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Schurkman J, De Ley IT, Dillman AR. Dose dependence of Phasmarhabditis isolates (P. hermaphrodita, P. californica, P. papillosa) on the mortality of adult invasive white garden snails (Theba pisana). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270185. [PMID: 35867654 PMCID: PMC9307187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theba pisana is an invasive snail pest which has established itself in San Diego County and some areas of Los Angeles County, California. The snail has grown to large populations in some areas and mitigation is becoming necessary to stop the spread of the species. In a previous study, three US strains of Phasmarhabditis species (P. californica, P. papillosa, and P. hermaphrodita) effectively killed juvenile (0.25 gram each, 4–6 mm wide) T. pisana in laboratory conditions at 5 times (150 IJs/cm2) the recommended dose. Based on laboratory assays, we demonstrated that the same three US strains of Phasmarhabditis can effectively kill larger adult T. pisana (0.4–1.2 gram, 11.5-15mm wide) in two weeks at the same dose. The strains were more efficient at killing T. pisana than the compared molluscicide Sluggo Plus®. Results further showed that the most virulent P. californica did not effectively kill T. pisana at lower doses of 30 IJs/cm2 and 90 IJs/cm2. Additional research is needed to develop the most efficient means of application of Phasmarhabditis to mitigate T. pisana in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schurkman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Irma Tandingan De Ley
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Pinkina T, Zymaroieva A, Fedoniuk T. Cadmium impact on the growth and survival rate of great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) in the chronic experiment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ubrihien RP, Maher WA, Taylor AM, Stevens MM, Ezaz T. The Response of the Planorbid Snail Isidorella newcombi to Chronic Copper Exposure Over a 28-Day Period: Linking Mortality, Cellular Biomarkers, and Reproductive Responses. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:391-405. [PMID: 33090264 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The native freshwater gastropod Isidorella newcombi attacks the roots of developing rice plants in southern Australia and is controlled using copper sulphate. The apparent tolerance of this species to moderate levels of copper (Cu) exposure led us to investigate its potential usefulness as a biomonitor species. To assess its response to chronic Cu exposure, adult I. newcombi were exposed to 0-120 µg L-1 of Cu for 28 days. Lethal and sublethal responses were investigated. The relationships between subcellular biomarkers and life history traits also were explored. At exposure concentrations of 60 µg L-1 Cu and above, 100% mortality was observed during the 28-day exposure period. In these treatments, there was an exposure concentration dependent decrease in the time that the snails survived. In the surviving snails, there was an exposure concentration-dependent increase in tissue Cu concentration. In the snails exposed to Cu concentrations above 15 µg L-1, no eggs were produced during the final week of copper exposure, indicating that populations would not persist at Cu concentrations above 15 µg L-1. The general stress biomarker lysosomal membrane destabilisation (LD) indicated organisms exposed to 10 µg L-1 Cu and above were experiencing Cu induced stress. This suggests that LD could act as an early warning system for responses at higher levels of biological organisation in I. newcombi exposed to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ubrihien
- Centre for Applied Water Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - W A Maher
- Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A M Taylor
- Centre for Applied Water Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - M M Stevens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW, 2703, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, North Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - T Ezaz
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genetics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Ferreira AC, Rodrigues Capítulo A. Growth and survival of juvenile Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in plain streams associated to different land uses. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2017.1294359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Bentos, Instituto de Limnología “Raúl A. Ringuelet” (ILPLA), La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Rodrigues Capítulo
- Laboratorio de Bentos, Instituto de Limnología “Raúl A. Ringuelet” (ILPLA), La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mohamed B, Frédéric G, Laurence AS, Pierre-Marie B, Badr AS, Lotfi A. Land spreading of sewage sludge in forest plantations: effects on the growth of the duckweed Lemna minor and trace metal bioaccumulation in the snail Cantareus aspersus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9891-9900. [PMID: 26856869 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater plants generated annually millions of tons of sewage sludge (SS). Large amounts of this organic residue are spread on agricultural lands as a fertilizer, although it is viewed as a major potential source of contamination, presenting a danger to the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of this practice on the duckweed Lemna minor and the snail Cantareus aspersus. Sludge was applied to soil either at six different loading rates equal to 0, 0.4, 3, 10, 30, and 60 tons dry matter (DM) ha(-1) for L. minor test or at three rates equal to 0, 30, and 60 tons DM ha(-1) for C. aspersus test. At the highest rate of SS application (60 tons DM ha(-1)), the eluates showed that an increase in pH (6.1) resulted in a decrease in Al levels. Thus, the high stimulation of L. minor growth observed after this high rate of SS application can be explained by (i) a reduction in Al toxicity after precipitation and (ii) macro- and micronutrient enrichment. At a rate of SS application of only 30 tons DM ha(-1), growth appeared to be slightly significant (p < 0.05), in spite of the significant increase in essential mineral elements. However, it is very difficult to discriminate between Al toxicity and pH effects. For the test with C. aspersus, the snail biomass was not affected by sludge application over the exposure period. Mortality was extremely low, with a rate of less than 4 % at the last sampling date. Yet, Cu, Pb, and Cd accumulated significantly in the soft body of snails exposed to SS application, suggesting that the amount of metals excreted is lower than that absorbed. In contrast, Zn levels remain constant, inferring that absorption and elimination of Zn are balanced at the beginning of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bourioug Mohamed
- Department of Agronomy, National School of Agriculture of Meknès, km. 10, Route Haj Kaddour, B.P. S/40, 50001, Meknes, Morocco
- Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research, Place Verdun, 81000, Albi, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Gimbert Frédéric
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alaoui-Sehmer Laurence
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Badot Pierre-Marie
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alaoui-Sossé Badr
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Aleya Lotfi
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté UMR CNRS 6249, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France.
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Dummee V, Tanhan P, Kruatrachue M, Damrongphol P, Pokethitiyook P. Histopathological changes in snail, Pomacea canaliculata, exposed to sub-lethal copper sulfate concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:290-295. [PMID: 26295753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity test of Cu including range-finding and definitive test, was performed on golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of Cu at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 330, 223, 177 and 146 µg/L, respectively. P. canaliculata were exposed to Cu at 146 µg/L for 96 h to study bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in various organs. Snails accumulated elevated levels of Cu in gill, and lesser amounts in the digestive tract, muscle, and digestive gland. Histopathological investigation revealed several alterations in the epithelia of gill, digestive tract (esophagus, intestine, rectum), and digestive gland. The most striking changes were observed in the epithelium of the gill in which there was loss of cilia, an increase in number of mucus cells, and degeneration of columnar cells. Similar changes occurred in digestive tract epithelium. The digestive gland showed moderate alterations, vacuolization and degeneration of cells and an increase in the number of basophilic cells. We concluded that, P. canaliculata has a great potential as a bioindicator for Cu, and a biomarker for monitoring Cu contamination in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipawee Dummee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Earth System and Andaman Natural Disaster Management, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand
| | - Phanwimol Tanhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Chatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Maleeya Kruatrachue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Praneet Damrongphol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prayad Pokethitiyook
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Ali D, Ahmed M, Alarifi S, Ali H. Ecotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes to freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola L.: Impacts on oxidative stress and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:674-682. [PMID: 24449093 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of carbon nanotubes, but there is very limited data on ecogenotoxicity to aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to determine eco-geno toxic effects of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in fresh water snail, Lymnea luteola (L. luteola). A static test system was used to expose L. luteola to a freshwater control, 0.05, 0.15, 0.30, 0.46 mg/L SWCNTs for up to 4 days. SWCNTs changed a significant reduction in glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase with in hepatopancreas of L. luteola. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and catalase showed dose- and time-dependent and statistically significant increase in hepatopancreas during SWCNTs exposure compared with control. However, a significant (p < 0.01) induction in DNA damage was observed by the comet assay in hepatopancreas cells treated with SWCNTs. These results demonstrate that SWCNTs are ecogenotoxic to freshwater snail L. luteola. The oxidative stress and comet assay can successfully be used as sensitive tools of aquatic pollution biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huma Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Hoang TC, Tong X. Influence of water quality on zinc toxicity to the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) and sensitivity of freshwater snails to zinc. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:545-553. [PMID: 25475172 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized the influence of water-quality characteristics on zinc (Zn) toxicity to the Florida apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) and the sensitivity of freshwater snails to Zn. Standard 96-h renewal acute toxicity tests were conducted with Zn and juvenile P. paludosa under 3 conditions of pH and alkalinity, water hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Median lethal effect concentrations (96-h LC50s), no-observed- effect concentrations, lowest-observed-effect concentrations, LC10s, and LC20s were determined for each test. The results showed that Zn toxicity to P. paludosa decreased linearly with increasing hardness, pH, and DOC. A multiple linear regression model based on pH, hardness, and DOC was able to explain 99% of the observed variability in LC50s. These results are useful for the development of a biotic ligand model (BLM) for P. paludosa and Zn. Zinc acute toxicity data were collected from the literature for 12 freshwater snail species in a wide range of water-quality characteristics for species sensitivity distribution analysis. The results showed that P. paludosa is the second most sensitive to Zn. The present study also suggested that aqueous ZnCO3 and ZnHCO3 (-) can be bioavailable to P. paludosa. Therefore, bioavailability models (e.g., BLM) should take these Zn species into consideration for bioavailability when applied to snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tham C Hoang
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Pasanphan W, Haema K, Tangthong T, Piroonpan T. Modification of chitosan onto PE by irradiation in salt solutions and possible use as Cu2+complex film for pest snail control. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanvimol Pasanphan
- Department of Materials Science; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University, Ladyao; Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Department of Materials Science, Center of Radiation Processing for Polymer Modification and Nanotechnology (CRPN); Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Kamonwon Haema
- Department of Materials Science; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University, Ladyao; Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theeranan Tangthong
- Department of Materials Science; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University, Ladyao; Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public organization); Ministry of Science and Technology; Nakornnayok 26120 Thailand
| | - Thananchai Piroonpan
- Department of Materials Science; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University, Ladyao; Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Department of Materials Science, Center of Radiation Processing for Polymer Modification and Nanotechnology (CRPN); Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Heavy metal concentrations in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria alexandrina uninfected or infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and/or Echinostoma liei in Egypt: the potential use of this snail as a bioindicator of pollution. J Helminthol 2013; 88:411-6. [PMID: 23710821 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In spite of using aquatic snails as bioindicators for water pollution, little attention has been paid to the effect of parasitism upon the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in these organisms. The present study therefore aimed to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in trematode-infected Biomphalaria alexandrina collected from Kafer Alsheikh and Menofia provinces, Egypt, with uninfected snails from the same sites, in order to assess the effect of parasitism on the use of these snails as bioindicators. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft parts and shells of snails were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the heavy metal profile in snails infected with Echinostoma liei was very different from that in snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The total concentration of heavy metals in E. liei-infected snails collected from Kafer Alsheikh or Menofia province was greater than in uninfected snails. In contrast, the total concentration of heavy metals in S. mansoni-infected snails was reduced compared with uninfected snails. In conclusion, the status of snails with respect to parasitic infection must be taken into consideration when these snails are used as bioindicators.
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Shuhaimi-Othman M, Nur-Amalina R, Nadzifah Y. Toxicity of metals to a freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculata. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:125785. [PMID: 22666089 PMCID: PMC3366189 DOI: 10.1100/2012/125785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult freshwater snails Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropod, Thiaridae) were exposed for a four-day period in laboratory conditions to a range of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median lethal times (LT₅₀) and concentrations (LC₅₀) were calculated. LT₅₀ and LC₅₀ increased with the decrease in mean exposure concentrations and times, respectively, for all metals. The LC(50) values for the 96-hour exposures to Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn were 0.14, 1.49, 3.90, 6.82, 8.46, 8.49, 68.23, and 45.59 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Cu was the most toxic metal to M. tuberculata, followed by Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al (Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Ni > Fe > Mn > Al). Metals bioconcentration in M. tuberculata increases with exposure to increasing concentrations and Cu has the highest accumulation (concentration factor) in the soft tissues. A comparison of LC₅₀ values for metals for this species with those for other freshwater gastropods reveals that M. tuberculata is equally sensitive to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shuhaimi-Othman
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia-UKM, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
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Zhong H, Evans D, Wang WX. Uptake of dissolved organic carbon-complexed ⁶⁵Cu by the green mussel Perna viridis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2383-2390. [PMID: 22242907 DOI: 10.1021/es203175q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stable Cu isotope ((65)Cu) was complexed with various representative dissolved organic carbon (DOC) types, including coastal seawater DOC, fulvic acid (FA), cyanobacteria spirulina (SP) DOC, histidine (His), cysteine (Cys), and lipophilic diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDC) at different concentrations. The uptake of these dissolved Cu species by the coastal green mussel Perna viridis was quantified for the first time. Copper complexed with different DOC types were taken up in some measure by mussels, depending on the DOC types. However, complexation generally reduced Cu uptake as compared to that of inorganic Cu species, and DOC type-specific negative relationships were found between DOC levels and Cu uptake. Strong Cu binding sites (including His and organic sulfur functional groups) within DOC appeared to control the inhibitory effects of DOC on Cu uptake, possibly due to the competitive binding of Cu between the dissolved phase and biological membranes. Therefore, differences in strong Cu binding site levels may explain the differences in bioavailability of Cu complexed with different types of DOC. At the same time, the variations in Cu-DOC uptake may also be partly attributed to the absorption of Cu-DOC complexes, especially for the small Cu-DOC complexes (e.g., Cu-Cys, Cu-His, or Cu-DDC). Our study highlights the importance of considering the specificity of Cu-DOC complexes when assessing biological exposure to dissolved Cu in natural waters, especially during events, such as phytoplankton bloom periods, that could modify DOC composition and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhong
- Environmental and Resource Studies Program (ERS), Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Carstens K, Anderson J, Bachman P, De Schrijver A, Dively G, Federici B, Hamer M, Gielkens M, Jensen P, Lamp W, Rauschen S, Ridley G, Romeis J, Waggoner A. Genetically modified crops and aquatic ecosystems: considerations for environmental risk assessment and non-target organism testing. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:813-42. [PMID: 22120952 PMCID: PMC3394238 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessments (ERA) support regulatory decisions for the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops. The ERA for terrestrial agroecosystems is well-developed, whereas guidance for ERA of GM crops in aquatic ecosystems is not as well-defined. The purpose of this document is to demonstrate how comprehensive problem formulation can be used to develop a conceptual model and to identify potential exposure pathways, using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize as a case study. Within problem formulation, the insecticidal trait, the crop, the receiving environment, and protection goals were characterized, and a conceptual model was developed to identify routes through which aquatic organisms may be exposed to insecticidal proteins in maize tissue. Following a tiered approach for exposure assessment, worst-case exposures were estimated using standardized models, and factors mitigating exposure were described. Based on exposure estimates, shredders were identified as the functional group most likely to be exposed to insecticidal proteins. However, even using worst-case assumptions, the exposure of shredders to Bt maize was low and studies supporting the current risk assessments were deemed adequate. Determining if early tier toxicity studies are necessary to inform the risk assessment for a specific GM crop should be done on a case by case basis, and should be guided by thorough problem formulation and exposure assessment. The processes used to develop the Bt maize case study are intended to serve as a model for performing risk assessments on future traits and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Carstens
- Regulatory Science, Pioneer Hi-Bred, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, 2450 SE Oak Tree Ct., Ankeny, IA 50021, USA.
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Sawasdee B, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R. Histopathological effects of copper and lithium in the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1033-1039. [PMID: 21840034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine and quantify effects of copper and lithium in tissues of early juveniles of the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis. For this purpose, hatchlings of M. cornuarietis were exposed for 7d ays to a range of five different sublethal concentrations of copper (5, 10, 25, 50, and 75 μg Cu²⁺L⁻¹) and lithium (50, 100, 200, 1000, and 5000 μg Li⁺ L⁻¹). Both metals changed the tissue structure of epidermis, hepatopancreas, and gills, varying between slight and strong reactions, depending on the copper and lithium concentration. The histopathological changes included alterations in epithelial and mucous cells of the epidermis, swelling of hepatopancreatic digestive cells, alterations in the number of basophilic cells, abnormal apices of digestive cells, irregularly shaped cilia and changes in the amount of mucus in the gills. The most sensible organ in M. cornuarietis indicating Cu or Li pollution is the hepatopancreas (LOECs were 10 μg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹, or 200 μg Li⁺ L⁻¹). In epidermis, mantle and gills relevant effects occurred with higher LOECs (50 μg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹, or 1000 μg Li⁺ L⁻¹). Base on LOECs, our results indicated that histopathological endpoints are high sensitivity to copper and lithium compared to endpoints for embryonic developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banthita Sawasdee
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ng TYT, Pais NM, Wood CM. Mechanisms of waterborne Cu toxicity to the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis: physiology and Cu bioavailability. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1471-1479. [PMID: 21783254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the mechanisms of toxicity of waterborne Cu to the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The snail is one of the most sensitive species to acute Cu exposure (96 h LC(50), LC(20): 24.9, 18.0 μgl(-1)); they are not protected by the water quality criteria of the US EPA. Tissue Na and Ca were also reduced by Cu in the acute exposure. In contrast, during 28 d chronic exposures to Cu in the presence of food, which resulted in higher DOC concentrations, there was no significant mortality but an inhibition of growth, which may reflect a re-allocation of resources to detoxification. Cu detoxification was evidenced in chronic exposure by increases in metallothionein-like protein concentrations and Cu binding to metal-rich granules, decreases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and changes in the subcellular distribution in the soft tissues. Our results demonstrated that apart from external Cu bioavailability, compartmentalization of metals within the cells can alter toxicity of Cu to the snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Y-T Ng
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Das S, Khangarot BS. Bioaccumulation of copper and toxic effects on feeding, growth, fecundity and development of pond snail Lymnaea luteola L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:295-305. [PMID: 20934807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of Cu on survival, number of eggs and eggmasses laying, embryo development, growth, and food consumption in an Indian pond snail, Lymnaea luteola L. exposed for 7 weeks. Copper caused loss of chemoreception, locomotion and inhibited food consumption significantly during 7 weeks of exposure. Food consumption in Cu exposed snails significantly decreased and at 56 and 100 μg L(-1), snail stopped feeding activity. Mean number of eggmasses or eggs significantly decreased in Cu concentrations during the 7 week study. The percentage hatching decreased in Cu concentrations but there was more than 95% hatched in control in 10-11 days after spawning. Egg development was completely inhibited at 100 μg L(-1), while abnormal embryonic development observed at 32 and 56 μg L(-1) of Cu. The Cu concentration in tissues increased in Cu treated snails and bioaccumulation factor ranged from 2.3 to 18.7. Snail growth at 5.6 and 10 μg L(-1) was reduced by 6.2% and 16.9%, respectively. The study revealed that snail embryos and adults could be used as in vivo test models for ecotoxicological studies. Findings of present study are helpful for advancing water quality guidelines for protecting aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Das
- Ecotoxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, MG Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
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