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Lari E, Elahi Z, Wong J, Bluhm K, Brinkmann M, Goss G. Impacts of UV light on the effects of either conventional or nano-enabled azoxystrobin on Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:142965. [PMID: 39069098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Agri-chemicals such as fungicides are applied in natural settings and hence are exposed to the environment's ultraviolet (UV) light. Recently, many fungicides in commerce are being modified as nano-enabled formulations to increase agricultural productivity and reduce potential off-target effects. The present study investigated the impacts of sunlight-grade UV emission on the effects of either conventional or nano-enabled azoxystrobin (Az or nAz, respectively), a commonly applied agricultural fungicide, on Daphnia magna. Daphnids were exposed to increasing concentrations of Az or nAz under either full-spectrum (Vis) or full-spectrum Vis + UV (Vis + UV) lighting regimes to evaluate LC50s. Az LC50 was calculated at 268.8 and 234.2 μg/L in Vis or Vis + UV, respectively, while LC50 for nAz was 485.6 and 431.0 μg/L under Vis or Vis + UV light, respectively. Daphnids were exposed to 10% LC50 of either Az or nAz under Vis or Vis + UV lighting regime for 48 h or 21 d (acute and chronic, respectively). By 48 h, both Az and nAz reduced O2 consumption and increased TBARS. Heart rate was increased in Az-exposed daphnids but not in nAz groups. Neither of the two chemicals impacted thoracic limb activity. In 21 d exposures, Az significantly reduced biomass production and fecundity, but nAz groups were not significantly different from controls. The results of the present study demonstrate that conventional Az is more toxic to D. magna at lethal and sub-lethal levels in acute and chronic exposures, and sunlight strength UV can potentiate both acute and chronic effects of Az and nAz on D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zahra Elahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonas Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Greg Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Mi S, Xu C, Liu Q, Du Y, Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Xie Y, Yao W. Raman silent region - based method for detection of pesticides with cyano group. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 316:124326. [PMID: 38669978 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Based on the fact that not all chemical substances possess good Raman signals, this article focuses on the Raman silent region signals of pesticides with cyano group. Under the optimized conditions of methanol-water (1:1, v/v) as the solvent, irradiation at 302 nm light source for 20 min, and the use of 0.5 mol/L KI as the aggregating agent, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for azoxystrobin detection was developed by the Raman silent region signal of 2230 cm-1, and verified by detecting the spiked grapes with different concentrations of azoxystrobin. Other four pesticides with cyano group also could be identified at the peak of 2180 cm-1, 2205 cm-1, 2125 cm-1, and 2130 cm-1 for acetamiprid, phoxim, thiacloprid and cymoxanil, respectively. When azoxystrobin or acetamiprid was mixed respectively with chlorpyrifos without cyano group, their SERS signals in the Raman silent region of chlorpyrifos were not interfered, while mixed with cymoxanil in different ratios (1:4, 1:1 and 4:1), respectively, each two pesticides with cyano group could be distinguished by the changes in the Raman silent region. In further, four pesticides with or without cyano group were mixed together in 1:1:1:1 (acetamiprid, cymoxanil, azoxystrobin chlorpyrifos), and each pesticide still could be identified even at 0.5 mg/L. The results showed that the SERS method combined with UV irradiation may provide a new way to monitor the pesticides with C≡N performance in the Raman silent region without interference from the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Chang Xu
- China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yuhang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China.
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3
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Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Jiao B, Zuo H, Dong F, Wu X, Pan X, Xu J. Photodegradation of enestroburin in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, isomerization, transformation products identification and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157725. [PMID: 35914604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enestroburin is the first strobilurin fungicide developed by China and has been widely used to control fungal disease for 15 years. Investigation of its photolytic behaviour is essential for the comprehensive evaluation of its ecological risk. The effects of solution pH, humic acid (HA) and Fe(III) ions on photolysis were studied. The direct photolysis rates of enestroburin in the acidic solution (pH = 4) was faster than that in the basic (pH = 7) or neutral condition (pH = 9). HA and Fe3+ ions inhibited photolysis by the light screening effect. The photolysis of enestroburin was very fast due to the generation of photo-isomers. Seven isomeric products of enestroburin were observed using SFC-MS/MS, and the reaction mechanism for photo-induced isomers was proposed. The reaction occurred on three double bonds, including tautomerism of enol ether and oxonium and the triplet energy transfer of the CC and CN double bond. 12 transformation products (TPs) were identified by screening suspect compounds and non-target compounds, and one product (M-381) was synthesized for confirmation and quantification. A probable transformation mechanism was suggested based on the identified TPs and DFT calculations. The main transformation reactions included hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Finally, the toxicities of the identified TPs and parent compound to aquatic organisms were predicted using ECOSAR software, and the toxicities of enestroburin and M-381 to daphnia magna were tested in the laboratory. The toxicity classification proposed by ECOSAR is reliable to a certain extent. Enestroburin and 2 TPs (M-313 and M-327) were classified as "very toxic", which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Lin G, Gao J, Shang S, Zhang H, Luo Q, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Sun Y. 1-Tetradecanol, Diethyl Phthalate and Tween 80 Assist in the Formation of Thermo-Responsive Azoxystrobin Nanoparticles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227959. [PMID: 36432063 PMCID: PMC9694888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of crop fungal diseases is closely related to warm environmental conditions. In order to control the release of fungicides in response to warm conditions, and enhance the efficacy, a series of thermo-responsive fungicide-loaded nanoparticles were developed. The fungicide azoxystrobin, solvent DEP, emulsifier Tween 80 and thermo-responsive component TDA were combined to create thermal-response oil phases, conditions for emulsification were then optimized. LDLS, zeta potential, FTIR, DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM and antifungal efficacy assays were carried out to investigate the characteristics and forming mechanism. The results indicated that the formula with 5 g azoxystrobin, 10 mL DEP, 6 mL Tween 80 and 2.5 g TDA constructed the proposed oil phase with the ability to transform from solid at 20 °C to softerned at 31.5 °C. Both DEP and TDA played key roles in interfering with the crystallization of azoxystrobin. The optimal T3t-c12 nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 162.1 nm, thermo-responsive morphological transformation between 20 °C and 30 °C, AZO crystal reforming after drying, the ability to attach to fungal spores and satisfied antifungal efficacy against P. nicotiana PNgz07 and A. niger A1513 at 30 °C. This report provides referable technical support for the construction of smart-release nanoparticles of other agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Lin
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shenghua Shang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Huanbo Zhang
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qiangke Luo
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
| | - Xingjiang Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Sun
- Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
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5
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A Systematic Review of Photolysis and Hydrolysis Degradation Modes, Degradation Mechanisms, and Identification Methods of Pesticides. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9552466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation modes and characteristics of different pesticides were introduced. In addition, this paper also describes the degradation mechanism of different pesticides, classifies, and summarizes the methods of degradation products identification. For the sake of human life health and better biological environment, we should have a familiar knowledge of the natural degradation of pesticides and understand the photo-hydrolysis and its influencing factors (temperature, pH, light, etc.). Through the degradation mechanism and influencing factors, the degradation time could be accelerated and it also provides a theoretical basis and basic support for the treatment of pesticide residues in the future.
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Mpofu E, Alias A, Tomita K, Suzuki-Minakuchi C, Tomita K, Chakraborty J, Malon M, Ogura Y, Takikawa H, Okada K, Kimura T, Nojiri H. Azoxystrobin amine: A novel azoxystrobin degradation product from Bacillus licheniformis strain TAB7. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129663. [PMID: 33515965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) is a broad-spectrum synthetic fungicide widely used in agriculture globally. However, there are concerns about its fate and effects in the environment. It is reportedly transformed into azoxystrobin acid as a major metabolite by environmental microorganisms. Bacillus licheniformis strain TAB7 is used as a compost deodorant in commercial compost and has been found to degrade some phenolic and agrochemicals compounds. In this article, we report its ability to degrade azoxystrobin by novel degradation pathway. Biotransformation analysis followed by identification by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MS), high-resolution MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified methyl (E)-3-amino-2-(2-((6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)acrylate, or (E)-azoxystrobin amine in short, and (Z) isomers of AZ and azoxystrobin amine as the metabolites of (E)-AZ by TAB7. Bioassay testing using Magnaporthe oryzae showed that although 40 μg/mL of (E)-AZ inhibited 59.5 ± 3.5% of the electron transfer activity between mitochondrial Complexes I and III in M. oryzae, the same concentration of (E)-azoxystrobin amine inhibited only 36.7 ± 15.1% of the activity, and a concentration of 80 μg/mL was needed for an inhibition rate of 56.8 ± 7.4%, suggesting that (E)-azoxystrobin amine is less toxic than the parent compound. To our knowledge, this is the first study identifying azoxystrobin amine as a less-toxic metabolite from bacterial AZ degradation and reporting on the enzymatic isomerization of (E)-AZ to (Z)-AZ, to some extent, by TAB7. Although the fate of AZ in the soil microcosm supplemented with TAB7 will be needed, our findings broaden our knowledge of possible AZ biotransformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enock Mpofu
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Amirah Alias
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chiho Suzuki-Minakuchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Joydeep Chakraborty
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michal Malon
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogura
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kimura
- Agriculture and Biotechnology Business Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1099 Marune, Kurozasa-cho, Miyoshi-shi, Aichi, 470-0201, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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7
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Cunha ILC, Teixeira ACSC. Degradation of pesticides present in tomato rinse water by direct photolysis and UVC/H 2O 2: optimization of process conditions through sequential Doehlert design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24191-24205. [PMID: 33728601 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of three pesticides, azoxystrobin (AZO), difenoconazole (DFZ), and imidacloprid (IMD), commonly found in the tomato rinse water, was studied through UVC (251-257 nm) and UVC/H2O2 photolysis. The results showed that direct photolysis follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, with total AZO and IMD removals within 15 min, using 21.8 and 28.6 W m-2, respectively, while the highest percentage of DFZ degradation was 51.7% at 28.6 W m-2 UVC. The estimated quantum yields were 0.572, 0.028, and 0.061 mol Einstein-1 for AZO, DFZ, and IMD, respectively. With regard to UVC/H2O2, total pesticide removal was achieved after 10 min, while optimal treatment conditions in relation to the pesticide removal rates, estimated through the sequential Doehlert design, were about [H2O2]0 = 130 mg L-1 and 26 W m-2. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays carried out with Allium cepa, for real industrial tomato rinse water sampled from washing belts did not show abnormalities during cell division, with total pesticides degradation after 15 min, demonstrating the potential application of the UVC/H2O2 process as a viable localized treatment with a focus on the possible reuse of treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora L C Cunha
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, CEP 05508-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos S C Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, CEP 05508-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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A Simple Device for the On-Site Photodegradation of Pesticide Mixes Remnants to Avoid Environmental Point Pollution. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number and use of agrochemicals impacts nearby soil and freshwater ecosystems. Beyond the excess in applications and dosages, the inadequate management of remnants and the rinsing water of containers and application equipment worsen this problem, creating point sources of pollution. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photocatalytic and photo-oxidation processes have been successfully applied in degrading organic pollutants. We developed a simple prototype to be used at farms for quickly degrading pesticides in water solutions by exploiting a UV–H2O2-mediated AOP. As representative compounds, we selected the insecticide imidacloprid, the herbicide terbuthylazine, and the fungicide azoxystrobin, all in their commercial formulation. The device efficiency was investigated through the disappearance of the parent molecule and the degree of mineralization. The toxicity of the pesticide solutions, before and during the treatment, was assessed by Vibrio fischeri and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata inhibition assays. The results obtained have demonstrated a cost-effective, viable alternative for detoxifying the pesticide solutions before their disposal into the environment, even though the compounds, or their photoproducts, showed different sensitivities to physicochemical degradation. The bioassays revealed changes in the inhibitory effects on the organisms in agreement with the analytical data.
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9
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Chen H, Li L, Lu Y, Shen Y, Zhang M, Ge L, Wang M, Yang J, Tian Z, Tang X. Azoxystrobin Reduces Oral Carcinogenesis by Suppressing Mitochondrial Complex III Activity and Inducing Apoptosis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11573-11583. [PMID: 33209061 PMCID: PMC7670090 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s280285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The five-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer is approximately 50%; thus, alternative drugs with higher efficacy are urgently required. Azoxystrobin (AZOX), a natural, novel methoxyacrylate fungicide isolated from mushrooms, has a broad-spectrum, with highly efficient bactericidal effect. However, studies on AZOX have focused on antifungal effects. Here, we explore the potential cancer-preventive effects of AZOX and the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods The effects of AZOX on oral carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) were investigated in C57BL/6 mice. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by Ki67 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining, respectively. The main organ coefficients of each group were calculated to evaluate the biosafety of AZOX. CCK8 and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of AZOX on cell viability and apoptosis in oral cancer cell line CAL27 and SCC15 cells in vitro. Cell cycle, mitochondrial complex III activity, intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial ROS level, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by flow cytometry in AZOX-treated CAL27 cells. Results AZOX significantly inhibited the occurrence of 4NQO-induced tongue cancer and delayed the progression of tongue precancerous lesions in mice. High-dose AZOX obviously inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in epithelial dysplastic and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lesions in mouse tongue mucosa. AZOX was confirmed to have high biosafety. Similarly, in vitro cell viability was suppressed, and apoptosis was induced in AZOX-treated CAL27 and SCC15 cells. AZOX induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase. AZOX inhibited mitochondrial complex III activity, increased intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, and decreased MMP in CAL27 cells. Conclusion AZOX inhibited the development of oral cancer through specific inhibition of the activity of mitochondrial complex III, which led to ROS accumulation, and MMP decrease, ultimately inducing apoptosis. AZOX may be a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Lu
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Shen
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Ge
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchuan Tian
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- Division of Oral Pathology, Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lüderwald S, Meyer F, Gerstle V, Friedrichs L, Rolfing K, Schreiner VC, Bakanov N, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Reduction of Pesticide Toxicity Under Field-Relevant Conditions? The Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Ultraviolet, and Natural Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2237-2246. [PMID: 33464613 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In surface waters, the illumination of photoactive engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with ultraviolet (UV) light triggers the formation of reactive intermediates, consequently altering the ecotoxicological potential of co-occurring organic micropollutants including pesticides due to catalytic degradation. Simultaneously, omnipresent natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbs onto ENM surfaces, altering the ENM surface properties. Also, NOM absorbs light, reducing the photo(cata)lytic transformation of pesticides. Interactions between these environmental factors impact 1) directly the ecotoxicity of photoactive ENMs, and 2) indirectly the degradation of pesticides. We assessed the impact of field-relevant UV radiation (up to 2.6 W UVA/m²), NOM (4 mg TOC/L), and photoactive ENM (nTiO2, 50 µg/L) on the acute toxicity of 6 pesticides in Daphnia magna. We selected azoxystrobin, dimethoate, malathion, parathion, permethrin, and pirimicarb because of their varying photo- and hydrolytic stabilities. Increasing UVA alone partially reduced pesticide toxicity, seemingly due to enhanced degradation. Even at 50 µg/L, nano-sized titanium dioxide (nTiO2) reduced but also increased pesticide toxicity (depending on the applied pesticide), which is attributable to 1) more efficient degradation and potentially 2) photocatalytically induced formation of toxic by-products. Natural organic matter 1) partially reduced pesticide toxicity, not evidently accompanied by enhanced pesticide degradation, but also 2) inhibited pesticide degradation, effectively increasing the pesticide toxicity. Predicting the ecotoxicological potential of pesticides based on their interaction with UV light or interaction with NOM was hardly possible, which was even more difficult in the presence of nTiO2. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2237-2246. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lüderwald
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Frederik Meyer
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Verena Gerstle
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Lisa Friedrichs
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Katrin Rolfing
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Verena C Schreiner
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Nikita Bakanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Eusserthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Feng Y, Huang Y, Zhan H, Bhatt P, Chen S. An Overview of Strobilurin Fungicide Degradation:Current Status and Future Perspective. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:389. [PMID: 32226423 PMCID: PMC7081128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides have been widely used in agricultural fields for decades. These pesticides are designed to manage fungal pathogens, although their broad-spectrum mode of action also produces non-target impacts. Therefore, the removal of strobilurins from ecosystems has received much attention. Different remediation technologies have been developed to eliminate pesticide residues from soil/water environments, such as photodecomposition, ozonation, adsorption, incineration, and biodegradation. Compared with conventional methods, bioremediation is considered a cost-effective and ecofriendly approach for the removal of pesticide residues. Several strobilurin-degrading microbes and microbial communities have been reported to effectively utilize pesticide residues as a carbon and nitrogen source. The degradation pathways of strobilurins and the fate of several metabolites have been reported. Further in-depth studies based on molecular biology and genetics are needed to elaborate their role in the evolution of novel catabolic pathways and the microbial degradation of strobilurins. The present review summarizes recent progress in strobilurin degradation and comprehensively discusses the potential of strobilurin-degrading microorganisms in the bioremediation of contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Lian L, Yan S, Zhou H, Song W. Overview of the Phototransformation of Wastewater Effluents by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1816-1826. [PMID: 31893633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation driven by sunlight is one of the most important natural processes for organic contaminant attenuation. In the current study, statistical analysis-assisted high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to investigate the phototransformation of nontarget features in wastewater effluents under various radical quenching/enhancing conditions. A total of 9694 nontarget features were extracted from the effluents, including photoresistant features, photolabile features, and transformation products. 65% of the wastewater effluent features were photoresistant, and the photolabile features could be classified into five groups: direct photolysis group (group I), HO•-originated species-dominated group (group II), 3OM*-dominated group (group III), photochemically produced reactive intermediates combination-dominated group (group IV), and non-first-order degradation group (group V). The direct photolyzed features were observed to degrade significantly faster than the indirect photolyzed features. Moreover, group II dominated by HO•-originated species contributed 34% to the photolabile features. The reaction types that occurred in the phototransformation process were analyzed by linkage analysis. The results suggested that oxygen addition and dealkyl group reactions were the most common reaction types identified in the phototransformation process. Overall, high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with statistical analysis was applied here to understand the photochemical behavior of the unknown features in wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Huaxi Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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13
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Marzullo BP, Morgan TE, Wootton CA, Li M, Perry SJ, Saeed M, Barrow MP, O'Connor PB. Comparison of Fragmentation Techniques for the Structural Characterization of Singly Charged Agrochemicals. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3143-3151. [PMID: 31909982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the structure of active ingredients, such as agrochemicals and their associated metabolites, is a crucial requisite in the discovery and development of these molecules. In this study, structural characterization by electron-induced dissociation (EID) was compared to collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) on a series of agrochemicals. EID fragmentation produced a greater variety of fragment ions and complementary ion pairs leading to more complete functional group characterization compared to CAD. The results obtained displayed many more cross-ring fragmentation of the pyrimidine ring compared to the pyridine ring. Compounds that consisted of one aromatic heterocyclic moiety (azoxystrobin, fluazifop acid, fluazifop-p-butyl, and pirimiphos-methyl) displayed cross-ring fragmentation while compounds with only aromatic hydrocarbon rings (fenpropidin and S-metolachlor) displayed no cross-ring fragmentation. The advantages of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HRAM MS) are shown with the majority of assignments at ppb range error values and the ability to differentiate ions with the same nominal mass but different elemental composition. This highlights the potential for HRAM MS and EID to be used as a tool for structural characterization of small molecules with a wide variety of functional groups and structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | | | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Perry
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Product Metabolism & Analytical Sciences , RG42 6EY Berkshire , United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Saeed
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Product Metabolism & Analytical Sciences , RG42 6EY Berkshire , United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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14
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Kondo K, Wakasone Y, Okuno J, Nakamura N, Muraoka T, Iijima K, Ohyama K. Performance evaluation of lysimeter experiments for simulating pesticide dissipation in paddy fields. Part 2: Nursery-box application and foliar application. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2019; 44:61-70. [PMID: 30820174 PMCID: PMC6389838 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d18-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comparative experiments investigating the dissipation of four nursery-box-applied pesticides and three foliar-applied pesticides were conducted using lysimeters and in actual paddy fields. In the lysimeter experiments, there were test plots for submerged application for both application types. Analytical concentrations of the pesticides in paddy water were evaluated using appropriate kinetic models. The detection levels of pesticides in the paddy water for the nursery-box and foliar applications were 10-77% and 42-79% of the submerged application, respectively. The times required for 50% dissipation (DT 50s) in case of the nursery-box and foliar applications were 0.8-10.4 days and 0.5-2.7 days, respectively. Although overall dissipations were affected by the physicochemical properties of the pesticide and the experimental design in the test plots, the initial detection levels in the lysimeters, governed by the runoff at transplanting and the deposition at spraying, were comparable with those in the actual paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kondo
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303–0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Wakasone
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303–0043, Japan
| | - Junichi Okuno
- Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto-Regulators, 860 Kashiwada-Cho, Ushiku-shi, Ibaraki 300–1211, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto-Regulators, 860 Kashiwada-Cho, Ushiku-shi, Ibaraki 300–1211, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Muraoka
- Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto-Regulators, 860 Kashiwada-Cho, Ushiku-shi, Ibaraki 300–1211, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Iijima
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303–0043, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Ohyama
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303–0043, Japan
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15
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Garanzini DS, Medici S, Moreyra LD, Menone ML. Acute exposure to a commercial formulation of Azoxystrobin alters antioxidant enzymes and elicit damage in the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum quitense. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:135-143. [PMID: 30804636 PMCID: PMC6352532 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin is a strobilurin of growing concern in aquatic environments because it is the most sold fungicide worldwide, however, the information available about its effect on aquatic non-target organisms is scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate potential physiological, biochemical, and genetic effects at environmentally relevant (1-10 μg/L) and elevated (100-500 μg/L) concentrations in the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum quitense exposed to the commercial formulation AMISTAR®. Following an acute 24-h exposure, there were no effects of AMISTAR® on photosynthetic pigments at any of the concentrations evaluated. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was significantly elevated at 1 and 10 μg/L AZX. Significant decrease of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in plants exposed to 500 μg/L, and to 100 and 500 μg/L, respectively, and an increase in glycolate oxidase activity at 500 μg/L was observed. DNA damage at 100 and 500 μg/L was observed. These data indicate that although environmentally relevant levels of AMISTAR® did not result cytotoxic, this fungicide was genotoxic, affecting the physiological process of photorespiration and caused oxidative damage at high concentrations. In this sense, it is necessary to explore sub-lethal responses in non-target organisms because some effects could promote further potential long-term biological consequences in a context of repeated pulses of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Garanzini
- Lab. Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC)-UNMDP/CONICET, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sandra Medici
- Fares Taie Instituto de Análisis, Magallanes 3019, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Lucía D. Moreyra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales- UNMDP, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mirta L. Menone
- Lab. Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC)-UNMDP/CONICET, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
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16
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Adachi T, Suzuki Y, Nishiyama M, Kodaka R, Fujisawa T, Katagi T. Photodegradation of Strobilurin Fungicide Mandestrobin in Water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8514-8521. [PMID: 30049214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of a new strobilurin fungicide, mandestrobin, was investigated in buffered aqueous solution and synthetic humic water (SHW) under continuous irradiation with artificial sunlight (λ > 290 nm). In both aquatic media, the direct photolysis preferentially proceeded via homolytic bond cleavage at the benzyl phenyl ether, and the subsequent recombination of geminate radicals in a solvent cage gave the photo-Claisen rearrangement products. A radical mechanism in the photochemical rearrangement was strongly supported by a radical-trapping technique using a novel nitroxide spin label combined with electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Photosensitized generation of hydroxyl radical in SHW might significantly contribute to enhancing the formation of a benzyl alcohol derivative. The series of photolysis products steadily degraded and finally mineralized to carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Adachi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa , Takarazuka , Hyogo 665-8555 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa , Takarazuka , Hyogo 665-8555 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka , Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558 , Japan
| | - Rika Kodaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa , Takarazuka , Hyogo 665-8555 , Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Takatsukasa , Takarazuka , Hyogo 665-8555 , Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Katagi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka , Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558 , Japan
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17
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Rösch A, Gottardi M, Vignet C, Cedergreen N, Hollender J. Mechanistic Understanding of the Synergistic Potential of Azole Fungicides in the Aquatic Invertebrate Gammarus pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12784-12795. [PMID: 28921992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are known inhibitors of the important enzyme class cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), thereby influencing the detoxification of co-occurring substances via biotransformation. This synergism in mixtures containing an azole has mostly been studied by effect measurements, while the underlying mechanism has been less well investigated. In this study, six azole fungicides (cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, ketoconazole, prochloraz, propiconazole, and tebuconazole) were selected to investigate their synergistic potential and their CYP inhibition strength in the aquatic invertebrate Gammarus pulex. The strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin was chosen as co-occurring substrate, and the synergistic potential was measured in terms of internal concentrations of azoxystrobin and associated biotransformation products (BTPs). Azoxystrobin is biotransformed by various reactions, and 18 BTPs were identified. By measuring internal concentrations of azoxystrobin and its BTPs with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in the presence and absence of azole fungicides followed by toxicokinetic modeling, we showed that the inhibition of CYP-catalyzed biotransformation reactions indeed played a role for the observed synergism. However, synergism was only observed for prochloraz at environmentally realistic concentrations. Increased uptake rate constants, an increase in the total internal concentration of azoxystrobin and its BTPs, in vivo assays for measuring CYP activities, and G. pulex video-tracking suggested that the 2-fold increase in bioaccumulation, and, thereby, the raised toxicity of azoxystrobin in the presence of prochloraz is not only caused by inhibited biotransformation but even more by increased azoxystrobin uptake induced by hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rösch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Gottardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen , 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Romeh AAA. Phytoremediation of azoxystrobin and its degradation products in soil by P. major L. under cold and salinity stress. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:21-31. [PMID: 29107244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum, systemic and soil-applied fungicide used for crop protection against the four major classes of pathogenic fungi. The use of azoxystrobin use has induced water pollution and ecotoxicological effects upon aquatic organisms, long half-life in soils, as well as heath issues. Such issues may be solved by phytoremediation. Here, we tested the uptake and translocation of azoxystrobin and its degradation products by Plantago major, under cold stress and salt stress. The result demonstrated that azoxystrobin significantly accumulated in P. major roots under salinity conditions more than that in the P. major roots under cold conditions and natural condition within two days of experimental period. In P. major roots and leaves, the chromatograms of HPLC for azoxystrobin and metabolites under natural condition (control) and stressed samples (cold stress and salt stress) show different patterns of metabolism pathways reflecting changes in the degradation products. Azoxystrobin carboxylic acid (AZ-acid) formed by methyl ester hydrolysis was an important route in the roots and the leaves. AZ-pyOH and AZ-benzoic were detected in P. major roots under cold and salt stress, while did not detected in P. major roots under natural condition. In the leaves, AZ-pyOH and AZ-benzoic were detected in all treatments between 4 and 12days of exposure. Shoots of the stressed plants had greater H2O2 and proline contents than was observed in the control plants. The level of 100mM NaCl treatment induced significantly higher peroxidase (POD) activity than the non-treated control group. Leaf Chlorophyll contents in the plants at 80 and 100mM NaCl were significantly reduced than was observed in the control plants. I concluded that P. major had a high potential to contribute to remediation of saline-soil contaminated with azoxystrobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Ali Romeh
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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19
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Analytical method validation and comparison of two extraction techniques for screening of azoxystrobin from widely used crops using LC–MS/MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-015-9260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Wang C, Wu J, Zhang Y, Wang K, Zhang H. Field dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid in soil and apples. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4100. [PMID: 25380713 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid in apples and soil was studied, and the half-life (DT₅₀) was estimated in a field study carried out at three different locations for apples and four different locations for soil. Trifloxystrobin was sprayed on apples at 127 g a.i./ha for the dissipation study. Samples of apple and soil for the dissipation experiment were collected at time intervals of 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, and 45 days after treatment. The quantification of residues was done by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The DT₅₀ of trifloxystrobin ranged from 0.54 to 8.8 and 4.8 to 9.5 days in soil and apples at different latitude sites. Photolysis may be the main dissipation pathway for trifloxystrobin, and the number of sunshine hours may be the main factor affecting the trifloxystrobin dissipation rate in the field. For trifloxystrobin acid residues in soil and apples, it first increased and then began decreasing. It was indicated that the risk of trifloxystrobin application in shorter sunshine hour area should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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21
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Misra NN, Pankaj SK, Walsh T, O'Regan F, Bourke P, Cullen PJ. In-package nonthermal plasma degradation of pesticides on fresh produce. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 271:33-40. [PMID: 24598029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In-package nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology is a novel technology for the decontamination of foods and biological materials. This study presents the first report on the potential of the technology for the degradation of pesticide residues on fresh produce. A cocktail of pesticides, namely azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil and pyriproxyfen was tested on strawberries. The concentrations of these pesticides were monitored in priori and post-plasma treatment using GC-MS/MS. An applied voltage and time dependent degradation of the pesticides was observed for treatment voltages of 60, 70 and 80 kV and treatment durations ranging from 1 to 5 min, followed by 24h in-pack storage. The electrical characterisation revealed the operation of the discharge in a stable filamentary regime. The discharge was found to generate reactive oxygen and excited nitrogen species as observed by optical emission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Misra
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - S K Pankaj
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Tony Walsh
- National Pesticide Laboratory, The State Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O'Regan
- National Pesticide Laboratory, The State Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paula Bourke
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - P J Cullen
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland; School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Rodrigues ET, Lopes I, Pardal MÂ. Occurrence, fate and effects of azoxystrobin in aquatic ecosystems: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:18-28. [PMID: 23314040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides for crop protection may result in the presence of toxic residues in environmental matrices. In the aquatic environment, pesticides might freely dissolve in the water or bind to suspended matter and to the sediments, and might be transferred to the organisms' tissues during bioaccumulation processes, resulting in adverse consequences to non-target species. One such group of synthetic organic pesticides widely used worldwide to combat pathogenic fungi affecting plants is the strobilurin chemical group. Whereas they are designed to control fungal pathogens, their general modes of action are not specific to fungi. Consequently, they can be potentially toxic to a wide range of non-target organisms. The present work had the intent to conduct an extensive literature review to find relevant research on the occurrence, fate and effects of azoxystrobin, the first patent of the strobilurin compounds, in aquatic ecosystems in order to identify strengths and gaps in the scientific database. Analytical procedures and existing legislation and regulations were also assessed. Data gathered in the present review revealed that analytical reference standards for the most relevant environmental metabolites of azoxystrobin are needed. Validated confirmatory methods for complex matrices, like sediment and aquatic organisms' tissues, are very limited. Important knowledge of base-line values of azoxystrobin and its metabolites in natural tropical and estuarine/marine ecosystems is lacking. Moreover, some environmental concentrations of azoxystrobin found in the present review are above the Regulatory Acceptable Concentration (RAC) in what concerns risk to aquatic invertebrates and the No Observed Ecologically Adverse Effect Concentration (NOEAEC) reported for freshwater communities. The present review also showed that there are very few data on azoxystrobin toxicity to different aquatic organisms, especially in what concerns estuarine/marine organisms. Besides, toxicity studies mostly address azoxystrobin and usually neglect the more relevant environmental metabolites. Further work is also required in what concerns effects of exposure to multi-stressors, e.g. pesticide mixtures. Even though Log K(ow) for azoxystrobin and R234886, the main metabolite of azoxystrobin in water, are below 3, the bio-concentration factor and the bioaccumulation potential for azoxystrobin are absent in the literature. Moreover, no single study on bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes was found in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Teresa Rodrigues
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chastain J, ter Halle A, de Sainte Claire P, Voyard G, Traikïa M, Richard C. Phototransformation of azoxystrobin fungicide in organic solvents. Photoisomerization vs. photodegradation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:2076-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu P, Xu Y, Li J, Liu J, Cao Y, Liu X. Photodegradation of the isoxazolidine fungicide SYP-Z048 in aqueous solution: kinetics and photoproducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11657-11663. [PMID: 23131049 DOI: 10.1021/jf3034607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinyl]pyridine (SYP-Z048), a newly developed nitrogen heterocycle substituted isoxazolidine compound, has good protective and curative activities against a wide range of fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes. In this study, the photochemical behavior of SYP-Z048 was investigated in aqueous solution and in response to solar and low-pressure mercury ultraviolet (UV) lamp irradiation. SYP-Z048 photolysis was pH- and temperature-dependent and was described by a first-order degradation reaction. A total of 11 photoproducts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) and were identified on the basis of (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) spectra. The photoproduct structures and kinetics suggested that the phototransformation of SYP-Z048 occurred via multiple reaction pathways that included the cleavage of the N-O bond in the isoxazolidine ring and the dechlorination of the benzene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Parra J, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Synthesis of azoxystrobin transformation products and selection of monoclonal antibodies for immunoassay development. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Generation of anti-azoxystrobin monoclonal antibodies from regioisomeric haptens functionalized at selected sites and development of indirect competitive immunoassays. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 715:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Planar solid phase extraction—A new clean-up concept in multi-residue analysis of pesticides by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Concise and modular synthesis of regioisomeric haptens for the production of high-affinity and stereoselective antibodies to the strobilurin azoxystrobin. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Singh N, Singh SB, Mukerjee I, Gupta S, Gajbhiye VT, Sharma PK, Goel M, Dureja P. Metabolism of 14C-azoxystrobin in water at different pH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:123-7. [PMID: 20390941 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903471910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of (14)C-azoxystrobin was studied in water at pH 4, 7 and 9. The study suggested that volatilization losses of azoxystrobin were very low (3%) during 130 days of incubation. Only 2.5-4.2% of azoxystrobin was mineralised to CO(2) and pH of water did not have much effect on rate of mineralisation. The dissipation of azoxystrobin in water of all the three pHs followed first order kinetic with half-life values ranging from 143 to 158 d; degradation was the fastest at pH 9. Azoxystrobin acid, a major metabolite, was detected 4-7 day onwards and its concentration increased up to 130 days. The formation of azoxystrobin acid was more and faster under alkaline (pH 9) condition than neutral (pH 7) or acidic (pH 4) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Singh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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30
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Adetutu EM, Ball AS, Osborn AM. Azoxystrobin and soil interactions: degradation and impact on soil bacterial and fungal communities. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 105:1777-90. [PMID: 19120628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To provide an independent assessment of azoxystrobin effects on nontarget soil bacteria and fungi and generate some baseline information on azoxystrobin's persistence in soil. METHODS AND RESULTS Plate based assay showed that azoxystrobin exhibited differential toxicity upon cultured fungi at different application rates. While (14)C labelled isotopes experiments showed that less than 1% of azoxystrobin was mineralized, degradation studies revealed over 60% azoxystrobin breakdown over 21 days. PCR DGGE analysis of 16S and 18S rRNA genes from different soil microcosms showed that azoxystrobin had some effects on fungal community after 21 days (up to 84 days) of incubation in either light or dark soil microcosms. Light incubations increased fungal diversity while dark incubations reduced fungal diversity. Bacterial diversity was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Significant biotic breakdown of parent azoxystrobin occurred within 21 days even in the absence of light. Azoxystrobin under certain conditions can reduce fungal soil diversity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY One of the few independent assessments of azoxystrobin (a widely used strobilurins fungicide) effects on soil fungi when used at the recommended rate. Azoxystrobin and metabolites may persist after 21 days and affect soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Adetutu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK.
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Kern S, Fenner K, Singer HP, Schwarzenbach RP, Hollender J. Identification of transformation products of organic contaminants in natural waters by computer-aided prediction and high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7039-46. [PMID: 19806739 DOI: 10.1021/es901979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) of organic contaminants in aquatic environments are still rarely considered in water quality and chemical risk assessment, although they have been found in concentrations that are of concern. Since many different TPs can potentially be formed in the environment and analytical standards are typically lacking for these compounds, knowledge on the prevalence of TPs in aquatic environments is fragmentary. In this study, an efficient procedure was therefore developed to comprehensively screen for large numbers of potential TPs in environmental samples. It is based on a target list of plausible TPs that has been assembled using the University of Minnesota Pathway Prediction System (UM-PPS) for the computer-aided prediction of products of microbial metabolism and an extensive search for TPs reported in the scientific literature. The analytical procedure for screening of the compounds on the target list has been developed to allow for the detection of a broad range of compounds in complex environmental samples in the absence of commercially available reference standards. It includes solid phase extraction with broad enrichment efficiency, followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with high mass resolution and accuracy. The identification of target TPs consisted of extracting the exact mass from the chromatogram, selecting peaks of sufficient intensity, checking the plausibility of the retention time, and interpreting mass spectra. The procedure was used to screen for TPs of 52 pesticides, biocides, and pharmaceuticals in seven representative surface water samples from different regions in Switzerland. Altogether, 19 TPs were identified, including both some well-known and commonly detected TPs, and some rarely reported ones (e.g., biotransformation products of the pharmaceuticals venlafaxine and verapamil, or of the pesticide azoxystrobin). Overall, the rather low number of TPs detected suggests that TPs may not pose a problem of unexpected magnitude for aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kern
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Schurek J, Vaclavik L, Hooijerink H(D, Lacina O, Poustka J, Sharman M, Caldow M, Nielen MWF, Hajslova J. Control of Strobilurin Fungicides in Wheat Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Accurate Time-of-Flight and Desorption Electrospray Ionization Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9567-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8018137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Schurek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Vaclavik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. (Dick) Hooijerink
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Lacina
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Poustka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Sharman
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Caldow
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 6 Prague 16628, Czech Republic, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, U.K. YO41 1LZ, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Li W, Wu YJ, Qin DM, Ma Y, Sun YJ, Qiu SP. A Method for Quantifying Azoxystrobin Residues in Grapes and Soil Using GC with Electron Capture Detection. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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