, all food contact materials deemed to be safe for use, which evaluated migrated concentrations and dietary food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeju Choi
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ae Bae
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jong Park
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
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12
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Cao W, Liu X, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Tian H, Wang J, Feng S, Wu Y, Bhatti P, Wen S, Sun X. Perfluoroalkyl substances in umbilical cord serum and gestational and postnatal growth in a Chinese birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:197-205. [PMID: 29698896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although animal studies have found that perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) affect gestational and postnatal growth, the epidemiological findings are limited and not in agreement. We explored the associations of PFAS concentrations in umbilical cord blood with gestational and postnatal growth in China. Three hundred thirty-seven singleton newborns and their mothers were recruited from November 2013 to December 2015 in Zhoukou City, China. Umbilical cord blood was collected to measure eleven PFASs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The index of gestational and postnatal growth contained fetal weight, length, and head circumference. These were obtained at birth and at the follow-up investigation (mean 19 months). Exposed to higher perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were connected with reduced length at birth (p for trend = 0.01) and decreased postnatal weight (β = -429.2 g; 95% CI: -858.4, -0.121 for 2nd VS. 1st). Exposed to perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) were positively associated with indications of gestational growth and postnatal growth (p for trend = 0.02 for birth length; p for trend = 0.04 for postnatal length). Exposed to higher perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) were associated with lower birth weight (β = -122.9 g, 95% CI: -244.7 to -1.2 for 2nd VS. 1st), but higher postnatal length (p for trend = 0.03). Neonates in the highest exposure group of per-fluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) showed decreased birth length (β = -0.33 cm, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.01, for 2nd VS. 1st), but increased postnatal head circumference (p for trend = 0.04). Increased PFOA concentrations was associated with shorter birth length only in girls (p for trend = 0.04), suggesting that the effect of PFASs on gestational growth were different between boys and girls. In utero exposure to PFASs may affect gestational and postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Cao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Wuhan 430205, PR China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Haoyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shixian Feng
- Institute of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nongye Donglu South, Zhengzhou 450016, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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13
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Vedagiri UK, Anderson RH, Loso HM, Schwach CM. Ambient levels of PFOS and PFOA in multiple environmental media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard H. Anderson
- Environmental Scientist, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC); San Antonio Texas
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Khansari MR, Yousefsani BS, Kobarfard F, Faizi M, Pourahmad J. In vitro toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate on rat liver hepatocytes: probability of distructive binding to CYP 2E1 and involvement of cellular proteolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23382-23388. [PMID: 28842823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), an anthropogenic fluorosurfactant, is one of the most common global pollutants. PFOS is used in various consumer products to provide soil, oil, and water resistance to materials used in clothing, upholstery, and food packaging. PFOS is persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to mammalian species. In this study, the cellular mechanisms involved in PFOS hepatotoxicity were evaluated. For this purpose, we determined oxidative stress markers including cell lysis, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane leakiness, and cellular proteolysis. Our results demonstrated that PFOS liver cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Incubation of hepatocytes with PFOS caused rapid depletion of hepatocyte glutathione (GSH), an important marker of cellular oxidative stress. Most of the PFOS-induced GSH depletion could be attributed to the expulsion of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). PFOS hepatotoxicity was inhibited by antioxidants and ROS scavengers, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore sealing agents, and endocytosis inhibitors. Our results suggest that PFOS hepatotoxicity might be the result of oxidative stress-induced lysosomal membrane leakiness and cellular proteolysis in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rajabnia Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran.
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran.
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15
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Yeung LWY, Dassuncao C, Mabury S, Sunderland EM, Zhang X, Lohmann R. Vertical Profiles, Sources, and Transport of PFASs in the Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6735-6744. [PMID: 28513149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of atmospheric versus oceanic transport for poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) reaching the Arctic Ocean is not well understood. Vertical profiles from the Central Arctic Ocean and shelf water, snow and meltwater samples were collected in 2012; 13 PFASs (C6-C12 PFCAs; C6, 8, 10 PFSAs; MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA; and FOSA) were routinely detected (range: <5-343 pg/L). PFASs were only detectable above 150 m depth in the polar mixed layer (PML) and halocline. Enhanced concentrations were observed in snow and meltpond samples, implying atmospheric deposition as an important source of PFASs. Model results suggested atmospheric inputs to account for 34-59% (∼11-19 pg/L) of measured PFOA concentrations in the PML (mean 32 ± 15 pg/L). Modeled surface and halocline measurements for PFOS based on North Atlantic inflow (11-36 pg/L) agreed with measurements (mean, 17, range <5-41 pg/L). Modeled deep water concentrations below 200 m (5-15 pg/L) were slightly higher than measurements (<5 pg/L), suggesting the lower bound of PFAS emissions estimates from wastewater and rivers may provide the best estimate of inputs to the Arctic. Despite low concentrations in deep water, this reservoir is expected to contain most of the PFOS mass in the Arctic (63-180 Mg) and is projected to continue increasing to 2038.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Clifton Dassuncao
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Scott Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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16
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Dong T, Peng Y, Zhong N, Liu F, Zhang H, Xu M, Liu R, Han M, Tian X, Jia J, Chang LK, Guo LH, Liu S. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) promotes gastric cell proliferation via sPLA2-IIA. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50911-50920. [PMID: 28881615 PMCID: PMC5584216 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of perfluorodecanoicacid (PFDA) with tumor promotion and associated effects is not clear. Given that PDFA is mostly consumed with food and drinking water, we evaluated the effects of PFDA on a gastric cell line. When added to cell cultures, PFDA significantly increased growth rate and colony forming ability compared with control treatment. We found that suppression of cell senescence, but not apoptosis or autophagy was associated with PFDA-induced promotion of cell amount. To determine the molecular mechanism that was involved, DNA microarray assays was used to analyze changes in gene expression in response to PFDA treatment. Data analysis demonstrated that the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway had the lowest p-value, with sPLA2-IIA (pla2g2a) exhibits the most altered expression pattern within the pathway. Moreover, sPLA2-IIA and its transcription factor TCF4, known as a direct target and a binding partner of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cells respectively, were the third and second most varied genes globally. Cells transfected with expression plasmids pENTER-tcf4 and pENTER-pla2g2a show reduced cell proliferation by more than 60% and 30% respectively. Knockdown with sPLA2-IIA siRNA provided additional evidence that sPLA2-IIA was a mediator of PFDA-induced cell senescence suppression. The results suggest for the first time that PFDA induced suppression of cell senescence through inhibition of sPLA2-IIA protein expression and might increased the proliferative capacity of an existing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Dong
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Breast Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yanping Peng
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fengyan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mengchen Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong university, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xingsong Tian
- Department of Breast Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jihui Jia
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lap Kam Chang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shili Liu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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17
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Zhou X, Dong T, Fan Z, Peng Y, Zhou R, Wang X, Song N, Han M, Fan B, Jia J, Liu S. Perfluorodecanoic acid stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome assembly in gastric cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45468. [PMID: 28367997 PMCID: PMC5377303 DOI: 10.1038/srep45468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a perfluorinated carboxylic acid, presents in the environment and accumulates in human blood and organs, but its association with tumor promotion are not clear. Given that inflammation plays a significant role in the development of gastric malignancies, we evaluated the effects of PFDA on activation of the inflammasome and inflammation regulation in the gastric cell line AGS. When added to cell cultures, PFDA significantly stimulated IL-1β and IL18 secretion and their mRNA levels compared with control cells. By RT-PCR and western-blot we found that up-regulation of NLRP3 were associated with promotion of IL-1β and IL-18 production. Then expression variation of cIAP1/2, c-Rel and p52 were analyzed, the results demonstrated raised mRNA expression in all the tested genes concomitant with enhanced inflammasome activity after exposure to PFDA. Assays with cIAP2 siRNA and NFκB reporter provided additional evidence that these genes were involved in PFDA-induced inflammasome assembly. Furthermore, increased secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 were detected in stomach of PFDA-treated mice, disorganized alignment of epithelial cells and inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed in the stomach tissues upon PFDA treatment. This study reports for the first time that PFDA regulates inflammasome assembly in human cells and mice tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of medical microbiology, School of basic medical science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tianyi Dong
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision &Test Center, 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yanping Peng
- Department of medical microbiology, School of basic medical science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaqiong Wang
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of medical microbiology, School of basic medical science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Bingbing Fan
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of medical microbiology, School of basic medical science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of medical microbiology, School of basic medical science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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18
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Christensen KY, Raymond M, Blackowicz M, Liu Y, Thompson BA, Anderson HA, Turyk M. Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:145-151. [PMID: 28073048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of contaminants. Certain PFAS are regulated or voluntarily limited due to concern about environmental persistence and adverse health effects, including thyroid disease and dyslipidemia. The major source of PFAS exposure in the general population is thought to be consumption of seafood. OBJECTIVES In this analysis we examine PFAS levels and their determinants, as well as associations between PFAS levels and self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, using a representative sample of the U.S. METHODS Data on PFAS levels and self-reported fish consumption over the past 30 days were collected from the 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twelve different PFAS were measured in serum samples from participants. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to identify factors (demographic characteristics and fish consumption habits) associated with serum PFAS concentrations. Additional models were further adjusted for other potential exposures including military service and consumption of ready-to-eat and fast foods. RESULTS Seven PFAS were detected in at least 30% of participants and were examined in subsequent analyses (PFDA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, MPAH, PFNA, PFUA). The PFAS with the highest concentrations were PFOS, followed by PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA (medians of 8.3, 2.7, 1.5 and 1.0ng/mL). Fish consumption was generally low, with a median of 1.2 fish meals and 0.14 shellfish meals, reported over the past 30 days. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, total fish consumption was associated with reduced MPAH, and with elevated PFDE, PFNA and PFuDA. Shellfish consumption was associated with elevations of all PFAS examined except MPAH. Certain specific fish and shellfish types were also associated with specific PFAS. Adjustment for additional exposure variables resulted in little to no change in effect estimates for seafood variables. CONCLUSIONS PFAS are emerging contaminants with widespread exposure, persistence, and potential for adverse health effects. In the general population, fish and shellfish consumption are associated with PFAS levels, which may indicate an avenue for education and outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Y Christensen
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States.
| | - Michelle Raymond
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States
| | - Michael Blackowicz
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Yangyang Liu
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Brooke A Thompson
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States
| | - Henry A Anderson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Population Health Sciences, 614 Walnut Street, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Mary Turyk
- University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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19
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Sochorová L, Hanzlíková L, Černá M, Drgáčová A, Fialová A, Švarcová A, Gramblička T, Pulkrabová J. Perfluorinated alkylated substances and brominated flame retardants in serum of the Czech adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Jin L, Jiang C, Zhang P. Photochemical decomposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctane sulfonate (6:2FTS) induced by ferric ions. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:120-127. [PMID: 28115121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) had wide applications, such as in the electroplating industry, but its use was restricted in 2009 by the Stockholm Convention, due to its environmental persistence and potential hazards. As the most common PFOS alternative, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2FTS) and its salts have been increasingly used. However, little is known about its photochemical decomposition. This paper reports the ferric ion-induced efficient decomposition and defluorination of 6:2FTS under 254nm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; the underlying mechanisms were also investigated. In the presence of 100μmol/L ferric ion and at pH3.0, the first-order decomposition rate constant of 6:2FTS (10mg/L) was 1.59/hr, which was 6 times higher than for direct UV photolysis. The effects of the ferric ion concentration and the solution pH on the 6:2FTS photodecomposition were investigated and the optimal reaction conditions were determined. In addition to fluoride and sulfate ions, shorter-chain PFCAs (C2-C7) were detected as major intermediates. The addition of hydrogen peroxide or oxalic acid accelerated the decomposition of 6:2FTS under UV irradiation, but not its defluorination, indicating that hydroxyl radicals can directly react with 6:2FTS but not with the shorter-chain PFCAs. Accordingly, a mechanism for 6:2FTS photochemical decomposition in the presence of ferric ion was proposed, which comprises two reaction pathways. First, hydroxyl radicals can directly attack 6:2FTS, leading to CC bond cleavage. Alternatively, 6:2FTS coordinates with ferric ion to form Fe(III)-6:2FTS complexes, which can undergo ligand-to-metal charge transfer under UV irradiation, causing CS bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chuanjia Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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21
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Kim SJ, Heo SH, Lee DS, Hwang IG, Lee YB, Cho HY. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 3 perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:243-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Góralczyk K, Pachocki KA, Hernik A, Struciński P, Czaja K, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Lenters V, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Matuszak M, Ludwicki JK. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood serum of inhabitants in central Poland in relation to gender and age. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:548-555. [PMID: 26100734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to determine concentrations of seven selected perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs): perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) in the blood serum of men and women of reproductive age from the central region of Poland. The relation between sex of tested subjects and the levels of compounds in blood serum of humans will also be considered and analysed as an element of the risk assessment. The study was made on the blood serum samples collected from 253 women and 176 men of reproductive age between 20 and 44 years from Warsaw and surrounding areas. Higher concentrations of five (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA) from among seven selected PFASs were observed in men in comparison to women from the same populations. Only the concentrations of PFHxS and PFDoDA were slightly higher in women than in men. These differences were statistically significant in all cases, except for PFUnDA. The hypothesis that the concentrations of said compounds increase with age of the test subjects, regardless of gender has not been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof A Pachocki
- Department of Radiation Hygiene and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Minorczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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Salihovic S, Kärrman A, Lind L, Lind PM, Lindström G, van Bavel B. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including structural PFOS isomers in plasma from elderly men and women from Sweden: Results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 82:21-7. [PMID: 26001496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of compounds with unique chemical properties that have been shown useful in a wide variety of applications because they provide materials with reduced surface tension and exceptional non-stick properties. PFASs are commonly found in impregnation materials, coatings of papers and textiles, fire-fighting foams, pesticides, and cleaning agents. The potential for human exposure to PFASs is high because of their widespread distribution. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of PFASs in men and women from Sweden and to assess the influence of gender and parity among women. Levels of 13 PFASs were determined in plasma samples collected during 2001-2004 from 1016 (507 women) 70year-old participants from the population-based Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The PFASs studied were nine perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), four perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). In addition, structural isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were determined in a subset of 398 individuals. The detection rates were high and the majority of the studied compounds were detected in more than 75% of the participants. Levels of the selected analytes were found to be similar to other studies of non-occupationally exposed populations. Gender differences were observed in levels of PFHpA which was higher in men, while PFHxS was higher in women. Parity among women was shown to have a minor effect on PFAS concentrations and we found primi- and multiparous women to have slightly lower levels of PFUnDA when compared to nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Lindström
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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24
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Wang F, Shih K, Ma R, Li XY. Influence of cations on the partition behavior of perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) on wastewater sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:178-183. [PMID: 25841073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different cations on the sorption behavior of PFHpA and PFHxS on two types of sludge were investigated in this study. The sodium and potassium ions did not significantly affect PFHpA and PFHxS sorption on different sludge. For calcium and magnesium, the sorption amount of PFAS increased with calcium and magnesium concentration increasing from 1 to 30 mM and then decreased with those increasing from 30 to 100 mM. The sorption level of PFHxS or PFHpA greatly increased with increasing Al3+ and Fe3+ cation concentrations due to the strong sorption and coagulation effects by the formation of aluminum hydroxide (or ferric hydroxide) colloids or precipitates. After the organics in sludge has been removed by thermal treatment, the PFAS sorption on sludge was greatly reduced. Such finding indicated that sorption to organic matter is more important for anionic PFASs than adsorption to mineral surfaces. However, due to the higher content of biological organics, a secondary activated sludge has higher affinity toward PFAS species than chemically enhanced primary treatment sludge. It indicated that the organic types in sludge were also crucial to the sorption levels of PFASs by sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ruowei Ma
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Liang J, Deng X, Tan K. An eosin Y-based "turn-on" fluorescent sensor for detection of perfluorooctane sulfonate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:772-777. [PMID: 26103430 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel sensing method with a higher sensitivity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) than perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been proposed detection of PFOS in aqueous solution replying on the "off-on" switch of eosin Y/polyethyleneimine (PEI)/PFOS fluorescence system due to the higher affinity of PEI to PFOS than eosin Y. In pH 7.0 Britton-Robinson buffer solution, eosin Y reacts with protonated PEI to form complex by electrostatic attraction, which leads to a strong fluorescence quenching of the eosin Y. When PFOS presents, the fluorescence of eosin Y is recover due to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between PFOS and PEI. The recovered fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of PFOS in the ranging from 0 to 2.0×10(-6) mol/L with the limit of detection (LOD, 3σ) being 1.5×10(-8) mol/L without preconcentration. In this study, the optimum reaction conditions and the interferences of foreign substances were investigated. In addition, the effects of PFOA, the analog of PFOS, on the fluorescence recovery of the system were also studied. The presented approach has been successfully used to detect PFOS in real samples with RSD ⩽2.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Liang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Chemistry Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Chemistry Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kejun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Chemistry Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Gebbink WA, Glynn A, Berger U. Temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids and selected precursors (including isomers) in Swedish human serum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:166-73. [PMID: 25660070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations (including isomer patterns) and temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors were determined in serum samples from Swedish women. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA), as well as its N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives (MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA) were consistently detected. Highest PFOS precursor concentrations were found for EtFOSAA (before year 2000) or MeFOSAA and FOSAA (after 2000). Disappearance half-lives for all PFOS precursors were shorter compared to PFOS. 4:2/6:2 and 6:2/6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were detected in <60% of the samples, whereas 6:2/8:2 and 8:2/8:2 diPAPs were detected in >60% of the samples, but showed no significant change in concentrations over time. Linear and sum-branched isomers were quantified separately for three PFAAs and three precursors. Significant changes between 1997 and 2012 in the % linear isomer were observed for PFOA and FOSA (increase) and PFOS (decrease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Zeng XW, Qian Z, Vaughn M, Xian H, Elder K, Rodemich E, Bao J, Jin YH, Dong GH. Human serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Uyghurs from Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region, China: background levels study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4736-4746. [PMID: 25339531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are a family of commonly used industrial chemicals whose persistence and ubiquity in blood samples of humans and wildlife have become a growing concern. Despite PFOS and PFOA having been found in human blood and tissue samples from occupationally exposed workers and the general worldwide population, little systematic knowledge has accrued with respect to exposure levels in Uyghurs in the Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region of China, which is predominantly agricultural and pastoral. Our goal was to provide background data for biological monitoring in the general population of this region. In this study, 110 self-reported healthy human serum samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed Uyghurs volunteers and analyzed by microbore HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Among the 110 blood specimens, PFOS was detected in 102 samples (93%) and ranged from the lower limit of quantification of 0.01 to 22.63 μg/L with a median of 1.93 μg/L (interquartile range 1.00-3.43 μg/L). The median was higher among males (2.39 μg/L; interquartile range 1.23-4.40 μg/L) than that among females (1.20 μg/L; interquartile range 0.83-2.77 μg/L). No significant difference was observed with respect to age. The concentration of PFOA was lower than that of PFOS and was found only in seven samples (6%) at concentrations above the limit of quantification. This study is the first investigation to reveal serum PFOS and PFOA levels in the general population of Uyghurs. PFOS and PFOA concentrations found in the present investigation were lower than those found in recent studies consisting of subjects from different geographic locations (PFOS 5.0-44.7 μg/L, PFOA 1.5-10 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
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28
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Gebbink WA, Glynn A, Darnerud PO, Berger U. Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 198:108-115. [PMID: 25590128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed food market basket samples obtained in Sweden from 1999, 2005, and 2010 for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and a range of precursor compounds. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors were detected in all food year pools with the highest concentrations in 1999. Six polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs, 4:2/6:2, 6:2/6:2, 6:2/8:2, 8:2/8:2, 6:2/10:2, and 10:2/10:2) were detected in the year pools with the highest ∑diPAP concentrations in 1999 and 2005. All precursors were predominantly found in meat, fish, and/or eggs based on analysis of individual food groups from 1999. Based on year pools, PFOS precursors contributed between 4 and 1% as an indirect source to total dietary PFOS intakes between 1999 and 2010. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) exposure originated entirely from diPAPs, whereas for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), diPAPs contributed between 1 and 19% to total exposure. The lowest precursor contributions were generally seen in food samples from 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Fredslund SO, Bossi R, Olsen J. Breast cancer risk after exposure to perfluorinated compounds in Danish women: a case-control study nested in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1439-48. [PMID: 25148915 PMCID: PMC4215104 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal studies have indicated that perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) increase mammary fibroadenomas. A recent case-control study in Greenlandic Inuit women showed an association between the PFAS serum levels and breast cancer (BC) risk. The present study evaluates the association between serum levels of PFAS in pregnant Danish women and the risk of premenopausal BC during a follow-up period of 10-15 years using prospectively collected exposure data during the pregnancy. METHODS Questionnaire and blood samples were taken during 1996-2002 and at the end of follow-up, all 250 BC cases and 233 frequency-matched controls were chosen for further analyses. Serum levels of ten perfluorocarboxylated acids, five perfluorosulfonated acids, and one sulfonamide (perflurooctane-sulfonamide, PFOSA) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in negative mode. Computer-assisted telephone interviews taken during pregnancy provided data on potential confounders. RESULTS Weak positive and negative insignificant associations were found between BC risk and levels of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), respectively. Grouped into quintile, the BC cases had a significant positive association with PFOSA at the highest quintiles and a negatively association for PFHxS. Sensitivity analyses excluding uncertain cases caused stronger data for PFOSA and weaker for PFHxS. No further significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study does not provide convincing evidence for a causal link between PFAS exposures and premenopausal BC risks 10-15 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Arctic Health & Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
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31
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Fang S, Zhu L, Deng J. Perfluoroalkyl acids and the isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in the sera of 50 new couples in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:185-191. [PMID: 24747327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 100 serum samples from 50 new couples (none of the females in this study has ever been pregnant) in Tianjin, North China, were analyzed for eleven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with isomer-specific method. Among all samples, total perfluorooctanesulfonate (∑PFOS, mean 11.3 ng/mL) was predominant followed by total perfluorooctanoate (∑PFOA, 2.95 ng/mL), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA, 1.17 ng/mL), perfluorononanoate (PFNA, 0.93 ng/mL) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS, 0.67 ng/mL). The mean concentrations of ∑PFOS and PFHxS in males (14.2 and 0.89 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p=0.001) than in females (8.36 and 0.45 ng/mL). No statistical difference between genders was observed for the other PFAAs. This suggests that menstruation is one important elimination pathway for ∑PFOS and PFHxS in females. Linear PFOA was the dominant isomer with mean proportion of 99.7%, suggesting that telomeric PFOA (and its precursors), which contains almost pure linear isomer, might be the dominant exposure source of PFOA in Tianjin. On average, the proportion of linear PFOS (n-PFOS) was 59.2% of ∑PFOS, which was lower than that in technical PFOS products (ca. 70% linear). Except perfluoroisopropyl PFOS, all the other monomethyl branched PFOS isomers were enriched in human serum compared to the commercial products, suggesting the monomethyl branched PFOS precursors were preferentially biotransformed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Jimin Deng
- Maternity and Child Care Center, Heping District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Qu Y, Zhang CJ, Chen P, Zhou Q, Zhang WX. Effect of initial solution pH on photo-induced reductive decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:218-223. [PMID: 24439837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of initial solution pH on the decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with hydrated electrons as reductant were investigated. The reductive decomposition of PFOA depends strongly on the solution pH. In the pH range of 5.0-10.0, the decomposition and defluorination rates of PFOA increased with the increase of the initial solution pH. The rate constant was 0.0295 min(-1) at pH 10.0, which was more than 49.0 times higher than that at pH 5.0. Higher pH also inhibits the generation of toxic intermediates during the PFOA decomposition. For example, the short-chain PFCAs reached a lower maximum concentration in shorter reaction time as pH increasing. The peak areas of accumulated fluorinated and iodinated hydrocarbons detected by GC/MS under acidic conditions were nearly 10-100 times more than those under alkaline conditions. In short, alkaline conditions were more favorable for photo-induced reduction of PFOA as high pH promoted the decomposition of PFOA and inhibited the accumulation of intermediate products. The concentration of hydrated electron, detected by laser flash photolysis, increased with the increase of the initial pH. This was the main reason why the decomposition of PFOA in the UV-KI system depended strongly on the initial pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chao-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Wei-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Jin L, Zhang P, Shao T, Zhao S. Ferric ion mediated photodecomposition of aqueous perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) under UV irradiation and its mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 271:9-15. [PMID: 24583810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) recently has received much attention due to its global distribution, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. The methods for PFOS decomposition are very limited due to its inertness. In this report we first found the photodecomposition of PFOS under UV was greatly accelerated by addition of ferric ions. In the presence of ferric ion (100 μM), PFOS (20 μM) decreased to below the detection limit within 48 h, with the rate constant of 1.67 d(-1), which was 50 times higher than that by direct photolysis (0.033 d(-1)). Besides fluoride and sulfate ions, C2-C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were identified as the main intermediates. It was found that addition of PFOS into the FeCl3 aqueous solution led to reduction of UV absorption, and the presence of ferric ion reduced the response of PFOS as analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, which indicated that PFOS formed a complex with ferric ion. The ESR detection indicated that the electronic state of Fe(3+)-PFOS complex changed during reaction. And the role of oxygen and hydroxyl radical on the defluorination of PFOS was investigated. Accordingly the mechanism for PFOS photodecomposition in the presence of ferric ion was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tian Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiliang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wan HT, Leung PY, Zhao YG, Wei X, Wong MH, Wong CKC. Blood plasma concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Hong Kong populations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:763-769. [PMID: 23411151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report the human plasma concentrations of some common endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the Hong Kong population. We have analyzed 153 plasma samples for the contaminants by methods involving labeled standards spiked into the samples. Quantification was performed using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for bisphenol-A (BPA) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods for phthalates. We found BPA, several types of PFCs and phthalates in over 90% of the plasma samples. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the dominant PFC, followed by perfluroroctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Eight out of ten phthalates were detected, with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as the most abundant, followed by bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP) and dioctyl phthalate (DnOP). The levels of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were significantly higher in the male plasma samples (p<0.05), while the mean plasma levels of DEHP and n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were significantly higher in the young age group (p<0.02). The presence of the selected EDCs in human blood plasma indicates common exposure routes among different population cohorts. Although the plasma levels of the EDCs were comparable to other countries, regular monitoring of human blood EDC contamination levels is necessary to provide a time-trend database for the estimation of exposure risk and to formulate appropriate public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Wan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China.
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35
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Yeung LWY, Guruge KS, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Angus PW, Herath CB. Profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances in the liver and serum of patients with liver cancer and cirrhosis in Australia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:139-146. [PMID: 23849467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study investigated 12 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum (n=79) and liver (n=66) samples from patients who had undergone liver transplantation for a range of conditions, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C viral infection (HCV), both HCC and HCV, amyloidosis or acute liver failure. PFAS data from patients were compared to those in control serum (n=25) samples from liver donors with no known liver disease and to those in control liver (n=9) tissues collected during liver resection surgery. All samples showed detectable PFOS (serum: 0.621-126ng/mL; liver: 0.375-42.5ng/g wet wt) and PFOA (serum: 0.437-45.5ng/mL; liver: 0.101-2.25ng/g wet wt) concentrations. In general, in paired serum and liver samples, serum had higher PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA, PFNA, and PFOA concentrations than those in explanted livers from patients. These findings also suggest that pathological changes in diseased livers alter the distribution of PFASs between liver and serum. The results from control serum (2007-2008) suggested that PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFNA concentrations were lower than those previously reported from Australia for 2002-2003, and 2006-2007. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the detection and comparison of a range of PFASs in the liver of patients with liver cancer and/or liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Plant JA, Korre A, Reeder S, Smith B, Voulvoulis N. Chemicals in the environment: implications for global sustainability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/037174505x62857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Yeung LWY, Robinson SJ, Koschorreck J, Mabury SA. Part II. A temporal study of PFOS and its precursors in human plasma from two German cities in 1982-2009. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3875-3882. [PMID: 23484930 DOI: 10.1021/es4004153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of 420 human plasma from two cities (Halle and Münster, Germany) collected between 1982 and 2009, were analyzed for a suite of PFSAs (C4, C6, C8, C10) and selected PFOS precursors (MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, FOSAA, di-SAmPAP). Among these target analytes, only di-SAmPAP was used in consumer products. PFSAs (C6 and C8), MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA were detected in over 95% of the samples (<0.0011-116.0 ng/mL), PFDS was detected in approximately 40% of the samples (<0.005-0.0998 ng/mL), and di-SAmPAP was detected in 17% of the samples (<0.005-0.0137 ng/mL). Significant positive correlations were found between PFOS and PFHxS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA. Temporal trends of decreasing concentration were identified for PFOS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA, but not for PFHxS. Di-SAmPAP, a common food-contact paper surfactant and expected PFOS precursor, was detected infrequently (25% in samples prior to 2000) in samples before 2006. Population halving times of PFOS, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, and FOSAA were estimated. The observed reduction of these chemicals over time in human plasma is presumably related to the phase-out of POSF-based products beginning in 2000. The detection of di-SAmPAP in human sera is significant because this chemical is expected to be metabolized or degraded to PFOS in humans and the environment. Our detection of di-SAmPAP is the first confirmation of human exposure to this commercially available product which is a plausible source of PFOS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada
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38
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Yamaguchi M, Arisawa K, Uemura H, Katsuura-Kamano S, Takami H, Sawachika F, Nakamoto M, Juta T, Toda E, Mori K, Hasegawa M, Tanto M, Shima M, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Satoh H. Consumption of seafood, serum liver enzymes, and blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Japanese population. J Occup Health 2013; 55:184-94. [PMID: 23574777 DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0264-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been shown to accumulate in the human body. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factors associated with the blood levels of PFOS and PFOA. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 307 men and 301 women (aged 16-76 years) living in 15 prefectures in Japan. Blood levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hepatic enzymes (γ-GTP, GOT, and GPT) and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) levels in serum were also measured. Associations between the levels of PFOS and PFOA in blood and the intake frequency of 41 kinds of dishes, foods and beverages and the serum levels of liver enzymes and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined using rank correlations. RESULTS Frequency of intake of boiled fish in broth, sliced raw fish and coastal fish showed significant positive correlations with PFOS concentrations in blood after adjustments for potential confounders. Serum levels of GOT, GPT, DHA and EPA showed significant positive correlations with PFOS and PFOA in blood. There was also a significant regional difference in the blood levels of PFOS and 2013PFOA, with medians being highest in the Tokai/Hokuriku/Kinki region. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the concentrations of PFOS in blood were mainly associated with fish consumption and that the levels of PFOS and PFOA were associated with the serum levels of liver enzymes in Japanese populations. Further investigations are required to clarify the reason for the regional differences in blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Oh JH, Moon HB, Choe ES. Alterations in differentially expressed genes after repeated exposure to perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in liver of Oryzias latipes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:475-483. [PMID: 23223935 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are considered biologically toxic due to their persistence in the environment. The effects of repeated exposure to these compounds on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated in liver of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. In this study, seven genes-except for cytochrome P450 3A (CYP450 3A)-were identified as DEGs that were downregulated in response to 15- and 30 days exposures to PFOA and/or PFOS. Four DEGs (c-type lysozyme, EF-1β, complement component C3-1, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) returned to basal levels after 15 days of recovery after 30 days of exposure to the compounds. In contrast, three DEGs (transferrin, alcohol dehydrogenase class VI, and CYP450 3A) were still upregulated by PFOS after 15 days of recovery. In addition, the effect of PFOS showed more accumulation after 15 days of recovery than PFOA. These data suggest that PFOS accumulates more in tissue than PFOA and causes high cellular toxicity by way of suppression of the genes encoding transferrin and alcohol dehydrogenase class VI, whereas there is upregulation of cytochrome P450 3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
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40
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Yeung LWY, Mabury SA. Bioconcentration of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12505-13. [PMID: 24060050 DOI: 10.1021/es403170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the bioconcentration of PFASs in juvenile rainbow trout by exposing the fish in separate tanks under flow-through conditions to water continuously spiked with either of the AFFFs FC-203CF light water AFFF 3% (3M) or Niagara 1-3 (Angus Fire); a nonspiked tank served as the control. Three fish in each tank were collected after 1, 3, 6, and 11 days of exposure, and 3, 7, 14, and 25 days of depuration. Liver and carcass homogenate samples were analyzed for 20 PFASs using LC-MS/MS. PFDS, PFOS, PFHxS, and EtFOSAA were detected in fish exposed to the 3M foam, while 6:2 and 8:2 FTSASs, 6:2 and 8:2 FTSAs, 5:3 and 7:3 FTCAs were measured in fish exposed to Angus Fire foam. Bioconcentration factors and rate constants for uptake and depuration were calculated. Total and extractable organofluorine were measured in the fish samples. After fish were exposed to AFFFs, not only known PFASs but also other unknown organofluorines were bioconcentrated. Compared to the control group, significantly greater amounts (at least 10-fold) and proportion of unidentified PFASs were found in both liver and carcass homogenate ranging from ∼50% in 3M foam up to 95% in the Angus Fire foam at the end of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
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Yan H, Zhang CJ, Zhou Q, Chen L, Meng XZ. Short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in sewage sludge from Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1300-1305. [PMID: 22546628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are the subject of increasingly intense environmental research. In this study, sewage sludge samples were collected from 25 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shanghai, China to evaluate the levels and profile of C3-C14 PFAs. The results showed a ubiquitous PFAs contamination of sewage sludge in Shanghai with the total PFAs (∑PFAs) range of 126-809 ng g(-1)dw. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was found to be the dominant PFA pollutant and its concentration ranged from 23.2 to 298 ng g(-1)dw, much higher than the levels in other countries. Moreover, concentrations of short-chain PFAs (<C6) in sewage sludge were considerable. Following sludge application in agricultural land, the concentrations of PFOA, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are predicted to be 1.08 and 7.53 ng g(-1)dw, respectively, much lower than the corresponding US EPA standards. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to explore the fate of PFAs in sludge-amended soils due to the persistence and bioaccumulation potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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42
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Olsen GW, Lange CC, Ellefson ME, Mair DC, Church TR, Goldberg CL, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Reagen WK, Zobel LR. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl concentrations in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2010. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6330-6338. [PMID: 22554481 DOI: 10.1021/es300604p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Eleven perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were analyzed in plasma from a total of 600 American Red Cross adult blood donors from six locations in 2010. The samples were extracted by protein precipitation and quantified by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The anions of the three perfluorosulfonic acids measured were perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The anions of the eight perfluorocarboxylic acids were perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA), and perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA). Findings were compared to results from different donor samples analyzed at the same locations collected in 2000-2001 (N = 645 serum samples) and 2006 (N = 600 plasma samples). Most measurements in 2010 were less than the lower limit of quantitation for PFBS, PFPeA, PFHxA, and PFDoA. For the remaining analytes, the geometric mean concentrations (ng/mL) in 2000-2001, 2006, and 2010 were, respectively, PFHxS: (2.25, 1.52, 1.34); PFOS (34.9, 14.5, 8.3); PFHpA (0.13, 0.09, 0.05); PFOA (4.70, 3.44, 2.44); PFNA (0.57, 0.97, 0.83); PFDA (0.16, 0.34, 0.27), and PFUnA (0.10, 0.18, 0.14). The percentage decline (parentheses) in geometric mean concentrations from 2000-2001 to 2010 were PFHxS (40%), PFOS (76%), and PFOA (48%). The decline in PFOS suggested a population halving time of 4.3 years. This estimate is comparable to the geometric mean serum elimination half-life of 4.8 years reported in individuals. This similarity supports the conclusion that the dominant PFOS-related exposures to humans in the United States were greatly mitigated during the phase-out period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geary W Olsen
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States.
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43
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Olsen GW, Church TR, Hansen KJ, Burris JM, Butenhoff JL, Mandel JH, Zobel LR. Quantitative Evaluation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Other Fluorochemicals in the Serum of Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/15417060490447378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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44
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Jacquet N, Maire MA, Landkocz Y, Vasseur P. Carcinogenic potency of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:305-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Beesoon S, Benskin JP, De Silva AO, Genuis SJ, Martin JW. Enantiomer fractions of chiral Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in human sera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8907-8914. [PMID: 21882865 DOI: 10.1021/es2023434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the most prominent perfluoroalkyl contaminant in humans and wildlife, but there is great uncertainty in exposure pathways, particularly with respect to the importance of PFOS-precursors (PreFOS). We explored the hypothesis that nonracemic proportions of chiral PFOS in serum are qualitative and semiquantitative biomarkers of human PreFOS exposure. A new chiral HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for alpha-perfluoromethyl branched PFOS (1m-PFOS, typically 2-3% of total PFOS) and applied to enantiomer fraction (EF) analysis in biological samples. In blood and tissues of rodents exposed subchronically to electrochemical PFOS, 1m-PFOS was racemic (EF = 0.485-0.511) and no evidence for enantioselective excretion was found in this model mammal. 1m-PFOS in serum of pregnant women, from Edmonton, was significantly nonracemic, with a mean EF (±standard deviation) of 0.432 ± 0.009, similar to pooled North American serum. In a highly exposed Edmonton family (mother, father, and 5 children) living in a house where ScotchGard had been applied repeatedly to carpet and upholstery, EFs ranged from 0.35 to 0.43, significantly more nonracemic than in pregnant women. Semiquantitative estimates of % serum 1m-PFOS coming from 1m-PreFOS biotransformation in both subpopulations were in reasonable agreement with model predictions of human exposure to PFOS from PreFOS. The data were overall suggestive that the measured nonracemic EFs were influenced by the relative extent of exposure to PreFOS. The possibility of using 1m-PFOS EFs for assessing the relative contribution of 1m-PreFOS (or PreFOS in general) in biological samples requires further application before being fully validated, but could be a powerful tool for probing general sources of PFOS in environments where the importance of PreFOS is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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46
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Reiner JL, Phinney KW, Keller JM. Determination of perfluorinated compounds in human plasma and serum Standard Reference Materials using independent analytical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2899-907. [PMID: 21912833 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in three National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRMs 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma, SRM 1957 Organic Contaminants in Non-fortified Human Serum, and SRM 1958 Organic Contaminants in Fortified Human Serum) using two analytical approaches. The methods offer some independence, with two extraction types and two liquid chromatographic separation methods. The first extraction method investigated the acidification of the sample followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange cartridge. The second method used an acetonitrile extraction followed by SPE using a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge. The extracts were separated using a reversed-phase C(8) stationary phase and a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phase. Measured values from both methods for the two human serum SRMs, 1957 and 1958, agreed with reference values on the Certificates of Analysis. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) values were obtained for the first time in human plasma SRM 1950 with good reproducibility among the methods (below 5% relative standard deviation). The nominal mass interference from taurodeoxycholic acid, which has caused over estimation of the amount of PFOS in biological samples, was separated from PFOS using the PFP stationary phase. Other PFCs were also detected in SRM 1950 and are reported. SRM 1950 can be used as a control material for human biomonitoring studies and as an aid to develop new measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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47
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Jacquet N, Maire MA, Rast C, Bonnard M, Vasseur P. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) acts as a tumor promoter on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2537-2549. [PMID: 22828883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (C(8)F(17)SO(3)) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (C(8)HF(15)O(2)) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial applications for their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. They are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to mammalian species. Their widespread distribution on earth and contamination of human serum raised concerns about long-term side effects. They are suspected to be carcinogenic through a nongenotoxic mode of action, a mechanism supported by recent findings that PFOS induced cell transformation but no genotoxicity in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In the present study, we evaluated carcinogenic potential of PFOA using the cell transformation assay on SHE cells. The chemical was applied alone or in combination with a nontransformant concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, 0.4 μM) in order to detect PFOA ability to act as tumor initiator or tumor promoter. The results showed that PFOA tested alone in the range 3.7 × 10(-5) to 300 μM did not induce SHE cell transformation frequency in a 7-day treatment. On the other side, the combination BaP/PFOA induced cell transformation at all PFOA concentrations tested, which revealed synergistic effects. No genotoxicity of PFOA on SHE cells was detected using the comet assay after 5 and 24 h of exposure. No significant increase in DNA breakage was found in BaP-initiated cells exposed to PFOA in a 7-day treatment. The whole results showed that PFOA acts as a tumor promoter and a nongenotoxic carcinogen. Cell transformation in initiated cells was observed at concentrations equivalent to the ones found in human serum of nonoccupationally and occupationally exposed populations. An involvement of PFOA in increased incidence of cancer recorded in occupationally exposed population cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jacquet
- Laboratory Interactions Ecotoxicology Biodiversity Ecosystems, University Paul Verlaine, CNRS UMR 7146, Rue du General Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France.
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Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor air. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1751-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Egeghy PP, Lorber M. An assessment of the exposure of Americans to perfluorooctane sulfonate: a comparison of estimated intake with values inferred from NHANES data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:150-168. [PMID: 20145679 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To better understand human exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), a model that assesses exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its precursors from both an intake and a body burden perspective and combines the two with a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model is demonstrated. Exposure pathways were modeled under "typical" and "contaminated" scenarios, for young children and adults. A range of intakes was also estimated from serum concentrations of PFOS reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using a first-order 1-compartment PK model. Total PFOS intakes (medians summed over all pathways) were estimated as: 160 and 2200 ng/day for adults and 50 and 640 ng/day for children under typical and contaminated scenarios, respectively. Food ingestion appears to be the primary route of exposure in the general population. For children, the contribution from dust ingestion is nearly as great as from food ingestion. Pathway-specific contributions span several orders of magnitude and exhibit considerable overlap. PK modeling suggests central tendency PFOS intakes for adults range between 1.6 and 24.2 ng/kg-bw/day, and the forward-based intake estimates are within this range. The favorable comparison reported between the forward-modeled and the back-calculated range of intake predictions lends validity to the proposed framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Egeghy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr. (MD E205-04), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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50
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Zhao G, Wang J, Wang X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Gu F, Xu A, Wu L. Mutagenicity of PFOA in mammalian cells: role of mitochondria-dependent reactive oxygen species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1638-1644. [PMID: 21194205 DOI: 10.1021/es1026129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenicity is often a prerequisite to the development of malignancy. Evidences have shown that exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) results in various cancer inductions. However, whether any mutagenic base exists is still puzzling. In the present study, we exposed exponentially growing AL cells to PFOA and assayed the cells for survival, mutation induction, and caspase-3/7, -9 activities. Mitochondrial-DNA deficient human-hamster hybrid (ρ(0) AL) cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor were used to elucidate the possible mechanism. Our results showed that treatment of AL cells with PFOA for 16 days induced significant mutagenic effects together with the increment of ROS, superoxide anions (O2(.-)), and nitrogen oxide (NO) levels, while treatment of ρ(0) AL cells did not have much change. Concurrent treatment of AL cells with ROS inhibitor significantly decreased the mutagenic potential of PFOA. In addition, caspase activities in AL cells were increased by PFOA exposure and suppressed by ROS/RNS (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species) inhibitors. Our results suggest that exposure to PFOA lead to mutagenicity induction in AL cells, and mitochondria-dependent ROS plays an important role in this process. This provides a direct base for PFOA mediated cancer induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China
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