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Performance Optimization and Toxicity Effects of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Octogen. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Octogen (HMX) is widely used as a high explosive and constituent in plastic explosives, nuclear devices, and rocket fuel. The direct discharge of wastewater generated during HMX production threatens the environment. In this study, we used the electrochemical oxidation (EO) method with a PbO2-based anode to treat HMX wastewater and investigated its degradation performance, mechanism, and toxicity evolution under different conditions. The results showed that HMX treated by EO could achieve a removal efficiency of 81.2% within 180 min at a current density of 70 mA/cm2, Na2SO4 concentration of 0.25 mol/L, interelectrode distance of 1.0 cm, and pH of 5.0. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.93). The degradation pathways of HMX in the EO system have been proposed, including cathode reduction and indirect oxidation by •OH radicals. The molecular toxicity level (expressed as the transcriptional effect level index) of HMX wastewater first increased to 1.81 and then decreased to a non-toxic level during the degradation process. Protein and oxidative stress were the dominant stress categories, possibly because of the intermediates that evolved during HMX degradation. This study provides new insights into the electrochemical degradation mechanisms and molecular-level toxicity evolution during HMX degradation. It also serves as initial evidence for the potential of the EO-enabled method as an alternative for explosive wastewater treatment with high removal performance, low cost, and low environmental impact.
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2
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Verma V, Ghosh P, Singh SB, Gupta V, Chaudhari PK. Kinetics of catalytic treatment of coking wastewater (COD, phenol and cyanide) using wet air oxidation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2021-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Coking wastewater (CWW) is known as a highly polluting effluent. This study deals with the degradation of pollutants in terms of COD, phenol and cyanide present in CWW using catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process. CWAO was carried out in batch mode using various catalysts. The investigated operating parameters are initial pH (pH
i
) 3–11, temperature (T) 100–160 °C, air partial pressure (p
air) 2–6 MPa, catalyst mass loading (C
w
) 2–5 g/L and treatment time (t
R
) of 0–6 h. Among various catalysts, the copper chloride was proved to be best for degradation of pollutants. The optimum conditions were evaluated for the degradation of organic compounds as T 130 °C, p
air 8.8 MPa, C
w
3 g/L and t
R
= 6 h. The maximum percentage reduction of COD, phenol, and cyanide was achieved through experiment at T 160 °C, p
air 12.2 MPa, C
w
5 g/L and t
R
6 h as 97.32%, 97.94% and 99.87%, respectively. The kinetics studies were also performed to evaluate the rate constant (k), and reaction order with respect to COD, phenol, CN, CW and p
air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Raipur 492010 , India
| | - Prabir Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Raipur 492010 , India
| | | | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Raipur 492010 , India
| | - Parmesh Kumar Chaudhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Raipur 492010 , India
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3
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Etim UJ, Bai P, Gazit OM, Zhong Z. Low-Temperature Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis and Molecular Oxygen Activation. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2021.1919044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ubong J. Etim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Oz M. Gazit
- Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa, Israel
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4
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Feng D, Malleret L, Soric A, Boutin O. Kinetic study of glyphosate degradation in wet air oxidation conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125930. [PMID: 31978662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world against perennial and annual weeds. It has been reported to be a micro pollutant, and its degradation in different wastewater treatment processes must be studied. For that purpose, the kinetics of wet air oxidation of glyphosate was studied in an autoclave reactor at a temperature range of 423-523 K and under a total pressure of 15 MPa. Oxidation reactions obeyed the first-order kinetics with respect to glyphosate concentration. The activation energy for glyphosate oxidation was found to be equal to 68.4 kJ mol-1. Furthermore, the possible reaction intermediates and main end products of glyphosate degradation in the wet air oxidation process were identified and quantified using UV-spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. A degradation pathway for glyphosate oxidation was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Feng
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Audrey Soric
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Boutin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France.
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5
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Wet air oxidation of leachate containing emulsified and solubilized hydrocarbons from crude oil-contaminated soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-019-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Luan M, Jing G, Piao Y, Liu D, Jin L. Treatment of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewater by wet air oxidation. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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7
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Zhang Y, Wei H, Xin Q, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang Q, Cong Y. Process optimization for microcystin-LR degradation by Response Surface Methodology and mechanism analysis in gas-liquid hybrid discharge system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:726-732. [PMID: 27641651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A gas-liquid hybrid discharge system was applied to microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation. MC-LR degradation was completed after 1 min under a pulsed high voltage of 16 kV, gas-liquid interface gap of 10 mm and oxygen flow rate of 160 L/h. The Box-Behnken Design was proposed in Response Surface Methodology to evaluate the influence of pulsed high voltage, electrode distance and oxygen flow rate on MC-LR removal efficiency. Multiple regression analysis, focused on multivariable factors, was employed and a reduced cubic model was developed. The ANOVA analysis shows that the model is significant and the model prediction on MC-LR removal was also validated with experimental data. The optimum conditions for the process are obtained at pulsed voltage of 16 kV, gas-liquid interface gap of 10 mm and oxygen flow rate of 120 L/h with ta removal efficiency of MC-LR of 96.6%. The addition of catalysts (TiO2 or Fe2+) in the gas-liquid hybrid discharge system was found to enhance the removal of MC-LR. The intermediates of MC-LR degradation were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The degradation pathway proposed envisaged the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals and ozone, and attack of high-energy electrons on the unsaturated double bonds of Adda and Mdha, with MC-LR finally decomposing into small molecular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qing Xin
- College of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Mingang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yanqing Cong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, PR China.
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8
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Zhang Z, Xu F, Zhang Y, Umar A, Wang Q. The influence of Na species addition on the synthesis and catalytic activity of Na 2 Mo 4 O 13 /α-MoO 3 as CWAO catalyst. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Electrochemical oxidation metronidazole with Co modified PbO2 electrode: Degradation and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Tian J, Guan J, Gao H, Wen Y, Ren Z. The adsorption and mass-transfer process of cationic red X-GRL dye on natural zeolite. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2119-2131. [PMID: 27148713 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of natural zeolite was studied in order to determine the adsorption capacity and mass-transfer process of cationic red X-GRL (C(18)H(21)BrN(6)) onto the adsorbent. The adsorption tests to determine both the uptake capacity and the mass-transfer process at equilibrium were performed under batch conditions, which showed rapid uptake in general for the initial 5 min, corresponding to 92% total removal. The equilibrium adsorption capacity value (q(e,cal)) in pseudo-second-order kinetics was 13.51 mg/g at 293 K and the whole adsorption process was governed by physical adsorption with an endothermic, endothermic spontaneous nature. Adsorption tests indicated that the zeolite has great potential as an alternative low-cost material in the treatment of X-GRL drainage. However, the mass-transfer process to determine the rate-controlling steps showed that both film diffusion and pore diffusion were important in controlling the adsorption rate. The adsorption process was governed by film diffusion while pore diffusion was poor because the X-GRL molecules could not penetrate into the zeolite easily. The X-GRL molecules were only adsorbed on the external surface of the zeolite. Hence, to improve the adsorption capacity of natural zeolite further, modification to expand its micropores is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tian
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
| | - Junfang Guan
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
| | - Huimin Gao
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
| | - Yafei Wen
- Wuhu Conch Profiles and Science Co., Ltd, Wuhu Anhui 241009, China
| | - Zijie Ren
- School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan, Wuhan 430070, China E-mail:
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11
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Fu J, Kyzas GZ. Wet air oxidation for the decolorization of dye wastewater: An overview of the last two decades. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Ovejero G, Rodríguez A, Vallet A, García J. Intermediary Products in the Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Crystal Violet with Ni/MgAlO as Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301533s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ovejero
- Grupo de Catálisis y Procesos de Separación
(CyPS), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Rodríguez
- Grupo de Catálisis y Procesos de Separación
(CyPS), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vallet
- Grupo de Catálisis y Procesos de Separación
(CyPS), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García
- Grupo de Catálisis y Procesos de Separación
(CyPS), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Vallet A, Besson M, Ovejero G, García J. Treatment of a non-azo dye aqueous solution by CWAO in continuous reactor using a Ni catalyst derived from hydrotalcite-like precursor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 227-228:410-417. [PMID: 22682798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of a Basic Yellow 11 (BY11) aqueous solution, chosen as a model of a hardly biodegradable non-azo dye was carried out in a continuous-flow trickle-bed reactor, using nickel supported over hydrotalcite precursor calcined at 550°C. An increase in the reaction temperature (120-180°C), and a decrease in dye concentration (1000-3000 ppm) or liquid flow rate (0.1-0.7 mL min(-1)) enhanced the CWAO performance in a 30 and 19% for the variation of the temperature and concentration respectively. After a small leaching observed within the first hours, the catalyst proved to be very stable during the 65-day reaction. The CWAO process was found to be very efficient, achieving BY11 conversion up to 95% and TOC conversion up to 85% at 0.1 mL min(-1) and 180°C under 5 MPa air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vallet
- Grupo de Catálisis y Procesos de Separación (CyPS), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Collado S, Laca A, Diaz M. Decision criteria for the selection of wet oxidation and conventional biological treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 102:65-70. [PMID: 22425880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of wet oxidation or biological treatments for the degradation of industrial wastewaters is here discussed. Advantages of these operations, either singly or in combination, are discussed on the basis of previous experimental results from laboratory and industry. Decision diagrams for the selection of conventional biological treatment, wet oxidation or a combination of both techniques are suggested according to the type of pollutant, its concentration and the wastewater flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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15
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Application of response surface methodology and central composite design for the optimization of textile dye degradation by wet air oxidation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5547-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Fernández C, Callao MP, Larrechi MS. Kinetic analysis of C.I. Acid Yellow 9 photooxidative decolorization by UV-visible and chemometrics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:986-992. [PMID: 21550715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A kinetic study of the C.I. Acid Yellow 9 photooxidative decolorization process, using H(2)O(2) as oxidant, was carried out by chemometric analysis of the UV-visible data recorded during the process. The number of chemical species involved in the photooxidative decolorization process was established by singular value decomposition (SVD) and evolving factor analysis (EFA). Information about the different chemical species along the process was obtained from the spectral and concentration profiles recovered by soft multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). This information was complemented by mass spectrometry (MS) to postulate a reaction pathway. The dye photooxidative decolorization process involved consecutive and parallel reactions. The consecutive pathway consists of a first stage of dye oxidation followed by the rupture of the azo linkage to form smaller molecules that are degraded in a subsequent stage. The parallel reactions form products that are undetectable in the UV-visible spectra. Kinetic constants of the reactions postulated in the photooxidative process were retrieved by applying a hybrid hard and soft MCR-ALS resolution. All constants were similar for the consecutive stages and higher than those obtained for the parallel reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernández
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, Campus Sescelades, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Yan T, Li L, Li G, Wang Y, Hu W, Guan X. Porous SnIn4S8 microspheres in a new polymorph that promotes dyes degradation under visible light irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:272-279. [PMID: 21112692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Porous SnIn(4)S(8) microspheres were initially synthesized through a facile solvothermal approach and were investigated as visible-light driven photocatalysts for dyes degradation in polluted water. The photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N(2) adsorption-desorption, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance techniques. Results demonstrated that the as-synthesized SnIn(4)S(8) was of a new tetragonal polymorph, showing a band-gap of 2.5 eV, a specific surface area of 197 m(2) g(-1), and an accessible porous structure as well. The photocatalytic activity of the porous SnIn(4)S(8) was evaluated by decomposition of several typical organic dyes including methyl orange, rhodamine B, and methylene blue in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. It is demonstrated that porous SnIn(4)S(8) was highly photoactive and stable for dyes degradation, showing photocatalytic activity much higher than binary constituent sulfides like In(2)S(3), SnS(2), or even ternary chalcogenide ZnIn(2)S(4) photocatalyst. The excellent photocatalytic performance of porous SnIn(4)S(8) is the consequence of its high surface area, well-defined porous texture, and large amount of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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Peng Y, Fu D, Liu R, Zhang F, Liang X. NaNO(2)/FeCl(3) catalyzed wet oxidation of the azo dye Acid Orange 7. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:990-997. [PMID: 18177919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A combination of ferric chloride and sodium nitrite significantly improved the wet oxidation of the azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in acid aqueous media (pH 2.6) under moderate conditions (T=150 degrees C; oxygen pressure=0.5 MPa). To evaluate the catalytic system, wet oxidation of AO7 was carried out at temperatures between 90 and 150 degrees C and oxygen pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa. The effect of initial solution pH from 2.6 to 11.4 and the amount of catalyst on the degradation of AO7 were also investigated. AO7 initial concentration was kept 200 mg L(-1). The degradation process was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy, HPLC, IC (ion chromatography), GC-MS and TOC analysis. At 150 degrees C and 0.5 MPa oxygen pressure, 56% TOC was removed after 4h of treatment, while no obvious TOC removal were achieved without catalyst at the same experimental condition. The main degradation products were some small organic acids: formic acid, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid (identified and quantified by IC) and phthalic acid (identified by GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Peng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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