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Aravind Kumar J, Krithiga T, Sathish S, Renita AA, Prabu D, Lokesh S, Geetha R, Namasivayam SKR, Sillanpaa M. Persistent organic pollutants in water resources: Fate, occurrence, characterization and risk analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154808. [PMID: 35341870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic chemicals that can persist in the environment for a longer period due to their non-biodegradability. The pervasive and bio-accumulative behavior of POPs makes them highly toxic to the environmental species including plants, animals, and humans. The present review specifies the POP along with their fate, persistence, occurrence, and risk analysis towards humans. The different biological POPs degradation methods, especially the microbial degradation using bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes, and their mechanisms were described. Moreover, the source, transport of POPs to the environmental sources, and the toxic nature of POPs were discussed in detail. Agricultural and industrial activities are distinguished as the primary source of these toxic compounds, which are delivered to air, soil, and water, affecting on the social and economic advancement of society at a worldwide scale. This review also demonstrated the microbial degradation of POPs and outlines the potential for an eco-accommodating and cost-effective approach for the biological remediation of POPs using microbes. The direction for future research in eliminating POPs from the environmental sources through various microbial processes was emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aravind Kumar
- Department of Biomass and Energy Conversion, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - T Krithiga
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India
| | - S Sathish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India
| | - A Annam Renita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India.
| | - D Prabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600119, India
| | - S Lokesh
- Department of Biomass and Energy Conversion, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - R Geetha
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India
| | - S Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Division of Research and Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Mika Sillanpaa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
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2
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Zhang Z, Wan J, Liu L, Ye M, Jiang X. Metagenomics reveals functional profiling of microbial communities in OCP contaminated sites with rapeseed oil and tartaric acid biostimulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112515. [PMID: 33819653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contaminated sites pose great threats to both human health and environmental safety. Targeted bioremediation in these regions largely depends on microbial diversity and activity. This study applied metagenomics to characterize the microbial communities and functional groups composition features during independent or simultaneous rapeseed oil and tartaric acid applications, as well as the degradation kinetics of OCPs. Results showed that: the degradation rates of α-chlordane, β-chlordane and mirex were better when (0.50% w/w) rapeseed oil and (0.05 mol L-1) tartaric acid were applied simultaneously than singular use, yielding removal rates of 56.4%, 53.9%, and 49.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, bio-stimulation facilitated microbial enzyme (catalase/superoxide dismutase/peroxidase) activity in soils significantly, promoting the growth of dominant bacterial communities. Classification at phylum level showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Network analysis showed that bio-stimulation substantially increased the dominant bacterial community's proportion, especially Proteobacteria. The functional gene results illustrated that bio-stimulation facilitated total relative abundance of degradation genes, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur metabolic genes, and iron transporting genes (p < 0.05). In metabolic pathways, functional genes related to methanogenesis and ammonia generation were markedly upregulated, indicating that bio-stimulation promoted the transformation of metabolic genes, such as carbon and nitrogen. This research is conducive to exploring the microbiological response mechanisms of bio-stimulation in indigenous flora, which may provide technical support for assessing the microbial ecological remediation outcomes of bio-stimulation in OCP contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinzhong Wan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Li Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210008, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Lian T, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang R, Gao H, Tai F, Yu Q. Neonatal exposure to chlordecone alters female social behaviors and central estrogen alpha receptor expression in socially monogamous mandarin voles. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:173-181. [PMID: 32670549 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlordecone (CD) is one of the common persistent organic pollutants in nature and has a profound impact on the environment and on public health. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that neonatal exposure of CD influences adult physiology and behavior due to its estrogenic properties. Using socially monogamous mandarin voles as an experimental animal model, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of neonatal exposure to CD on female social behaviors and central estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression in adulthood. After receiving a single subcutaneous injection with sesame seed oil (female control group), 17 beta-estradiol (E2 group), or CD group on postnatal Day 1, the social behaviors of adult animals and ERα expression in specific brain regions were assessed. The data indicated that CD or E2-treated female animals displayed increased affiliative behaviors and decreased aggressive behaviors with regard to the unfamiliar females in the social interaction test. In addition, CD or E2-treated female voles exhibited significant preferences to females over males in the sexual preference test. Moreover, CD-treated female animals exhibited higher levels of ERα expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central amygdala, the medial amygdala and the medial preoptic area compared with those of the control voles. The results suggested that neonatal exposure to CD may masculinize female social behaviors, possibly via CD-induced changes in the ERα expression of relevant brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lian
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China.,Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- China-Nepal Friendship Medical Research center of Rajiv Kumar Jha, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road,Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiye Wang
- Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road,Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road,Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fadao Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Changan South Road, Yanta District, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang Road, Weiyang District, Xi'an 710021, China
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Zheng Q, Li J, Wang Y, Lin T, Xu Y, Zhong G, Bing H, Luo C, Zhang G. Levels and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese forest soils: Implications for sources and environmental behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114139. [PMID: 32120253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 159 background soil samples collected from 30 forested mountain sites across China. The sum of DDT was the most abundant OCP, with the concentrations of 0.197-207 ng/g and 0.033-122 ng/g in the O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively. High concentrations of OCPs usually occur near agricultural regions or high consumption areas. The spatial distribution was mainly influenced by the emission sources and soil total organic contents (TOC). The chiral compounds were generally nonracemic in the soils and showed preferential degradation of (-) o,p'- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, (+) trans-chlordane, and (-) cis-chlordane in both the O- and A-horizons. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) distributions of chiral OCPs displayed no differences across the forest sites in the O-horizon or the A-horizon. Comparing the deviation of EFs from racemic (DEVrac = absolute value of 0.500 - EF) with environmental parameters, we found that DEVrac of cis-chlordane demonstrated a strong positive correlation with TOC (p < 0.05) and the C/N ratio (p < 0.01). This relationship suggests that these factors could affect the microbial activity and significantly impact the extent of enantioselective degradation of chiral compounds in the soils. Fresh and historical applications of DDT and historical chlordane and endosulfan uses may be prominent sources of OCP accumulation in Chinese forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Haijian Bing
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Chevallier ML, Della-Negra O, Chaussonnerie S, Barbance A, Muselet D, Lagarde F, Darii E, Ugarte E, Lescop E, Fonknechten N, Weissenbach J, Woignier T, Gallard JF, Vuilleumier S, Imfeld G, Le Paslier D, Saaidi PL. Natural Chlordecone Degradation Revealed by Numerous Transformation Products Characterized in Key French West Indies Environmental Compartments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6133-6143. [PMID: 31082212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Production and use of the insecticide chlordecone has caused long-term environmental pollution in the James River area and the French West Indies (FWI) that has resulted in acute human-health problems and a social crisis. High levels of chlordecone in FWI soils, even after its ban decades ago, and the absence of detection of transformation products (TPs), have suggested that chlordecone is virtually nonbiodegradable in the environment. Here, we investigated laboratory biodegradation, consisting of bacterial liquid cultures and microcosms inoculated with FWI soils, using a dual nontargeted GC-MS and LC-HRMS approach. In addition to previously reported, partly characterized hydrochlordecones and polychloroindenes (families A and B), we discovered 14 new chlordecone TPs, assigned to four families (B, C, D, and E). Organic synthesis and NMR analyses allowed us to achieve the complete structural elucidation of 19 TPs. Members of TP families A, B, C, and E were detected in soil, sediment, and water samples from Martinique and include 17 TPs not initially found in commercial chlordecone formulations. 2,4,5,6,7-Pentachloroindene was the most prominent TP, with levels similar to those of chlordecone. Overall, our results clearly show that chlordecone pollution extends beyond the parent chlordecone molecule and includes a considerable number of previously undetected TPs. Structural diversity of the identified TPs illustrates the complexity of chlordecone degradation in the environment and raises the possibility of extensive worldwide pollution of soil and aquatic ecosystems by chlordecone TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L Chevallier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Oriane Della-Negra
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Sébastien Chaussonnerie
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Agnès Barbance
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Delphine Muselet
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Florian Lagarde
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Ekaterina Darii
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Edgardo Ugarte
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Ewen Lescop
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS - UPR , 2301 Bâtiment 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nuria Fonknechten
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Thierry Woignier
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE , Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen , 13397 Marseille , France
- IRD, UMR IMBE , Campus Agro Environnemental Caraïbes B. P. 214 Petit Morne , 97235 Le Lamentin, Martinique , France
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS - UPR , 2301 Bâtiment 27, 1 avenue de la Terrasse , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM) , Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS , 4 allée Konrad Roentgen , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS) , Université de Strasbourg , UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 1 Rue Blessig , 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Denis Le Paslier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
| | - Pierre-Loïc Saaidi
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope , Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay , 91057 , Evry , France
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Zhou S, Fu J, He H, Fu J, Tang Q, Dong M, Pan Y, Li A, Liu W, Zhang L. Spatial distribution and implications to sources of halogenated flame retardants in riverine sediments of Taizhou, an intense e-waste recycling area in eastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1202-1208. [PMID: 28672702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and spatial distribution pattern of organohalogen flame retardants were investigated in the riverine surface sediments from Taizhou, an intensive e-waste recycling region in China. The analytes were syn- and anti- Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechloranes 602, 603, and 604, a DP monoadduct, two dechlorinated DPs and 8 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations of Σ8PBDEs, ΣDP, ΣDec600s, and ΣDP-degradates ranged from <100 to 172,000, 100 to 55,000, not detectable (nd) to 1600, and nd to 2800 pg/g dry weight, respectively. BDE-209 and DP, both have been manufactured in China, had similar spatial distribution patterns in the study area, featured by distinctly recognizable hotspots some of which are in proximity to known e-waste dumping or metal recycling facilities. Such patterns were largely shared by Dec602 and dechlorinated DP, although their concentration levels were much lower. These major flame retardants significantly correlate with each other, and cluster together in the loading plot of principle component analysis. In contrast, most non-deca PBDE congeners do not correlate with DPs. Dec604 stood out having distinctly different spatial distribution pattern, which could be linked to historical use of mirex. Organic matter content of the sediment was not the dominant factor in determining the spatial pattern of pollution by halogenated flame retardants in the rivers of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jie Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiaozhi Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Research Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minfeng Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yongqiang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Research Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Zhou Y, Asplund L, Yin G, Athanassiadis I, Wideqvist U, Bignert A, Qiu Y, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Bergman Å. Extensive organohalogen contamination in wildlife from a site in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:320-8. [PMID: 26956179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and human health concerns for organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) extend beyond the 23 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) regulated by the Stockholm Convention. The current, intense industrial production and use of chemicals in China and their bioaccumulation makes Chinese wildlife highly suitable for the assessment of legacy, novel and emerging environmental pollutants. In the present study, six species of amphibians, fish and birds were sampled from paddy fields in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were screened for OHCs. Some extensive contamination was found, both regarding number and concentrations of the analytes, among the species assessed. High concentrations of chlorinated paraffins were found in the snake, Short-tailed mamushi (range of 200-340 μg g(-)(1)lw), Peregrine falcon (8-59 μg g(-1)lw) and Asiatic toad (97 μg g(-)(1)lw). Novel contaminants and patterns were observed; octaCBs to decaCB made up 20% of the total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) content in the samples and new OHCs, substituted with 5-8 chlorines, were found but are not yet structurally confirmed. In addition, Dechlorane 602 (DDC-DBF) and numerous other OHCs (DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexbromocyclododecane (HBCDD), chlordane, heptachlor, endosulfan and Mirex) were found in all species analyzed. These data show extensive chemical contamination of wildlife in the YRD with a suite of OHCs with both known and unknown toxicities, calling for further in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Asplund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ge Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Athanassiadis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Wideqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- Contaminant Research Group, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 15 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, SE-152 57 Södertälje, Sweden
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Clostre F, Cattan P, Gaude JM, Carles C, Letourmy P, Lesueur-Jannoyer M. Comparative fate of an organochlorine, chlordecone, and a related compound, chlordecone-5b-hydro, in soils and plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:292-300. [PMID: 26081731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We address the problem of the comparative environmental fate of a pesticide, chlordecone (CLD), and a related compound, chlordecone-5b-hydro (CLD-5b-hydro). We used a large database including data from two types of contaminated volcanic soils, andosol and nitisol, and thirteen crops grown in the French West Indies in historically polluted soils. We performed in-depth statistical analysis of the effect of different parameters (soil type, crop, organ, etc.) on the ratio of CLD-5b-hydro to CLD in both soils and plants. The environmental fate of the two compounds differed depending on the type of soil. Proportionally, more CLD-5b-hydro than CLD was measured in nitisols than in andosols. Compared to CLD, we also found a preferential transfer of CLD-5b-hydro from the soil to the plant. Finally, mobilization of the two compounds differed according to the species of crop but also within the plant, with increasing ratios from the roots to the top of the plant. The properties of the compound played a key role in the underlying processes. Because CLD-5b-hydro is more soluble in water and has a lower K(ow) than CLD, CLD-5b-hydro (1) was more easily absorbed from soils by plants, (2) was less adsorbed onto plant tissues and (3) was transported in greater quantities through the transpiration stream. Due to the amounts of CLD-5b-hydro we measured in some plant parts such as cucurbit fruits, an assessment of the toxicity of this CLD monodechlorinated product is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Clostre
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France.
| | - Philippe Cattan
- UPR Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas, CIRAD, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe F-97130, France
| | - Jean-Marie Gaude
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France
| | - Céline Carles
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France
| | - Philippe Letourmy
- Cirad, UPR Agroécologie et intensification durable des cultures annuelles, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex5, France
| | - Magalie Lesueur-Jannoyer
- Cirad/PRAM, UPR fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de culture horticoles, B.P. 214 Petit Morne, Martinique, F-97285 Le Lamentin, France; Cirad UR HortSys, TA B-103/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex5, France
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9
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Wang B, Dai G, Deng S, Huang J, Wang Y, Yu G. Linking the environmental loads to the fate of PPCPs in Beijing: Considering both the treated and untreated wastewater sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:153-9. [PMID: 25827690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental loads of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in Beijing were estimated from direct discharge of untreated wastewater and WWTP treated effluent. The annual environmental loads of 15 PPCP components ranged from 16.3 kg (propranolol) to 9.85 tons (caffeine). A fugacity model was developed to successfully estimate the PPCP pollution based on the estimated environmental load. The modeled results approximated the observed PPCP concentrations in Beijing. The untreated wastewater contributed significantly to PPCP pollution in Beijing, ranging from 46% (propranolol) to 99% (caffeine). The total environmental burden of target PPCPs ranged from 0.90 kg (propranolol) to 536 kg (caffeine). Water is the most important media for the fate of PPCPs. Monte Carlo-based concentration distributions of PPCPs are consistent with the observed results. The most important way to reduce the PPCP pollution is to both improve wastewater collection rate and adopt deep treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Veolia Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guohua Dai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Veolia Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Veolia Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Yu D, Yang J, Li T, Feng J, Xian Q, Zhu J. Levels and distribution of dechloranes in sediments of Lake Taihu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6601-6609. [PMID: 25410309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of dechloranes including mirex, dechlorane plus (DP), dechlorane (Dec) 602, Dec 603, and Dec 604 in surficial sediments of Lake Taihu were investigated in this study. The concentrations of mirex and DP ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 1.29 ng g(-1) dw and 0.051 to 2.10 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Dec 602, Dec 603, and Dec 604 on the other hand, were BDL in any of the samples. The contamination levels of DP were higher than that of Mirex at 21 of all 22 sampling sites. Levels of mirex and DP in the lake sediments were correlated when an extremely high mirex value was removed. Both mirex and DP levels were correlated with the amount of organic matters in the sediment samples. Spatial distribution of mirex and DP suggested that these two chemicals in the lake had similar input sources except for one site. Comparison to previously reported flame retardants' levels in the sediments shows that DP levels were similar with the levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane but lower than PBDEs and organophosphates levels in Lake Taihu. The higher levels in the north-east part of Lake Taihu adjacent to two major cities: Wuxi and Suzhou, indicated that city effluent might be a major source for DP contamination in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yin G, Asplund L, Qiu Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Yao Z, Jiang J, Bergman Å. Chlorinated and brominated organic pollutants in shellfish from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1713-22. [PMID: 24958534 PMCID: PMC6684575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), or compounds with similar characteristics, is well known. Still there are data gaps for POP concentrations from many areas in the world. The aim of the present study is to assess several legacies POPs and also hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) in shellfish from three locations in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The sources of the contaminants are discussed. Pooled samples were treated by liquid-liquid extraction and acid and column cleanup prior to analysis by gas chromatogram equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The by far most abundant environmental contaminant originates from dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), independent of species analyzed or sampling site. The results indicate ongoing or at least recent discharges of DDT. The second highest concentrations were reported for HBCDD (21-40 ng/g fat) in the shellfish, independent of sampling sites. The two natural products, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 2'-MeO-BDE-68, were also present in the shellfish (1.3-22 and 1-14 ng/g fat, respectively). The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener CB-153 (0.8-6.5 ng/g fat), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.1-3.6 ng/g fat), and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) (2.3-4.9 ng/g fat) were all higher than the concentrations of other HCH isomers, β-endosulfan, PBDE congeners, and mirex. Apart from the DDTs and HBCDDs, it is evident that the pollution of shellfish was similar to, or lower than, the contamination of shellfish in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yin
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden,
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12
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Martin-Laurent F, Sahnoun MM, Merlin C, Vollmer G, Lübke M. Detection and quantification of chlordecone in contaminated soils from the French West Indies by GC-MS using the 13C10-chlordecone stable isotope as a tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4928-4933. [PMID: 23733305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is an organochlorine insecticide that has been widely used to control banana weevil in the French West Indies. As a result of this intense use, up to 20,000 ha are contaminated by this insecticide in the French West Indies, and this causes environmental damage and health problems. A scenario of exposure was drawn by French authorities, based on land usage records. Many efforts have been made to monitor the occurrence of chlordecone and its main metabolites using different analytical methods, including GC, GC/MS, LC/MS, and NIRS. Although these different methods allow for the detection and quantification of chlordecone from soils, none of them estimate the bottleneck caused by extraction of this organochlorine from soils with high adsorption ability. In this study, we used (13)C10-chlordecone as a tracer to estimate chlordecone extraction yield and to quantify chlordecone in soil extracts based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope dilution. We report the optimization of (13)C10-chlordecone extraction from an Andosol. The method was found to be linear from 0.118 to 43 mg kg(-1) in the Andosol, with an instrumental detection limit estimated at 8.84 μg kg(-1). This method showed that chlordecone ranged from 35.4 down to 0.18 mg kg(-1) in Andosol, Nitisol, Ferralsol, and Fluvisol soil types. Traces of the metabolite β-monohydrochlordecone were detected in the Andosol, Nitisol, and Ferralsol soil samples. This last result indicates that this method could be useful to monitor the fate of chlordecone in soils of the French West Indies.
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13
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Fernández-Bayo JD, Saison C, Voltz M, Disko U, Hofmann D, Berns AE. Chlordecone fate and mineralisation in a tropical soil (andosol) microcosm under aerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:395-403. [PMID: 23827360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is a persistent organochlorine insecticide that, even decades after its ban, poses a threat to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, its environmental fate in soils has scarcely been investigated, and elementary data on its degradation and behaviour in soil are lacking. The mineralisation and sorption of chlordecone and the formation of possible metabolites were evaluated in a tropical agricultural andosol. Soil microcosms with two different soil horizons (S-A and S-B) were incubated for 215 days with 14C-chlordecone. At five different times (1, 33, 88, 150 and 215 days) the extractability of 14C-chlordecone was analysed. Mineralisation was monitored using 14CO2 traps of NaOH. The appearance of metabolites was studied using thin layer and gas chromatography techniques. At the end of the experiment, the water soluble 14C-activity was 2% of the remaining 14C-chlordecone for S-A and 8% for S-B. Only 12% of the remaining activity was non extractable and more than 80% remained extractable with organic solvents. For the first time to our knowledge, a significant mineralisation of chlordecone was measured in a microcosm under aerobic conditions (4.9% for S-A and 3.2% for S-B of the initial 14C-activity). The drastically lower emission of 14CO2 in sterilised microcosms indicated the biological origin of chlordecone mineralisation in the non-sterilised microcosms. No metabolites could be detected in the soil extracts. The mineralisation rate of chlordecone decreased by one order of magnitude throughout the incubation period. Thus, the chlordecone content in the soil remained large. This study confirms the existence of chlordecone degrading organisms in a tropical andosol. The reasons why their activity is restricted should be elucidated to allow the development of bioremediation approaches. Possible reasons are a heterogeneous distribution a chlordecone between sub-compartments with different microbial activities or a degradation of chlordecone by co-metabolic processes controlled by a limited supply of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus D Fernández-Bayo
- IRD, UMR LISAH Bât 24, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France; INRA, UMR LISAH Bât 24, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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14
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Zhang L, Dong L, Yang W, Zhou L, Shi S, Zhang X, Niu S, Li L, Wu Z, Huang Y. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Yangtze River Delta, China: concentrations, distributions, and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:159-166. [PMID: 23867696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has been quickly industrialized and urbanized. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was carried out in the YRD in 2010-2011 to investigate their spatiotemporal distributions and estimate the risk of cancer from their inhalation. Annual concentrations were 151, 168, 18.8, 110, 17.9, and 35.0 pg m(-3) for HCB, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, ∑chlordane, mirex, and PCBs, respectively. The highest OCP and PCB concentrations were generally detected in the autumn and winter. The average concentrations of OCPs and PCBs for the different site groups followed the order urban ≈ urban-rural transition > rural. The lifetime excess cancer risks from the inhalation of OCPs and PCBs were <1.0 × 10(-6). The predicted cancer cases per lifetime associated with the inhalation of OCPs and PCBs are 12, 7, and 4 per ten thousand people for urban, urban-rural transition, and rural areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhui Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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15
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Shi S, Huang Y, Zhou L, Yang W, Dong L, Zhang L, Zhang X. A preliminary investigation of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs in urban road dust from Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:4887-4896. [PMID: 23054275 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dust samples were collected from different land use areas in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, Yangtze River Delta, China. The dust samples were analyzed for the levels and compositional profiles of deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The levels of BDE-209, ∑OCPs, and ∑PAHs in samples ranged from 4.01-1,439 μg/kg, 3.15-615 μg/kg, and 2.24-58.2 mg/kg, respectively. PAHs were the predominant target compounds in road dust samples, comprising on average 97.7 % of total compounds. The spatial gradient of the pollutants (commercial/residential area> industrial area > urban park concentrations) was observed in the present study. The results indicated that the levels of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs observed in road dust were usually linked to anthropogenic activities in the urban environment. In addition, there might be a reflection of current usage or emissions of OCPs in urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Shi
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements, Dioxin Pollution Control Key Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing 100029, China.
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16
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Voigt K, Bruggemann R, Scherb H, Cok I, Mazmanci B, Mazmanci MA, Turgut C, Schramm KW. Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk samples in Turkey applying features of the partial order technique. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 23:226-246. [PMID: 22963053 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.717915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure data to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) of mothers' breast milk samples were measured in different locations in the Taurus Mountains/Turkey. Villages at five altitudes were looked upon. The data analysis method applied is the Hasse diagram technique, based on Discrete Mathematics. For each of the five regions, one Hasse diagram was calculated and showed the same maximal object, namely, p-p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE). In a further data investigation step, we performed the similarity analyses of the locations in order to quantify the similarities and incomparabilities. It was revealed that no correlation exists between most altitudes and the pattern of contamination of breast milk samples. The two lowest situated areas, Sahil at sea level and Ciftlikköy at 121 m above sea level were similar. We reduced the datasets by applying the interval analysis followed by similarity analyses. We observed that endrin (END1), mirex (MIRE), and pentachlorobenzene (PECB) reduce most severely the similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Voigt
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biomathematics and Biometry, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
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17
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Wang B, Iino F, Huang J, Lu Y, Yu G, Morita M. Dechlorane Plus pollution and inventory in soil of Huai'an City, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:1285-1290. [PMID: 20621327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) has been used as a highly chlorinated flame retardant substituting those that are now internationally regulated under the Stockholm Convention. Nevertheless DP's environmental behavior has seldom been studied in China. There is only one DP manufacturer producing DP since 2005, which is located in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province. The DP levels in 21 soil samples that were taken from Huai'an in October 2009 and determined by gas chromatography/electron-capture negative ion-mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) method ranged from 0.83 to 1.2 x 10(3) ng g(-1), following a lognormal distribution. The geometric mean was 5.1 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) and the geometric standard deviation was 4.6. Sampled soils had f(anti)[C(anti)(-DP)/(C(syn)(-DP)+C(anti)(-DP))] values of 0.67-0.85, with the average value of 0.79, which are close to the values in DP commercial products. This suggests that the main DP pollution source is the commercial DP product. The contour map of DP levels in soil indicated that the factory was the point pollution source with the highest DP level in its surrounding area, especially the southern area. A Monte Carlo based inventory estimation was conducted. The DP inventory in Huai'an is estimated to be 4-31 tons. To our knowledge, this study is the first that reports soil pollution by DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Institute for Sustainability and Peace, United Nations University, 53-70 Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
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18
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Exposure to persistent organic pollutants as potential risk factors for developing diabetes. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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