1
|
Twomey L, Furey A, O'Brien B, Beresford T, Moloney M, Gleeson D. Evaluating the effectiveness of minimum chlorate technologies employed by manufacturers of skim milk powder from both microbiological quality and chemical residue perspectives. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00993-7. [PMID: 39004119 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dairy processors in the Republic of Ireland have adopted chlorine-free chemicals for cleaning and chlorine gas for water disinfection as a means of minimizing chlorate residue in dairy products. For these 'minimum chlorate technologies' to be satisfactory, they must be able to deliver product with acceptable levels of bacteria as well as minimum levels of chlorate and other chlorine based residues. To establish the effectiveness of these technologies, sampling was conducted across the skim milk powder (SMP) manufacturing chain in 3 separate milk processing sites. Across the 3 sites a total of 11 different batches of SMP were sampled in duplicate from the whole milk silo through the manufacturing process to the powder product; yielding a total of 137 samples. Samples were tested for chlorate, perchlorate and trichloromethane alongside a suite of microbiological plate count tests including total bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, thermoduric bacteria and both mesophilic and thermophilic spore-forming bacteria. Chlorate was detected at reportable levels (≥0.01 mg/kg) in 9 of 22 SMP samples analyzed; resulting in a mean chlorate concentration 0.0183 mg/kg. Bacteria were ubiquitous across all samples analyzed with spore-forming bacteria counts ranging from 1.30 to 2.33 log cfu/ g in SMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Twomey
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Furey
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - B O'Brien
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - T Beresford
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - M Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Gleeson
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Presence of Chlorate and Perchlorate Residues in Raw Bovine Milk from Italian Farms. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182741. [PMID: 36140866 PMCID: PMC9497686 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorates and perchlorates are endocrine disruptors and emerging environmental contaminants found in various types of foods, including milk and dairy products. The presence of chlorate has been associated with the use of chlorine-based sanitizers to disinfect equipment and water used in food processing. Perchlorate, on the other hand, occurs naturally in the environment but is also released from anthropogenic sources. To protect consumers, the EU set an MRL for chlorate in milk but not for perchlorate. Considering that data on chlorates and perchlorates in this field are limited, the objective of this study was to assess the presence of these two anions in 148 samples of raw bovine milk collected from different farms of Lombardy and grouped in three different geographical zones. Chlorate was detected in 73% of the samples analyzed, at concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 18.70 μg kg−1 with an average value of 7.10 ± 5.88 μg kg−1 below the MRL; perchlorate with a frequency of 99%, in the range from <LOQ to 6.95 μg kg−1 and an average value of 4.06 ± 1.58 μg kg−1. No significant differences were detected among the three geographical zones. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake of perchlorate through milk confirmed the absence of risk for Italian consumers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Integration of probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization for perchlorate in infant formula and supplementary food. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113347. [PMID: 35932970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infants are the primary susceptible population to perchlorate exposure-related adverse health effects, while information on their dietary intake of perchlorate via infant food remains limited. This study determined perchlorate in six categories of baby food commodities commonly consumed by 0-36 months infants. A probabilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate perchlorate's daily intake (EDI) considering uncertainty and variability. Results showed that the average perchlorate concentration in infant food ranged from 3.42 to 22.26 μg/kg. The mean (SD) EDIs of perchlorate were 0.42(0.20), 0.62(0.20), and 0.46(0.14) μg/kg-bw/day for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. Infant formula was the major contributor (34%-74%) to EDIs of perchlorate in all age groups. Probabilistic risk characterization showed the cumulative probability of EDIs exceeding the RfD (0.70 μg/kg-bw/day) were 6.5%, 37.9%, and 4.5% for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. The cumulative risk of perchlorate exposure from different infant food intake should be noted.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia W, Wu X, Zhang R, Wang X, Shi L. Novel insight into the resilient drivers of bioaccumulation perchlorate on lipid nutrients alterations in goat milk by spatial multi-omics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
5
|
Yao Q, Yan SA, Liu W, Huang M, Lin Q. Perchlorate contamination of tea leaves and a corresponding probabilistic dietary risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:341-350. [PMID: 34913854 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate is known as a thyroid disrupter. Its contamination in various tea samples was monitored, and 286 samples belonging to four types of tea leaves were analysed. The detection rate of perchlorate in tea was 99.3%. The mean concentration in different tea types decreased in order from green tea, oolong tea, white tea to black tea. A probabilistic approach was performed to evaluate the dietary exposure of perchlorate for six different subpopulations. The daily intakes (EDIs) for consumers over the age of 41 were higher than that of other subpopulations. The hazard quotient for six groups was lower than 1 even at the extreme percentile (P99). It indicates that the risk of dietary exposure to perchlorate from tea consumption for Fujian people is acceptable without considering other foodstuffs. However, the high occurrence of perchlorate in tea samples suggested that the actual source of this contaminant should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sun-An Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minmin Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Q, Mao W, Jiang D, Yang X, Yang D. The contamination and estimation of dietary intake for perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2045-2054. [PMID: 34506721 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1973112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were determined in a total of 278 samples of infant formulas marketed in China. The associated health risk via infant and young child formulas consumption for 0-36 month old children in China was also assessed. The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were measured by a validated method with LC-MS and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 μg kg-1 and 3.0 μg kg-1 for perchlorate and chlorate, respectively. Perchlorate and chlorate were detected in about 85.8% (median 6.92 μg kg-1, maximum 74.20 μg kg-1) and 99.3% (median 52.80 μg kg-1, maximum 2780 μg/kg) of the samples. The exposures of infant and young children to perchlorate from formulas were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 0.7 μg/kg bw/day), which was established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2015 also proposed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3 μg/kg bw/day for chlorate based on the mean and average concentrations. Only for infants 0-6 month at the 95th percentile did exposures exceed the TDI of 3 μg/day for chlorate. Therefore, the safety of infant and young child formulas is excellent. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the exposure of infant and young child formulas in China to perchlorate and chlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Studies on perchlorate levels in powdered infant formulas available on the Polish market. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Perchlorate has been acknowledged as a health threat due to its ability to interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. Infants and developing newborns have been considered as the most vulnerable groups to the perchlorate toxicity. A crucial source of perchlorate ingestion are powdered infant formulas. This study was designed to measure perchlorate content in thirty-one powdered infant formulas available on the Polish market. A rapid and sensitive ion chromatography method – conductivity cell detection – was applied to determine
ClO
4
−
{\rm{ClO}}_4^ -
content. Limit of detection (0.150 µg/L) and limit of quantification (0.450 µg/L) were assessed. Collected samples were classified by the age of consumers: first stage, until the baby is six months old and follow-on formula for older children. Geometric mean of perchlorate concentration of 1.041 µg/L and 0.857 µg/L in the groups of the first stage and follow-on formulas were calculated, respectively. A health risk assessment revealed that the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for perchlorate (0.3 µg/kg body weight/day) was exceeded only in a few milk samples. The findings suggest that perchlorate contamination of powdered infant formulas may not to be an immediate health issue, yet testing for
ClO
4
−
{\rm{ClO}}_4^ -
should continuously be conducted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study concerning perchlorate content in infant formulas in Poland.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu J, Xian Y, Wu Y, Chen R, Dong H, Hou X, Liang M, Wang B, Wang L. Perchlorate occurrence in foodstuffs and water: Analytical methods and techniques for removal from water - A review. Food Chem 2021; 360:130146. [PMID: 34034057 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4-), a type of contaminant with high diffusivity and durability, has been widely detected in water and foodstuffs, arousing a global concern. It can interfere with normal function of the human thyroid gland, affecting human health. Therefore, determination of perchlorate in water and foodstuffs, and removal from water are important. This review focuses on the occurrence of perchlorate, mainly in water and foodstuffs, and provides an overview of analytical methods for determination of perchlorate over the last two decades. In addition, merits and drawbacks of the various methods have been considered. This review also highlights the most commonly used approaches for removal of perchlorate from water. Finally, current trends and future perspectives in determination of perchlorate and removal from water are proposed. This review provided a comprehensive understanding of perchlorate occurrence and its removal from water, and had practical significance in reducing the harm of perchlorate to human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Hu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Yanping Xian
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Yuluan Wu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Rongqiao Chen
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiangchang Hou
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou 511447, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang WH, Chen HL, Lee CC. Dietary exposure assessment to perchlorate in the Taiwanese population: A risk assessment based on the probabilistic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115486. [PMID: 32911335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that contaminate various foodstuffs. Exposure to perchlorate may cause severe health problems, mainly thyroid dysfunction. However, information on perchlorate contamination of consumer foods in Taiwan is limited. This study investigated perchlorate levels in 310 food samples belonging to 12 food groups collected from Taiwanese markets. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to assess the related exposure to Taiwanese people. Perchlorate was detected in 65% of the samples and high levels were identified in certain plant-origin, fruit, and processed food samples. A probabilistic approach was used to estimate daily dietary dose (Monte Carlo-estimated 95th percentile dietary exposure [MCS 95]) by using the Taiwan National Food Consumption database for 14 sex/age groups. The highest and lowest average daily doses (ADDs) were in the age groups of >65 years (MCS 95 = 3.60/3.90 [male/female] μg/kg bw/day) and 16-18 years (MCS 95 = 1.70/1.47 [M/F] μg/kg bw/day), respectively. The 95th percentile of the hazard index of exposure to perchlorate of all sex/age groups far exceeded the tolerable daily intake (0.3 μg/kg bw/day) and reference dose (0.7 μg/kg bw/day) set by the European Food Safety Authority and US EPA, respectively, but it was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (10 μg/kg bw/day) suggested by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The intake quantity and concentrations of perchlorate from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains are the critical contributors for the ADDs and integrated risk of dietary exposure to perchlorate. Long-term exposure through diets should be considered, instead of focusing on individual EDC during dietary risk assessment in specific populations. Furthermore, cumulative risks for exposure to multiple contaminants, particularly those causing thyroid adverse effects, may be higher than that from perchlorate exposure alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/ Hygiene and Risk Management, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/ Hygiene and Risk Management, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Mendonça Pereira BF, de Almeida CC, Leandro KC, da Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA, Spisso BF. Occurrence, sources, and pathways of chemical contaminants in infant formulas. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1378-1396. [PMID: 33337090 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers' health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Couto de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Katia Christina Leandro
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion Pereira da Costa
- Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inspeção e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardete Ferraz Spisso
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liao Z, Cao D, Gao Z, Zhang S. Occurrence of perchlorate in processed foods manufactured in China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
12
|
Song S, Ruan J, Bai X, Xie L, Zhang B, He Y, Zhang T. One-step sample processing method for the determination of perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:175-180. [PMID: 30826543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A one-step sample processing was developed to determine the levels of perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Athena C18-WP column was used to separate and analyze perchlorate. Perchlorate and isotope-labeled perchlorate (Cl18O4-) internal standards were spiked in the sample matrix through vortex mixing, centrifugation, and filtration. The filtrate was collected and subjected to LC analysis. The developed method was validated for its reproducibility, linearity, trueness, and recovery. Satisfactory recovery of perchlorate ranged from 81% to 117% with intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n = 3) and inter-day RSDs (n = 9) of 5-18% and of 5-16%, respectively. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99) was observed. Limits of detection and quantification for perchlorate ranged from 0.06 µg/L to 0.3 µg/L and from 0.2 µg/L to 1 µg/L, respectively. Perchlorate concentrations were found in human urine (n = 38) and whole blood (n = 8) samples with the range of 6.5-288.6 µg/L and 0.3-2.8 µg/L, respectively. These results indicate the applicability of our developed method in determining perchlorate level in real samples. Moreover, this method is also highly reliable, sensitive and selective in detecting perchlorate in human urine, whole blood and breast milk samples and may be applicable to other matrixes i.e. saliva, serum, plasma, milk powder and dairy milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Sun H, Zhou L, Luo F, Zhang X, Chen Z. Quantitative determination and contamination pattern of perchlorate in tea by ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 274:180-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Tang Y, Zhong B, Qu B, Feng S, Ding S, Su S, Li Z, Gan Z. Occurrence of perchlorate in groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil from Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:752-757. [PMID: 28440376 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 28 groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and its rhizosphere soil samples were collected from Chengdu, China to detect perchlorate levels and to evaluate the relationships of perchlorate concentrations among these matrices. The perchlorate concentrations in the groundwater, farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil samples ranged from below detection limit to 60.2 μg L-1, from below detection limit to 249 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), from 2.07 to 1010 μg kg-1 wet weight, and from below detection limit to 314 μg kg-1 dw, respectively. Significant correlation was found in the perchlorate levels among the farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil, suggesting that they have common pollution sources, or perchlorate might transfer from farmland soil-rhizosphere soil-plant. However, there is no significant correlation between groundwater and the other three matrices, indicating that infiltration from perchlorate contaminated farmland soil was not the predominant source for groundwater pollution in Chengdu. The perchlorate concentrations in the farmland soil and lettuce samples were significantly higher than those in the rhizosphere soil, primarily due to uptake of perchlorate through the rhizosphere micro-environment by lettuce, or accelerated degradation by rhizospheric microorganisms, which contributed more needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gilchrist ES, Healy DA, Morris VN, Glennon JD. A review of oxyhalide disinfection by-products determination in water by ion chromatography and ion chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 942:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Alomirah HF, Al-Zenki SF, Alaswad MC, Alruwaih NA, Wu Q, Kannan K. Widespread occurrence of perchlorate in water, foodstuffs and human urine collected from Kuwait and its contribution to human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1016-25. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1185354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husam F. Alomirah
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sameer F. Al-Zenki
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Marivi C. Alaswad
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Noor A. Alruwaih
- Food and Nutrition Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumarathilaka P, Oze C, Indraratne SP, Vithanage M. Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:667-677. [PMID: 26868023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a strong oxidizer and has gained significant attention due to its reactivity, occurrence, and persistence in surface water, groundwater, soil and food. Stable isotope techniques (i.e., ((18)O/(16)O and (17)O/(16)O) and (37)Cl/(35)Cl) facilitate the differentiation of naturally occurring perchlorate from anthropogenic perchlorate. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can inhibit proper function of the thyroid gland. Dietary reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate exposure from both food and water is set at 0.7 μg kg(-1) body weight/day which translates to a drinking water level of 24.5 μg L(-1). Chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) can be successfully used to detect trace level of perchlorate in environmental samples. Perchlorate can be effectively removed by wide variety of remediation techniques such as bio-reduction, chemical reduction, adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange and electro-reduction. Bio-reduction is appropriate for large scale treatment plants whereas ion exchange is suitable for removing trace level of perchlorate in aqueous medium. The environmental occurrence of perchlorate, toxicity, analytical techniques, removal technologies are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Christopher Oze
- Geology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - S P Indraratne
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Erdemgil Y, Gözet T, Can Ö, Ünsal İ, Özpınar A. Perchlorate levels found in tap water collected from several cities in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:158. [PMID: 26869048 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an inorganic anion that inhibits iodide transport to the thyroid by sodium-iodide transporters. Because perchlorate is highly soluble, stable, and mobile in water, drinking water is a potential source of perchlorate exposure. When exposed to perchlorate, thyroid dysfunction can be observed in sensitive populations (pregnant woman, infants, and children), especially those with iodide deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the perchlorate levels in tap water from five cities in Turkey. Perchlorate concentrations of 145 tap water samples collected from Ankara, Isparta, Istanbul, Kayseri, and Sakarya were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean and median values were found to be 0.15 and 0.07 μg/L, respectively. The median values (25-75 % percentile) of Istanbul, Ankara, Sakarya, Isparta, and Kayseri were 0.08 μg/L (0.04-0.09 μg/L), 0.07 μg/L (0.07-0.21 μg/L), 0.04 μg/L (0.04-0.04 μg/L), 0.03 μg/L (0.02-0.07 μg/L), and 0.25 μg/L (0.23-0.31 μg/L), respectively. The median perchlorate level observed in Kayseri was significantly higher than those found at other cities (p < 0.05). Perchlorate concentrations in water samples were lower than the interim drinking water health advisory level (15 μg/L) determined by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study showed that perchlorate in drinking water is not the main source of exposure in these cities. Future studies should be performed to determine perchlorate levels in other potential sources, such as food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiğit Erdemgil
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Gözet
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Can
- School of Medical Engineering, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ünsal
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Özpınar
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang T, Ma Y, Wang D, Li R, Chen X, Mo W, Qin X, Sun H, Kannan K. Placental transfer of and infantile exposure to perchlorate. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:948-954. [PMID: 26432537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fetuses and infants are vulnerable to perchlorate toxicity. We assessed fetal and infantile exposure to perchlorate in two Chinese cities (Nanchang and Tianjin). Perchlorate was widely found (82%-100%) in breast milk, dissolved infant formula, infants' urine, maternal and cord blood samples. Perchlorate levels in infants' urine (mean ± standard deviation: 22.4 ± 35.6 ng mL(-1)), breast milk (36.6 ± 48.1 ng mL(-1)), and cord blood (3.18 ± 3.83 ng mL(-1)) samples collected from Nanchang and Tianjin were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those reported for the U.S. Perchlorate concentrations in cord blood were comparable to that in maternal blood, indicating that perchlorate is transferred from mother to fetus through placenta. Among all infants providing urine samples, the average daily intake of perchlorate (DOSEU) was estimated to be 1.17 ± 1.57 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1), and 40% of these infants had DOSEU exceeding the RfD (0.7 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1)) recommended by U.S. EPA. However, approximately 70% of exclusively breast-fed infants had perchlorate exposure dose via breast milk exceeding the RfD. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was the overwhelmingly predominant exposure pathway; while infant formula and indoor dust ingestion were major perchlorate exposure sources for formula-fed infants. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the fetal and infantile exposure to perchlorate in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yufang Ma
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dou Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rudan Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwen Mo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolei Qin
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peterson K, Cole-Dai J, Brandis D, Cox T, Splett S. Rapid measurement of perchlorate in polar ice cores down to sub-ng L−1 levels without pre-concentration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7965-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Chen GK, Li XB, He HZ, Li HS, Zhang ZM. Varietal differences in the growth of rice seedlings exposed to perchlorate and their antioxidative defense mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1926-1933. [PMID: 25898795 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate perchlorate (ClO4 (-) ) phytotoxicity in different rice varieties. Considerable variations were observed when 24 rice varieties were treated with ClO4 (-) . The shoot height, root length, and biomass of most varieties were significantly reduced by ClO4 (-) . The roots were more sensitive than the shoots. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated primarily 4 groups: ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) -sensitive, medium ClO4 (-) tolerant, and ClO4 (-) -tolerant. Gannuoxiang (a ClO4 (-) -tolerant variety) and IR65598-112-2 (a ClO4 (-) -sensitive variety) were chosen to explore their antioxidant response when exposed to 0.2 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L, and 4.0 mmol/L ClO4 (-) . The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the shoots and roots of gannuoxiang with increasing doses of ClO4 (-) , but both of them decreased at higher concentrations of ClO4 (-) in IR65598-112-2. The addition of ClO4 (-) led to a significant increase in peroxidase activities for both of the varieties, whereas the increase was more pronounced in gannuoxiang than in IR65598-112-2. No significant difference was found in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in gannuoxiang, whereas the addition of ClO4 (-) increased the MDA level significantly in IR65598-112-2. The results indicated that gannuoxiang has higher activities of antioxidant enzymes than IR65598-112-2 to cope with oxidative damage caused by ClO4 (-) stress, which may be the main cause of its high tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Kui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Shou Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jung C, Son A, Her N, Zoh KD, Cho J, Yoon Y. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water using carbon nanotubes: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
23
|
Vigreux-Besret C, Mahé A, Ledoux G, Garnier A, Rosin C, Baert A, Joyeux M, Badot PM, Panetier P, Rivière G. Perchlorate: water and infant formulae contamination in France and risk assessment in infants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1148-55. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1036382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Perchlorate in der Nahrungskette: Herkunft, Umweltverhalten und Toxikologie. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-014-0877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
26
|
Ozpinar A, Kelestimur F, Songur Y, Can O, Valentin L, Caldwell K, Arikan E, Unsal I, Serteser M, Inal T, Erdemgil Y, Coskun A, Bakirci N, Sezgin O, Blount B. Iodine status in Turkish populations and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88206. [PMID: 24505430 PMCID: PMC3914924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are competitive inhibitors of the sodium iodide symporter of the thyroid membrane. These inhibitors can decrease iodine uptake by the symporter into the thyroid gland and may disrupt thyroid function. This study assesses iodine status and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors of non-pregnant and non-lactating adult women living in three different cities in Turkey (Istanbul, Isparta and Kayseri). We measured iodine and iodide uptake inhibitors in 24-hr urines collected from study participants (N = 255). All three study populations were mildly iodine deficient, with median urinary iodine (UI) levels of 77.5 µg/L in Istanbul, 58.8 µg/L in Isparta, and 69.8 µg/L in Kayseri. Perchlorate doses were higher in the study population (median 0.13 µg/kg/day), compared with a reference population (median 0.059 µg/kg/day), but lower than the U.S. EPA reference dose (0.7 µg/kg/day). Urinary thiocyanate levels increased with increasing exposure to tobacco smoke, with non-smokers (268 µg/L) significantly lower than light smokers (1110 µg/L), who were significantly lower than heavy smokers (2410 µg/L). This pilot study provides novel data indicating that study participants were moderately iodine deficient and had higher intakes of the iodide uptake inhibitor perchlorate compared with a reference population. Further investigation is needed to characterize the thyroid impact resulting from iodine deficiency coupled with exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yildiran Songur
- School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozge Can
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liza Valentin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Ibrahim Unsal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serteser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Inal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yigit Erdemgil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Coskun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nadi Bakirci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sezgin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ben Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Kim DH, Yoon Y, Baek K, Han J, Her N. Occurrence of perchlorate in rice from different areas in the Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1251-1257. [PMID: 23892615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate concentrations in rice samples from many different provinces, and correlation with surface water contamination, were investigated in the Republic of Korea. Perchlorate levels in the 51 rice samples purchased from local markets ranged from below the detection limit to 1.79 ± 0.39 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.21 μg/kg and 7 samples collected from the Nakdong River watershed ranged from 0.38 ± 0.1 to 3.23 ± 0.47 μg/kg with a mean level of 0.9 μg/kg. The correlation coefficient between perchlorate levels in rice samples from the Nakdong river watershed and the levels in surface water was estimated to be approximately 0.904 in the 95% confidence interval. These results show that surface water contamination was highly related to the perchlorate pollution of rice in the Republic of Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Yeong-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, GoGyeongmeon, Yeong-cheon, Gyeong-buk, 770-849, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ye L, You H, Yao J, Kang X, Tang L. Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water, snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2493-2498. [PMID: 23287025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and influencing factors of perchlorate in snow, surface soil, rain, surface water, groundwater and corn were studied. Seven hundreds and seventy samples were collected in different periods in Harbin and its vicinity, China. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicate that fireworks and firecrackers display from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival (February 2, 2011-February 17, 2011) can result in the occurrence of perchlorate in surface soil and snow. Perchlorate distribution is affected by wind direction in winter. Melting snow which contained perchlorate can dissolve perchlorate in surface soil, and then perchlorate can percolate into groundwater so that perchlorate concentrations in groundwater increased in spring. Perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water decrease after rainy season in summer. Groundwater samples collected in the floodplain areas of the Songhua River and the Ashi River contained higher perchlorate concentrations than that far away with the rivers. The corns have the ability to accumulate perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee JW, Oh SH, Oh JE. Monitoring of perchlorate in diverse foods and its estimated dietary exposure for Korea populations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 243:52-58. [PMID: 23116718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The perchlorate concentrations in various Korean food samples were monitored, and 663 samples belonging to 39 kinds of food were analyzed. The analysis results revealed that dairy products contain the highest average concentration of 6.34 μg/kg and high detection frequency of over 85%. Fruit and vegetables showed the next highest perchlorate concentration with an average of 6.17 μg/kg. Especially, with its average concentration of 39.9 μg/kg, spinach showed the highest perchlorate level among all target food samples studied. Tomato was followed by spinach, which showed a high perchlorate average concentration of 19.8 μg/kg, and over 7 μg/kg was detected in ham and sausage (avg. 7.31 μg/kg) and in instant noodles (avg. 7.58 μg/kg). Less than 2 μg/kg was detected in fishes, meats and beverages. The exposure dose of perchlorate in Korean by food intake was calculated on the basis of the analyzed perchlorate levels in this study. The daily perchlorate dose to which Korean adults are exposed is 0.04 μg/kg bw/day, which is lower than the RfD (0.7 μg/kg bw/day) value suggested by US NAS. This result indicates that Korean people's current exposure to perchlorate from domestic food consumption is evaluated as safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oh SH, Lee JW, Mandy P, Oh JE. Analysis and Exposure Assessment of Perchlorate in Korean Dairy Products with LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:e2011011. [PMID: 22125772 PMCID: PMC3214986 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perchlorate is an emerging contaminant that is found everywhere, including various foods. Perchlorate is known to disturb the production of thyroid hormones and leads to mental disorders in fetuses and infants, as well as metabolic problems in adults. In this study, we attempted to establish an LC-MS/MS method for measuring perchlorate in dairy products and used this developed method to investigate perchlorate levels in Korean milk and yogurt samples. METHODS The developed method of perchlorate analysis requires a shaker and 1% acetic acid/acetonitrile as the extracting solvent. Briefly, the samples were extracted and then centrifuged (4000 rpm, 1hour), and the supernatant was then passed through a Envi™ Carb SPE cartridge that had been prewashed sequentially with 6 mL of acetonitrile and 6 mL of 1% acetic acid in water. The final volume of the sample extract was adjusted to 40 mL with reagent water and the final sample was filtered through a 0.20-µm pore size PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) syringe filter prior to LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The average levels of perchlorate in milk and yogurt samples were 5.63 ± 3.49 µg/L and 3.65 ± 2.42 µg/L, respectively. The perchlorate levels observed in milk samples in this study were similar to those reported from China, Japan, and the United States. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of Koreans to perchlorate through the consumption of dairy products was calculated based on the results of this study. For all age groups, the calculated exposure to perchlorate was below the reference of dose (0.7 µg/kg-day) proposed by the National Academy of Science, USA, but the perchlorate exposure of children was higher than that of adults. Therefore, further investigation of perchlorate in other food samples is needed to enable a more exact assessment of exposure of children to perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Pawlas Mandy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Her N, Jeong H, Kim J, Yoon Y. Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water and seawater in South Korea. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:166-172. [PMID: 21046371 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of perchlorate were determined by both liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) in 520 tap-water, 48 bottled-water, and 9 seawater samples obtained or purchased from >100 different locations in South Korea. The method detection limits were 0.013 μg/L for LC-MS and 0.005 μg/L for IC-MS/MS, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.10 μg/L for LC-MS and 0.032 μg/L for IC-MS/MS. Perchlorate was detected in most (80%) of the tap-water samples, with concentrations higher than the LOQ; the concentrations ranged from <1.0 to 6.1 μg/L (mean 0.56). Perchlorate was detected by IC-MS/MS in many (n = 23) of the bottled-water samples, with concentrations higher then the LOQ, ranging from 0.04 to 0.29 μg/L (mean 0.07 ± 0.01). The concentrations of perchlorate in all seawater samples collected from the various locations were higher than the LOQ, with a mean concentration of 1.15 ± 0.01 μg/L (maximum 6.11 and minimum 0.11). This study provides further evidence that drinking-water sources have been contaminated by perchlorate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on perchlorate assessment in drinking water and seawater in South Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namguk Her
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, Kokyungmeon, Young-cheon, Gyeongbuk, 770-849, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang M, Her N. Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7490-5. [PMID: 21627073 DOI: 10.1021/jf2009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root, which are commonly consumed by people in South Korea, was determined by using an ion chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer. For soybean sprouts (11 samples), perchlorate was detected in most (91%) of the samples at various concentrations of up to 78.4 μg/kg dry weight (DW); the mean concentration was 35.2 μg/kg DW. For water dropwort, of the 13 samples examined, four showed concentrations that were above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean perchlorate concentration was 20.7 μg/kg DW, and the highest perchlorate value was 39.9 μg/kg DW. Of the six lotus root samples examined, only one exhibited a detectable perchlorate concentration (17.3 μg/kg DW). For the accumulation experiments with artificially contaminated solutions, the concentrations of perchlorate in soybean sprouts gradually increased with the increase of perchlorate concentration in the solution. However, there was a decrease in the bioconcentration factor as the perchlorate concentration in the solution increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjune Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy, Young-Cheon, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guruge KS, Wu Q, Kannan K. Occurrence and exposure assessment of perchlorate, iodide and nitrate ions from dairy milk and water in Japan and Sri Lanka. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2312-20. [PMID: 21738937 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate is known to competitively interfere with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland and thereby human exposure to perchlorate is a public health concern. Prevalence of perchlorate in dairy milk is documented; nevertheless, co-occurrence of perchlorate with other thyroid-binding monovalent ions such as iodide and nitrate is not well understood. In this study, we analyzed perchlorate, iodide, and nitrate-N in dairy milk, water and other dairy-related samples collected from Japan and Sri Lanka. Concentrations of perchlorate in Japanese dairy milk samples ranged from 1.03 to 14.1 ng ml(-1); the corresponding concentrations in dairy milk and powdered milk from Sri Lanka were 1.14-38.5 ng ml(-1). Perchlorate concentrations in commercial milk were significantly higher in Japan than in Sri Lanka, while iodide and nitrate levels in milk between the two countries were comparable. All three ions were ubiquitously found in water samples from Japan and Sri Lanka. Analysis of colostrum and raw milk collected from cows fed with the same feed for over 30 days showed no significant temporal variations in perchlorate, iodide and nitrate-N concentrations. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of perchlorate and iodide in Japanese commercial milk. The concentrations of perchlorate and nitrate-N in water samples analyzed from both countries also showed a significant positive correlation. The exposure estimation revealed that dairy milk provides a greater source for perchlorate and iodide, while water predominantly contributes nitrate-N intake for all age groups in both counties. Infants and children demonstrated the highest estimated perchlorate, iodide and nitrate-N intake on a body weight basis in comparison to other age groups. Therefore, further studies of risk associated with perchlorate may need to reconsider co-existence of iodine and other iodide transport inhibitors in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S Guruge
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|