1
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Kang D, Yun D, Cho KH, Baek SS, Jeon J. Profiling emerging micropollutants in urban stormwater runoff using suspect and non-target screening via high-resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141402. [PMID: 38346509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Urban surface runoff contains chemicals that can negatively affect water quality. Urban runoff studies have determined the transport dynamics of many legacy pollutants. However, less attention has been paid to determining the first-flush effects (FFE) of emerging micropollutants using suspect and non-target screening (SNTS). Therefore, this study employed suspect and non-target analyses using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to detect emerging pollutants in urban receiving waters during stormwater events. Time-interval sampling was used to determine occurrence trends during stormwater events. Suspect screening tentatively identified 65 substances, then, their occurrence trend was grouped using correlation analysis. Non-target peaks were prioritized through hierarchical cluster analysis, focusing on the first flush-concentrated peaks. This approach revealed 38 substances using in silico identification. Simultaneously, substances identified through homologous series observation were evaluated for their observed trends in individual events using network analysis. The results of SNTS were normalized through internal standards to assess the FFE, and the most of tentatively identified substances showed observed FFE. Our findings suggested that diverse pollutants that could not be covered by target screening alone entered urban water through stormwater runoff during the first flush. This study showcases the applicability of the SNTS in evaluating the FFE of urban pollutants, offering insights for first-flush stormwater monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea
| | - Daeun Yun
- Civil Urban Earth and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea.
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2
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Chirico N, McLachlan MS, Li Z, Papa E. In silico approaches for the prediction of the breakthrough of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:400-410. [PMID: 38205846 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00267e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The removal efficiency (RE) of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a major determinant of the environmental impact of chemicals which are discharged to wastewater. In a recent study, non-target screening analysis was applied to quantify the percentage removal efficiency (RE%) of more than 300 polar contaminants, by analyzing influent and effluent samples from a Swedish WWTP with direct injection UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Based on subsets extracted from these data, we developed quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) for the prediction of WWTP breakthrough (BT) to the effluent water. QSPRs were developed by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) and were selected after checking for overfitting and chance relationships by means of bootstrap and randomization procedures. A first model provided good fitting performance, showing that the proposed approach for the development of QSPRs for the prediction of BT is reasonable. By further populating the dataset with similar chemicals using a Tanimoto index approach based on substructure count fingerprints, a second QSPR indicated that the prediction of BT is also applicable to new chemicals sufficiently similar to the training set. Finally, a class-specific QSPR for PEGs and PPGs showed BT prediction trends consistent with known degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Chirico
- QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ester Papa
- QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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3
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Farmer MH, Musa OM, Haug I, Naumann S, Armes SP. Synthesis of Poly(propylene oxide)-Poly( N,N'-dimethylacrylamide) Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles via Reverse Sequence Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2024; 57:317-327. [PMID: 38222027 PMCID: PMC10782481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles comprising poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) cores are prepared via reverse sequence polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in aqueous solution. N,N'-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAC) acts as a cosolvent for the weakly hydrophobic trithiocarbonate-capped PPO precursor. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of DMAC is initially conducted at 80% w/w solids with deoxygenated water. At 30-60% DMAC conversion, the reaction mixture is diluted to 5-25% w/w solids. The PPO chains become less solvated as the DMAC monomer is consumed, which drives in situ self-assembly to form aqueous dispersions of PPO-core nanoparticles of 120-190 nm diameter at 20 °C. Such RAFT polymerizations are well-controlled (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.31), and more than 99% DMAC conversion is achieved. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit thermoresponsive character: dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies indicate the formation of more compact spherical nanoparticles of approximately 33 nm diameter on heating to 70 °C. Furthermore, 15-25% w/w aqueous dispersions of such nanoparticles formed micellar gels that undergo thermoreversible (de)gelation on cooling to 5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
A. H. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland
Specialty Ingredients, 1005 US 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Iris Haug
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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4
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Fiandra EF, Shaw L, Starck M, McGurk CJ, Mahon CS. Designing biodegradable alternatives to commodity polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8085-8105. [PMID: 37885416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread adoption of commodity polymers changed societal landscapes on a global scale. Without the everyday materials used in packaging, textiles, construction and medicine, our lives would be unrecognisable. Through decades of use, however, the environmental impact of waste plastics has become grimly apparent, leading to sustained pressure from environmentalists, consumers and scientists to deliver replacement materials. The need to reduce the environmental impact of commodity polymers is beyond question, yet the reality of replacing these ubiquitous materials with sustainable alternatives is complex. In this tutorial review, we will explore the concepts of sustainable design and biodegradability, as applied to the design of synthetic polymers intended for use at scale. We will provide an overview of the potential biodegradation pathways available to polymers in different environments, and highlight the importance of considering these pathways when designing new materials. We will identify gaps in our collective understanding of the production, use and fate of biodegradable polymers: from identifying appropriate feedstock materials, to considering changes needed to production and recycling practices, and to improving our understanding of the environmental fate of the materials we produce. We will discuss the current standard methods for the determination of biodegradability, where lengthy experimental timescales often frustrate the development of new materials, and highlight the need to develop better tools and models to assess the degradation rate of polymers in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella F Fiandra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Lloyd Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Clare S Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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5
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Wang D, Zheng Y, Deng Q, Liu X. Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymers: Their Environmental Emission Relevant Usage, Transport and Transformation, Persistence, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6387-6402. [PMID: 37052478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble synthetic polymers (WSPs) are distinct from insoluble plastic particles, which are both critical components of synthetic polymers. In the history of human-made macromolecules, WSPs have consistently portrayed a crucial role and served as the ingredients of a variety of products (e.g., flocculants, thickeners, solubilizers, surfactants, etc.) commonly used in human society. However, the environmental exposures and risks of WSPs with different functions remain poorly understood. This paper provides a critical review of the usage, environmental fate, environmental persistence, and biological consequences of multiple types of WSPs in commercial and industrial production. Investigations have identified a wide market of applications and potential environmental threats of various types of WSPs, but we still lack the suitable assessment tools. The effects of physicochemical properties and environmental factors on the environmental distribution as well as the transport and transformation of WSPs are further summarized. Evidence regarding the degradation of WSPs, including mechanical, thermal, hydrolytic, photoinduced, and biological degradation is summarized, and their environmental persistence is discussed. The toxicity data show that some WSPs can cause adverse effects on aquatic species and microbial communities through intrinsic toxicity and physical hazards. This review may serve as a guide for environmental risk assessment to help develop a sustainable path for WSP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qian Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuran Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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6
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Hilgeroth PS, Thümmler JF, Binder WH. 3D Printing of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Triblock Copolymers of Styrene–Isobutylene–Styrene as a Slow-Release System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183742. [PMID: 36145892 PMCID: PMC9504042 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications and has opened up new methods of drug formulation, in turn achieving attention in medicine. We prepared styrene–isobutylene–styrene triblock copolymers (SIBS; Mn = 10 kDa–25 kDa, PDI 1,3–1,6) as a drug carrier for triamcinolone acetonide (TA), further processed by fused deposition modeling to create a solid drug release system displaying improved bioavailability and applicability. Living carbocationic polymerization was used to exert control over block length and polymeric architecture. Thermorheological properties of the SIBS polymer (22.3 kDa, 38 wt % S) were adjusted to the printability of SIBS/TA mixtures (1–5% of TA), generating an effective release system effective for more than 60 days. Continuous drug release and morphological investigations were conducted to probe the influence of the 3D printing process on the drug release, enabling 3D printing as a formulation method for a slow-release system of Triamcinolone.
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7
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Ng ELS, Lau KK, Partoon B, Lim SF, Chin SY. Selection Criteria for Antifoams Used in the Acid Gas Sweetening Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. S. Ng
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - K. K. Lau
- CO2 Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - B. Partoon
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 36, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S. F. Lim
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, 94300 Sarawak Malaysia
| | - S. Y. Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
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8
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Tisler S, Liang C, Carvalho PN, Bester K. Identification of more than 100 new compounds in the wastewater: Fate of polyethylene/polypropylene oxide copolymers and their metabolites in the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143228. [PMID: 33158532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
100 ethylene oxide (EO)/propylene oxide (PO) copolymer precursor and metabolites were detected in wastewater effluents. The homopolymers of EO and PO as well as the EO/PO copolymers are widely used as surfactants, e.g., for the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and lubricants. Concomitantly, these compounds are discharged into the wastewater and the environmental fate of the PO homopolymers, also called polypropylene glycols (PPGs), and EO/PO copolymers is mostly unknown. In the present study, we identified hitherto unknown copolymer EO/PO homologous series and their metabolites in wastewater effluent. The identified compounds occur in homologous series and consist of PPGs and EO/PO copolymers, and their carbonylated, carboxylated and dicarboxylated metabolites. MBBR lab incubations of PPGs and EO/PO copolymers showed the successive degradation by cleavage of individual PO and EO groups, with high removal (>90%) in the initial 8 h for most of the copolymers. Carbonylated and carboxylated metabolites were degraded within 40 h. EO/PO copolymers with a higher number of EO and PO units showed a higher removal in MBBR and conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Polymers with lower molecular weight were initially formed by degradation of the EO/PO polymers. The mono-carboxylated metabolites were also detected in surface waters. Overall, our results provide new knowledge about degradation pathways of PO containing compounds and show the hitherto unnoticed occurrence of EO/PO copolymers and metabolites in the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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9
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Duan R, Hu C, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Pang X. Propylene Oxide Cycloaddition with Carbon Dioxide and Homopolymerization: Application of Commercial Beta Zeolites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yuezhou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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10
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Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204586. [PMID: 33076314 PMCID: PMC7602512 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics can make an important contribution to the struggle against increasing environmental pollution through plastics. However, biodegradability is a material property that is influenced by many factors. This review provides an overview of the main environmental conditions in which biodegradation takes place and then presents the degradability of numerous polymers. Polylactide (PLA), which is already available on an industrial scale, and the polyhydroxyalkanoates polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), which are among the few plastics that have been proven to degrade in seawater, will be discussed in detail, followed by a summary of the degradability of further petroleum-, cellulose-, starch-, protein- and CO2-based biopolymers and some naturally occurring polymers.
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11
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Kos Durjava M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Finizio A, Focks A, Teodorovic I, Vettori MV, Tarrés-Call J. Safety of Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J 2020; 17:e05890. [PMID: 32626176 PMCID: PMC7008864 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety for the environment of the proposed modification of the terms of the authorisation regarding the formulation of the additive Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160. The applicant has proposed to modify the manufacturing process by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in the list of potential cryoprotectants that can be used in the freeze‐drying step, up to a maximum concentration of 0.025 mg PEG 4000/kg silage. The use of PEG 4000 as an excipient in formulations with Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 would not change the previous conclusions regarding the safety for the target animals, consumers and users. No safety concerns are expected for the environment when PEG 4000 is used as a cryoprotectant in the additive Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 up to a maximum concentration of 0.025 mg PEG 4000/kg silage.
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12
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Lipinski BM, Morris LS, Silberstein MN, Coates GW. Isotactic Poly(propylene oxide): A Photodegradable Polymer with Strain Hardening Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6800-6806. [PMID: 32223226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leakage and accumulation of highly stable commercial plastics has led to substantial contamination of the environment. Highly isotactic poly(propylene oxide) (iPPO) was investigated as a potential high-strength thermoplastic with greater susceptibility toward degradation under ambient conditions. Various stereoregular forms of iPPO including enantiopure, enantioenriched, racemic, and stereoblock were synthesized with a single catalyst architecture in the presence of chain transfer agents. These materials were found to possess the same approximate ultimate tensile strength (UTS) via uniaxial tensile elongation analysis (∼75 MPa). A serrated tensile response corresponding to stress oscillations was observed in all forms of iPPO. An investigation on strain rate dependence showed that an increase in strain rate results in the decay and disappearance of the serrated response. Further evaluation of iPPO revealed its dramatic strain hardening afforded an UTS comparable to that of nylon-6,6. Exposing iPPO to UVA light (365 nm) resulted in photolytic degradation. Following 30 days of continuous exposure at 250 μW cm-2, the Mn decreased from 93 kDa to 21 kDa, while samples not exposed to UVA light remained unchanged. Through selective stabilization with antioxidant additives, we believe iPPO could be a suitable replacement for nylon-6,6 in environmentally susceptible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Lipinski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Lilliana S Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Meredith N Silberstein
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7501, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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13
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McAdams BC, Carter KE, Blotevogel J, Borch T, Hakala JA. In situ transformation of hydraulic fracturing surfactants from well injection to produced water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1777-1786. [PMID: 31588952 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical changes to hydraulic fracturing fluids (HFFs) within fractured unconventional reservoirs may affect hydrocarbon recovery and, in turn, the environmental impact of unconventional oil and gas development. Ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, which include alkyl ethoxylates (AEOs) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs), are often present in HFF as solvents, non-emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors. We present detailed analysis of polyethoxylates in HFF at the time of injection into three hydraulically fractured Marcellus Shale wells and in the produced water returning to the surface. Despite the addition of AEOs to the injection fluid during almost all stages, they were rarely detected in the produced water. Conversely, while PEGs were nearly absent in the injection fluid, they were the dominant constituents in the produced water. Similar numbers of ethoxylate units support downhole transformation of AEOs to PEGs through central cleavage of the ethoxylate chain from the alkyl group. We also observed a decrease in the average ethoxylate (EO) number of the PEG-EOs in the produced water over time, consistent with biodegradation during production. Our results elucidate an overlooked surfactant transformation pathway that may affect the efficacy of HFF to maximize oil and gas recovery from unconventional shale reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C McAdams
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, USA.
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14
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Thixotropic gel electrolyte containing poly(ethylene glycol) with high zinc ion concentration for the secondary aqueous Zn/LiMn2O4 battery. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Rogers JD, Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Rosenblum JS, Evans MV, Mouser PJ, Ryan JN. Degradation of polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols in microcosms simulating a spill of produced water in shallow groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:256-268. [PMID: 30318550 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00291f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and polypropylene glycols (PPGs) are frequently used in hydraulic fracturing fluids and have been detected in water returning to the surface from hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells in multiple basins. We identified degradation pathways and kinetics for PEGs and PPGs under conditions simulating a spill of produced water to shallow groundwater. Sediment-groundwater microcosm experiments were conducted using four produced water samples from two Denver-Julesburg Basin wells at early and late production. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify the formation of mono- and di-carboxylated PEGs and mono-carboxylated PPGs, which are products of PEG and PPG biodegradation, respectively. Under oxic conditions, first-order half-lives were more rapid for PEGs (<0.4-1.1 d) compared to PPGs (2.5-14 d). PEG and PPG degradation corresponded to increased relative abundance of primary alcohol dehydrogenase genes predicted from metagenome analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Further degradation was not observed under anoxic conditions. Our results provide insight into the differences between the degradation rates and pathways of PEGs and PPGs, which may be utilized to better characterize shallow groundwater contamination following a release of produced water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Rogers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 607 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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16
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Bobbink FD, van Muyden AP, Dyson PJ. En route to CO2-containing renewable materials: catalytic synthesis of polycarbonates and non-isocyanate polyhydroxyurethanes derived from cyclic carbonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1360-1373. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07907b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The strategies and challenges in the preparation of fully renewable materials prepared from CO2 and biomass enabled by catalysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix D. Bobbink
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Antoine P. van Muyden
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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17
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Peter KT, Tian Z, Wu C, Lin P, White S, Du B, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL, Kolodziej EP. Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Identify Organic Contaminants Linked to Urban Stormwater Mortality Syndrome in Coho Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10317-10327. [PMID: 30192129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a major threat to ecological health, causing a range of adverse, mostly sublethal effects. In western North America, urban runoff is acutely lethal to adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) that spawn each fall in freshwater creeks. Although the mortality syndrome is correlated to urbanization and attributed to road runoff contaminant(s), the causal agent(s) remain unknown. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to isolate a coho mortality chemical signature: a list of nontarget and identified features that co-occurred in waters lethal to coho spawners (road runoff from controlled exposures and urban receiving waters from two field observations of symptomatic coho). Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that tire wear particle (TWP) leachates were most chemically similar to the waters with observed toxicity, relative to other vehicle-derived sources. Prominent road runoff contaminants in the signature included two groups of nitrogen-containing compounds derived from TWP, polyethylene glycols, octylphenol ethoxylates, and polypropylene glycols. A (methoxymethyl)melamine compound family, previously unreported in North America, was detected in road runoff and urban creeks at concentrations up to ∼9 and ∼0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results indicate TWPs are an under-appreciated contaminant source in urban watersheds and should be prioritized for fate and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Peter Lin
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Sarah White
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project , Costa Mesa , California 92626 , United States
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment , Washington State University , Puyallup , Washington 98371 , United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. , Seattle , Washington 98112 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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18
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Harrison JP, Boardman C, O'Callaghan K, Delort AM, Song J. Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: a critical review. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171792. [PMID: 29892374 PMCID: PMC5990801 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litter is encountered in aquatic ecosystems across the globe, including polar environments and the deep sea. To mitigate the adverse societal and ecological impacts of this waste, there has been debate on whether 'biodegradable' materials should be granted exemptions from plastic bag bans and levies. However, great care must be exercised when attempting to define this term, due to the broad and complex range of physical and chemical conditions encountered within natural ecosystems. Here, we review existing international industry standards and regional test methods for evaluating the biodegradability of plastics within aquatic environments (wastewater, unmanaged freshwater and marine habitats). We argue that current standards and test methods are insufficient in their ability to realistically predict the biodegradability of carrier bags in these environments, due to several shortcomings in experimental procedures and a paucity of information in the scientific literature. Moreover, existing biodegradability standards and test methods for aquatic environments do not involve toxicity testing or account for the potentially adverse ecological impacts of carrier bags, plastic additives, polymer degradation products or small (microscopic) plastic particles that can arise via fragmentation. Successfully addressing these knowledge gaps is a key requirement for developing new biodegradability standard(s) for lightweight carrier bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P. Harrison
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9FD, UK
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network ‘Chemistry Meets Microbiology’, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carl Boardman
- School of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | | | - Anne-Marie Delort
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jim Song
- Wolfson Centre for Materials Processing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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19
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Schupp T, Austin T, Eadsforth CV, Bossuyt B, Shen SM, West RJ. A Review of the Environmental Degradation, Ecotoxicity, and Bioaccumulation Potential of the Low Molecular Weight Polyether Polyol Substances. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 244:53-111. [PMID: 28466189 DOI: 10.1007/398_2017_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
"Polyalkylene glycol" is the name given to a broad class of synthetic organic chemicals which are produced by polymerization of one or more alkylene oxide (epoxide) monomers, such as ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO), with various initiator substances which possess amine or alcohol groups. A generalization of this polymerization reaction is illustrated in Fig. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schupp
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Muenster University of Applied Science, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, Steinfurt, 48565, Germany.
| | - Tom Austin
- Shell Health, Brabazon House, Concord Business Park, Threapwood Road, Manchester, M22 0RR, UK
| | - Charles V Eadsforth
- Shell Health, Brabazon House, Concord Business Park, Threapwood Road, Manchester, M22 0RR, UK
| | - Bart Bossuyt
- Global Product EHS Department, Huntsman Europe, Everslaan 45, Everberg, 3078, Belgium
| | - Summer M Shen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert J West
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Washington Street, Midland, MI, 48674, USA
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20
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Heyob KM, Blotevogel J, Brooker M, Evans MV, Lenhart JJ, Wright J, Lamendella R, Borch T, Mouser PJ. Natural Attenuation of Nonionic Surfactants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids: Degradation Rates, Pathways, and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13985-13994. [PMID: 29110455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing fluids are injected into shales to extend fracture networks that enhance oil and natural gas production from unconventional reservoirs. Here we evaluated the biodegradability of three widely used nonionic polyglycol ether surfactants (alkyl ethoxylates (AEOs), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), and polypropylene glycols (PPGs)) that function as weatherizers, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and corrosion inhibitors in injected fluids. Under anaerobic conditions, we observed complete removal of AEOs and NPEOs from solution within 3 weeks regardless of whether surfactants were part of a chemical mixture or amended as individual additives. Microbial enzymatic chain shortening was responsible for a shift in ethoxymer molecular weight distributions and the accumulation of the metabolite acetate. PPGs bioattenuated the slowest, producing sizable concentrations of acetone, an isomer of propionaldehyde. Surfactant chain shortening was coupled to an increased abundance of the diol dehydratase gene cluster (pduCDE) in Firmicutes metagenomes predicted from the 16S rRNA gene. The pduCDE enzymes are responsible for cleaving ethoxylate chain units into aldehydes before their fermentation into alcohols and carboxylic acids. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the environmental fate of hydraulic fracturing surfactants after accidental release through chain shortening and biotransformation, emphasizing the importance of compound structure disclosure for predicting biodegradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Heyob
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Michael Brooker
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Morgan V Evans
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Juniata College , Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, United States
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Department of Biology, Juniata College , Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, United States
| | | | - Paula J Mouser
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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21
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Chen H, Carter KE. Characterization of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids for wells located in the Marcellus Shale Play. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 200:312-324. [PMID: 28591666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing, coupled with the advances in horizontal drilling, has been used for recovering oil and natural gas from shale formations and has aided in increasing the production of these energy resources. The large volumes of hydraulic fracturing fluids used in this technology contain chemical additives, which may be toxic organics or produce toxic degradation byproducts. This paper investigated the chemicals introduced into the hydraulic fracturing fluids for completed wells located in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from data provided by the well operators. The results showed a total of 5071 wells, with average water volumes of 5,383,743 ± 2,789,077 gal (mean ± standard deviation). A total of 517 chemicals was introduced into the formulated hydraulic fracturing fluids. Of the 517 chemicals listed by the operators, 96 were inorganic compounds, 358 chemicals were organic species, and the remaining 63 cannot be identified. Many toxic organics were used in the hydraulic fracturing fluids. Some of them are carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, naphthalene, and acrylamide. The degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates would produce more toxic, persistent, and estrogenic intermediates. Acrylamide monomer as a primary degradation intermediate of polyacrylamides is carcinogenic. Most of the chemicals appearing in the hydraulic fracturing fluids can be removed when adopting the appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Kimberly E Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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22
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Haernvall K, Zitzenbacher S, Wallig K, Yamamoto M, Schick MB, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Hydrolysis of Ionic Phthalic Acid Based Polyesters by Wastewater Microorganisms and Their Enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4596-4605. [PMID: 28345898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polyesters are used in a range of applications today and enter wastewater treatment plants after product utilization. However, little is known about extracellular enzymes and aquatic microorganisms involved in polyester biodegradation and mineralization. In this study, structurally different ionic phthalic acid based polyesters (the number-average molecular weights (Mn) 1770 to 10 000 g/mol and semi crystalline with crystallinity below 1%) were synthesized in various combinations. Typical wastewater microorganisms like Pseudomonas sp. were chosen for in-silico screening toward polyester hydrolyzing enzymes. Based on the in-silico search, a cutinase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes (PpCutA) and a putative lipase from Pseudomonas pelagia (PpelaLip) were identified. The enzymes PpCutA and PpelaLip were demonstrated to hydrolyze all structurally different polyesters. Activities on all the polyesters were also confirmed with the strains P. pseudoalcaligenes and P. pelagia. Parameters identified to enhance hydrolysis included increased water solubility and polyester hydrophilicity as well as shorter diol chain lengths. For example, polyesters containing 1,2-ethanediol were hydrolyzed faster than polyesters containing 1,8-octanediol. Interestingly, the same trend was observed in biodegradation experiments. This information is important to gain a better mechanistic understanding of biodegradation processes of polyesters in WWTPs where the extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis seems to be the limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Haernvall
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Katrin Wallig
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Motonori Yamamoto
- BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology , Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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23
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Haernvall K, Zitzenbacher S, Yamamoto M, Schick MB, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. A new arylesterase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes can hydrolyze ionic phthalic polyesters. J Biotechnol 2017; 257:70-77. [PMID: 28237250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes are assumed to be responsible for the initial and rate limiting step in biodegradation of polymers. Mainly enzymes with aliphatic esters as their natural substrates (e.g. lipase, cutinases) have until now been evaluated for polyester hydrolysis studies. However, the potential of enzymes with aromatic esters as their natural substrates (e.g. arylesterases) have been neglected although many types of polyester today contain aromatic moieties. Consequently, in order to elucidate biodegradation of phthalic polyesters in aquatic systems, a novel arylesterase (PpEst) was investigated related to hydrolysis of ionic phthalic polyesters. The hydrolysis of various ionic phthalic polyesters by PpEst was mechanistically studied. The polyester building blocks (terephthalic acid (TA), 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (NaSIP) and alkyl or ether diols) were systematically varied to investigate the impact on hydrolysis. PpEst effectively hydrolyzed all 14 synthetized ionic phthalic polyesters as indicated by released TA. However, no NaSIP was detected indicating that PpEst has a limited capacity to cleave bonds in close vicinity to the ionic monomer NaSIP. The systematic study indicated that increasing water solubility and hydrophilicity significantly enhanced hydrolysis. A higher release of TA was seen with increasing NaSIP ratio while up to 20 times more TA was released when alkyl diols were replaced by ether diol analogues. In contrast, cyclic and branched diols had a negative effect on hydrolysis when compared to linear diols. PpEst also revealed a linear release of TA over seven days for ether containing polyesters, indicating a very stable enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Haernvall
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Motonori Yamamoto
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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24
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McLaughlin MC, Borch T, Blotevogel J. Spills of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals on Agricultural Topsoil: Biodegradation, Sorption, and Co-contaminant Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6071-6078. [PMID: 27171137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing frequently occurs on agricultural land. Yet the extent of sorption, transformation, and interactions among the numerous organic frac fluid and oil and gas wastewater constituents upon environmental release is hardly known. Thus, this study aims to advance our current understanding of processes that control the environmental fate and toxicity of commonly used hydraulic fracturing chemicals. Poly(ethylene glycol) surfactants were completely biodegraded in agricultural topsoil within 42-71 days, but their transformation was impeded in the presence of the biocide glutaraldehyde and was completely inhibited by salt at concentrations typical for oil and gas wastewater. At the same time, aqueous glutaraldehyde concentrations decreased due to sorption to soil and were completely biodegraded within 33-57 days. While no aqueous removal of polyacrylamide friction reducer was observed over a period of 6 months, it cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, further lowering the biocide's aqueous concentration. These findings highlight the necessity to consider co-contaminant effects when we evaluate the risk of frac fluid additives and oil and gas wastewater constituents in agricultural soils in order to fully understand their human health impacts, likelihood for crop uptake, and potential for groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C McLaughlin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University , 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University , 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University , 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University , 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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25
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Zhu X, Chen M, He X, Xiao Z, Zhou H, Tan Z. Bioaugmentation treatment of PV wafer manufacturing wastewater by microbial culture. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:754-761. [PMID: 26287834 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater of silicon photovoltaic (PV) battery manufacturing contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) and detergents, which possessed the characteristics of high content of organics and low bioavailability, and then resulted in high treatment costs. To address the difficulties of existing treatment facilities in stably meeting discharge standards, eight tons of microbial culture (consisting of Bacillus sp. and Rhodococcus sp.) were added into the aerobic treatment unit. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the microbial culture in small-scale biological wastewater treatment was evaluated, and the operating conditions for engineering applications were optimized. The application study showed that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency reached 95.0% when the pH value was 7, the gas-water ratio was 28:1, the reflux ratio was 50%, which indicated an increase of 51.2% contrasting with the situation without bioaugmentation. The volume load of the treatment facilities after augmentation increased by 127.9% and could tolerate the COD shock load reached 2,340 mg·L(-1). At last, the effluence met the class I standard of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China E-mail:
| | - Maoxia Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China E-mail:
| | - Xin He
- Huizhou Shengxin Water Treatment Engineering Co., Ltd, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Zili Xiao
- Huizhou Shengxin Water Treatment Engineering Co., Ltd, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Houzhen Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China E-mail:
| | - Zhouliang Tan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China E-mail:
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26
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Development of a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Procedure for Biodegradation Studies on Nonylphenol Propoxylates Under Aerobic Conditions. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014; 17:111-120. [PMID: 24415899 PMCID: PMC3880491 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-013-1479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a simple and fast technique for sample preparation. The developed method proved to be efficient for the isolation and concentration of nonylphenol propoxylates before their quantification with the use of high performance liquid chromatography. The primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was approximately 80 % by 10 days after the beginning of the test. However, the biodegradation products which were identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection persisted for many days.
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27
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Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Grześkowiak T, Szymański A. Comparison of Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Propoxylates with Usage of Two Different Sources of Activated Sludge. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014; 17:121-132. [PMID: 24415900 PMCID: PMC3880481 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-013-1537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation behaviour of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated in two tests with different sewage sludge as inocula. The samples containing target compounds were pre-concentrated using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and analysed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Both primary biodegradation and formation of different biodegradation by-products were studied. Primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was relatively slow and reached only about 70 % in over 70 days from the start of the tests. The biodegradation by-products from both oxidative and non-oxidative pathways were found. In the non-oxidative route, shortening of the propoxy chain was observed. In the oxidative pathway carboxylic acids and ketones were identified. The biodegradation by-products identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection also persisted for many days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szymański
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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28
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West R, Banton M, Hu J, Klapacz J. The distribution, fate, and effects of propylene glycol substances in the environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:107-138. [PMID: 24984837 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The propylene glycol substances comprise a homologous family of synthetic organic molecules that have widespread use and very high production volumes across the globe. The information presented and summarized here is intended to provide an overview of the most current and reliable information available for assessing the potential environmental exposures and impacts of these substances across the manufacture, use, and disposal phases of their product life cycles.The PG substances are characterized as being miscible in water, having very low octanol-water partition coefficients (log Pow) and exhibiting low potential to volatilize from water or soil in both pure and dissolved forms. The combination of these properties dictates that, almost regardless of the mode of their initial emission, they will ultimately associate with surface water, soil, and the related groundwater compartments in the environment. These substances have low affinity for soil and sediment particles, and thus will remain mobile and bio-available within these media.In the atmosphere, the PG substances are demonstrated to have short lifetimes(I. 7-11 h), due to rapid reaction with photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals.This reactivity, combined with efficient wet deposition of their vapor and aerosol forms, lends to their very low potential for long-range transport via the atmosphere.In the aquatic and terrestrial compartments of the environment, the PG substances are rapidly and ultimately biodegraded under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions by a wide variety of microorganisms, regardless of prior adaptation to the substances.Except for the TePG substance, the propylene glycol substances meet the OECD definition of "readily biodegradable", and according to this definition are not expected to persist in either aquatic or terrestrial environments. The TePG exhibits inherent biodegradability, is not regarded to be persistent, and is expected to ultimately biodegrade in the environment, albeit at a somewhat slower rate. The apparent ease with which microorganisms and higher organisms can metabolize the PG substances, along with their low log Pow and very high water solubility values, portends them to have very low potential for bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. These same properties, along with their neutral structures and lack of biological reactivity, are the reasons for which the PG substances exhibit a base-line, non-polar narcosis mode of toxicity.The PG substances have been shown here to be practically non-toxic to essentially every aquatic and terrestrial animal and plant species tested. Collectively, the available wealth of information relating to persistence, bioaccumulation, and eco-toxicity of these substances allows a definitive conclusion of their categorization as not being PBT (i.e., persistently bioaccumulative/toxic). The PBT screening and categorization of substances on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) by Environment Canada has formally concluded that each member of this substance family is "not P", "not B", and "not T' according to their associated PBT criteria.Similarly, the preceding evaluations of these high production volume substances within the OECD SIDS program concluded that MPG, DPG, and TPG are low priorities for further examination of potential impacts to humans and the environment.More extensive evaluations of potential risks to human health and the environment were recently completed by industry, as required for their registration under the European Union REACh legislation; each evaluation demonstrated that current uses, associated exposures, and controls thereof, will not result in exposures that exceed predicted no effect concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert West
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting (TERC), The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, USA,
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Hassounah I, Shehata N, Hudson A, Orler B, Meehan K. Characteristics and 3D formation of PVA and PEO electrospun nanofibers with embedded urea. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hassounah
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences (ICTAS); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Nader Shehata
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics; Faculty of Engineering; Alexandria University; Alexandria 21526 Egypt
| | - Amanda Hudson
- Department of Chemistry; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Bruce Orler
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences (ICTAS); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Department of Chemistry; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Kathleen Meehan
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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Escrig-Doménech A, Simó-Alfonso E, Herrero-Martínez J, Ramis-Ramos G. Derivatization of hydroxyl functional groups for liquid chromatography and capillary electroseparation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Rapid screening of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers by C18 column-flow injection with piezoelectric detection system. Microchem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aparicio S, Alcalde R, Trenzado JL, Caro MN, Atilhan M. Study of Dimethoxyethane/Ethanol Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8864-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Alcalde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - José Luis Trenzado
- Department of Physics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María N. Caro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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Eubeler JP, Bernhard M, Knepper TP. Environmental biodegradation of synthetic polymers II. Biodegradation of different polymer groups. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Environmental biodegradation of synthetic polymers I. Test methodologies and procedures. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bernhard M, Eubeler JP, Zok S, Knepper TP. Aerobic biodegradation of polyethylene glycols of different molecular weights in wastewater and seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:4791-4801. [PMID: 18823927 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to distinguish between aerobic biodegradation of synthetic polymers in fresh and seawater, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) were systematically and comparatively investigated in inocula from municipal wastewater and seawater aquarium filters for the first time. The molecular weight (MW) of the PEGs, (HO(CH(2)CH(2)O)(n)H, n=3-1350) as representatives of water-soluble polymers, ranged from 250 to 57,800Da. The biodegradation was observed by removal of dissolved organic carbon and carbon dioxide production by applying standardized ISO and OECD test methods. Specific analyses using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were performed. All PEGs selected were completely biodegradable in freshwater media within 65d. PEGs with an MW up to 14,600Da have a similar degradation pathway which is characterized by gradual splitting of C(2)-units off the chain resulting in formation of short-chain PEGs. In artificial seawater media, full biodegradation of PEGs up to 7400Da required more time than in freshwater. PEGs with MW 10,300 and 14,600Da were only partially degraded whereas PEGs with MW 26,600 and 57,800Da were not degraded for a period of 135d. The biodegradation pathway of PEG 250 and PEG 970 in seawater is similar to that for freshwater. For PEGs having an MW from 2000 to 10,300Da, the degradation pathway in seawater differs from the pathway of the shorter PEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bernhard
- University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Strasse 2, D-65510 Idstein, Germany
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Gallardo-Velázquez T, Osorio-Revilla G, Cárdenas-Bailón F, Beltrán-Orozco MC. Determination of ternary solutions concentration in liquid–liquid extraction by the use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Grześkowiak T, Zembrzuska J, Frańska M, Frański R, Lukaszewski Z. Bio-oxidation of tripropylene glycol under aerobic conditions. Biodegradation 2007; 19:365-73. [PMID: 17636391 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-007-9142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation of tripropylene glycol (PG3) was investigated under the conditions of the OECD screening test 301E and the Continuous Flow Activated Sludge Simulation test (CFAS). A modified two-chamber facility with a denitrification stage was used for the CFAS test. Primary PG3 biodegradation was measured by the HPLC with fluorimetric detection and analyte derivatisation. Metabolites were identified by LC-MS with electrospray ionisation and GC-MS with electron impact ionisation, as well as semiquantitatively determined by the LC-MS technique. PG3 was found to be inherently biodegradable and it exhibits a strong poisonous effect on activated sludge after exceeding the threshold concentration (10 mg l(-1)). Metabolite accumulation onto the activated sludge is probably responsible for this poisonous effect. Probable biotransformation products of tripropylene glycol under the aerobic conditions include metabolites with a single terminal aldehyde or a ketone group and metabolites with two terminal aldehyde or ketone groups. Their concentration rises at the end of the OECD screening test.
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Zgola-Grzeskowiak A, Grzeskowiak T, Zembrzuska J, Franska M, Franski R, Kozik T, Lukaszewski Z. Biodegradation of poly(propylene glycol)s under the conditions of the OECD screening test. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:928-33. [PMID: 17173952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two poly(propylene glycol)s (PPGs): PPG 425 and PPG 725 were tested under the conditions of the OECD Screening Test with activated sludge as inoculum. Tested PPG were the sole source of organic carbon in the test. Quantitative determination of the biodegradation progress was performed by the HPLC with fluorescence detection after derivatisation of PPG with naphthyl isocyanate. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used for identification and semiquantitative determination of metabolites. Separation of PPG and metabolites from the water matrix was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform. It was found that the shorter PPG 425 is biodegraded significantly worse than the longer PPG 725 and that biodegradation occurs without shortening of the PPG chain for both PPG. PPG molecules are oxidised to ketones and/or aldehydes during the aerobic biodegradation process.
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