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Yao Q, Yan SA, Huang M, Zheng Y, Chen M, Lin Q. Assessing transfer of aluminum during tea brewing and associated population health risks. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:423-429. [PMID: 35266432 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2049288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Tea is consumed widely around the world owing to its refreshing taste and potential health benefits. However, drinking tea is considered a major route for dietary aluminum exposure in areas where tea consumption is relatively large. To assess the health risk associated with drinking tea, the contamination level of aluminum was determined in 81 tea samples. The transfer rate of aluminum during tea brewing was investigated. Then based on the site-specific exposure parameters such as consumption data and body weight for six different subpopulations in Fujian, the exposure risks were estimated using a probabilistic approach. Results demonstrate that the contents of aluminum in green tea, white tea, oolong tea, and black tea were significantly different according to the one-way ANOVA analysis (p < 0.05). The transfer rate of aluminum were 32.6%, 31.6%, 26.3%, and 14% for white tea, black tea, oolong tea, and green tea, respectively. With respect to the oral reference dose, the exposure of inhabitants in Fujian to aluminum through drinking tea is under control (even at the 99th percentile).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sun-An Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minmin Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meizhen Chen
- Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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Nour SMF, El-Desoky AMM, Hassan NA, Osman KA. Estimated daily intake of epichlorohydrin and certain heavy metals of bagged and loose black teas. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:666-678. [PMID: 36712226 PMCID: PMC9873861 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the levels of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and some metals in 3 brands of bagged and loose black teas which are widely marketed in Alexandria markets, Egypt, and estimate the acceptable daily intake as a safety indicator. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed that ECH levels significantly differed between the tested brands steeped for 2 min and tea bags contained higher levels than in loose teas and the levels increased by increasing the steep time. These levels of ECH in all the tested brands either in tea bags or loose teas were higher than the guideline value of 0.10 μg/L. Also, the results illustrated that the adding of sucrose or washing of bags with deionized water for 1 min significantly decreased the levels of ECH. In addition, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) results illustrated that the levels of Al, Pb, and Cd were too low in infusions compared to the established guidelines. Because of the high consumption of tea in Alexanria city, Egypt, it is necessary to determine the contribution of tea to the daily dietary intake of ECH, Al, Pb and Cd. In case of the bagged teas, the calculated daily intake of ECH was on average about 55.37 times greater than that in loose teas. The consumption of both bagged and loose teas infusion could not pose a risk for population as the health hazard index was < 1. It can be concluded that consumers who prefer to use tea bags should rinse these bags before preparing the tea brewer, and do not increase the steeping time to more than 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheir M. F. Nour
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany M. M. El-Desoky
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nagla A. Hassan
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoon St., P.O Box 21545, EL-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545 Egypt
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Aluminium intake through the consumption of selected baby foods and risk characterization in a population of Brazilian infants aged 0 to 36 months. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang H, Chen Y, Shido JM, Hamasaki RT, Iwaoka WT, Nakamoto ST, Wang H, Li QX. Potential Health Risk of Aluminum in Four Camellia sinensis Cultivars and Its Content as a Function of Leaf Position. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11952. [PMID: 36231252 PMCID: PMC9564882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants can accumulate aluminum (Al) in their leaves to a greater extent than most other edible plants. Few studies, however, address the Al concentration in leaves at different positions, which is important information for tea quality control. Leaves from four different cultivars of Camellia sinensis L. grown in Hawaii were analyzed for Al concentrations at 10 different leaf positions. Each cultivar was harvested in the winter and summer to determine seasonal variations of Al concentrations in the leaves. The results showed that Al concentrations in the winter leaves were an average of 1.2-fold higher than those in the summer leaves, although the seasonal variations were not statistically significant. The total Al concentration of successively lower leaves showed an exponential increase (R2 ≥ 0.900) for all four cultivars in the summer season, whereas those of the winter leaves fit a bi-phase linear regression (R2 ≥ 0.968). The regression of the Al concentrations against the top-5 leaf positions in the winter season fit one linear regression, while that against leaf positions 6-11 fit another linear regression. The average Al concentrations between the third leaf and the shoot plus first two leaves increased approximately 2.7-fold and 1.9-fold for all cultivars in the winter and summer months, respectively. The Al concentrations in the rest of the leaves increased approximately 1.5-fold in a sequential order. The target hazard quotient being between 1.69 × 10-2 and 5.06 × 10-1 in the tea leaf samples of the four cultivars in Hawaii were all less than 1, suggesting negligible health risks for consumers. The results of this study may be useful for directing harvest practices and estimating tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jennifer M. Shido
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Randall T. Hamasaki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Wayne T. Iwaoka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nakamoto
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Motta ACV, Barbosa JZ, Magri E, Pedreira GQ, Santin D, Prior SA, Consalter R, Young SD, Broadley MR, Benedetti EL. Elemental composition of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) under low input systems of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139637. [PMID: 32497889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elemental composition of food can be used to determine nutritional potential as well as guiding legislation for establishing maximum acceptable limits (MAL) of metals in consumption products. This study aimed to determine the elemental background levels of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) under varied geologic formations in southern Brazil. Mature leaves were randomly collected from four wild-grown plants at thirty native sites in three states and analyzed for 32 elements. Since yerba mate is not washed to obtain the final product, leaves were analyzed with and without washing to assess foliar deposition. Concentration values of As, Ag, Be, Cs, Cr, Li, Se, Tl, U, and V were near detection limits, indicating low potential as a source and/or toxicity to the consumer. Washing decreased concentrations of Fe, Ti, As, Mo, Li, V, and Pb, suggesting atmospheric contributions/dust deposition. Concentrations of Mn (very high), Zn (high), and Ni (high) demonstrated that leaves could be an important source of these elements. Soil parent material affected elemental composition with basalt providing higher concentrations of Mn, P, and Co while Rhyodacite provided higher concentrations of K and Na. All samples exhibited Pb values below the MAL of 0.6 mg kg-1, but 23% of washed leaves and 20% of unwashed leaves had Cd concentrations close to or above the MAL value of 0.4 mg kg-1. Study results indicated that Cd MAL values for yerba mate in southern Brazil should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Carlos Vargas Motta
- Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 1540, Funcionários St., Curitiba 80035-050, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Ederlan Magri
- Soil Science - Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 1540, Funcionários St., Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Quaresma Pedreira
- Soil Science - Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 1540, Funcionários St., Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Delmar Santin
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Departamento Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Câmpus Canoinhas. Av. Expedicionários, 2150, Bairro Campo da Água verde, Canoinhas, SC CEP: 89469-000, Brazil.
| | - Stephen Arthur Prior
- USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, 411 South Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.
| | - Rangel Consalter
- Soil Science - Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 1540, Funcionários St., Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Scott D Young
- University of Nottingham, Science School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom..
| | - Martin R Broadley
- University of Nottingham, Science School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom..
| | - Eliziane Luiza Benedetti
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Departamento Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Câmpus Canoinhas. Av. Expedicionários, 2150, Bairro Campo da Água verde, Canoinhas, SC CEP: 89469-000, Brazil.
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Mandal R, Kaur S. Health concerns on provisional tolerable weekly intake of aluminium in children and adults from vegetables in Mandi-Gobindgarh (India). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2943-2962. [PMID: 32067195 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical industrial processes have been reported to cause higher aluminium (Al) exposure in humans through plant food intake due to higher soil Al content and acidification of soil resulted from industrial acid rains. Mandi-Gobindgarh is critically environmentally polluted steel industrial town in India in which Al is used for deoxidation, grain refining and alloying in steel production. The Al processing has been reported to release Al into the environment, and therefore present study was undertaken to investigate the dietary Al exposure in children and adult population of Mandi-Gobindgarh from consumption of vegetable food stuffs grown in the fields around steel industries. Thirteen vegetable types including fruit vegetables, root vegetables, and leafy vegetables (LVs) along with soil samples were collected from agricultural fields around M-site (Mandi-Gobindgarh industrial site) and C-site (control non-industrial site) and analysed for Al on WD-XRF. Higher vegetable Al content was reported due to higher soil Al content and higher acidic soil pH at M-site than C-site. Correlation coefficient data have shown positive correlation of plant/vegetable Al with soil Al whereas negative correlation with soil pH at both the sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on vegetable Al content and bioaccumulation factor depicted higher number of clusters of vegetables at M-site (3-clusters) than C-site (2-clusters). The hazard quotients for Al intake in children and adults were found less than one. However, the weekly dietary Al exposure data have shown more than provisional tolerable weekly intake of 2 mg/kgbw/week in them from two LVs (Spinach and Brassica) from M-site than C-site which increases health concerns in humans from Mandi-Gobindgarh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT, India.
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT, India
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Fan L, Chen L, Cui W, Dong Y, Yuan X, Wang L, Liang J, Zhao S. Analysis of heavy metal content in edible honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica Thunb.) from China and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:921-928. [PMID: 32720560 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1797426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honeysuckle is a commonly used medicine for health care and treatment. To detect heavy metal pollution in honeysuckle from China and quantify the health risk of heavy metal via dietary intake, the Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Zn contents in honeysuckle samples were determined by ICP-MS. The dissolution rate of heavy metals in honeysuckle was measured by decoction and soaking. The hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (HI) were used to evaluate the noncarcinogenic risk of nine heavy metals in honeysuckle, and the carcinogenic risks of Cd and As were evaluated using the carcinogen risk. Cd exhibited the maximum permissive limit standard-exceeding rate (40.2%) in honeysuckle, followed by Cu (37.6%) and Pb (8.5%). As and Hg did not exceed the standard values, and Cr, Ni, Mn, and Zn had no limits. In a decoction fluid after 30 min of boiling, the transfer rates of Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Zn ranged from 11.9% to 19.9%, whereas that of Cr was low (1.0%). In a soaking fluid, the transfer rates ranged from 17.0% to 56.9%; no transfer rate was detected for Hg in neither the decoction fluid nor the soaking fluid. In addition, the 95th percentile Rs of As and Cd in honeysuckle were 5.93 × 10-6 and 8.12 × 10-5, respectively. The carcinogenic risk of Cd at 56.99th percentile reached the threshold set by the World Health Organization (1.0 × 10-5). The results showed that intake of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Zn by the human body through honeysuckle could not cause noncarcinogenic damage. The element As had no carcinogenic risk, but Cd had a carcinogenic risk to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjie Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuexia Yuan
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyun Liang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Peng Y, Wen X, Ni X. Distribution, accumulation, and potential risks of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves from geologically different plantations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110475. [PMID: 32208212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment regarding heavy metals in tea is crucial to ensure the health of tea customers. However, the effects of geological difference on distribution of heavy metals in soils and their accumulation in tea leaves remain unclear. This study aimed to estimate the impacts of geological difference on distribution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) in soils and their accumulation in tea leaves, and further evaluate their health risks. 22 soils and corresponding young tea leaves (YTL) and old tea leaves (OTL), from geologically different plantations, were sampled and analyzed. Results showed that heavy metals concentrations in soils, derived from Permian limestone and Cambrian weakly mineralized dolomite, were obviously greater than those from Silurian clastic rock. The geological difference controlled the distribution of soil heavy metals to a large extent. Contents of Cd, Tl, and Mn in tea leaves mainly depended on their contents in soils. Soil Hg, Pb, As, and Sb contents may not be the only influencing factors for their respective accumulation in tea leaves. More attentions should be paid to soil acidification of tea plantations to ensure the tea quality security. Target hazard quotients (THQ) of Cd, Pb, Tl, Hg, As, Sb, Cr, and Ni and hazard index (HI) via tea intake were below one, indicating no human health risk. The non-mineralized Silurian area was less at risk of heavy metals accumulation in tea leaves than the Cambrian metallogenic belt and the Permian Cd-enriched zone. This study could provide an important basis to understand and mitigate the potential risks of heavy metals in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA.
| | - Yishu Peng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Filippini T, Tancredi S, Malagoli C, Cilloni S, Malavolti M, Violi F, Vescovi L, Bargellini A, Vinceti M. Aluminum and tin: Food contamination and dietary intake in an Italian population. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:293-301. [PMID: 30732896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum and tin are ubiquitous in the environment. In normal biological systems, however, they are present only in trace amounts and have no recognized biological functions in humans. High exposure to these metals can result in adverse health effects such as neurodegenerative diseases. In non-occupationally exposed subjects, diet is the primary source of exposure. In this study, we aimed at estimating dietary aluminum and tin intake in an Italian adult population. We measured aluminum and tin concentrations through inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 908 food samples. We also estimated dietary intake of these two metals, by using a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire administered to 719 subjects (319 men and 400 women) recruited from the general population of the Emilia Romagna region, Northern Italy. We found the highest aluminum levels in legumes, sweets, and cereals, while the highest tin levels were in sweets, meat and seafood. The estimated median daily dietary intake of aluminum was 4.1 mg/day (Interquartile range - IQR: 3.3-5.2), with a major contribution from beverages (28.6%), cereals (16.9%), and leafy vegetables (15.2%). As for tin, we estimated a median intake of 66.8 μg/day (IQR: 46.7-93.7), with a major contribution from vegetables (mainly tomatoes) (24.9%), fruit (15.5%), aged cheese (12.2%), and processed meat (10.4%). This study provides an updated estimate of the dietary intake of aluminum and tin in a Northern-Italy adult population, based on data from a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The intake determined for this population does not exceed the established thresholds of tolerable intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Tancredi
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cilloni
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federica Violi
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luciano Vescovi
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bargellini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Voltammetric determination of aluminum(III) as Al-Alizarin S complex in tea leaves and infusions. Anal Biochem 2018; 558:69-79. [PMID: 30102891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents, for the first time, DPV methodology of indirect aluminum (III) determination in tea leaves and infusions using the renewable silver amalgam electrode. A self-referencing strategy was proposed which relies on alternate voltammetric curves registration with and without conditioning of the electrode surface. The developed procedure utilizing formation of aluminum-Alizarin S complex shows linearity in the range of 2-50 μg L-1 of Al(III) concentration, with r > 0.997. In the case of the electrode conditioning LOD is 0.2 μgL-1 and repeatability expressed by CV is 1-2%. Introducing an additional operation i.e. electrode activation results in decrease of sensitivity from 0.0162 to 0.0043 μA/μgL-1. The method was verified using CRM (tea leaves). Due to the wide variety of tea origin, types and producers, four most popular sorts (black, green, red and white) were chosen, made by one manufacturer. It was demonstrated that the proposed methodology may be applied in Al(III) determination in tea leaves and infusions. Al(III) extraction effectiveness was also examined. It was verified, that lemon juice addition during brewing increases aluminum concentration in infusions. Using Principal Components Analysis it was demonstrated that automatic distinction of infusions brewed with and without lemon juice, based on unprocessed voltammetric signal, may be successfully realized.
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de Oliveira LM, Das S, da Silva EB, Gao P, Gress J, Liu Y, Ma LQ. Metal concentrations in traditional and herbal teas and their potential risks to human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:649-657. [PMID: 29597162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Food and beverage consumption is an important route for human exposure to metals. Traditional tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely-consumed beverage, which may contain toxic metals. This study determined total and infusion concentrations of 5 metals including Al, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in 47 traditional and herbal teas from 13 countries and assessed their potential risks to human health. The data showed that herbal teas exhibited higher As (0.26mgkg-1), Cd (0.19mgkg-1) and Pb (2.32mgkg-1) than traditional teas. Black tea from India had high Cr at 31mgkg-1 while white tea from China had low Cr at 0.39mgkg-1. Arsenic, Cd and Pb did not exceed the WHO limit for medicinal plants excluding one herbal tea with 1.1mgkg-1 As and 26.4mgkg-1 Pb. However, Cr in 47% herbal teas and 73% traditional teas exceeded the Canada limit of 2mgkg-1. Metal concentrations in tea infusions were below the MCL for drinking water except for Al. Total Al and its infusion was lower in herbal teas (47-1745mgkg-1 and 0.09-3.95mgL-1) than traditional teas (50.3-2517mgkg-1 and 0.02-7.51mgL-1), with 0.9-22% and 4-49% of the Al being soluble in infusion. The Al concentrations in infusion in all black tea and 83, 75 and 25% of the green, oolong and herbal teas exceeded the secondary MCL for drinking water at 0.2mgL-1. However, the weekly intake of Al from drinking tea (0.001-0.39 and 0.003-0.56mgkg-1 for children and adults) was lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Al at 1.0mgkg-1. Our data showed that it is important to consider metal intake from tea consumptions, especially for Cr and Al in heavy tea drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letuzia M de Oliveira
- Research Center of Soil Contamination and Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Suchismita Das
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Evandro B da Silva
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Julia Gress
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yungen Liu
- Research Center of Soil Contamination and Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Research Center of Soil Contamination and Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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12
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Peng CY, Zhu XH, Hou RY, Ge GF, Hua RM, Wan XC, Cai HM. Aluminum and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Tea Leaves: An Interplay of Environmental and Plant Factors and an Assessment of Exposure Risks to Consumers. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1165-1172. [PMID: 29577290 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and plant factors (soil condition, variety, season, and maturity) and exposure risks of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in tea leaves were investigated. The concentrations of these metals in tea leaves could not be predicted by their total concentrations in the soil. During any one season, there were differences in Al, Mn, and Cd levels between tea varieties. Seasonally, autumn tea and/or summer tea had far higher levels of Al, Mn, Pb, and Cd than did spring tea. Tea leaf maturity positively correlated with the concentrations of Al, Mn, Pb, and Cd, but negatively with Cu. The calculated average daily intake doses (mg/ [kg•d]) for these metal elements were 0.14 (Al), 0.11 (Mn), 2.70 × 10-3 (Cu), 2.80 × 10-4 (Pb), and 2.88 × 10-6 (Cd). The hazard quotient values of each metal were all significantly lower than risk level (=1), suggesting that, for the general population, consumption of tea does not result in the intake of excessive amounts of Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, or Cu. This study identified the factors that can be monitored in the field to decrease consumer exposure to Al and Mn through tea consumption. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Environmental and plant factors influence aluminum and heavy metal accumulation in tea leaves. Consumers of tea are not ingesting excessive Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, or Cu. Trackable factors were identified to manage exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Gao-Fei Ge
- Biotechnology Center of Anhui Agricultural Univ., Anhui, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Ri-Mao Hua
- School of Resource & Environment of Anhui Agricultural Univ., Key Lab. of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Mei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
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13
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Zhao H, Yu C, Li M. Effects of geographical origin, variety, season and their interactions on minerals in tea for traceability. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Temel Y, Bengü AŞ, Akkoyun HT, Akkoyun M, Ciftci M. Effect of astaxanthin and aluminum chloride on erythrocyte G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities in vivo
and on erythrocyte G6PD in vitro
in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Temel
- Program of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Solhan Vocational School of Health Services; Bingöl University; Bingöl Turkey
| | - Aydın Şükrü Bengü
- Program of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services; Bingöl University; Bingöl Turkey
| | | | | | - Mehmet Ciftci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Bingöl University; Bingöl Turkey
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15
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Transition rates of selected metals determined in various types of teas (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) and herbal/fruit infusions. Food Chem 2016; 215:22-30. [PMID: 27542446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Teas and raw materials used as ingredients of herbal and fruit infusions (HFI) were analysed by means of ICP-MS for their content of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and mercury in the dry product and in the infusion. Samples of tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) were selected to include different origins, types (black, green), leaf grades (whole leaf, broken, fannings, dust) and manufacturing techniques (orthodox, "crush, tear, curl"). The selected HFI raw materials (chamomile, elderberries, fennel, hibiscus, mate, peppermint, rooibos and rose hip) cover the most important matrices (flower, fruit, seed, herb, leaf) and reflect the economic significance of these HFI materials in trade. Infusions were prepared under standardised conditions representing typical household brewing. Transition rates for the investigated metals vary significantly but are mostly well below 100%. We propose default transition rates for metals to avoid overestimation of exposure levels from tea/HFI consumption.
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16
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Nkansah MA, Opoku F, Ackumey AA. Risk assessment of mineral and heavy metal content of selected tea products from the Ghanaian market. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:332. [PMID: 27154053 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Food consumption is the most likely route of human exposure to metals. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is among the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages. Concentrations of heavy metals and minerals in tea from 15 different brands in Kumasi, Ghana were measured to assess the health risk associated with their consumption. The mineral and metal contents (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Z-8100 polarized Zeeman). The results revealed that the mean concentrations were in the order: Ca > Fe > As > Cd > Zn > Pb. The average contents of Ca, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As in the samples were 94.08, 6.15, 0.20, 0.16, 0.36, and 1.66 mg/kg, respectively. All the minerals and heavy metals were below the maximum permissible limits stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Pharmacopeia (USP). Metal-to-metal correlation indicated strong correlations between As/Zn, Cd/Zn, Cd/As, and Pb/As pairs. Factor analysis demonstrated a clear separation between minerals, grouped on one side, and heavy metals, clustered on another side. Both the target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) levels in green tea were far below 1, suggesting that consumption of green tea should pose no potential risk to human health. However, carcinogenic risk levels for arsenic were high; R > 10(-6). The results showed that residents in Kumasi consume tea could be at risk from exposure to these heavy metals and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Opoku
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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17
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Cao Z, Yang X, Zhang H, Wang H, Huang W, Xu F, Zhuang C, Wang X, Li Y. Aluminum chloride induces neuroinflammation, loss of neuronal dendritic spine and cognition impairment in developing rat. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 151:289-95. [PMID: 26946116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is present in the daily life of humans, and the incidence of Al contamination increased in recent years. Long-term excessive Al intake induces neuroinflammation and cognition impairment. Neuroinflammation alter density of dendritic spine, which, in turn, influence cognition function. However, it is unknown whether increased neuroinflammation is associated with altered density of dendritic spine in Al-treated rats. In the present study, AlCl3 was orally administrated to rat at 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg for 90d. We examined the effects of AlCl3 on the cognition function, density of dendritic spine in hippocampus of CA1 and DG region and the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MHC II, CX3CL1 and BNDF in developing rat. These results showed exposure to AlCl3 lead to increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCH II, decreased mRNA levels of CX3CL1 and BDNF, decreased density of dendritic spine and impaired learning and memory in developing rat. Our results suggest AlCl3 can induce neuroinflammation that may result in loss of spine, and thereby leads to learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Cuicui Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Suihua Food and Drug Administration, Suihua, 152000, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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18
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Brzezicha-Cirocka J, Grembecka M, Szefer P. Monitoring of essential and heavy metals in green tea from different geographical origins. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:183. [PMID: 26899031 PMCID: PMC4762913 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study measured the concentrations of toxic metals (Cd, Pb) and other elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni) in tea leaves and their infusions. The total metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Phosphorus concentration was determined using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Assessment of the mineral composition enabled determination of the leaching percentage and the risk of exceeding provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd through daily tea consumption. The concentrations of bioelements were analyzed based on the recommended daily intake values for each. According to recently established standards, green tea was found to be a rich source of Mn. The average Pb and Cd levels in a 200-mL beverage were 0.002 and 0.003 mg, respectively. Indian teas had the highest percentage of Cd leaching (43.8%) and Chinese tea had the lowest (9.41%). Multivariate analysis techniques such as factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to differentiate samples according to geographical origin (China, India, or Japan). Potassium, P, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, and Cd were effective descriptors for the identification of tea samples from China, India, and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Brzezicha-Cirocka
- Department of Food Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdansk, 80-416, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grembecka
- Department of Food Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdansk, 80-416, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szefer
- Department of Food Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdansk, 80-416, Poland
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19
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Barone G, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Storelli MM. Evaluation of trace metal and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in tea brands of different origin commercialized in Italy. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 87:113-9. [PMID: 26683308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the trace element (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cr and Se) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) content of several commercially available brands of green and black tea marketed in Italy. The concentrations these chemicals were found to be variable and largely dependent upon the type and brand of analysed tea. The most abundant element among the essential elements was Fe, followed by Zn, Cu, Se, Ni and Cr, whereas Pb was the predominant among the tested nonessential elements followed by Hg and Cd. Assessment based on several available guidelines showed that element content were low, except for Hg and Ni. The PCBs concentrations were generally low, with a homologue profile dominated by low-chlorinated congeners, namely three- and tetra-PCBs accounting for more than 60% of the total residue. Apart from trace elements, this is the first study documenting in detail the concentrations and congener distribution of PCBs in tea samples of different origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Barone
- Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutical Department, University of Bari, Strada Prov. le Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | | | - Maria M Storelli
- Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutical Department, University of Bari, Strada Prov. le Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
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20
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Oxalate, magnesium and calcium content in selected kinds of tea: impact on human health. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Parviz M, Eshghi N, Asadi S, Teimoory H, Rezaei M. Investigation of heavy metal contents in infusion tea samples of Iran. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1072562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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22
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Li L, Fu QL, Achal V, Liu Y. A comparison of the potential health risk of aluminum and heavy metals in tea leaves and tea infusion of commercially available green tea in Jiangxi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:228. [PMID: 25840958 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and Al in tea products are of increasing concern. In this study, contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in commercially available green tea and its infusions were measured by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Both target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were employed to assess the potential health risk of studied metals in tea leaves and infusions to drinkers. Results showed that the average contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in tea leaves were 487.57, 0.055, 0.29, 1.63, 17.04, 7.71, and 0.92 mg/kg, respectively. Except for Cu, metal contents were within their maximum limits (1, 5, 30, and 5 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb, respectively) of current standards for tea products. Concentrations of metals in tea infusions were all below their maximum limits (0.2, 0.005, 0.05, 1.0, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/L for Al, Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Ni, and Pb, respectively) for drinking water, and decreased with the increase of infusion times. Pb, Cd, Cu, and Al mainly remained in tea leaves. The THQ from 2.33 × 10(-5) to 1.47 × 10(-1) and HI from1.41 × 10(-2) to 3.45 × 10(-1) values in tea infusions were all less than 1, suggesting that consumption of tea infusions would not cause significant health risks for consumers. More attention should be paid to monitor Co content in green tea. Both THQ and HI values decreased with the increase of infusion times. Results of this study suggest that tea drinkers should discard the first tea infusion and drink the following infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhai Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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23
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Karak T, Sonar I, Paul RK, Frankowski M, Boruah RK, Dutta AK, Das DK. Aluminium dynamics from soil to tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.): is it enhanced by municipal solid waste compost application? CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:917-926. [PMID: 25259883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivation can increase the fertility status of soils and thus enhance the plant growth. The present study attempts at application of MSWC in tea (TV1 and TV23 clones) cultivation to assess the effect of different doses of MSWC on growth and translocation potential of Al on this plant as well as fate of Al in soil, through the calculation of a risk assessment code (RAC). The sequential extraction of Al in MSWC amended soils showed that the fractionation of Al in soil changed after compost application, with an overall increase of the fractions associated to with Fe-Mn oxides, organic and of the residual fraction. The accumulation of Al in different parts ofC. sinensisL., grown on MSWC amended soil effected an overall increased growth of the plant with increasing doses of MSWC. According to RAC, Al falls in medium to high risk, though no adverse effect on plant health was observed. Tea plants were found to adapt well to MSWC amended soils. However, long term field trials are necessary to completely assess the risk of Al accumulation in soils upon MSWC application. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied aiming to check for the presence of homogenous groups among different treatments. It was found that in both TV1 and TV23, treatments formed two different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Karak
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom 786101, Assam, India.
| | - Indira Sonar
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom 786101, Assam, India
| | - Ranjit K Paul
- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Romesh K Boruah
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom 786101, Assam, India
| | - Amrit K Dutta
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom 786101, Assam, India
| | - Dilip K Das
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Santos LB, de Souza MT, Paulino AT, Garcia EE, Nogami EM, Garcia JC, de Souza NE. Determination of aluminum in botanical samples by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry as Al-8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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A comparison of samples preparation strategies in the multi-elemental analysis of tea by spectrometric methods. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Stelmach E, Pohl P. Speciation and Fractionation of Elements in Tea Infusions. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.694730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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28
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Bratakos SM, Lazou AE, Bratakos MS, Lazos ES. Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake estimate in Greece. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2012; 5:33-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.656289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Deng GF, Li K, Ma J, Liu F, Dai JJ, Li HB. Aluminium content of some processed foods, raw materials and food additives in China by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:248-53. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.632899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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30
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Tolrà R, Vogel-Mikuš K, Hajiboland R, Kump P, Pongrac P, Kaulich B, Gianoncelli A, Babin V, Barceló J, Regvar M, Poschenrieder C. Localization of aluminium in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves using low energy X-ray fluorescence spectro-microscopy. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:165-72. [PMID: 20422247 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Information on localization of Al in tea leaf tissues is required in order to better understand Al tolerance mechanism in this Al-accumulating plant species. Here, we have used low-energy X-ray fluorescence spectro-microscopy (LEXRF) to study localization of Al and other low Z-elements, namely C, O, Mg, Si and P, in fully developed leaves of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Plants were grown from seeds for 3 months in a hydroponic solution, and then exposed to 200 microM AlCl(3) for 2 weeks. Epidermal-mesophyll and xylem phloem regions of 20 microm thick cryo-fixed freeze-dried tea-leaf cross-sections were raster scanned with 1.7 and 2.2 keV excitation energies to reach the Al-K and P-K absorption edges. Al was mainly localized in the cell walls of the leaf epidermal cells, while almost no Al signal was obtained from the leaf symplast. The results suggest that the retention of Al in epidermal leaf apoplast represent the main tolerance mechanism to Al in tea plants. In addition LEXRF proved to be a powerful tool for localization of Al in plant tissues, which can help in our understanding of the processes of Al uptake, transport and tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Tolrà
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Characterisation of tea leaves according to their total mineral content by means of probabilistic neural networks. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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