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Naik S, Pradhan U, Karthikeyan P, Begum M, Panda US, Mishra P, Ramana Murthy MV. Heavy metal pollution causes mass mortality of fish in a tropical estuary in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 199:106595. [PMID: 38879903 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A massive fish mortality of the major species, viz., Mugil cephalus, Chanos chanos, and Oreochromis mossambicus, occurred on November 27, 2017 in the Adyar estuary. This catastrophe followed a spell of heavy rainfall and flash floods. A detailed study of water quality parameters (pH, water temperature, salinity, total suspended matter, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and nutrients) and heavy metals, i.e., chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in the sediment and fish tissues were analyzed. Pollution indices like the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were used to measure heavy metals. The pollution indices revealed that metals were significantly enriched in the sediments. The Igeo indicates that there was moderate contamination by Cd (2.27-3.25), whereas CF shows high contamination by Cd (7.22-9.72) and moderate contamination by Pb (2.5-3.25). The PLI (1.04-1.13) suggests that heavy metal contamination of sediments has occurred. Results showed that high concentrations of the toxic metals Pb and Cd were found in the sediment as well as in fish tissues. Length and weight of fish are significantly correlated (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.05). The study revealed that the mass fish kill was due to impulsive changes in the water quality and heavy metal pollution from untreated urban sewage discharges in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Naik
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India.
| | - Umakanta Pradhan
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - P Karthikeyan
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Mehmuna Begum
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Uma Sankar Panda
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Pravakar Mishra
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - M V Ramana Murthy
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
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Mahboub HH, Eltanahy A, Omran A, Mansour AT, Safhi FA, Alwutayd KM, Khamis T, Husseiny WA, Ismail SH, Yousefi M, Abdel Rahman AN. Chitosan nanogel aqueous treatment improved blood biochemicals, antioxidant capacity, immune response, immune-related gene expression and infection resistance of Nile tilapia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110876. [PMID: 37343763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast recently associated with diverse diseases in aquaculture. The present study investigated the efficacy of chitosan nanogel (CNG) in ameliorating effects of C. albicans on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were randomly distributed into four groups (control, waterborne CNG at 75 μg/L, intraperitoneally challenged with C. albicans (1.8 × 107 CFU/mL), and waterborne CNG at 75 μg/L + C. albicans at 1.8 × 107 CFU/mL). Results showed that C. albicans infection reduced survival rate (57.5%) and caused marked clinical symptoms in fish among all infected groups. Substantial declines in immunological (complement 3, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin M), protein (total protein and non-albumin protein), and antioxidant (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) biochemical endpoints were exhibited, The C. albicans infected group also showed marked down-regulation in the expression of immune-related genes, including toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), transforming growth factor beta2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), and antiapoptotic gene (B-cell lymphoma, BCL-2). The expression of the apoptotic gene (Bcl-2 associated X protein, BAX) was up-regulated in fish challenged by C. albicans. The application of waterborne CNG to fish challenged with C. albicans infection improved fish survival (79.5%) and all other measured parameters. The main finding of this work was that CNG is a nanotechnology with potential for preventing degraded health status by C. albicans infection in tilapia, and thus has promise as an intervention in aquaculture settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mahboub
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Azhar Eltanahy
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Omran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, P.O. Box 32897, Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt.
| | - Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Husseiny
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Ismail
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza PO 12588, Egypt
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, PO Box 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Nhinh DT, Hoa DT, Giang NTH, Van Van K, Dang LT, Crumlish M, Dong HT, Hoai TD. Synergistic infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium oreochromis in cage cultured tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1125-1136. [PMID: 37410863 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Widespread distribution of a highly pathogenic Edwardsiella ictaluri strain in farmed tilapia in northern Vietnam has recently been reported. The subsequent investigation noticed a disease outbreak occurred at five nearby tilapia farms with floating cages, in which the clinical signs of both edwardsiellosis and columnaris diseases were observed on the same infected fish and caused 65% to 85% fish mortality. Naturally diseased fish (n = 109) were sampled from the five infected farms for bacterial identification and conducting challenge tests. The two bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium oreochromis were identified by a combination of biochemical tests, PCR and 16SrRNA sequencing methods. Experimental challenge tests on Nile tilapia resulted in the median lethal dose (LD50 ) of E. ictaluri and F. oreochromis at 70 CFU/fish by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 3.6 × 106 CFU/mL by immersion, respectively. The experimentally co-infected challenged fish exposed to LD50 doses resulted in 83% ± 6% mortality, with the infected fish exhibiting clinical signs of both edwardsiellosis and columnaris diseases, mimicking the naturally diseased fish. This finding suggests that the co-infection of E. ictaluri and F. oreochromis may interact in a synergistic manner, to enhance the overall severity of the infection and elevates the need for efficient methods to control both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Thi Nhinh
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Hoa
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huong Giang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kim Van Van
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lua Thi Dang
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
| | - Mags Crumlish
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources & Development (SERD), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Truong Dinh Hoai
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abu-Elala NM, Khattab MS, AbuBakr HO, Helmy S, Hesham A, Younis NA, Dawood MAO, El Basuini MF. Neem leaf powder (Azadirachta indica) mitigates oxidative stress and pathological alterations triggered by lead toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sci Rep 2023; 13:9170. [PMID: 37280317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical and pathological symptoms of waterborne lead toxicity in wild Nile tilapia collected from a lead-contaminated area (the Mariotteya Canal: Pb = 0.6 ± 0.21 mg L-1) and a farmed fish after 2 weeks of experimental exposure to lead acetate (5-10 mg L-1) in addition to evaluating the efficacy of neem leaf powder (NLP) treatment in mitigating symptoms of lead toxicity. A total of 150 fish (20 ± 2 g) were alienated into five groups (30 fish/group with three replicates). G1 was assigned as a negative control without any treatments. Groups (2-5) were exposed to lead acetate for 2 weeks at a concentration of 5 mg L-1 (G2 and G3) or 10 mg L-1 (G4 and G5). During the lead exposure period, all groups were reared under the same conditions, while G3 and G5 were treated with 1 g L-1 NLP. Lead toxicity induced DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutathione and expression of heme synthesis enzyme delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) in wild tilapia, G2, and G4. NLP could alleviate the oxidative stress stimulated by lead in G3 and showed an insignificant effect in G5. The pathological findings, including epithelial hyperplasia in the gills, edema in the gills and muscles, degeneration and necrosis in the liver and muscle, and leukocytic infiltration in all organs, were directly correlated with lead concentration. Thus, the aqueous application of NLP at 1 g L-1 reduced oxidative stress and lowered the pathological alterations induced by lead toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Huda O AbuBakr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samah Helmy
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hesham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Middle East for Veterinary Vaccine (MEVAC), El-Salihya El-Gededa, 44671, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Younis
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El Basuini
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai, 46618, Egypt.
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Abdel Rahman AN, Elshopakey GE, Behairy A, Altohamy DE, Ahmed AI, Farroh KY, Alkafafy M, Shahin SA, Ibrahim RE. Chitosan-Ocimum basilicum nanocomposite as a dietary additive in Oreochromis niloticus: Effects on immune-antioxidant response, head kidney gene expression, intestinal architecture, and growth. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:425-435. [PMID: 35985625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have looked into the use of basil, Ocimum basilicum (L.) in aquaculture as a dietary additive; however, more research is needed to see the possibility of it's including in nanocarriers in aquafeeds. An experiment was undertaken to highlight the efficacy chitosan-Ocimum basilicum nanocomposite (COBN), for the first time, on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, stress and antioxidant status, immune-related parameters, and gene expression. For 60 days, fish (average weight: 23.55 ± 0.08 g) were fed diets provided with different concentrations of COBN (g/kg): 0 g [COBN0], 1 g [COBN1], 2 g [COBN2], and 3 g [COBN3], where COBN0 was kept as control diet. Following the trial, the fish were challenged with pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas sobria) and yeast (Candida albicans) infection. In comparison to the control (COBN0), a notable increase in growth parameters (weight gain, feed intake, and specific growth rate) and intestinal morphometric indices (average intestinal goblet cells count, villous width, and length) in all COBN groups was observed, where COBN2 and COBN3 groups had the highest values. The COBN diets significantly (p < 0.05) declined levels of serum triglycerides, glucose, cholesterol, and hepatic malondialdehyde. Moreover, the higher levels of serum biochemical biomarkers (growth hormone, total protein, globulin, and albumin), immunological parameters (phagocytic activity%, nitric oxide, and lysozyme), and hepatic antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase) were obvious in the COBN2 and COBN3 groups followed by COBN1. The immune-antioxidant genes (TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, TGF-β, GPx, and SOD) were found to be considerably up-regulated in all COBN groups (COBN2 and COBN3 followed by COBN1). Fifteen days post-challenge with A. sobria and C. albicans, the highest survival rate was recorded in the COBN2 group (83.33 and 91.67%) followed by the COBN3 group (75 and 83.33%), respectively. The findings showed that a dietary intervention with COBN can promote growth, intestinal architecture, immunity, and antioxidant markers as well as protect O. niloticus against A. sobria and C. albicans infection. As a result, the COBN at a dose of 2 g/kg could be used as a food additive for the sustainable aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Amany Behairy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Dalia E Altohamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Amany I Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Khaled Yehia Farroh
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), P.O. Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa A Shahin
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture- Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Rowida E Ibrahim
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Streptococcus, Centrocestus formosanus and Myxobolus tilapiae concurrent infections in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105084. [PMID: 34246747 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress triggered concurrent microbial/parasitic infections are prevalent in earthen pond based farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In the current study, a total of thirty five O. niloticus were collected from a commercial fish farm with a history of severe mortalities at Port Said, Egypt. Nile tilapia samples were subjected to bacteriological, parasitological and pathological examinations. Twenty one Enterococcus fecalis and 15 Streptococcus agalactiae isolates were presumptively identified utilizing the semi-automated API 20 Strept test kit. The identities of the retrieved bacteria were confirmed by the sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene. Moribund O. niloticus were found to be heavily infected by one or both of Centrocestus formosanus encysted metacercariae (EMC) and/or Myxobolus tilapiae spores presenting a unique form of synergistic and/or symbiotic relationship. The identities of both parasites were confirmed through morphological and molecular characterization. Variable circulatory, degenerative, necrotic and proliferative changes were also noticed in hematopoietic organs. Interestingly, multiple myxobolus spores and EMC were noticed in some histological sections. It was obvious that the current concurrent bacterial and parasitic infections are triggered by the deleterious effects of some stressing environmental conditions. The unfavorable climatic conditions (high temperature and high relative humidity) recorded at the surge of mortalities are probable predisposing stress factors.
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:651-664. [PMID: 32315088 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Saleem Raja UK, Ebenezer V, Kumar A, Sanjeevi P, Murugesan M. Mass mortality of fish and water quality assessment in the tropical Adyar estuary, South India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:512. [PMID: 31346834 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass mortality of fishes was reported at the Adyar estuary, South India, during November 2017. The probable reasons for fish mortality are analyzed in this paper. Critical assessments on water quality parameters including the metal concentrations, nutrients, and histology of gills and liver of fish (Mugil cephalus) isolated from the impact zone were performed. Among the metals observed, chromium showed levels (3.64 ± 0.001 mg L-1) much above the average permissible limits (0.1 mg L-1). The measured values of physico-chemical parameters in the impact zone are as follows: dissolved oxygen 4.7 ± 0.22 mg L-1, total alkalinity 132 ± 4 CaCO3 mg L-1, salinity 5.3 ± 0.3 PSU, temperature 27.8 ± 0.16 °C, nitrate, 1.66 ± 0.48 mg L-1, nitrite 0.01 ± 0.0008 mg L-1, ammonia 0.03 ± 0.001 mg L-1, phosphate 1.52 ± 0.002 mg L-1, and silicate 13.85 ± 3.1 mg L-1. The low salinity could have escalated the toxicity of the metal. In addition, histology of gills and liver showed cellular necrosis, epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, edema, mucous cell proliferation in the gills, cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, and degeneration of liver which reveal that chromium toxicity is the most probable cause for mass mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Khalifa Saleem Raja
- Center for Climate Change Studies, International Research Center, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Vinitha Ebenezer
- Center for Climate Change Studies, International Research Center, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Center for Climate Change Studies, International Research Center, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Prakash Sanjeevi
- Center for Climate Change Studies, International Research Center, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Murali Murugesan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620020, India
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Haridy M, Abdo W, Hashem M, Yanai T. Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis infections in an Okhotsk snailfish (Liparis ochotensis). J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1676-1680. [PMID: 30185722 PMCID: PMC6261807 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An Okhotsk snailfish (Liparis ochotensis) kept at Nagoya aquarium exhibited sudden death. Microscopically, the fish showed multiple granulomatous foci in the gills, liver
and kidney. Multiple yeast-like organisms as well as pseudohyphal elements were observed within granulomatous lesions. Immunohistochemically, the hyphae were negative for both
Asperigullus and Mucor spp., and a weak positive for Candida sp. The seminated-PCR product was consistent with Candida
parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. This is the first record of disseminated mycotic granulomatous lesion due to C. parapsilosis and C.
tropicalis infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohie Haridy
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Kafr-Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hashem
- Department of Fish Diseases and Mangment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley Branch, Assuit University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduated School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Eldin Eiss A, Basheer Al M, Kamal Abol S, Mahmoud Is M, Abumhara A. Detection of the Most Common Vibrios Affecting Common Pandora (Pagellus erythinus) from the Coasts of Tripoli, Libya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2017.253.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Magwaza NM, Nxumalo EN, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. The Occurrence and Diversity of Waterborne Fungi in African Aquatic Systems: Their Impact on Water Quality and Human Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050546. [PMID: 28531124 PMCID: PMC5451996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a worldwide growing interest in the occurrence and diversity of fungi and their secondary metabolites in aquatic systems, especially concerning their role in water quality and human health. However, this concern is hampered by the scant information that is available in the literature about aquatic fungi and how they affect water quality. There are only few published reports that link certain species of aquatic fungi to human health. The common aquatic fungal species that have been reported so far in African aquatic systems belong to the hyphomycetes kingdom. This paper thus aims to survey the information about the occurrence and factors that control the distribution of different species of fungi in African aquatic systems, as well as their effect on water quality and the possible metabolic pathways that lead to the formation of toxic secondary metabolites that are responsible for the deterioration of water quality. This review will also investigate the analytical and bioanalytical procedures that have been reported for the identification of different species of waterborne fungi and their secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontokozo M Magwaza
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Edward N Nxumalo
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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12
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Axén C, Hakhverdyan M, Boutrup TS, Blomkvist E, Ljunghager F, Alfjorden A, Hagström Å, Olesen NJ, Juremalm M, Leijon M, Valarcher JF. Emergence of a new rhabdovirus associated with mass mortalities in eelpout (Zoarces viviparous) in the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:219-229. [PMID: 27416895 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first description of a new Rhabdoviridae tentatively named eelpout rhabdovirus (EpRV genus Perhabdovirus). This virus was associated with mass mortalities in eelpout (Zoarces viviparous, Linnaeus) along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast line in 2014. Diseased fish showed signs of central nervous system infection, and brain lesions were confirmed by histology. A cytopathogenic effect was observed in cell culture, but ELISAs for the epizootic piscine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), infectious pancreas necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) were negative. Further investigations by chloroform inactivation, indirect fluorescence antibody test and electron microscopy indicated the presence of a rhabdovirus. By deep sequencing of original tissue suspension and infected cell culture supernatant, the full viral genome was assembled and we confirmed the presence of a rhabdovirus with 59.5% nucleotide similarity to the closest relative Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus. The full-genome sequence of this new virus, eelpout rhabdovirus (EpRV), has been deposited in GenBank under accession number KR612230. An RT-PCR based on the L-gene sequence confirmed the presence of EpRV in sick/dead eelpout, but the virus was not found in control fish. Additional investigations to characterize the pathogenicity of EpRV are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Axén
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - T S Boutrup
- EU reference laboratory for fish diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Blomkvist
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Ljunghager
- Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Alfjorden
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Å Hagström
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N J Olesen
- EU reference laboratory for fish diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Juremalm
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Leijon
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Abu-Elala NM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Marouf S, Abdelaziz M, Moustafa M. Eutrophication, Ammonia Intoxication, and Infectious Diseases: Interdisciplinary Factors of Mass Mortalities in Cultured Nile Tilapia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:187-198. [PMID: 27484819 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1185050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the possible causes of the mass mortalities of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at El-Behera Governorate, Egypt, in relationship to environmental and microbiotic factors. Water samples were collected from fish farms at different locations and from Lake Edku to analyze water temperature, water pH, salinity, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, and un-ionized ammonia. A number of moribund and freshly dead fish were sampled and submitted to our laboratory for microbiological, molecular, and histopathological examination. Water analysis of the fish farms revealed noticeable increases in the previously mentioned physicochemical parameters. Clinical examinations of moribund fish showed severe gill rot and massive external and internal hemorrhages. Ordinary and molecular laboratory findings confirmed the presence of Branchiomyces sp. in gill tissue and mixed bacterial fish pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, and P. aeruginosa) in visceral organs. The histopathological and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed severe necrosis of gill filaments and blockage of branchial blood vessels and lamellar capillaries with Branchiomyces sp. hyphae and spores mixed with different shapes of bacteria. Severe inflammations were detected in liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues. Ultimately, we can conclude that the syndrome of mass fish kills in this area is a consequence of ecological damage to the aquatic environment, which is mainly related to natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as to the presence of infectious agents. Received September 30, 2015; accepted April 12, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- b Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University , Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- c Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University , Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelaziz
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Moustafa
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
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14
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Abu-Elala NM, Mohamed SH, Zaki MM, Eissa AE. Assessment of the immune-modulatory and antimicrobial effects of dietary chitosan on Nile tilapia (Oreochrmis niloticus) with special emphasis to its bio-remediating impacts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:678-685. [PMID: 26260313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish, pathogen and environment are three counterparts who are sharing the same circle of life. To keep fish up to their optimal health, environment should be competently improved and pathogen count/virulence should be seized. Using of bioactive immunostimulants to achieve these objectives is the hypothesis under assessment. Thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the use of shrimp shells derived chitosan as an immunostimulant as well as preventive regime against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of Nile tilapia and to assess its antibacterial/aquatic bio-remediating effects. Results achieved by feeding 1% chitosan as preventive/therapeutic regimes have revealed a remarkably enhanced several innate immunological parameters (e.g., Phagocytic activity/index, NBT, Lysozyme activity and ACH50), increased resistance against A. hydrophila and strikingly improved water quality compared to the 0.5 and 2% chitosan containing diets. Conclusively, experimental results suggest the commercial usage of chitosan as an efficient immunostimulant and bio-remediating agent in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt.
| | - Samah H Mohamed
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal M Zaki
- Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Alaa Eldin Eissa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
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